Approaches to Translating Public

Relations Texts
 Why do we need to know about the translation
of public relations texts?
 One might argue that such text types have different topics and addressees, circulate across
different media, and therefore have different linguistic and contextual characteristics that call
for different translation strategies. What unites them, however, is that they all share a
persuasive purpose. Or we can say that they all aim at selling something, be it a service,
product, life-style, company (of any size), or public institution. For translators, this has one
major implication: if a source text is intended to promote something or someone, then the one
who commissions the translation of that text usually wants the same purpose to be re-created in
the target (i.e. translated) text. This means that the translations of promotional texts are
assessed in functional terms.
 Thus, even if they belong to different genres, all promotional texts can be tackled
within the same translational approach, which, in turn, needs to be adjusted to the
specific nature of the text in question (for instance depending on its information-
to-persuasion ratio), and the situational context of the translation job (for
instance, a given commissioner might want a literal translation of a promotional text
for non-promotional purposes, or for later re-creation).
 Why advertising and promotional translators
aren’t just translators?
 No translator can really make it in the professional world by relying on verbal transfer skills alone.
In each specialized field, a number of abilities that are not necessarily linguistic in nature are
required, or at the very least, very useful: from the ability to detect and reproduce textual genres
and their conventions, to familiarity with the subject-matter (e.g., in scientific or technical texts),
and from ownership and proficient use of CAT (Computer Aided Translation) tools and corpora to
social and self-marketing skills (when working in a team and dealing with clients, respectively).
No professional translator, therefore, is just a translator and the skills that one acquires in
translation courses are seldom sufficient for survival when working in a highly diversified,
constantly evolving market.
 Non-linguistic skills

 Agility: the ability to recognize different functions and purposes embedded in the
source text, and approach them appropriately, without losing sight of the overall
function of the text, its coherence and cohesion.

 Persuasiveness, or the mastery of an emotional or evocative style that helps lure/appeal

the addressee into the desired course of action. A component of persuasiveness is the
ability to recognize and, where necessary or advisable, to adapt to culture-specific
values in order to accommodate both the target audience’s expectations and taboos.
 Creativity; it is often maintained, even by translation agencies specializing in the
localization of advertising campaigns, that advertising should not be translated by
professional translators, but by copywriters and/or creative people who are proficient in
foreign languages (or who in any case get to revise/recreate the translations, whether at
the agency or client company).

 Knowledge of relevant laws and restrictions about advertising and publicly distributed
material in the countries where the translated text will be circulated.

 Flexibility; the ability to be flexible in the relationships one has with agencies, editors,
and the end client. Promotion is a sensitive topic.
Valuable tools;

 The brief,
 Visuals,
 Multiple versions, and
 Negotiation
 The brief
The first and perhaps most important of these tools is the brief – which
includes the following detailed information about:
 the purpose
 the intended readership/audience
 the channel of distribution for which the target text is intended
 the values and brand/corporate image that should come out in the target
text
 the product/service/institution/behaviour that is being promoted
 the producer/provider/promoting organization
 where possible, the authors of the source text, whether they are the end
clients, and if not, the position of the end clients relative to the text.
 Visuals

 Other fundamental tools, which sometimes contain much of the information

conveyed by the brief, are the visuals and any other non-verbal elements that
accompany the verbal text. Apart from pictures and photographs, which may be
quite descriptive and thus give translators significant input about the target group,
the nature of a product, and the image attached to it, there are other elements, such as
typography and layout (including the kind of font used for the characters and the
colours used for the background), or the navigation structure of a website, which
offer opportunities and pose restraints in the trans-creation process.
Multiple versions

 Another tool that can, and sometimes must, be used in promotional

translation, but never with other translation types, is the possibility of
providing multiple versions. It is a tool, and not just a waste of time and
effort, for two very practical reasons: first, it is the client, not the
translator, who takes responsibility for the final choice; and second, a
translation with multiple versions is quite obviously paid better than a
single version (assuming that the offer of multiple versions has been
cleared with your client).
Negotiations

 The importance of the role of continuing negotiations between the

translator and client in order to achieve mutual satisfaction, which
does not necessarily apply only to promotional translation, but is
particularly important in this sensitive field.
KEY ISSUES IN PROMOTIONAL
TRANSLATION

