A PROJECT REPORT ON

“HOW DOES CIGARETTES AFFECT OUR LIVES”

SUBMITTED BY

 Abinash Jershan A.P. Roll No:

 Ahmed Sufiyan M.M. Roll No.
 Aswin Kumar K. Roll No.
 Avinash G. Roll No.
 Daniel S. Roll No.

Under the guidance of

Dr. M. John Samuel M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D,
Department Of Biological Science
Kamlavati Higher Secondary School, Sahupuram.
 Department of Biological Science
KAMLAVATI HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
SAHUPURAM

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Abinash Jershan. A.P., Ahmed Sufiyan
M.M., Aswin Kumar K., Avinash G., Daniel S., of Class XII,
Kamlavati Higher Secondary School have successfully
completed her project entitled on “How Does Cigarettes Affect
Our Lives” for the AISSCE as prescribed by the CBSE in the
Academic Year 2023 – 2024.

Date:
Reg. No

Signature of Signature of Principal Signature of

Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to
our Advisor mam who inspired us. Our sincere thanks goes to
our Principal Mr. Stephen Paulasir, M.Sc.,M.A.,BEd., for his
coordination in extending every possible support for the
completion of this Project.
We would like to express a deep sense of thanks and
gratitude to our Project Guide Dr. M. John Samuel M.Sc., B.Ed.,
M.Phil., PhD, who gave us the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project and guiding us immensely through the
course of the project. He always evinced keen interest in our
work. His constructive advice and constant motivation have
been responsible for the successful completion of this Project.
We also thank our parents for their motivation and
support. We must thank our classmates for their timely help
and support for the completion of this Project.
Last but not least, we would like to thank all those who
had helped directly or indirectly towards the completion of this
project.
 Index
• What is a cigarette?
• Smoking
• How smoking affects your health?
• Physical Addiction
• Side effects of smoking
• How to quit smoking?
• Case study
• Bibliography
 What is a cigarette?
• A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a
cylinder of thin paper for smoking.
• The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder; its smoke
is inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth and in
some cases a cigarette holder may be used as well.
• Most modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered and include
reconstituted tobacco and other additives.
• The term cigarette, commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but
can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as cloves or c
annabis. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its smaller size,
use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally white,
though other colors are occasionally available.
• Cigars are typically composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.
• Rates of cigarette smoking vary widely, and have changed considerably
over the course of history – since cigarettes were first widely used in
themid-20th century. While rates of smoking have over time leveled
off or declined in the developed world, they continue to rise in
developing nations.
• Cigarettes like other tobacco products do carry serious health effects
with them. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in tobacco and
therefore cigarettes, is addictive.
• About half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose
on average 14 years of life. Cigarette use by pregnant women has also
been shown to cause birth defects, including mental and physical
disabilities.
Smoking
• In the early times, people could buy cigarettes and
smoke pretty much anywhere even in hospitals! Ads for
cigarettes were all over the place.
• Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for
our health. Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all
public places and cigarette companies are no longer
allowed to advertise on TV, radio, and in many
magazines.
• Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer,
emphysema, and heart disease; that it can shorten your
life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a
smoker thousands of dollars a year.

So how come people are still lighting up? The

answer, in a word, is addiction.
 Once You Start, It's Hard to Stop.
• Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine,
which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other addictive drugs, the
body and mind quickly become so used to the nicotine in cigarettes
that a person needs to have it just to feel normal. People start
smoking for a variety of different reasons. Some think it looks cool.
Others start because their family members or friends smoke.
Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco users start before
they're 18 years old. Most adults who started smoking in their teens
never expected to become addicted. That's why people say it's just
so much easier to not start smoking at all.

How smoking affects your health?

