LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.

Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860

3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
10
Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a review of the related literature and studies. The

researchers of this study used various kinds of books, articles, journals,

unpublished materials, and other publications to gather information that would

enable them to carry out their research.

Related Literature. In present times, information and knowledge can be

obtained from a variety of sources, including newspapers, articles, books, and

others.

Based to the Health Benefits of Bread (2021), bread, particularly whole

grain bread, has several health benefits. Complex carbohydrates are the body's

major energy source, and this food has enough of them. Dietary fiber in whole-

grain bread promotes satiety and assists digestion, allowing people to maintain a

healthy weight. It also contains minerals and vitamins such as iron, magnesium,

and B vitamins, which are required for a variety of bodily functions. Furthermore,

whole grain bread may lower the risk of acquiring various chronic conditions,

including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some malignancies. This relates to

the present study as it will be utilizing bread as an innovative product by the

researchers, so it is necessary to know the benefits an individual can get once

he/she consumes bread.

In addition, when it comes to becoming in demand, based on the record in

Statistica (2024), bread has a continual growth of revenue in the year 2024 in the
 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
11
Philippines. It was recorded there that the revenue of bread is amounting to 4.91

bn US dollars and is expected to increase annually by 4.52%. This record is

related to the present study since the researchers will also be measuring to

market potential of the developed bread, which is the PinakBread.

In terms of vegetables, Valente (2023) mentioned some benefits of eating

vegetables. First, eating such veggies can help to reduce chronic inflammation in

the body since they are high in antioxidants and phytochemicals. Second,

veggies high in potassium can help maintain normal blood pressure. Third, it can

provide fiber to the consumer, which is beneficial to one's heart, and food intake,

and reduces the possibility of developing diabetes. Fourth, certain veggies, which

contain lutein and zeaxanthin, can reduce the risk of developing age-related

macular degeneration (AMD). Fifth, veggies can help protect the skin from

sunburn. Sixth, it promotes heart health by helping to maintain the proper weight

range, which lessens part of the pressure on the heart. Seventh, veggies help to

lower blood sugar levels since they have fewer calories but are high in fiber.

Eight, it could help in the prevention of some cancers since it contains cancer-

fighting minerals and antioxidants. Ninth, it can improve brain function, perhaps

lowering the risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Finally, it boosts one's

immune system, allowing the body to fight certain illnesses or infections. With all

the aforementioned benefits of consuming vegetables, it strengthens the

significance of the current study as it will be utilizing different kinds of vegetables

in the innovative product by the researchers.

 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
12
Despite the benefits an individual can consume by eating vegetables,

many, particularly students, were still not practicing healthy eating habits. In an

article by Cirruzzo (2021), it was stated, as the result released by the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention Shows, that only 2% of high school students in

the U.S.A intake the recommended amount of vegetables in a day. Therefore,

the current study will utilize students as the respondents of this research to

promote also the right consumption of eating vegetables.

In the Philippines, it was reported that Filipinos are having inadequate

consumption of vegetables as stated by Cariaso (2023). It was stated there that

compared to other countries that consume 120 kilos of vegetables, Filipino

families only consumed half of it, which is 60 kilos. Moreover, it was also stated

that eating nutritious foods should be included in the curriculum of the students,

from primary to senior high school. This is related to the present study since this

will empower the consumption of vegetables by the developed PinakBread,

which will also help to increase the potential of vegetables to be marketed.

In addition, GMA Integrated News (2023) reported that many experts were

worried because of the increasing overweight rates due to inadequate

consumption of healthy foods in the Philippines. According to a study by the

World Health Organization, three (3) out of 4, or 74% of Filipino kids aged 13 - 15

years old, are lacking when it comes to eating vegetables, which results in a

poorly balanced diet of Filipino young people. On the other hand, UNICEF

suggested having locally produced nutritious food that Filipino families can afford
 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
13
and putting a nutritional label on any packaged and fast-food foods, so

consumers will be aware what are the nutrients they are consuming. Therefore,

the present study can have a significant relationship with this news report

because it aims to widen and empower the consumption of healthy foods by

innovating PinakBread.

