Organic Chemistry CH

hybridisation -

It
is the
study ofcompounds containing carbon and
Hydrogen. CH
Cn

bonds

-
I
I

Organic hydrogen compounds are from carbon and and other

-

CH CH 2- bonds
elements
CH

Catenation Bond notation

2
6) 15: 252 C-atom
·
-
2p ⑧ a corner ~ bond:
e 8 8

valence C bond:
i 4
=

H CH CH2 CH

c-c-c-c - C B
dincar - - - - - c c
Hz
HC CH3
HzC
-

↳He
!Branched
C Carbon depends attached to it.
Degree of on ofc-atoms
crc-
2 no.
"
C < As
Primary
C
chain atom
Cyclic C
open i-Ic
I

it
atom
-
Secondary
C 2 2c
C Pit-- 4
3-3c atom Tertiary
C
C
4-4C atom Quaternary
C
C C C

Functional Group:a re atoms

group ofatoms associated Carbon
Branched to
C C cyclic or

decide the
chain and chemical properties ofmolecule.
Hybridisation sp3 sp2 Sp
Tetrahedron
Trigonal linear ① Alcohol (-OH) C- or
,
Planar
CHz-CH-OH
4
·

2:

I CH4H =
-
H 0
Cty-CH-CHs ·

I 4sp3 H !H
13
H
"I I
H-c -c
2) CHz-CHG-CHI
- C - H ·
CH-23-CH
Sp3!SP3, PI
di
M
3) Hz)- Hz CE) (ts 2) Amines N-R
- -

H
sp3 sp3 sp sp sp3

hybridisation = Cry-ce-NYH C1-C -N

-bonds
CH3
mine 2" a mine
-

i- a
-
2- bonds
 -gite
NOTE:I 2"3" amines vicinal vic-ditialitea

Cy-N-samine differentfunctional groups

Homologous
Amide;-
series Alcohol OH
3) -

O
-i
·
CHBOH +14
Il
Iamide (Primary) CHI - C - N
-H
·

city are lin

OR
CHy CHy CHL 14
·

19 CH3 +

(secondary)
-
2"amide (its -- -N
-
·

CH3 CH2 CH CH OH
M

3"amide (Tertiary) CHy-4-n-s Characteristics

-
1) All members have identical functional group.
125 amides are considered as
different functional groups 2) All members are
represented by general formula.
same

OH CnHen+y-ON Foreg. n=1

CHOH

4) 12 have identical properties.

Phenol
/
3 All members

4) Two consecutive members differ by'-city members.

Halogens
5) -
X (FLuovo)
I Br
(Bromo) (i.e molar mass 14)
=

21 (Chlovo) I (Fodo) 5) Physical properties show a trend with a in molecular

mass.

CH3-CH-CH
!- Monohalides Aldenes
(2nHan) Alkynes (2 *2n-2)
H2C (H2= HC CH
=

Cr-CHz-c-
① 2) 2

943
In
Carbonylic acid -
I -or

③ CH-c ch sp2
CHICOOH
-

-
3a

brz -or
eg. CHG-CHz- or

eng-city general formula:Cutten+1-COOH

dihalide geminal dinalite

gem-dihalide
 How
many differentfunctional groups? Cyclic
carbonylic acid
halogen, i By halogen NH2 lamine Homocylic Heterocyclic H
I
HO-C N
0
0
OH I
I

naFogen NHS
I
il
NC
⑧ Homocyclic H

Cyanide amide
N
Heterocyclic
NC -

Isocyanide -of Heterocyclic

O 0
O
Il
Homo
cyclic H
"-or 11
c H - C R
I
-
- -
-

aldehyde Ketone B
Homocyclic
-c acid halide Heterocyclic
-
I _n amide di
- cz I a carbon atoms
cyclic rings
common
Bicyclo
are
-
ester · ·

⑧
③

a) b)
Anhydride ⑧

I
⑧

H20
I
-

-or+-4-oH spiro compounds

3)
-

i
I
cyclic rings one common Carbon atom
· ·

·
Cyanide - c=N ·

Isocyanide -N=c

~ alcohol -

Oh
·
thiol -SH halides -
X IUPAC International Union Pure
of and Applied Chemistry

·
sulphonic acid -

SOzH · Nitroso - ND
Hydrocarbons compounds which contain
only carbon and
Hydrogen
1. alkanes -C

·
Nitro 2.alkenes =C

CEC
3.
Alkyne
Classification
↓ I

open chain Cyclic

↳
acylic compounds
 I
Il undec
Alkant (C-C) 12 dodec
13 tribes

Rule 1:Chain selection [selectlongestchain) 14 tetradec

-> main chain 15
CH4 Cty-CH-Ct pentadec

- ae
its-> side chain/Locant
16 henades

17
heptadec
18 octadec
19 nondes
20 CiCOS

Rulez: If more than IC chain is presentthen selectthe chain

Site
with side chain. main chain in

is
more

..... 8.

g
Alkyh
-
CH, (methyl)
-

CH2Cs (ethyl) -

CHaCHaCty (propylS
Race Prefix
Hed+ suffin (p) sufin (s)
3: +
+

Suffic alkane alkene

alkyne
Functional
- ane
group
numbering ofcarbon chain is
from
ene
side chain Nomenclature and to
-

one

main chain you

-

the other end

noolc-atom firstlocant lowest number

its in s
a
·

in chain Number, Number

Word Root no.
ofcarbon atom the main
Number letter
Word Root
ofCarbon atom
-

no.

letter letter
meth ↳
no
-

ga
I

2 eth prefin + word root + suffin (P)

