Horizontal Group vertical Perioal

rOWS
-
- neet
Column

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 Calculation of Period / Group No. :

Period no. = Highest ‘ n ‘ value

Group No.
Last e- : s- subshell : s- block
Group No. : No. of valence e- in s-subshell

Eg. Is" 2s "2p63s"

fast
Period:3
Block: S ein s-subshell
Finding Period / Group No. / Block :

s-block :- last e- ( s-subshell )

Group No. = x

Eg:Is "2522p6 351-, Na

I
x 1
=

Group no-1
Finding Period / Group No. / Block :

p-block :- last e- ( p-subshell )

Group No. = 12 + no. of e- present in np

= 12 + x

35" Period 3
1522522p6 3p3 No:

↓ Group No: 12+3

x3
=
=15
Finding Period / Group No. / Block :

d-block :- last e- ( d-subshell )

period NO=y

↑
Group No. = no. of e- present in ns + no. of
e- present in (n-1) d
= x + y -> child"nS a

e
Is "252p6 3523p6 3d3 Ys

3+2 3
=

↳
Group No.
Finding Period / Group No. / Block :

f-block :- last e- ( f-subshell )

Group No. = 3
e
Effective Nuclear Charge :
> c
of interest

attraction
- repulsion
[2 es
-
 23 for neutral
atom,
Na
11:
Is" 2s p635 c
=

11

P 11
=

⑧
n 23
=
-
11 12=

⑧ ⑧

⑧ ⑧
⑧

⑧ nucleus
⑱
⑧ Le
⑧ ⑧

protontneutrons
spositively
⑧
(neutral)
charged)
-
X
nucleous

charge present nuclear

in

nucleus
-
charge
 interest
Electron
of
-
⑧
-
attractionb/w
⑧ 8
⑧ nucleus and e
⑳ ⑳
⑧

⑧ · repulsion blue-
&
intervening
⑧

of interest

elections

elections
intervening blu
(The electrons present
nucleus and the electron of interest)
Effective Nuclear Charge :

The actual charge

experienced by an electron .
 Screening / Shielding Effect :

The electrons present in inner shell exerts

repulsion over the electrons present in outer shell &
shields the outer e-s from the charge of nucleus ,
this phenomenon is called screening / shielding
effect. .
 Screening / Shielding Effect :

Screening Power depends on the type of orbital in

which e- is present .

S2p > dif

A fully - filled orbital provides better shielding .

dof shielding effect

very
poor
-

due to
diffused shape
 Screening / Shielding Effect :

SHIELDING

POOR EFFECTIVE
Nuclear Charge on outer e-
Nuclear Charge on outer
will be less it will
e- will be high it will
experience less attraction .
experience greater
attraction .
seff to
Zeff
Effective Nuclear Charge : The net charge acting on
outer e- after considering shielding from inner e-’s
 Rule?
it's

Lef = 2 --

2- no
atomic

--shielding
constant
 Radius :
calculating
atomic radius

Very small size ↑ is not easy.

No fixed boundaries . 3
Lo - I
Covalent Radius :

Internuclear
distance 2
->
-
Bond
length
o ↓

dA- B
Metallic Radius :
Bond length

⑧
~ ⑧
amm S

M M
Van der Waals Radius :

⑧---8

⑱
Variation of Atomic Radius in Periodic Table :
 Variation of Atomic Radius in Periodic Table :

Zeff increases as e- are added in same shell , size decreases

left to right in a period

Left >
Right
Zeff ↑I /

dominates
 Jeff increases as we move
from left
I

because added
to right, ease
being
the member
in the same shell, while
of
the
proton increases too hence
increasing
in nucleus. This increase
positive charge
dominates over
in nuclear
charge
the to
e-e-repulsion left sight I
Zeff
Gammate)
 General Tend
Atomic Radius
period
Left -Right
Jeff , AR d
 Top

Group new shell

-
atomic radius
addition increases

Bottom
 Ionic Radius :

A
gain of
-

Neutral
loss
I
e-
Atom

-
L

A
-

At
Anion
Cation
 Ionic Radius :