• There are no physical reasons to start smoking.
• The body doesn't need tobacco the way it needs food, water, sleep, and
exercise. And many of the chemicals in cigarettes, like nicotine and
cyanide, are actually poisons that can kill in high enough doses.
The body is smart.
• It goes on the defense when it's being poisoned.
First-time smokers often feel pain or burning in the
throat and lungs, and some people feel sick or even
throw up the first few times they try tobacco. The
consequences of this poisoning happen gradually.
Over the long term, smoking leads people to develop
health problems like heart disease, stroke,
emphysema, and many types of cancer -including
lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer. People who
smoke also have an increased risk of infections like
bronchitis and pneumonia.

These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally

active, and they can be fatal.
• These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active, and they
can be fatal. Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth, they
also lose bone density, which increases their risk of osteoporosis, a
condition that causes older people to become bent over and their
bones to break more easily.
• Smokers also tend to be less active than nonsmokers because smoking
affects lung power.
• Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can impact sexual health
in both men and women. Girls who are on the pill or other
hormone-based methods of birth control increase their risk of serious
health problems, such as heart attacks, if they smoke.
• The consequences of smoking may seem very far off, but long-term
health problems aren't the only hazard of smoking.
• Nicotine and the other toxins in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect
a person's body quickly, which means that teen smokers experience
many of these problems:

Bad Skin:

• Because smoking restricts blood vessels, it can prevent oxygen and

nutrients from getting to the skin - which is why smokers often appear
pale and unhealthy. Studies have also linked smoking to an increased
risk of getting a type of skin rash called psoriasis.

Bad Breath

• Cigarettes leave smokers with a condition called

halitosis,or persistent bad breath.
Bad-smelling clothes and hair

• The smell of stale smoke tends to linger - not just

on people's clothing, but on their hair, furniture,
and cars. And it's often hard to get the smell of
smoke out.

Reduced athletic performance

• People who smoke usually can't compete with

nonsmoking peers because the physical effects of
smoking impair sports performance.
• Greater risk of injury and slower healing time.
• Smoking affects the body's ability to produce collagen, so common
sports injuries, such as damage to tendons and ligaments will heal
more slowly in smokers than nonsmokers.

Increased risk of illness

• Studies show that smokers get more colds, flu, bronchitis, and
pneumonia than nonsmokers.
• And people with certain health
conditions, like asthma, become sicker if they smoke because teens
who smoke as a way to manage weight often light up instead of
eating, their bodies also lack the nutrients they need to grow,
develop, and fight off illness properly.
Immune Cells

• Smoking weakens the immune system by depressing antibodies

and cells that are in the body to protect against foreign invaders.
There is an association between smoking and the increased
incidence of certain malignant diseases and respiratory infections,
according to the National Centre for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI). There is also a significant decrease in immune
cells that normally help the body. But this process can be reversed
if a smoker gives up cigarettes. Smokers who stop show increased
levels of natural killer cell(NK) activity that targets cancerous cells
in the body.

Infections.
• Many cancer-causing chemicals from cigarette smoke travel
throughout a smoker's bloodstream to reach the organs of the
body and damage the immune response. Carbon monoxide is
carried through the body by smoke, interfering with oxygen levels.
Less oxygen reaches the brain, heart, muscles and other organs.
Lung function is reduced because of the narrowing of the lung
airways and excess mucus in the lungs. Lung irritation and damage
result from invading substances,
Lung Tissue.
• Smoking can cause the body's immune system to attack lung tissue
and result in severe respiratory disorders, according to research at
the University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
• Health scientists examined mice to study the link between cigarette
exposure, the immune system and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disorder (COPD), a serious lung disease characterized by emphysema
and severe inflammation of the lung tissue.
• After lung cells were damaged from cigarette smoke in the lab
research, the cells signaled the immune system when the damaged
cells needed to be destroyed.
• The research shows that smoking actually activates certain parts of
the immune system, which works against the lungs and attacks the
tissue; it was reported in the March 2009 issue of the "Journal of
Clinical Investigation."