Utilizing vegetables as ingredients added to the bread to make it healthier,

will increase the demand for vegetables. Based on Cunnif (2023), consuming

local foods, particularly vegetables, will have a significant impact on businesses

and local farmers since there will be an increase in need or demand as local

people will use these foods. Moreover, not only the local businesses and farmers

will benefit from the consumption of local vegetables, but also the consumer

since it can offer more fresh nutrients, plus, a better taste. Therefore, with the

present study of developing PinakBread, since it will use e variety of vegetables,

this newly developed product will also help the local farmers because a need for

vegetables will occur.

The present study will employ students as respondents since eating

veggies would improve their academic achievement. Based on Bhowmik's (2022)

article, adding vegetables to children's breakfast meals can improve their

capacity for learning and expose them to good eating habits. Furthermore, as this

article mentioned, vegetables should be included in breakfast meals, therefore

the unique food produced in this current study, PinakBread, is also suitable for

breakfast.
 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
14
Streit (2023) developed a nutritious bread called "Garden Vegetable Bread

with Cheese." This healthy vegetable bread is a delectable combination of fresh

veggies, including zucchini, tomatoes, green onion, basil, and garlic. Aside from

that, it has milk, eggs, virgin olive oil, and melty cheese baked in a soft and

delicious bread. This delectable delight strikes the ideal mix between creamy

cheese and garden tastes, making it an excellent snack or side dish for any

meal. Both cheese lovers and vegetarians will enjoy this because each bite

mixes the gooeyness of melted cheese with the crispness of veggies. With the

variety of vegetables being used in this developed bread, the present study can

relate because it will also utilize a variety of vegetables, particularly the

vegetables that can be found in the Filipino Vegetable dish Pinakbet.

In Biliran Province, Agguire (2016) stated that there have been veggie

breads developed in the province. Just like with the present study, the developed

veggie bread made of squash and malunggay in Biliran aims to empower the

consumption of healthy food among children since it was stated there that 40 out

of 100 children aged 6 months to five years old and 36 out of 100 children aged 6

to 12 years old are lacking to vitamin A, which is an essential vitamin for good

eyesight and proper growth. Moreover, with this development, there also has

been a help to the local farmers since the developed veggie-bread increased the

need or demand for the aforementioned vegetables, which are the squash and

malunggay.
 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
15
Related Studies. Different Studies have been utilized to gain knowledge

and information in relation to the current studies.

This study by Aghalari et. al (2022) stated that several countries consider

bread as their main food and play an important role in household spending

patterns. The nutrient content of the bread is necessary to maintain a healthy

body. The bread offers a lot of nourishment, such as sugar, protein, iron, and

calcium. This systematic study is being undertaken to discover which nutrients

are found in bread consumed in Iran. The usual PRISMA checklist, inclusion and

exclusion criteria and keyword research were utilized to collect data. After

evaluating the data, it appears that bread consumed in Iran contains Fe, K, Mg,

Ca, Cu, and Zn nutrients. Though these nutrients are a lot, it is still

recommended to enrich and enhance the dough by conducting a thorough

interdisciplinary cooperation among farmers, bakers, nutritional value,

environmental health, and food cleanliness. This study is related to the present

study as it highlights the benefits or nutrients an individual can consume in eating

bread. Plus, the present investigation aims to expand the nutrient content of the

bread by adding Pinakbet in the dough.

The study by Kaim & Goluch (2023) stated a systematic review that

investigates the influence of bread fortification on human health by examining

clinical research conducted over the last decade. The study followed PRISMA

principles and included 26 chosen clinical studies that assessed the effects of

fortifying bread with vitamins, minerals, fiber, proteins, and polyphenolic

 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
16
substances. The findings indicate that health results are positive, which is

consistent with sustainable development goals. The study underlines the

importance of joint efforts to ensure the successful implementation and

accessibility of obligatory fortification, which promotes public health

advancements and contributes to long-term well-being. The meta-analysis was

deemed ineffective due to heterogeneity in the selected studies. The

methodology, adhering to the Jadad scale, focused on clinical trials conducted on

humans from 2013 to 2022, using databases such as Scopus, Embase, PubMed,

and Web of Science. The search and selection process followed rigorous criteria,

and the study sheds light on the challenges faced in the literature review.