At A
-

↳ L A

cation Parent Anion

Atom

ne< NP np
ne= ne> up

self repulsion
dominates dominates
 ve 8.5 L I

eft
c
-

Jonic a -

Ve0.S
+

Size

etronic
species:
electrons
species having same no
of
/3 02 F -> Nat> Mg2t> Al3+
-

>
PYQ :

-
-
PYQ :

↳
gases:
Due to
fully-filled shells, are
repulsion
dominates and
they have
highest
periods.
atomic radii in their
respective
 Ionisation Energy :

Silt is
alway
+Ve

energy
always ised)

The amount of energy required to remove the

outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom .
eration
effect: Sp> d>f

when
dominates
only
n same,
=
e=
different
eg: B
Be >
2 2p1
25
u 2
=

n
2
=

l 1
=

3
1
=

Penetration 2 IP
is more
s. dubshell
effect of
Trend of Ionisation Energy for 2nd Period :
zefs zeft
dominates
-> -
> 0& F
c N
Li <BC - B < <
5
2
2p3 <pY 2p
I
25
2
29
O
2p
25

↓
--

Penetration
effect
dominates half filled
stable configuration

I
Li B B20N
PYQ (IONISATION ENERGY ):

-
NOTE:
Block -wise Comparison :
Group-13 (Boron Family)
1 II Ga Al In

....
B

-
is

Ga
-

Al
-
4
 Block -wise
Successive Comparison
Ionisation : :
Energy

For same element IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 …….
(Successive IE’s always increases in order irrespective of
any other factor
 -> (g)
+
A + e-

Acg) IE

Successive It's
Itz

/
are
always
because
higher,
-

Act (g) +e

it is more

to
It< 1Ez
< 1E3 difficult
IE3 the e
remove

from a truly
g) te-
charged
it

than from
a

neutral atom.
Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :
 Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

be
DegH may
the or-ve

If electron is successfully added then energy will be released & EGE is

generally negative .
 Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

=-200KSMOH
+ e-
DgH
*

A -> A

-x B:
DegH=-300KSMOH
B

h as
As
DeqH for B is more
negative, it

more
tendency to
gain the electron than A

More -ve value of /\H eg shows greater tendency to gain electron .

Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :
 Block -wiseConfiguration
Electronic Comparison ::

Elements having half filled & full filled

configuration have lower tendency to gain
electrons & therefore , they have lower or zero
EA’s

gases-ns" ups
3
Noble
3
Is" 252 2p
N-
metals
->
begH=
0

Alkaline Earth
Ca cas
Be, Mg,
...
 Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

HALOGENS : Highest DegH

Because on the addition of one

noble like
election
they
attain gas
configuration.
F f e- - >

7-
ns
np5 nsup 6
 2nd
sch EGE of
of
3
EGE 7
period element
Pesioch element

Inter-electronic sepulsions
dominates
Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

HALOGEN FAMILY
B5> I
-->

one "to
small size of 7, inter-electronic
dominates
repulsions
Block -wise
Electron Comparison
Affinity or Electron: gain Enthalpy :

OXYGEN FAMILY
> Se>Te > 0
 Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

The tendency of an element to attract

shared pair of electrons towards itself
in a covalent bond .
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :
3.5
3.0
2.5 3.0
1.0 1.5 2.0

C N ① F
Li-BC B
0.5
S U
Si P
Al
2. 7
Da My 1.6
2.1
2.4
1 5
-

1.2
0.9
-
0.3
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Calculation of Bond Length :

dA-B rA
=

+ WB-0.09 (7-xB)

-
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Calculation of Percentage ionic character in a

Covalent Bond :
%. 2C 16
=
(x, x B1 3.5/XA-xB2
+
 (50% sonic + 50% covalent)
/A -
xB1 1.7
=

<1.7 (Mose covalent)

KA-xB1
(More Sonic)
147-2B) 717
Block -wise Comparison
Electronegativity : :

● Acidic & Basic nature of oxides :