 The brand name

 Accuracy and loyalty to the original text

 Different text types

 Useful theoretical frameworks for text analysis

 Translating persuasion across cultures

 The brand name

Brand names are usually treated as proper nouns and left untranslated when a
product is marketed abroad. There are, however, exceptions to this, and these
can be divided into three groups:
 phonetic/graphic adaptation
 changes introduced to avoid taboos or undesired associations
 translation to make the meaning or implications of the brand name
transparent in the language of the target market.
 Accuracy and loyalty to the original text

 In promotional texts, the concept of loyalty applies neither to the letter of the text, nor to its
original content or message, but only to its intended function. If this function is not preserved, the
target text is disloyal to the source text, even if its content and literal meaning are accurately
conveyed. If, on the contrary, the function is maintained, then the translation can be deemed loyal
to the original text, even if this implies creating an entirely new text, with a new form and a new
content. Of course, the notion of ‘function’ does not only pertain/concern to the generic purpose
of persuading the target group to buy a product or service, or modify the target group’s behaviour
or attitudes in some way or other, but also includes the specific indications contained in the brief.
Useful theoretical frameworks for text analysis

 One simple framework of reference, and one that most readers will be familiar with,
is the sociolinguistic theory of language functions, meant as what language is
intended to do in a context that comprises – in the most basic configuration – an
addresser, an addressee, and the world they share.
Reference

 Translating Promotional and Advertising Texts (Translation Practices Explained) by Ira

Torresi
 Court Document De-nition:
 Court documents are those materials -led in relation to a legal case before the
courts. Examples of court documents would be dockets, pleadings, motions,
memoranda, briefs, orders, and expert testimony. Not every case will include all
of these examples.

! ‫حكمة‬3‫هناك عدة أنواع من وثائق ا‬

 There are several types of court documents based on Cao (2007): (2007) ‫استنادا إلى تساو‬: ! ‫الوضع‬
‫ الدولي‬/ ‫الوطني‬،
 national / international status, ! ‫ الدستورية‬F‫القوان‬،

 constitutional laws, ! ‫ النظامية‬F‫قوان‬،

! ‫عمال العلمية القانونية‬L‫ا‬

 regularity laws,
 legal scholarly works
 Translating legal documents is a job for Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). Any small
error or missed word could lead to a series of legal issues for the parties
concerned–and that rarely ends well.

 Legal translations require in-depth knowledge of speci-c terms and attention to

detail. Experience and a background in the industry are also extremely helpful.

 Before translating legal documents, let’s look at three main elements that should
be considered in translating these types of texts:
 (1) background knowledge, (2) subtle diTerences, (consistency).
 1) Background knowledge
 A legal translator should have an adequate background knowledge of the legal
system and be familiarized with relevant terminology and jargons of this domain.

 Without proper legal background knowledge, translation could be unrecognizable

and create an ambiguous documents.

 For instance, there are some legal terms which might be familiar to everyone but
have diTerent senses when used in legal context such as the word “assignment”.

 ‘assignment’ could mean “a speci-c task’ in general text, while in Low Dictionary it
refers to ” the act by which one person transfers to another”, i.e., the transfer of
rights by one party to another (‫إ?حا?لة او ن??قل)ل??حقف??ائدة او م?لكيه‬
 2) Subtle DiTerences
 The main objective of legal translation is give accurate rendition of an utterance
by a defendant, a plaintiT, a witness, etc.

 The diTerent lexical items may give shade of meanings that could aTect the
course of justice. For example: murder and manslaughter which could be used
interchangeably in general contexts. They have diTerent meanings.

