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Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in

Healthcare: A Conceptual Study

Chapter · June 2023

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7947086

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 1
Chapter

Application & Emergence of

Edge Computing in Healthcare:
A Conceptual Study

P.K. Paul1, Ritam Chatterjee2, K.S. Tiwary3,

P.S. Aithal4, R. Saavedra5
1
Executive Director (MCIS), Asst. Prof. & Head/Coordinator,
Department of CIS, Raiganj University, West Bengal, India
2
PhD (CIS) Scholar, Department of CIS, Raiganj University,
West Bengal, India
3
Head & Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Director (CASM),
Raiganj University, West Bengal, India
4
Vice Chancellor, Srinivas University, Karnataka, India
Director & Chair (International Program), Azteca University, Mexico
5

Email: P.K. Paul & pkpaul.infotech@gmail.com

Abstract: Edge Computing is one of the emerging areas within

Information Technology for the time being and it has a strong
connection with cloud computing in some contexts and further, it has
the ability to closer to the end device or simply end users. Simply it
is the computational processing of sensor data and here data stays
away from centralized systems or nodes. Edge Computing works as
logical edge of the network and it can also take care of individual
data source, and in this context, it works as fog computing. Edge
Computing is a kind of distributed IT network architecture and it
produced data locally. Here rather than forwarding data from the data
centers in the specified decentralized system for confirming real-time
processing and it offers without latency while reducing bandwidth
and also storage requirements. Edge Computing is working with
 2 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

distributed Information Technology and it comes with the comfort

of sovereignty, autonomy, and effective data security. For effective
edge computing implementation, the aspects of security, connectivity,
management, and physical maintenance are considered as worthy.
Due to the benefits of Edge Computing, it is applicable in diverse
areas and sectors such as business and industries, transportation,
healthcare, education and training, etc. Edge Computing is applied
in different healthcare facilities and areas for improvement and
effective healthcare promotion. This chapter is a brief overview
of Edge Computing specially applications of Edge Computing in
healthcare and the allied sector.

Keywords: Edge Computing, ICT, Distributed IT Networks, End

User Computing, Healthcare System, Health Informatics

Introduction

Edge Computing is works on distributed information systems

architecture and clients data here processed in the periphery of the
network. In conventional computing data is restricted on virtual
data flood and but in Edge Computing data models are depends
on centralized systems. Among the limitation few important are
bandwidth, issues related to latency, and unpredictable network
system. This type of Computing platform are also allowed out of the
central data centre and therefore this kind of system works closer
with source data. As far as Edge Computing is concerned here after
data generation, it is normally do not transfer data to the central data
system though here real time results of data, and required actionable
answer are basically offered to the centre for review. IT and business
computing world is changing with advanced Edge Computing
features. In Edge computing cloud is normally considered very close
to the end user, and able in various fog computing related activities [9].
The characteristic of Edge Computing is changing day by day and
here Figure 1 is showing one of them.
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 3

Figure 1: Basic characteristics of Edge Computing

Edge Computing and Fog Computing are very close though in Fog
Computing the system basically works or lies on the end devices and
IoT focused systems. Though Edge Computing is lies on distributed
models and manageable by various operators and may be extended in
the future. Edge Computing is also treated as mobile edge computing
and it works with also multi-access edge computing. Akamai was
first introduced in the 1990s regarding web traffic solutions by the
content delivery network. Here technology is being involved with
the network nodes with storing static cached media information at
locations and which is much closer to the end users, and gradually the
concept changed and moved to the computational capabilities.

Objective and agenda of the work

The present work entitled ‘Application & Emergence of Edge
Computing in Healthcare: A Conceptual Study’ is conceptual in
nature and deals with the following core objective and agenda (but
not limited to)—
• To know about the basics of Edge Computing with aspects of
foundation and development root.
 4 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

• To gather basic features of Edge Computing with advantages

offered by this system.
• To know about the basic applications of Edge Computing in
different areas in a brief manner.
• To gather information regarding applications of Edge Computing
in Healthcare and medical sector.
• To gather information on applications and emerging Edge
Computing in healthcare and allied areas.
• To find out the issues and challenges of Edge Computing in
Healthcare and medical sector.

