1 Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide inside cells.

Red blood cells contain

catalase.

Some dogs have an inherited condition in which catalase is not produced. This condition is known
as acatalasia and it is caused by a mutation in the gene for catalase.

(a) Define the terms gene and gene mutation.

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for creating

gene................................................................................................................................... a protein
Gene mutation refers to alterations in the DNA's base sequence.
...........................................................................................................................................

gene mutation....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

[2]

(b) A geneticist was asked to investigate the inheritance of acatalasia in dogs.

The normal allele is represented by B and the mutant allele is represented by b.

The geneticist made the diagram in Fig. 3.1 to show the inheritance of acatalasia in a family
of dogs. The shaded symbols indicate the dogs with acatalasia.

normal male
1 2 3
normal female

male with acatalasia

4 5
female with acatalasia

Fig. 3.1

(i) State the genotypes of the dogs identified as 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 3.1.

BB
1 .............................................................................................................................

bb
2 .............................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................. [3]

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 (ii) The geneticist crossed dog 4 with dog 5. Approximately half of the offspring had
acatalasia and half the offspring did not have acatalasia.

Complete the genetic diagram to show how this is possible.

dog 4 dog 5
parental phenotypes normal has acatalasia

parental genotypes ............. .............

+
gametes .......... , .......... ..........

Punnett square

offspring genotypes................................................................................................

offspring phenotypes.............................................................................................. [3]

(iii) State the name given to the type of cross that you have completed in (b)(ii).

test
................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]

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 Anthocyanin is a red pigment found in carnation flowers. Some carnation plants have a gene for
making anthocyanin.

(a) (i) A flower grower bred red carnations.

Describe how growers selectively breed plants.

................................................................................................................................
Flower growers selectively breed plants by choosing individuals
................................................................................................................................
with desired traits, such as red color in carnations, and allowing
them to reproduce, either through controlled pollination or by
................................................................................................................................
collecting and planting their seeds.
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) Explain the disadvantages of using sexual reproduction to breed red carnations.

Disadvantages of using sexual reproduction to breed red

................................................................................................................................
carnations include the unpredictability of offspring traits due to
genetic recombination and the time-consuming process of
................................................................................................................................
waiting for plants to grow and produce flowers for evaluation.
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction of carnation plants.

Define the term meiosis.

Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexual reproduction. It creates

...........................................................................................................................................
haploid cells, ensuring genetic diversity. Carnation plants rely on
...........................................................................................................................................
meiosis to produce gametes for fertilization.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 (c) Carnation plants show co-dominance for the anthocyanin gene. There are two alleles:
A
• F – allele for anthocyanin pigment (red flowers)
N
• F – allele for no anthocyanin pigment (white flowers)

(i) State the genotype of a carnation plant that is heterozygous for this gene.

................................................................................................................................
he genotype of a carnation plant that is heterozygous for the anthocyanin [1] g

(ii) Describe the phenotype of a heterozygous carnation plant for this gene.

................................................................................................................................
The phenotype of a heterozygous carnation plant for this gene
................................................................................................................................
would be red flowers, as the allele for anthocyanin (FA) is [1]
dominant over the allele for no anthocyanin (FN).
A N A A
(iii) The breeder crossed a F F carnation plant with a F F carnation plant. Predict, using
a genetic diagram, the proportion of pure breeding carnation plants in the offspring.

parental genotypes FAFN × FAFA

+
gametes ........... ........... ........... ...........

Punnett square

offspring genotypes .............................................................................................

offspring phenotypes ...........................................................................................

proportion of pure breeding carnation plants .......................................................

[4]

[Total: 13]

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3 (a) Sex in cats is determined in the same way as in humans.

Complete the diagram below to show how sex is determined in cats.

male cat female cat

female cat (XX)

gametes X X

X
...... XX XX
male cat
(.........)
Y
...... XY XY

offspring ratio.....................................................................................................................
1:1 [3]

(b) A scientist investigated the inheritance of fur colour in cats.

The gene for coat colour is located on the X chromosome. The gene has two alleles:

• B black

• b orange.
B
The X chromosome with the allele for black is represented by X .
b
The X chromosome with the allele for orange is X .

A female cat can be a mixture of these colours, described as calico.

Fig. 3.1 shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.

orange male
1 2
black male

calico female

orange female
3 4 5 6 7
black female
Fig. 3.1

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 (i) State the genotypes of cats 1, 4, and 5 in Fig. 3.1.

cat 1 .......................................................................................................................

cat 4 .......................................................................................................................

cat 5 ....................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Coat colour in cats is an example of discontinuous variation.

Explain why coat colour is an example of discontinuous variation.

................................................................................................................................
Distinct phenotypes in coat colors can be categorized based
on genes. Unlike a continuous range of colors, these
................................................................................................................................
phenotypes remain unaffected by the environment. This can be
observed in examples like eye color.
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 9]

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 Fig. 5.1 shows the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) State the genus of this nematode.

Caenorhabditis
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State two structural features of nematodes.

static skeleton ;
1 ........................................................................................................................................

unsegmented body
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Nematodes feed on dead and decaying material. Explain why this gives nematodes an
important role in ecosystems.

...................................................................................................................................................
This process prevents the buildup of deceased material and eliminates
...................................................................................................................................................
organic waste, while also recycling essential nutrients such as nitrogen
...................................................................................................................................................
and phosphorus.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

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 (c) Fig. 5.2 shows the life cycle of C. elegans. The diploid number of this species is 12.

adult which has

both male and
female sex organs

diploid body cells

of the adult
P
egg
sperm

larval stage

embryo passes out

of adult and
not drawn to scale continues
development

Fig. 5.2

(i) Suggest why there is very little genetic variation in the offspring of the adult nematode
shown in Fig. 5.2.
Self-fertilization occurs when gametes from the same individual
...........................................................................................................................................

combine for reproduction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State the haploid number of C. elegans.

6
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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 (iii) Explain why meiosis occurs at P and mitosis occurs at Q.

reduction division and sex cell or production

meiosis at P ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

mitosis at Q ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) C. elegans was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced.

An organism’s genome is the sum of all its genetic material. Gene sequencing identifies all
the component parts of the DNA that makes up the genome.

State where DNA is located in a cell.

...................................................................................................................................................
in chromosomes and nucleus
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 14]

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