1.Manslaughter‫لعمد‬22‫ ا‬2‫به‬2‫ش‬2‫لعمد و‬22‫لقتلغير ا‬22‫ا‬

2.Murder ‫لعمد‬22‫لقتلا‬22‫ا‬
 3) Consistency
 There is no doubt that maintaining consistency (uni-ed translated terms)in

translation is crucial. DiTerent translations of the same word in various places

within the translated text could not only create confusion, but also cause the
translated text to appear less professional. Therefore, translators must be
accurate and consistent in using the legal terms.
Thank you
INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL
TRANSLATION
D E F I N I T I O N , H I S T O RY A N D T Y P E S O F L E G A L
T R A N S L AT I O N
 HISTORY OF LEGAL DISCOURSE

• In English
• French and Latin were the languages of education.
• Legal English began as a combination of English, French, and
Latin.
• French became the language of law with Latin terms and word
order being used to make legal language more complicated.
• A law was passed in 1731 for English to be used as the
language of the law but the influence of French and Latin
remained.
• Legal translation gained importance in the 20th century with
globalization and the establishment of international
organizations (e.g., the UN).
In Arabic
Legal discourse in Arabic dates back to Babylon. But with the
rise of Islam, the Holy Qur’an set the laws for Muslims.
The Prophet “Peace be Upon Him” and some of the Caliphates
that followed him signed treaties with different people.
 DEFINITION OF LEGAL LANGUAGE

• Legal language is a kind of specialized or technical language

for Legal Purposes “LLP”).
• Legal texts are texts produced or used for legal purposes in
legal settings.
• General features of Legal language:
• Legal language is formal, precise and crystal clear in order to
prevent any sort of ambiguity and misunderstanding.
Legal language is a register (i.e., a variety of language) used
for legal situations.
The legal register shares some features with ordinary language,
but it has features that are specific to legal language as a
technical language.

Translators need to remember that legal language may be

incomprehensible even to proficient language users because
knowledge of the legal system in SL and TL is necessary to
understand it. They should also be acquainted with legeal
terms. (Assignment)
 TYPES OF LEGAL TEXTS