Moreover, this study has significance to the current study because it investigates

the impact of bread on human health, which can support the validity of this study

in utilizing bread to improve human health.

Based on the study by Kibr (2021), the vegetables like the main

ingredients of the current study are rich in nutrients and could reduce the risk of

NCDs, cancer, and heart disease. This comprehensive study project to know the

benefits of vegetables and uncover their function in preventing non-

communicable diseases. Our body easily absorbs the carbohydrates and

cholesterol of the food after digesting it. Having vegetables in meals delays the

absorption and decreases the synthesis of cholesterol. The study highlights the

economic viability and societal benefits of promoting vegetable consumption as a

preventive measure against NCDs. Considering daily consumption of vegetables

 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
17
and advocating for increased vegetable intake presents a sustainable and cost-

effective solution to public health challenges. Normalizing the culture of

vegetables as the center of dietary patterns enhances the knowledge and

resources to prioritize health and well-being. The investigation concluded that

due to the high nutritional value of vegetables, it is enough to protect your body

from NCDs. Furthermore, promoting vegetable consumption is more

economically acceptable and better than policies about restricting eating

unhealthy foods.

The study by Tabal et. al (2023) addressed that vegetables face an

important role in the middle of the pandemic crisis. Urban communities evaluate

planting organic vegetables in raised beds to empower the capability of being

resilient and making enough food supply during the pandemic. The Philippine

Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and

Development, or PCAARRD helped the 150 beneficiaries and funded the project.

The outcomes of the program resonate profoundly, as evidenced by the tangible

benefits reaped by participants, including reduced costs and labor associated

with secured food supply during lockdowns. Evaluating urban gardening gives

residents a business opportunity and a source of healthy food and income. This

output is related to the beneficiaries of the current study, the farmers and the

parents. The project provided a positive impact on each beneficiary and gave

them a chance to still provide enough supply during the phenomena.

 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
18
Based on the study by Zavalishina et. al (2021), the vital role of adding

mashed potato, carrot, and pumpkin as additives in making bread. The study

uncovers the functional properties of using vegetables as additives in bread

production. The concept of this research is related to the present study since it is

also to determine the possible increase of nutrients in bread after adding the

chosen supplements. The results of the study suggest that dough enriched its

nutritional value by including potatoes, carrots, and pumpkins as well as making

it possible to increase vitamin, mineral, and dietary fiber content.

The study by Amoah et. al (2021) stated that vegetable bread has 25%

less hard and is easier to chew than traditional bread. This experimental study

aims to reformulate the bread by adding drum-dried pumpkin and sweet corn

vegetable flour to the dough. The product is intended for those consumers over

the age of 50. Adding new recipes to the product changes the density of bread;

it's more convenient to swallow, adds more flavor, and increases its nutritional

value, which really benefits the target market of the product. One of the purposes

of the current study is to increase bread nutritional value and make it more

convenient for the target market of the innovative product. As a result of the

investigation, bread has been enhanced with pumpkin and sweet corn, as well as

pre-fermented dough, which appears to be more palatable overall and easier to

chew and swallow. (Amoah et al., 2021)

Based on Galvan et. al (2016), the worrisome issue of poor vegetable and

fruit (V&F) consumption among Mexican school-age children, demonstrating that

 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
19
it is less than 25% of the World Health Organization's recommended limits. The

goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of a promotional effort aiming at increasing

V&F consumption among urban schoolchildren in Hidalgo, Mexico. In a non-

controlled community experiment including 226 children from both private and

public schools, they used a complex approach that included disseminating

written materials, offering access to V&F through school stores, and having

teachers supervise consumption. The findings indicate a significant rise in

vegetable and plain water intake, as well as an increase in health-related

awareness as well as parental support. This study is related to current research,

which found that a thorough promotion effort, along with better access to V&F

and water in schools and strong support from parents and teachers, may

successfully urge healthy eating habits among schoolchildren.

