IGCSE Biology

Chapter 14 – Part 3
Coordination and response
Complete the following notes using pages 162-163:

1. State the definition of a hormone: a

hormone is a chemical
substance produced by endocrine gland and transported in
the blood
2. What is a target organ?
acertane organ or tissue's that recognise each hormone and
to it each hormone alters the activity of its target organ
3.respond
State the definition of “Homeostasis”:
is the maintance of constant internal conditions in the
so that enzymes
4. What is the role of insulin?
control metabolism efficently body
to decrease the concentration of glucose in the blood after a
meal so that
it is needed e
plenty is stored in the liver and muscles for when
g exercise
5. Do not confuse the terms “secretion” and “excretion”. Copy out the ‘Exam Tip’
on page 162.
The term secretion means that
cells make a substance that
is useful for the
part
body and release it into the blood or some other
ofthe body such as the gut Do not confuse secreation with
excretion which is the removal of metabolic waste
Label the diagram and state the function of this structure – page 162.

1 Pituitary offtioning
hormones
growth
2 Thyroid thyroxine metabolism
development
3
Adyghg's Adrenaline fight flight
4 pancrease Insulin Blood sugar

5 Testes testosterone
ovaries estrogen

glands
hormones
blood

959 t
receptors
Adrenaline is the hormone secreted in
‘fight or flight’ situations. State the three
responses of the body which gives you
ready for action:

* your air passages widen to allow for more

air to flow to the alveoli
* your breathing rate increases to intake
more oxygen and
glucose to the muscle
* your pupils widen to
allow more light
Describe the role of adrenaline in the control of metabolic activity, (page 163):
(a) increasing the blood glucose concentration
(b) increasing heart rate
Take the paragraph below and highlight the very important ideas.
Compare nervous and hormonal control, limited to speed of action and duration
of effect – page 163.

Feature Nervous system Endocrine system

structures
Nerves secretory cells in glands
forms of information
electrical impulses hormones chemicals

pathways
along nuerones in the blood

speed of information
transfer
fast slow

longevity of action short livede.g muscle contracts

4 and longer
for short time
9 Ygslow
target area
only the area at the end of
whole tissues or organ
a nuerone
response muscle contractions or eg coversion of glucose to
secretion by glands glycogen protien synthesis
rate of respiration
Look at the exam tip on page 164:
State the more precise definition of “Homeostasis”:
homeostasis contains nearly costant conditions or within set limits

State the 5 body conditions which must remain constant about a set point by
negative feedback:

* Temp 37
* Blood glucose
* water content blood
* blood ph
* o t coz in the blood
Describe the control of blood glucose concentration by the liver and the roles of
insulin and glucagon – pages 164-165:

1. What happens to blood glucose levels after a meal?

2. Name the hormone now released by the pancreas:
3. How does this hormone cause the blood glucose levels to drop again?
this pushes the glucose into the muscle cells and liver to take
up the excess
glucose and digest it

1. What happens to blood glucose

levels after exercise?
they rise
2. Name the hormone now released
by the pancreas:
insulin
3. How does this hormone cause the
blood glucose levels to rise again?
glucose 519 p ftp.rgy
glycogen storedcarbo
musck liver
glucagon Hormone
tariffs
into
bloodsugar
Outline the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. Turn back to page 121 in chapter 10.

Type 1 diabetes - page 121:

1. What causes this type of disease?

genetics
2. State the three symptoms of someone
with diabetes type I”

weight loss
thirst
tiredness

3. How is diabetes type I treated & how is

this drug manufactured?
injection
gentic modification using bacter
Name the six important functions that the skin has in the body – page 166.

* protects thebody from damage

* stops pathogens from entering
* prevents to much water loss
* detects changes in temperature
* detects pressure touch and pain
* looses heat by conductions convections radiation and evaporatio
Label the structures seen in the skin diagram – page 166.

epidermis keratain layer

dermis sweat duct

Hair muscle

fat
ayer

arteriole
venule
pain
Federptors fibre's
Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in mammals in
terms of: insulation, sweating, shivering and the role of the brain.
498kEur
Be able to state from memory the body’s response to: more blood
more
1. An increase in body temperature. Esel aiahletekcgfg.ua heat
2. A decrease in body temperature. ionn

Yosstrictio
less blood
less hea

iati
Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in mammals
in terms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying skin surface
capillaries.
Compare the role of the arterioles in vasoconstriction and vasodilation giving reasons –
page 167.

Vasoconstriction Vasodilation

they constrict narrower they dialate wider

diameter diameter
very little heat is lost by lots of heat is lost by raidiation
radiation through the skin
Describe gravitropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow
towards or away from gravity – page 168.

1. Define “gravitropism”:
growth response in plants in response to gravity
a
2. Why are roots described as “positively gravitropic”?
r
afsaasrfnepgfthyygravitropicbecaus.ethey grow in the same
3. Why are shoots described as “negatively gravitropic”?
shoots are negatively
gravitropic because they grow in the
opposite direction of gravity
Auxin – page 168.

1. What is auxin?
Plant hormone that controls growth
2. How does auxin act in shoots causing
them to bend upwards?
auxin in shoots stimulates the cell
growth causing it to elongate this
means that the shoot grows more on the
lower side and bends upwards

3. How does auxin act in roots causing

them to bend downwards?
auxin inhibits growth on the lower
end
restricting cell from
elongating
the upper side
this means cells on
than cells on theelongate
more
lower side
causing the root to bend
downwards
Describe phototropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or
away from the direction of a light source – page 169.

1. Define “phototropism”. Copy out KEY POINT no.2 in full:

s shoots
888 9 98 pmndfofrgfwothasfnreeyspgrfwettoowsath.tn offight are
2. Look at the supplement notes. Describe the action of auxin in response to light.
GYsfribdhffaseusneqwayyfarnoamtmhfr.sn
of the stem
ta 4,81 dstfnm.tn es9la'aieha side
towards
promoting
the elongation on the shaded side more and bends
the light

3. Copy out the EXAM TIP on page 169:

cells become longer or elongate wnen they absorb water by osmosis. The vacule
swells increasing the turgur pressure inside the cell, causing the cell wall to stretch.
Aux in works by making it easier for the cell wall to stretch.
Investigate and describe gravitropism and phototropism in shoots and roots –
pages 170-171.

Investigating phototropism in cress seedlings – page 171.

Describe what happens to the growing seedlings when they are exposed to a
unilateral light source.
when
that growing seedlings are exposed to a
shoot is going to grow towards the
unilateral light single
light
light or are positivly phototrob
Practical: Investigating gravitropism
in pea radicles – page 170.

• Draw in red pen the direction of

growth of the plumules and
radicles of each seedling in ‘Set-
up A’ where there was NO
turning clinostat.

• Describe the growth direction of

the radicles and plumules in ‘Set-
up B’.

Set up A has
gravity so the

5 9 8n nd
the shoots
will grow up

radicate down InyPraBdihc99enoan9aravi

plumule shoot s.ge
plumule in
 whythey
Answer the summary questions – page 171. 5191888
You must now complete all the practice
questions found in your textbook on
pages 172 and 173. Please use the
answers document to check your
understanding and make sure that your
wording is correct.