EN
I 2
the 0.54 Acidic
central atom nature

SO2 <SOS
+ y 6
+
 Gr0g
strength)
CWO 1
CAcidic
+
6
+ 2

> [00

2
+
CP
+6
3
(Basic strength)
Lother - Meyer Curve (1869 ) :

● He plotted a curve
between atomic
weight & atomic
volume of different
elements .
 peak
⑧

Marina
·
 Lother - Meyer Curve (1869 ) :
● The following observations can be made from
the curve -
1. Most electropositive elements i.e alkali metals
*( Li , Na ,K ,Rb ,Cs etc ) occupy the peak
positions on the curve .
2. Less electropositive i.e alkaline earth metal (Be,
Mg , Ca , Sr , Ba ) occupy the descending
position on the curve .
3. Metalloids ( B,Si , As , Te)etc & Transition
metals occupy bottom part of the curve
4. Most electronegative i.e halogens (F,Cl,Br,I )
occupy the ascending position on the curve .
On the basis of this curve , he proposed that
physical properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic weight & this became
the basis of Mendleev’s Periodic Table .
Not convenient
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law :

The physical & chemical properties of elements
are the periodic function of their atomic
weights
Characteristics of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

1. It is based on atomic weight .

2. 63 elements were known , noble gases
weren’t discovered .
3. He was the 1st scientist to classify the
elements in a systematic manner i.e in
horizontal rows & vertical columns .
4. Horizontal rows are called series & there
were 7 periods in Mendeleev’s Periodic
Table .
 Characteristics of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

5. Vertical Columns are called groups & there

were 8 groups in Mendeleev’s periodic table .
6. Each Groups upto VIIth is divided into A & B
subgroups . A subgroup elements are called
S +P normal elements & B subgroup elements are transition
block called transition elements . element
7. The VIIIth group consists of 9 elements in 3
rows
8. The elements belonging to same group
exhibit similar properties .
Use Code “AKALIVE “For Plus
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

● First time all known elements were

classified in groups according to their
similar properties . So study of the
properties of elements become easier .
● Prediction of new elements : cka-silicon cka-Aluminium
↓
Sc Ga Ge
de

Ga
Ge Tc
These were the elements for whom the
position were well defined by him & blank
spaces were left for them .
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

Correction of wrong atomic weights of some

elements .

Be
de BY
9 13.5
 Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

(a) Position of Hydrogen : It resembles both ,

alkali metals & halogens in properties , so
couldnt decide .
(b) Position of isotopes
(c) Anamalous pairs of elements
Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

It was not clear that lanthanides & actinides

are related with IIA Group or III B group

Cause of Periodicity wasnt defined

I

Due to mismatch

of properties
Modern Periodic Table :

● It was proposed by Moseley .

● It is based on Atomic Number .
● Modern Periodic Law : The Physical &
Chemical Properties of elements are
periodic function of their atomic number .
Modern Periodic Table :

Moseley did an experiment in which he

bombarded high speed electron on different
metal surfaces & obtained X-rays .

A vaz
Characteristics of Modern Periodic Table :

● 9 vertical columns called Groups .

● 1st to VIII group +0 group of inert gases.
● Inert gases were introduced in Periodic
table by Ramsay
● 7 Horizontal Rows called Periods .
Modern Periodic Table ( Modified Mendeleev ) :
Long form /Present form of Modern Periodic Table :

It is also called as “ Bohr-Bury & Rang , Werner

Periodic Table
● It is based on the atomic number .
● This model is proposed by Rang & Werner .
● 7 Periods & 18 vertical columns(groups) .
 neet

Use Code “AKALIVE “For Plus

Characteristics
Electronic Configuration
of ModernofPeriodic
ElementsTable
: : neet

.
8)@.
Characteristics of Modern Periodic Table :
Characteristics
Nomenclature forof Modern Periodic
Elements having Table
atomic: no. > 100 :
100 113

unnilnilium ununtsium

110 117

ununnilium ununseptium

Use Code “AKALIVE “For Plus

Characteristics of Modern
Nomenclature for Periodic
Elements havingTable : no.
atomic > 100 :

unniltions