3
prof side chain
4 but city-in-Ha-*As
dis
5
pent
Butane
6
Hex 2-methyl
I
Sept
8
oct

9 now

10 dec
 ③ I

methane
1) CH4 2 I

ethyl
CH-Ct ethane
2) ⑤

2-methylpropane
3
ethyl 3,3-diethylpentanc
3)
Cty-it-CH, 5a 04

.
I

I
)!?!?!?!?!?
2

3) 3
3-methylpentanc ?
Complex Side Chain

8?o.
.
4 5

5
8
..
I⑤.5.
4 <4-c-c-en--steals 4-(1-methyl ethyl) octane
5) City-en-In-cy 2,3-dimethyl butane

cing day a
·

2 bis
2 i complex side chain
3 tris
ter
3 multiple Substituents multiple
tetrakis
4

4 tetwa side chains

S
penta pentakis
5

Sum lower is
Rule sum correct Cycloalkanes
L
I
Cthyl
⑧
* ⑧ methyl .

5 6 3 I
z 5
2 3
5 I
ot 3 2 3

Cyclohexane
⑪ &D
↳
5 6 2
I 4

2 4 6 cyclopropane
v -
R ((3,5) -> alphabetical
->
order
prefix cyclo++ word root t
suffice (p)
2,3,5 2,4,5 - -> R(3,5)
I

to T 3-ethyl-5-methylheptane I 2
6
2

I
3
5 3 1,3,4-trimethylcyclohexane
2
side chains order
NOTE If
2 or more are
present we
go by alphabetical 3
4
4

c > m
P
x
methylcyclohexane
I
1,2-dimethyl
ethye methyl propyl cyclobutane
 3 I

Alkene 2C =

but-I-yne
4
2

to chain
Manimum alkene main
·

Numbering to provide minimum number to cc

=
Alkene / Allyne =1 =

↳
suffice (P)
↳ a -
inne
·
first Locant ·

Sumpule alphabetical order

3 =
triene 5 3
4 tetracne Ihea---en-4-yue
=
6
4 2

prefit I word root + suffin (P) Cyclic 6

6
r

I 3
ene 5
cyclohen-1-ene 2-dimethylcyclohen-1-ene
ide no
of C- 4
2 4
3
2

chain atom in main

3

chain

2
4
Nomenclature
of compounds with functional groups.
4
2
3 A

I
3 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene prefin (s) + word Root +
suffin (p) + suffin (s)
functional group
2-
methyl but-1-ene
functional group> alkene/alkyne

chains chain
Alkyne (c C) =
main more no
ofside
↳ man c-atoms

in chain lowest
main Numbering provide
·
Man alkyne to
in
number tO CEC I a
-
C
Prefin: Carbony
OH
suffice (p) ->
you
acid
first locant sum rule alphabetical order Carbonylic (when (in main chain) (oic acid)
suffice s)
2
digne
=

3 E
trigne
(when is not in main chain)
4 tetragne
E c

Carbonylic acid)
 0 O
Il
1. 1 - 4-OH methanoic acid
a
-
i 4 3

but-2-enx-r-oylchloride
1 2
2

C-I-oH O CL
2. ethanoic acid
U Oxc-Bu
2 f

y 2

O
5
cyclopent- 2-ene-1-carbonylbromide
Il 43
acid
propane-1,3-dioic
C-OH 8
I
I
Aldehydes -
- H

CH22 v

3 a
Or
suffin (s)
i
-

"Carbaldehyde
H
0
3
cyclohexane-1,2-diene I
↑

COOH 4
methyl butany-I-al
2 I
a
6 2
I H

5 3

A mode
-In -
4
v

cita it cre
c

propane 1,2,3-tricarbonylic acid suffine(s) amide

-
-

door door door CX

Carbonamide

i 3
i
4 But-2-ene-1-amide
or 12
- -

Acid NH2
0
I1
-
c- X

Acidhalides Cyanides prefix: cyano C=N

-

nitrile -

2 9 flouride/chloride (Bromide / Iodide suffin (s)

-c -
X
Carbonitrile (X
Acid halide when is inthe main chain
(oyl halide)
X
suffin (s)
-

-
I

-
Cl when I is notin the main chain

-
By
<carbonyl halide)
-
I
 SOgH
3 CN ⑪ 2 on 4-sulphopentance - 1-oic acid
5 ⑭
I

I
pent-2-ene -r-nitrile 8.
4 3
⑧

2
4 COOH
W

I r
CN
2
acid
& 5 3-aminocyclopentany---oic
a cyclopropane-o-carbonitrile 4 NH2
3

il
O

-- or
carbonylic acid S-oH
sulphonic acid
Anhydride 1 - O
↓
0

I
ethanoic anhydride
d
Anhydride Acid
-x
3. 5. -
halide C
0 CH
X- F,Cl, Br, I 0

I H0
-

COOH
CHICH2

6)-Y-NHe
CHE CHI COOH
amide 8) NC
Isocyanide
atteo
Esters 0

2) CN, cyanide 9) - 4-H aldehyde -

2
II
CHz -c-0-cHs methyl ethanoate
ut

og ketone of alcohol-of Eponide C2-CR2 2- eponyethane

12) SH
-
thiol 13) Amines -

N Alkanes CHg-CH-cry-Ct n-butane

Cry
-4) Alkene c3
=

H neopentance
C-c-
Iso butane CH
-
c - CH

I
↳

65) F

CL
Flouro

chloro
-
NO2
NO
nitro

nitwose
dr
12H3
-

Be Browe methyl
cts
Cty-<y.- 2i-City
-

Phenony
o-f dis new pentane

OCHs methony ocalsethony

- -