Adopted Methodology
The work entitled ‘Application & Emergence of Edge Computing
in Healthcare: A Conceptual Study’ is a kind of interdisciplinary one,
and here Edge Computing plays an important focus on discussion
with foundation, general and basic structure, features, and functions.
For the completion of the work here review of the literature were used
and for this lot of primary and secondary sources are being consulted.
Collected data from different sources here later been analyzed and
reported in come its conclusion and reach the agenda.

Edge Computing: The fundamentals

Edge Computing uses edge servers and store data using internet
technologies. Further here mobile devices, sensors, and other allied
latest technologies are being used such as cloudlets, fog, small data
centre, etc. Edge Computing is enabling technologies and therefore
allowing computation in the edge network and comes with multiple
benefits over the cloud and similar technologies (as depicted in
Fig. 2). Moreover, here downstream data are treated as cloud kind
of services in which upstream data is basically able in performing
on behalf of Internet of Things services. Here one hop is basically
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 5

associated with the end devices and is good for the low latency
offload facilities as well as infrastructure [13]. Further, here Edge
Computing supports various emerging applications and systems viz.
autonomous cars including digital healthcare, augmented reality, and
public safety. Edge Computing is responsible for aggregating and
analyzing data (sensor data). It is also important to note that, Cloud
Computing models are being used in basic three tier edge computing
models.
Though Edge Computing and Edge Cloud are close together,
and in extreme context, Edge Computing is about the physical
infrastructure and lies on different kinds of devices and basically
supports many allied devices as well as applications. Edge Cloud
promotes the virtualization of infrastructure and thus works in remotely
and offers flexibility and scalability. As far as management of the
end user activity and load balancing is concerned Edge Computing is
important. Regarding testing and deploying new applications, Edge
cloud is able in performing functions with virtualization roadmaps.

Figure 2: Edge Computing related benefits

 6 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

Edge Computing: Applications & Examples

Edge Computing comes with edge application services and is
dedicated in reducing the volume of data and also offers low latency
and therefore it reduced transmission costs. As far as different real-
time applications are concerned Edge Computing treated as important
in numerous basic and emerging applications viz.—
• Connected and autonomous Cars
• Vehicle and Transportation Management
• Smart Cities and applications
• Intelligent and Smart Home Appliances
• Industry 4.0 and Supportive Blok chain system
• Fleet & Predictive Maintenance
• Voice Assistance
• Intelligent and Smart Healthcare
• AI for Virtual Assistant.

Edge Computing in Health Care: Basics

Edge Computing is an advanced computing framework and it
is required for processing data near to the origin of the data, and it
is considered as Data Architecture. For increasing data access speed
as well as reducing network latency Edge Computing is worthy.
For heterogeneous data management including the scalability of
the system this is very important and applied. Edge computing
technologies are very fast and effective in the proper healthcare
management systems. Regarding medical and health asset and
system management, it is important and crucial [10]. Edge computing
technologies are applied in diverse healthcare sectors and here lot of
beneficiaries can be named viz. Doctors, Nurses, Patients, Medical
technicians, staffs, administrators and so on. Edge Computing is also
required for real time patient condition management and monitoring
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 7

of health related matters such as proper record management, proper

insulin management, and sophisticated cardiac disorder detection,
and so on [12]. Edge Computing offers fast, secure, reliable, flexible,
scalable and efficient system of health and medical services.

Healthcare and Medical Segment

Edge Computing is to be an important gift in healthcare
and entire clinical sector including healthcare management and
monitoring. Edge connected IoT devices are able in collecting huge
amount of data from the patient or in short PDHD (Patient Generated
Health Data), Healthcare suppliers is getting essential data from the
patient particularly from fragmented database. Today healthcare
sector is booming and therefore it is required to manage large
amount of unpredictable datasets. Since day by day data uses are
increasing with bandwidth expenses as well, and Edge Computing
helps in bringing of data processing, analytics as well as storage of
the hospital, medical units and entire healthcare sector. Regarding
immediate healthcare related decision making, finding suitable
strategy, allowing and spreading workloads and allied activities edge
systems are worthy and important. The main reasons of using Edge
Computing in healthcare systems are including decision making,
cost effectiveness, speediness, timeliness, secure and advanced [11].
According to the experts Edge Computing are useful in Healthcare
and applicable in various smallest area to broadest areas viz.—
• At Hospital and Heathcare Units.
• At Mobile Van and Cars.
• Operation Theaters and Room.
• Clinical and Diagnostics Units.
Expert believes that, though the recent applications of edge is
not so enriched but in coming years there are different potentialities
in healthcare like remote patient monitoring, remote and quick
 8 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