• Legislative texts (e.g., international treaties , laws,

constitutions)
• Judicial texts (e.g., texts produced during judicial processes
by judicial officers or legal authorities, cases, legal reports,
court rulings or verdicts)
• Legal scholarly texts (e.g., texts produced by academic
lawyers or legal scholars)
• Private legal texts (e.g., texts written by lawyers such as
contracts, deeds, wills; and also texts written by non-
lawyers such as private agreements and witness statements
–documents written for legal purposes)
• Certificates
Principles of Translating Legal
Texts
 Morphological Features of Legal
Translation
1/ The suffix “-ee” is used in legal language to
indicate the person who receives the action. Eg:
“Lessee” means “one that holds a lease”
“Detainee” means “a person held in custody or
detained person”
“Condemnee” means “condemned person”
“Patentee” means a person who hold the patent
2/ Compounds that consist of N+Adj.
Such as:
Secretary general ‫اﻷﻣﯾن اﻟﻌﺎم‬
Attorney general ‫ﻣدﻋﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
Court martial ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻛﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ‬
Accounts payable ‫ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠدﻓﻊ‬
Notary public ‫ﻛﺎﺗب اﻟﻌدل‬
Syntactic Features of Legal Translation
Translators also need to be aware of the special
syntactic features of legal language because they
may create comprehension barriers.
1. Sentence length and complexity
Legal language is formal, impersonal, complex, and
has lengthy sentences. Sentences are usually longer
and more complex in legal texts compared to other
types of texts. It has lengthy sentences because it
tries to integrate several relevant issues in a single
statement.
 Example of a lengthy sentence
If either Party is delayed, hindered or prevented in
performing any of its respective obligations or
responsibilities for any period of time by reason of
governmental restrictions or act of God including
war, civil commotion, riots, typhoon, earthquakes,
floods, fires or any other similar causes which are
beyond the reasonable control of the Party so
affected, that Party shall promptly notify the other
Party in writing of such situation and the cause
thereof.
 ‫‪The translation of the sentence‬‬
‫ا ذ ا ﺗ ﺎ ﺧ ر ا ﺣ د ا ﻻ ط ر ا ف ا و ا ﻋ ﯾ ق ا و ﻣ ﻧ ﻊ ﻣ ﻧ ﺎ د ا ء ا ي ﻣ ن ا ﻟ ﺗز ا ﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﮫ‬
‫ا و ﻣ ﺳ ؤ و ﻟ ﯾ ﺎ ﺗ ﮫ ا ﻟ ﻧ ﺎ ﺷ ﺋﺔ ﻋ ن ھ ذ ه ا ﻻ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎ ﻗ ﯾ ﺔ ﻻ ي ﻓ ﺗر ة ز ﻣ ﻧ ﯾ ﺔ ﺑ ﺳ ﺑ ب‬
‫ا ﻟ ﻘ ﯾ و د ا ﻟ ﺣ ﻛ و ﻣ ﯾﺔ ا و ا ﻟ ﻘ ﺿ ﺎ ء ا ﻻ ﻟ ﮭ ﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑ ﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ذ ﻟ ك ا ﻟ ﺣ ر و ب ا و‬
‫ا ﻻ ﻧ ﺗﻔ ﺎ ﺿ ﺎ ت ا ﻟ ﻣ د ﻧ ﯾ ﺔ ا و ا ﻻ ﺿ ط ر ا ﺑ ﺎ ت ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺎ ﻣ ﺔ ‪ ،‬و ا ﻟ ط و ﻓ ﺎ ن‬
‫و ا ﻟ ز ﻻ ز ل و ا ﻟ ﻔ ﯾ ﺿ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎ ت ‪ ،‬و ا ﻟ ﺣ ر ا ﺋق ا و ا ي ا ﺳ ﺑ ﺎ ب ا ﺧ ر ي ﻣ ﺷ ﺎ ﺑ ﮭ ﺔ‬
‫ا ﻟ ﺗ ﻲ ﺗ ﻔ و ق ﻗ د ر ة ا ﻟ ط ر ف ا ﻟ ﻣ ﺗ ﺿ ر ر ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﯾ ﺗ ﻌ ﯾن ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ھ ذ ا ا ﻟ ط ر ف‬
‫ا ﺧ ط ﺎ ر ا ﻟط ر ف ا ﻻ ﺧ ر ﻓﻲ ا ﻟ ﺣ ﺎ ل ﻛ ﺗ ﺎ ﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ن ھ ذ ا ا ﻟ و ﺿ ﻊ و ﺳ ﺑ ﺑﮫ ‪.‬‬
2. Impersonality
Legal document is not limited to only one
person, it includes lawyers, judges,
juries.......etc. therefore, impersonal style is used
for formality. The impersonal style includes:
1. Passive voice, because it focuses on the
action more than on the person.
2. Phrases such as: “the First Party”, “Second
Party”, “the Borrower”, “the Lender” ....etc.
‫ﺟ ﻣ ﯾﻊ ا ﻟ ﻣ ﻧ ﺎ ز ﻋ ﺎ ت ا ﻟ ﺗﻲ ﺗ ﻧﺷ ﺄ ﺑﯾ ن ا ط ر ا ف ھ ذ ا ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻘ د ﺣ و ل ھ ذ ا ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻘ د‬
‫ا و ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻌ ر ض ﺗ ﻔ ﺳ ﯾر ه ا و ﺗ ﻧ ﻔ ﯾ ذ ه ﯾ ﺻ ﺎ ر ا ﻟ ﻲ ﺣ ﻠ ﮭ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ط ر ق ا ﻟ و د ﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻓ ﺎ ذ ا ﺗﻌ ذ ر ذ ﻟ ك ﻓ ﺎ ﻧ ﮫ ﯾﺻ ﺎ ر ا ﻟ ﻲ ﺣ ﻠ ﮭ ﺎ ط ﺑ ﻘ ﺎ ﻟ ﻘ ﺿ ﺎ ء ﻣ ﺣ ﺎ ﻛ م ا ﻧ ﺟ ﻠ ﺗ ر ا‬،
. ‫ﻣ ن ﺧ ﻼ ل ﺗط ﺑ ﯾق ﻗ ﺎ ﻧ و ن ا ﻧ ﺟ ﻠ ﺗ ر ا‬
All disputes that arise among the parties about
the interpretation or implementation of this
contract shall be settled through friendly
methods; otherwise shall be rsolved under the
jurisdiction of courts of England by application
of the law of England.
 Exercise
Translate the following text into Arabic

