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Short Notes
Short Notes
THIRUMAZHISAI
UNIT-I
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
1. If a function f(x) = 0 is continuous in the interval (a, b) and if f (a) and f (b) are of
opposite signs. Then one of the root lies between a and b.
5. Iterative Method: .
11. Direct Method: (i) Gauss Elimination Method, (ii) Gauss Jordan Method.
13. Gauss Elimination Method: To reduce the augmented matrix [A, B] to upper triangular
matrix. Then, using Back Substitution method we’ve to find the unknowns.
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14. Gauss Jordan Method: To reduce the augmented matrix [A, B] to diagonal matrix.
Finally this system of equation each has only one unknown and then we’ve to find the
unknowns directly.
16. Gauss Jacobi Method: If the given system of equation is diagonally dominant then
17. Gauss Seidel Method: If the given system of equation is diagonally dominant then
18. Sufficient condition for iterative methods (Gauss Seidel Method & Gauss Jacobi Method)
to convergence is the coefficient matrix should be diagonally dominant.
19. The iteration method is a self correcting method since the round off error is smaller.
25. Why Gauss Seidel method is better method than Jacobi’s method?
Ans: Since the current value of the unknowns at each stage of iteration are used in
proceeding to the next stage of iteration, the convergence in Gauss Seidel method will be
more rapid than in Gauss Jacobi method.
UNIT-II
INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION
33. Show that the divided differences are symmetrical in their arguments.
= = f(x) g(x).
X Y Y 2
Y 3
Y
X0 Y0
X1 Y1
X2 Y2
X3 Y3
A cubic spline function f(x) w.r.t. the points x0, x1, .....xn is a polynomial of
degree three in each interval (xi-1, xi) i = 1, 2, ...n such that , and are
continuous.
and
where M =
(OR)
where and
; i = 1,2,3,....
UNIT – III
NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION
where
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If then u = 0
where
If then p = 0
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41. What are the two types of errors involving in the numerical computation of
derivatives?
Ans: (i) Truncation error; (ii) Rounding error (To produce exact result is rounded to
the number of digits).
Let y = f(x)
Find and equate to zero. And solving for x.
using .
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I h Ih
h 1
Ans : I h, I h 2 4I h I h
2 3 3 2
2
Ans:
Ans:
60. In Gaussian’s Quadrature: If the limit is from a to b then we shall apply a suitable
change of variable to bring the integration from -1 to 1
.
UNIT-IV
INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
71. State Fourth Order Runge-Kutta Method formula:(for First order differential
equations)
Where and
72. State Fourth Order Runge-Kutta Method formula:(for First order Simultaneous
differential equations)
Let
&
Where and Where
73. State Fourth Order Runge-Kutta Method formula:(for second order differential
equations)
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Let
80. How many prior values required to predict the next value in Adam’s and Milne’s
method?
Ans: Four prior values.
81. What is meant by initial value problem and give an example it.
Ans: Problems for finding solutions of differential equation in which all the initial
conditions are specified at the initial point only are called initial value
problems.
Example: .
83. Mention the multistep methods available for solving ordinary differential equation.
Ans: Milne’s Predictor-Corrector Method and Adam’s Bashforth Predictor-Corrector
Method.
where
[Milne’s Corrector]
where
87. Round off error: When we are working with decimal numbers. We approximate the
decimals to the required degree of accuracy. The error due to
these approximations is called round off error.
UNIT – V
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY AND PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1
y i' yi 1 yi 1
2h
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(OR)
and
If
Where and
96. Write down the implicit formula to solve one dimensional heat flow equation.
98. What type of equations can be solved by Crank Nicholson’s formula (implicit)?
Ans: It is used to solve parabolic equation (one dimensional heat equation) of the
form .
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100. State the explicit scheme formula for the solution of the wave equation.
Ans: The formula to solve numerically the wave equation is
When
The wave equation is
and
Ans:
102. State finite difference approximation for and state the order of truncation error.
Truncation error is
Truncation error is
Truncation error is
106. Name at least two numerical methods that are used to solve one dimensional
diffusion equation.
Ans; (i) Bender-Schmidt Method
(ii) Crank-Nicholson Method.
107. State standard five point formula for solving uxx + uyy = 0.
Ans:
108. State diagonal five point formula for solving uxx + uyy = 0.
Ans:
109. Write down one dimensional wave equation and its boundary conditions.
Ans:
Boundary conditions are
(i) u(0,t) = 0
(ii) u(l, t) = 0
(iii) u(x,0) = f(x), 0<x<l
(iv) ut(x,0) = 0, 0<x<l
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110. State the explicit formula for the one dimensional wave equation with
.
Ans:
112. Write Laplace’s equation and its finite difference analogue and the standard five
point formula.
Ans: Laplace equation is uxx + uyy = 0
Finite difference formula:
113. What type of equations can be solved by one dimensional wave equation?
Ans: It is used to solve hyperbolic equation of the form .
114. Write down one dimensional heat flow equation and its boundary conditions.
Ans:
Boundary conditions are
(i) u(0,t) =
(ii) u(l, t) =
(iii) u(x,0) = f(x), 0<x<l
115. Write down two dimensional heat flow equation and its boundary conditions.
Ans:
Boundary conditions are
(i) u(0,y) = 0, for 0<y<b
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