healthcare equipment manufacturing. Within 2024 it is also expected

to have 60% of the healthcare organization will adopt IT Infrastructure
powered by AI and here Edge Computing can be a vital role holder.
It is also expected that within 2025 about 60% of providers will
move to the concept of full deployment using Edge supported AR/
VR technologies.

Emerging Edge Computing in Healthcare and Medical Systems

Healthcare sector is very important for any country. To give
better services, it is necessary to update the existing system. Various
emerging Technologies have tried to provide services to build smart
health care system [1]. Cloud Computing, Fog Computing, Edge
Computing, Bigdata Management, IoT technologies and so on,
have been used in Smart health care system [8,17]. Edge computing
plays a vital role in Healthcare sector. It has been implemented in
different areas of Healthcare sector. Patient, doctor, nurse, technical
staff, administrator and other staff get benefited with edge computing
technologies.
The doctors can easily monitor the patient. They can easily
monitor Patient’s real time condition with the help of edge computing
Technologies. The sensor for devices can continuously check various
medical parameters with the patient. It will continuously measure
the patient blood pressure, pulse rate, blood oxygen level, body
temperature, and so on. It is also possible to remotely monitor the
patient’s pulmonary condition. The patient is under 24 x 7 continuous
monitoring and the result is analyzed by artificial intelligence and
machine learning [6] technologies. Any kind of change in any
parameter has been automatically notified to the doctor and nurse.
The doctors can maintain patient data easily. One doctor can get the
prescription shared by other doctors which will help to take decision
efficiently.
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 9

Currently, the problem of heart disease in general people

is increasing. So it is very much necessary to early detection and
prevention heart disease among general people. So various test related
to detection of heart disease and the result of the test has been collect,
processed and analysis to detect the heart condition. It is also able
to detect pediatric heart condition. Automatic insulin management
system will work more accurately. It will check the patient blood
glucose level and select the dose of the insulin automatically and
push the insulin with very less pain to the patient.
Now wearable medical device such as smart watch, tracker
device, smart glass and so on are very popular among common
people. The devices are continuously collect the data of the person
to analyzed it [19]. If any threshold value occurs then it generates an
alarm and warns the person. The smart watches are very popular
among common people. It is also connected with the smart phone,
so the smart watches have a strong interface with smart phones and it
can also be operated through mobile application [7].
The patient can take an appointment of any specific doctor. There
is no geographical area restriction or no time constrain. The patient
can pay the fees of the treatment very easily and securely. The patients’
relative can get the medical report easily and quickly. The patient can
select different specialist doctors from different medical centres. The
patient can interact with the doctor remotely. The languages will be
no any. The patient can talk to any language or the doctor may talk in
any language but the language processing system of the edge nodes
will translate to understandable language.
The nurses get many benefits from edge computing system. Edge
computing helps to track the patient condition effectively. Changing
of saline bottle is a tough task for Nurses. When the saline bottle
finished the device attached with the saline bottle would generate an
alarm which helps the Nurses very much. Edge computing technology
 10 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