“Neither Party hereto shall, without prior

written consent from the other party, disclose to
third Party confidential information received
from the other Party in the course of
performance of this Agreement.”
 ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﯾ ﺣ ق ﻻ ﺣ د ا ﻻ ط ر ا ف ‪ ،‬د و ن ا ذ ن ﻛ ﺗ ﺎ ﺑﻲ ﻣ ﺳ ﺑق ﻣ ن ا ﻟ ط ر ف‬
‫ا ﻻ ﺧ ر ‪ ،‬ا ن ﯾﻛ ﺷ ف ا ﻟ ﻲ ط ر ف ﺛﺎ ﻟ ث ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ و ﻣ ﺎ ت ﺳ ر ﯾ ﺔ ﺗﻠ ﻘ ﺎ ھ ﺎ ﻣ ن‬
‫ا ﻟط ر ف ا ﻻ ﺧ ر ﻓ ﻲ ﺧ ﻼ ل ﺗﻧ ﻔ ﯾذ ا ﻻ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎ ﻗﯾ ﺔ‬
‫‪3. Modal Verbs‬‬
‫‪The use of modal verbs (shall, may) is frequent in the legal language.‬‬

‫‪1. “shall” is used to express obligation.‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻹﻟزام‬
‫وﻟﯾس ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧص اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ ﯾ ُﺗرﺟم اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ اﻟذي ﯾﺑدأ ﺑﮭذ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺣﻣل اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب ﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻹﻟزام اﻟﺻرﯾﺢ‪ ,‬وﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﯾ ُﺗرﺟم ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﯾد‬
‫ذﻟك ﻣﺛل‪ :‬ﯾﺗﻌﯾن ﻋﻠﻰ أوﯾﻠﺗزم او ﯾﻠزم او ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻲ‬

‫‪Notice the following example:‬‬

“A law school shall foster and maintain equality
of opportunity in legal education, including
employment of faculty and staff, without
discrimination or segregation on the basis of
race, colour, religion, national origin, gender,
sexual orientation, age or disability.”

‫ﯾ ﺟ ب ﻋ ﻠ ﻲ ﻛ ﻠ ﯾ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺣ ﻘ و ق ﺗﻌ ز ﯾ ز و ﻣ ر ا ﻋ ﺎ ة ﺗ ﻛ ﺎ ﻓ ؤ ا ﻟ ﻔ ر ص ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﯾم‬
‫ ﺑ ﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ذ ﻟ ك ﺗ و ظ ﯾ ف ا ﻋ ﺿ ﺎ ء ھ ﯾ ﺋ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺗ د ر ﯾ س و ا ﻟ ﻣ و ظ ﻔ ﯾن‬، ‫ا ﻟ ﻘ ﺎ ﻧ و ﻧ ﻲ‬
‫د و ن ﺗﻣ ﯾ ﯾز ا و ﺗ ﻔ ر ﻗ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻲ ا ﺳ ﺎ س ا ﻟ ﻌ ر ق ا و ا ﻟ ﻠ و ن ا و ا ﻟ د ﯾ ن ا و‬
. ‫ا ﻟ ﻘ و ﻣ ﯾﺔ ا و ا ﻟ ﺟ ﻧ س ا و ا ﻟ ﻣ ﯾ و ل ا ﻟ ﺟ ﻧﺳ ﯾ ﺔ ا و ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻣ ر ا و ا ﻻ ﻋ ﺎ ﻗ ﺔ‬
 Translate the following statements

• Al. Hilal Al.Ahmer shall be exempted from all

custom duties.
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
• The Life Insured person shall pay to the
Insurance Company every subsequent premium
in due time.
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
 May
‫ ﺗﺗرﺟم « ﯾﺟوز او ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬May •
The council may adopt, modify or reject the
committee’s conclusions or recommendations,
or it may refer the matter back to the committee
for further consideration
‫ﯾ ﺠ ﻮ ز ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺠ ﻠ ﺲ ﺗ ﺒ ﻨ ﻲ او ﺗ ﻌ ﺪ ﯾ ﻞ ا و ر ﻓ ﺾ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎ ﺋﺞ ا ﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﻨ ﺔ او ﺗ ﻮ ﺻ ﯿ ﺎ ﺗ ﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ و ﯾ ﺠ ﻮ ز ﻟ ﮫ ان ﯾ ﺤ ﯿ ﻞ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎ ﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﺮ ة ا ﺧ ﺮ ي ﻟ ﻤ ﺰ ﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬،
‫ا ﻟ ﻨﻈ ﺮ ﻓ ﯿﮭ ﺎ‬
 ‫ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ب ﻻ ﯾﺠﻮز‬May not

The Contractor may not assign the contract to a third party

without the prior written consent of the Employer.