• The researchers found a strong correlation between cellular stress

signals, activation of the immune system and development of
diseases similar to COPD.
• Researchers compared the results with tissue samples from humans
who included non-smokers, smokers with COPD and smokers who did
not have COPD. They found that patients who had never smoked had
no trace of the lung cells that triggered the immune system to attack
lung tissue.
• Current and former smokers who developed the disease had
evidence of those lung signals.
Physical Addiction
• Being physically addicted means a person's body
actually becomes dependent on a particular
substance (even smoking is physically addictive).
• It also means building tolerance to that
substance, so that a person needs a larger dose
than ever before to get the same effects.
Someone who is physically addicted and stops
using a substance like drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes
may experience withdrawal symptoms. Common
symptoms of withdrawal are diarrhea, shaking,
and generally feeling awful.
• Psychological Addiction
• Psychological addiction happens when the
cravings for a drug are psychological or emotional.
People who are psychologically addicted feel
overcome by the desire to have a drug. They may
lie or steal to get it. A person crosses the line
between abuse and addiction when he or she is
no longer trying the drug to have fun or get high,
but has come to depend
 Signs of Addiction
• The most obvious sign of an addiction is the need to have a
particular drug or substance.
• However, many other signs can suggest a possible addiction, such
as changes in mood or weight loss or gain.
(These also are signs of other conditions too,
though, such as depression or eating disorders.)

Signs that you or someone you know may have a cigarette

addiction include:

Psychological signals:

1. Use of drugs or alcohol as a way to forget problems or to relax.

2. Withdrawal or keeping secrets from family and friends.
3. Loss of interest in activities that used to be important.
4. Problems with schoolwork, such as slipping grades or absences.
5. Changes in friendships, such as hanging out only with friends
whose drugs.
6. Spending a lot of time figuring out how to get cigarette.
7. Stealing or selling belongings to be able to afford cigarette
Side effects of Smoking:
Dangers of Smoking with Nicotine:
• One of the main dangers of smoking is due to
Nicotine. Nicotine is found naturally in tobacco.
• It has no odour and no color.
• It is, however, both physically and psychologically
addictive, and it causes those who use it to want to
smoke one cigarette after another. Nicotine enters
the body as tiny droplets resting on particles of tar
in cigarette smoke.
• Inhaled into the lungs, the drug passes quickly into
the bloodstream, reaching the brain within about
10 seconds.
• In another 5 to10 seconds the nicotine has spread
• to all parts of the body.The nicotine raises both the
• heart rate and blood pressure. The smoker quickly
feels more alert and relaxed.
• In less than 30 minutes, however, about half of the
nicotine has left the bloodstream, and the smoker
startsfeeling less alert, more edgy.So he or she
reaches for another cigarette to get a new hit´ of
nicotine.Over time, the smoker starts needing
more cigarettes throughout the day to satisfy the
craving.
 Dangers of Smoking with Tar:
• There are other dangers of smoking as well. The tar
from tobacco smoke starts to accumulate on the
bronchial tubes leading to the lungs. The hot smoke
burns the tiny hair like projections (called cilia) that
trap harmful particles before they enter the lungs

Carbon Monoxide:
• One more of the dangers of smoking are Carbon
monoxide. Smoking also increases the level of carbon
monoxide in the lungs. This poisonous gas is quickly
absorbed into the blood, reducing its capacity to
carry oxygen.
Oxides of nitrogen:
Animal experiments showed that nitrogen oxides lungs.
It is believed that nitrogen oxides are some specific
chemicals in tobacco that causes lung disease and efizem.

Hydrogen cyanide:
The lungs have some hairs (cilia) that help to clean´ lungs
by removing theforeign substances. Hydrogen cyanide
prevents the development processof clearing. The
substances of cigarette smoke remains in the lungs.

Ammonia:
Ammonia is a powerful chemical found in household
products, it is used topreserve human bodies in the
morgue, which is also harmful to the lungs.
Bibliography
• 1) www.google.com
• 2) www.esmokingsideeffects.com
• 3) www.causesofsmoking.net
• 4) http://www.helpguide.org/mental/quit_smoking_cessation.html