will help to maintain the patient real time report and give the facility
to continuously contact with the doctors.
Edge computing helps to maintain the records for official work
very efficiently. It helps to interact between different departments
very easily. Real time data processing system helps to take decision
more efficiently [18]. Edge computing technology provides more
security on Patient billing system and doctor fees collection system.
It also helps in different types of administrative work for the hospital.
The automatic Ambulance management system is another feature
of Edge computing applications. It will automatically manage the
ambulances route, time and fair for the patient. It will help to find the
minimal route for the patient to reach the hospital.
Edge computing Technology helps in advanced medical
procedures. It helps in surgery simulations. The doctor can practice
the surgery virtually before doing the actual surgery. It also helps in
remote surgery management. Advanced robotic surgery can be done
easily by using edge computing Technologies. It gives the surgery
to global expansion. The doctor may be present at any Geography
location and it is possible to perform the surgery remotely using
the edge computing Technologies. It helps in data virtualization
which directly improves the security of the whole system. 3D asset
creation is another feature of Edge computing Technologies [20]. It
helps to create the virtual model in 3 dimensional plane which helps
to understand the concept easily. It helps to create an interactive in
efficient system.
Edge computing Technology uses in various medical diagnosis
system. It helps in cardiac disorder detection by the use of portable
ECG machine. It also helps to detect Ischemia & Myocardial
Infarction by the use of ECG technology [5]. Continuous analysis of
the result of ECG machine gives a very efficient system. Artificial
intelligence and machine learning algorithms will always analysis the
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 11

input and output of the various medical diagnosis machines and if any
changes in detection in the concerned device, it will automatically
generate the reports and inform accordingly [14].
Edge computing helps reduces end-to-end congestion. When
the whole system works at peak level, all the departments will try
to utilize the bandwidth which will generate huge congestion and
overload to the system [4]. By processing the request locally edge
computing Technology minimizes the working overload of the main
cloud server. It will actually optimize the task by managing the task
efficiently and reducing the working overload of the server. Various
IoT devices present in different medical tools helps to work the
machine more smartly. IoT devices will help to create an effective
user experience [2]. Edge computing and artificial intelligence (AI)
are working faster, more effectively diagnosis and manage the supply
of drugs in hospitals more efficiently. Figure 3 shows the application
areas of Edge Computing in Healthcare.

Figure 3: Edge Computing Application areas in Healthcare

 12 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

Conceptual Overview of Edge Computing in Healthcare

Edge Computing Implementation in Healthcare has three layers.

Cloud Computing layer is the top Layer, Edge Computing layer
there is a middle layer, terminal/divide layer is the bottom layer.
The stakeholders of the Health Care system is actually access the
terminal/device layer. Doctors, nurses, patients, patient relatives,
technical staffs, and administrators interact with the system by using
different applications. Various types of Sensors capture the data and
send it to edge computing layer.
Data has been processed at Edge Computing layer. Edge devices
are close to the origin of the source of the data so it tried to reduce the
latency time of the data and help to reduce the bandwidth utilization.
Edge Server and Edge Network play vital roles in Real time data
processing at Edge Computing layer. The data has been analyzed and
classified after processing of the data. If any additional information
is required then only it send the request to cloud server and get the
response back. It helps in the Optimization of the data that send
through the network. It is responsible for the machine to machine
communication.
Fog computing layer is an intermediate layer between Edge
Computing layer and Cloud Computing layer [3]. When Edge nodes
require any information then fog would try to provide it. If the fog
layer is unable to solve the problem then only it goes to the cloud
computing layer. Fog Computing actually try to reduce the overhead
of the Cloud Computing layer. It helps to maintain the network
congestion free and maximize bandwidth utilization.
Cloud Computing layered is the topmost layer of this architecture.
Cloud is the storage server which can be accessed through network.
It is responsible for the application and information-processing and
storage. It needs a powerful physical infrastructure. It provides a
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 13

strong virtualization of the system, platform or any services. Cloud

Computing is a very important part of this architecture. Figure 4
shows the concept of Edge Computing in Healthcare.

Figure 4: Conceptualization of Edge Computing in Healthcare

The Extract of Healthcare using Edge Computing

Edge Computing in healthcare industry, therefore, offer ample
opportunity in developing smart and advanced healthcare system for
the fastest and most effective healthcare services. Healthcare industry
creates a lot of content throughout their work and without advantages
of modern ICT it is really difficult to develop smart Health Information
System and in this regard role of Edge Computing is significant.
Edge Computing reduces end-to-end congestion and solves the issues
related to limited connectivity and wider broadband connections.
The advantages over the healthcare industry in connection with Edge
Computing are as follows—
• Improvement in rural healthcare systems.
• Since Edge Computing offers optimized tasks therefore it
reduced the workforce.
• The mobility enhancement.
 14 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

As far as automatic security controls are concerned Edge

Computing gives better management of GDPR and whole health
information systems. According to the experts, the following could
be the specific areas of Edge Computing in Healthcare.