‫ﻻ ﯾﺠﻮز أن ﯾﺘﻨﺎزل اﻟﻤﻘﺎول ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻄﺮف ﺛﺎﻟﺚ دون ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ُﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
Translate the following into Arabic
The Landlord may enter the property without the Tenant’s consent in
case of emergency.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
...................................................................

A student may not be employed more than 20 hours per week in any
week in which the student is enrolled in more than twelve class
hours.

............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
...................................................................
 Lexical Features of Legal Translation
The vocabulary of legal language is complex and unique. It
is a universal feature of all legal languages. For example:
1. Technical terms
Many Technical terms are not familiar to translators
because they are used in legal context with legal meaning.
E.g:
Deed ‫ﺳﻧد‬
Assignment ‫اﺣﺎﻟﺔ او ﻧﻘل ﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺷﺧص ﻟﺷﺧص اﺧر‬
Bail ‫اﻟﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ‬
Appeal ‫اﺳﺗﺋﻧﺎف‬
Defendant ‫اﻟﻣدﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬
Felony ‫ﺟﻧﺎﯾﺔ‬
2. Archaic words
Words which are rarely used in everyday language. Lawyers and
the people work in the profession tend to use archaic words as
an evidence of professionalism or authority.

(e.g. hereinafter, hereby,, thereof, therein, aforesaid, said)