The study by Myers (2018) addresses the difficulty of increasing children's

vegetable intake by adopting a 10-week vegetable promotion pilot experiment

within the existing Crunch&Sip program, which previously focused on both fruits

and vegetables. Unlike generic nutrition interventions, this study focuses,

especially on vegetables, intending to increase consumption using dedicated

resources such as curriculum materials and parent education. The study adopts

a mixed-methods approach, with pre-and post-intervention surveys conducted by

teachers, process measures assessing resource usage, and outcome evaluation

metrics such as children's vegetable consumption during scheduled breaks. This

study relates to the present study as this finding aims to offer light on the efficacy
 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
20
of this targeted approach to improving vegetable intake, as well as provide

insights into teacher attitudes and confidence in educating children about the

benefits of eating vegetables.

The study by Chatterjee and Nirgude (2024), tackles childhood

malnutrition, a worldwide issue that is common in poor nations like India. This

study provides valuable insights into childhood malnutrition and school-based

interventions. A review of 108 publications from 2017-2023 reveals 62 studies on

school-based nutrition interventions, with 38 showing a relationship between

children's diet and decreased BMI. While effectiveness is evident, long-term

sustainability remains a topic of debate. This study shows a connection to the

present study in terms of the promotion of healthy habits of eating as this

research shows that there are potential opportunities for promoting the product

as a healthy option for children and adolescents.

The study by Pontes et. al (2021) explained that in order to increase the

intake of vegetables in preschool children, three nutrition education strategies

have been assessed and their efficacy demonstrated both short and long term.

Interventions have been effective compared to the control group in promoting the

consumption of vegetables such as digital games, storybooks, and storybooks

that contain reward stickers. Interestingly, the short-term effect of stickers on

vegetable intake has been shown to be beneficial. This research underscores the

importance of innovative educational approaches in influencing dietary habits

among young children. Relating this study to current research on the market
 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
21
potential and sensory evaluation of PinakBread (Pakbet Bread), these

educational strategies could inform potential marketing tactics, emphasizing the

significance of creative incentives and repeated exposure in promoting product

acceptance and consumption, particularly among target demographics with

varying tastes and preferences.

In the study of Cabello-Olmo, et., al (2023), the study of the improved

bread fortified with a plant-based fermented food product about its development,

analysis, and sensory evaluation, it was found that the developed product has an

overall acceptable or liking scores. Nevertheless, when the various groups of

products, it found that the respondents' scores varied significantly amongst the

groups. This study is connected to the current study because it assesses the

product's sensory evaluation.

The study by Catapang (2019) about the acceptability of Veggie-Steamed

Bun concluded that this nutritious bread was highly acceptable by the

respondents for its palatability in accordance with its sensory qualities, such as

appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. It was further noted that the respondents'

assessments were not significantly different when they were classified as

housewives, food experts, or teenagers. With regard to the current study, it is

relevant due to the fact that it assesses the sensory evaluation of the Veggie-

Steamed Bun and its acceptability to the market.

Synthesis of the Study

 LIGHT OF HOPE CHRISTIAN ACADEMY IN PHILIPPINES INC.
Kasiglahan Village, Montalban, Rizal 1860
3is- Inquiries, Immersion, and Investigation
22
With the gathered related literature and studies by the researchers, it was

revealed that humanity is facing a nutritional challenge. Narrowing in the

Philippines, many Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition, overweight, and

obesity due to inadequate consumption of nutritious foods and poorly balanced

diet. Moreover, it was also found out that the country has a good demand for

bread and vegetables and it would help a lot of the local farmers if there was be

increase in the need for vegetables. As a response to this, the researchers from

Light of Hope Christian Academy in Philippines Inc. utilized bread and

vegetables, which are both in demand, and then innovated a nutritious food,

which is a combination of bread and vegetables that was proven through the

literature and studies gathered are nutritious and helpful to conduct a healthy

balanced diet. With this, the researchers innovated PinakBread, which is a bread

that contains the vegetables used in the Filipino vegetable dish Pinakbet to

promote and empower the consumption of nutritious foods and practice a

balanced diet. As a result, a consumer, whether an adult or young adult, can live

a healthy life, away from diseases, and be productive or increase their

performance in their daily lives. Lastly, there were also presented articles and

studies that were closely related to the present study that measures the sensory

evaluation and the acceptability to the market, which all came up with positive

conclusions.