Edge Deployed Ambulance Services—

An Edge Computing enables smarter transportation systems
and sophisticated patient monitoring while in using ambulance. The
advanced sensor enable and edge supported mobile van can track the
situation of the patient while moving one place to another, and this
decision can be very much worthy in decision making and so on.
In future lot of applications can be seen in this context, though as
a reference an example can be cited of Barcelona where table PCs
are able in capturing data oo heart rhythm and can be transferred
to the emergency department for early situation analysis and better
monitoring.

Edge Computing enable Hospital Services—

The advanced Edge Computing technology enable hospitals
to upgrade. Improved services quality is possible with the advent
of Edge Computing into hospital system. Here the use of artificial
intelligence is considered as most important for faster, effective, and
intelligent health information system development. The edge based
system can be productive in developing a skin monitoring system for
understanding glucose levels.

Edge Computing supported Operating Room—

In managing the operating room of the hospital and healthcare
unit Edge Computing can be considered as important and vital. AI
and Decision Support Systems enable operating room can be worthy
in advancing healthcare system. Nurses and other staff can have the
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 15

benefit of Edge Computing supported operation theatre which can

support existing and future requirements of the healthcare segment.

Edge Computing in Home and Residence based Healthcare Systems—

Edge Computing can be an important and emerging tool for the
development of the healthcare system for home remedies; directly
and indirectly. Telemedicine is growing rapidly and therefore here
Edge Computing implications can be considered as worthy. In
emergency treatment, lot of device management also this technology
can be considered as worthy.

In affordable and effective Health and Hospital Management Systems—

In different healthcare activities Edge Computing is important for
advancing services and offering benefits in addition to the different
items mentioned above. With radiology scan lot of data is generated
and it has created problems of space and bandwidth management. In
managing secrecy and privacy also Edge Computing is worthy.

Healthcare Sector & Edge Computing: Future Potentialities

Edge Computing may be able in advancing healthcare matters
and status. Worldwide healthcare related challenges [16] are growing
rapidly and here is the question of managing ICT enables healthcare
systems. As per WHO, worldwide there is a shortage of health
workers (7 million) and this can reach within 2035 about 13 million.
Edge Computing related devices are being used for healthcare
management in in-house healthcare institutions management and
also remote healthcare management.
 16 Significance & Emergence of Computing Technologies

Figure 5: Basic challenges of Edge Computing

Concluding Remarks

Digital Healthcare improving intelligent healthcare services and

among the latest technology Edge Computing is the latest and
newer recognition. India is moving towards a cashless economy, and
here mobile governance systems are in a rapid stage with required
services and benefits. Health Informatics is the merger of Information
Technology and Computing in healthcare for many purposes such
as collection, selection, organization, processing, management, and
dissemination. Here few other technologies are considered as worthy
for better edge applications such as Cloud Computing, Big Data,
Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain, Cyber Physical Systems, Data
Analytics [15]. Though Edge Computing also has some drawbacks, and
obstacles (as depicted in Fig: 5), in addition to its impactful benefits
such as—
• Implementation cost for the purpose of designing and developing
Edge systems even in response of existing scope and goal for the
purpose of infrastructure, technologies and applications, human
resources, and so on.
Application & Emergence of Edge Computing in Healthcare... 17

• In many contexts in Edge Computing there is a high chance

regarding loss of crucial data and information.
• In Edge Computing some issues may arise for proper security by
the outside network’s data.
• Availability of skilled manpower in Edge Systems is considered
as important and the same may be alarming for healthcare related
implementation as well.
• Non-supportive built-in authentication is a kind of drawback
in Edge Computing systems. It results in different suspected
broaches.
There are lots of concerns of cloud and in-house servers but the
same can be managed with edge supported systems for better speeds,
bandwidth, secrecy, and privacy. Further, the ability of process data
locally is a challenging task but for the overall management, it can
be worthy.

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