• •Mr. Ahmad hereinafter referred to as the First Party…

. . . ‫ أﺣ ﻣ د و اﻟ ﻣ ﺷ ﺎ ر إﻟ ﯾ ﮫ ﻓ ﯾ ﻣ ﺎ ﺑ ﻌ د ﻓ ﻲ ھ ذ ا اﻟ ﻌ ﻘ د ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ط ر ف اﻷ و ل‬/ ‫• اﻟ ﺳ ﯾ د‬ •
• •Both parties hereby agree to the following:
: ‫• ﯾ ﺗ ﻔ ق اﻟ ط ر ﻓ ﺎ ن ﺑ ﻣ و ﺟ ب ھ ذ ا اﻟ ﻌ ﻘ د ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺎ ﯾ ﻠ ﻲ‬ •
• •The bank or any branch thereof
‫• ا ﻟ ﺑ ﻧ ك أ و أي ﻓ ر ع ﻣ ن ﻓ ر و ﻋ ﮫ‬ •
• •The Agent shall have the right to open bank accounts and
withdraw and deposit therein.
‫• ﯾ ﺣ ق ﻟ ﻠ و ﻛ ﯾ ل ﻓ ﺗ ﺢ اﻟ ﺣ ﺳ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎ ت اﻟ ﺑ ﻧ ﻛ ﯾ ﺔ و اﻟ ﺳ ﺣ ب ﻣ ن ﺗ ﻠ ك اﻟ ﺣ ﺳ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎ ت و اﻹ ﯾ د اع ﻓ ﯾ ﮭ ﺎ‬ •
3. Latin words and phrases
Affidavit ‫إﻓﺎدة ﺧطﯾﺔ‬
Alias ‫اﺳم ﻣﺳﺗﻌﺎر او اﺧر‬
Alibi‫ﻋذر او ﺣﺟﺔ ﻏﯾﺎب‬
Ex post facto‫ﺑﺄﺛر رﺟﻌﻲ‬
In personam‫ﺷﺧﺻﯾًﺎ‬
bona fide ‫ﺣﺳن اﻟﻧﯾﺔ‬
4. Words derived from French
Appeal ‫اﺳﺗﺋﻧﺎف‬
Assault ‫ﺗﻌدي‬
Plaintiff ‫ﻣدﻋﻲ‬
Verdict ‫ﻗرار‬
Tort ‫ﺿرر‬
Fee simple ‫ﺣﯾﺎزة اﻟﺗﻣﻠك اﻟﺣر‬
5. Formal words and constructions
Signed,
sealed,
you may approach the bench,
your honour,
I do solemnly swear,
Comes now the plaintiff
the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth
6. Parallel Synonyms
The use of two words with similar or near
meaning to give more rhetorical force. E.g.:
“Rules and regulations”
“Terms and conditions”
“If and when”
“Liable and responsible”
“Engage and participate”
7. Common words with uncommon
meanings
Action = law suit ‫دﻋوي ﻗﺿﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
Avoid = cancel
Hand = signature
said = mentioned before
The following slides are for
more practice
The Tenant shall pay to the Landlord at his office…
... ‫ﯾدﻓﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟرإﻟﻰ اﻟﻣؤﺟر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﮫ‬
The Tenant shall pay to the Landlord at the office of the
Landlord…
... ‫ﯾدﻓﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣؤﺟرﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺗب اﻟﻣؤﺟر‬
Any dispute between Aramco and the Company shall be
settled by arbitration, which arbitration shall take place at the
Department of Contracts in Aramco.
‫ﯾﺗم اﻟﻔﺻل ﻓﻲ أي ﻧزاع ﯾﻧﺷﺄ ﺑﯾن أراﻣﻛو واﻟﺷرﻛﺔ ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﺗﺣﻛﯾم ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﺗم‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛﯾم ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﻌﻘود ﻓﻲ أراﻣﻛو‬
•If the Contractor incurs any further costs, then the Employer shall take such costs
into consideration.
. ‫ ﻓ ﻌ ﻠ ﻰ ﺻ ﺎ ﺣ ب اﻟ ﻌ ﻣ ل أن ﯾ ﺄ ﺧ د ھ ذ ه اﻟ ﺗ ﻛ ﺎ ﻟ ﯾ ف ﻓ ﻲ اﻻ ﻋ ﺗ ﺑ ﺎ ر‬، ‫• ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎ ﻟ ﺔ ﺗ ﺣ ﻣ ل اﻟ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎ و ل أي ﺗ ﻛ ﺎ ﻟ ﯾ ف إﺿ ﺎ ﻓ ﯾ ﺔ‬
•The said Party hereby agrees to purchase said premises with said amount of
100,000 SR.
100000 ‫• ﯾواﻓق اﻟطرف اﻟﻣذﻛور ﺑﻣوﺟب ھذا اﻟﻌﻘد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷراء اﻟﻌﻘﺎر اﻟﻣذﻛور ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﻣذﻛور وھو‬
. ‫س‬.‫ر‬
•The Tenant shall pay all the taxes regularly levied and assessed
against the premises and keep the same in repair.
‫• ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟر أن ﯾدﻓﻊ ﻛل اﻟﺿراﺋب اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗم ﺟﺑﺎﯾﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﻘدﯾرھﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻧﺗظم ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ وﯾﺣﺎﻓظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﺎر ﺑﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﯾدة‬،‫اﻟﻌﻘﺎر‬

The plaintiff commenced an action for damages

‫ر ﻓ ﻊ اﻟﻣ د ﻋ ﻲ د ﻋ و ى ﺗﻌ و ﯾض‬
• Borrower shall comply with all of its covenants to
Bank set forth in and arising from the Loan
Agreement.
‫ﯾﻠﺗزم اﻟﻣﻘﺗرض ﺑﻛل ﺗﻌﮭداﺗﮫ ﻟﻠﺑﻧك اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗوﺿﯾﺣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘرض واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺷﺄ ﻋﻧﮭﺎ‬
The Landlord shall have the right, subject to the
Tenant’s consent, to enter the dwelling to inspect
the premises provided that the Landlord may enter
the dwelling without the Tenant’s consent in case of
emergency.
‫ﯾﺣق ﻟﻠﻣﺎﻟك ﺑﻌد ﻣواﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟر اﻟدﺧول إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﻛن ﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺎر‬
‫ﺷرﯾطﺔ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺟوز ﻟﻠﻣﺎﻟك اﻟدﺧول ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻛن دون ﻣواﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟر ﻓﻲ‬
. ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟطوارئ‬