5G 3RVLWLRQLQJ

* Positioning 0HWKRG
Method %DVHG
Based RQ
on )LQLWH
Finite 5DWH
Rate RI
of
Innovation 6DPSOLQJ
,QQRYDWLRQ Sampling

Zhaoyang :DQJ
=KDR\DQJ Wang Bingtong +DQ
%LQJWRQJ Han Ning )X
1LQJ Fu*
School RI
6FKRRO ofElectronics
(OHFWURQLFV DQGand ,QIRUPDWLRQ
Information Beijing,QVWLWXWH
%HLMLQJ Institute RI
ofRadio Measurement
5DGLR 0HDVXUHPHQW SchoolRI
6FKRRO ofElectronics
(OHFWURQLFV DQGand,QIRUPDWLRQ
Information
Engineering
(QJLQHHULQJ Beijing, &KLQD
%HLMLQJ China Engineering
(QJLQHHULQJ
Harbin ,QVWLWXWH
+DUELQ Institute RI
ofTechnology
7HFKQRORJ\ readyhan@163 .com
UHDG\KDQ#FRP Harbin,QVWLWXWH
+DUELQ Institute RI
of7HFKQRORJ\
Technology
Harbin, &KLQD
+DUELQ China Harbin,&KLQD
+DUELQ China
wzhy2021@163.com
Z]K\#FRP funinghit@163.com
IXQLQJKLW#FRP

=KLOLDQJ
Zhiliang :HL
Wei =KHQKXD
ZhenhuaLiu /LX /L\DQ
Liyan 4LDR
Qiao
2023 IEEE 16th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments (ICEMI) | 979-8-3503-2714-4/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICEMI59194.2023.10269896

School RI
6FKRRO ofElectronics and ,QIRUPDWLRQ
(OHFWURQLFV DQG Information School RI
6FKRRO ofElectronics
(OHFWURQLFV DQGand,QIRUPDWLRQ
Information SchoolRI
6FKRRO ofElectronics
(OHFWURQLFV DQGand,QIRUPDWLRQ
Information
(QJLQHHULQJ
Engineering Engineering
(QJLQHHULQJ (QJLQHHULQJ
Engineering
Harbin ,QVWLWXWH
+DUELQ Institute RI
ofTechnology
7HFKQRORJ\ Harbin ,QVWLWXWH
+DUELQ Institute RI
ofTechnology
7HFKQRORJ\ Harbin,QVWLWXWH
+DUELQ Institute RI
of7HFKQRORJ\
Technology
+DUELQ
Harbin, &KLQD
China +DUELQ
Harbin, &KLQD
China +DUELQ
Harbin,&KLQD
China
ZHL]O#FRP
weizl001@163.com Ii uzhenhua5923@163.com
OLX]KHQKXD#FRP TLDROL\DQ#FRP
qiaoliyan@163 .com

$EVWUDFW²$OWKRXJK
Abstract-Although WKH the *5G SRVLWLRQLQJ
positiouing DFFXUDF\
accuracy KDVhas EHHQ
been QHHGHG
needed LQ in WKH
the VXEVHTXHQW
subsequent SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning SURFHVV
process. 7KHUHIRUH
Therefore, LWit
JUHDWO\
greatly LPSURYHG
improved GXH due WRto WKH
the VXSSRUW
support RI of WHFKQRORJLHV
technologies VXFK
such DVas FDQ
can EHbe VDLG
said WKDW
that WKH
the WUDGLWLRQDO
traditional VDPSOLQJ
sampling PHWKRG
method REWDLQHG
obtained
ODUJH
large EDQGZLGWK
bandwidth DQG and PDVVLYH
massive 0,02MIMO, LWit DOVR
also EULQJV
brings Da SUREOHP
problem KLJK
high UHGXQGDQF\
redundancy GDWDdata, DQG
and WKH
the GDWD
data XWLOL]DWLRQ
utilization UDWH
rate ZDV
was
WKDW
that WKH
the UHFHLYHU
receiver QHHGV
needs WRto SURFHVV
process PDVVLYH
massive DPRXQWV
amounts RI of GDWD
data WRto H[WUHPHO\
extremely ORZ
low. :HWe QHHG
need WRto FRQVLGHU
consider Da QHZ
new PHWKRG
method WRto VROYH
solve
REWDLQ
obtain WKHthe SRVLWLRQ
position LQIRUPDWLRQ
information RI of XVHU
user HTXLSPHQW 8(  7KH
equipment (DE). The WKH
the DERYH
above SUREOHP
problem.
ILQLWH
finite UDWH
rate RI
of LQQRYDWLRQ
innovation (FRI) )5, VDPSOLQJ
sampling WKHRU\
theory FDQcan UHFRYHU
recover
XQNQRZQ
unknown LQIRUPDWLRQ
information RI of VLJQDOV
signals WKURXJK
through Da VPDOO
small QXPEHU
number RI of 7KH
The ILQLWH
finite UDWH
rate RIof LQQRYDWLRQ )5, VDPSOLQJ
innovation (FRI) sampling WKHRU\
theory ZDVwas
VDPSOHV
samples. ,Q In RUGHU
order WRto UHGXFH
reduce WKHthe DPRXQW
amount RI of GDWD
data WKDW
that QHHGV
needs WR
to EH
be SURSRVHG
proposed LQ in 
2002, ZKLFK
which GHVFULEHV
describes VLJQDOV
signals IURP
from Da QHZnew
SURFHVVHG
processed GXULQJ
during WKHthe *
5G SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning SURFHVV
process DQG
and HIIHFWLYHO\
effectively SHUVSHFWLYH
perspective. ,WIt SRLQWV
points RXWout WKDW
that ZKHQ
when WKH the QXPEHU
number RI of IUHH
free
HVWLPDWH
estimate WKH the SRVLWLRQ
position RI of 8(
DE, WKLV this SDSHU
paper SURSRVHV
proposes Da * 5G SDUDPHWHUV
parameters RI of Da VLJQDO
signal LVis OLPLWHG
limited, LWit FDQ
can EH
be VDPSOHG
sampled DQG and
SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method EDVHGbased RQ on )5,
FRI VDPSOLQJ
sampling. $ A )5,
FRI VDPSOLQJ
sampling UHFRQVWUXFWHG
reconstructed DWat LWV
its LQQRYDWLRQ
innovation UDWH
rate >@
[4]. 8VXDOO\
Usually, WKLV
this UDWH
rate LVis
VWUXFWXUH
structure IRU for VRXQGLQJ
sounding UHIHUHQFH
reference VLJQDO 656 LVis SURSRVHG
signal (SRS) proposed LQ in PXFK
much ORZHU
lower WKDQ
than WKH
the 1\TXLVW
Nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling UDWH
rate, VR
so ZH
we DSSO\
apply WKH
the
WKLV
this SDSHU
paper, DQG
and Da VLJQDO
signal DUULYDO
arrival WLPH
time UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
reconstruction DOJRULWKP
algorithm )5,
FRI VDPSOLQJ
sampling WKHRU\
theory WR to WKH
the VLJQDO
signal SURFHVVLQJ
processing RI of WKH
the * 5G
IRU
for WKLV
this VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure LV is SURSRVHG
proposed. )LQDOO\
Finally, EDVHG
based RQ
on WKH
the UHFHLYHU
receiver LQ
in RUGHU
order WR
to SURFHVV
process WKH
the VLJQDO
signal GDWD
data PRUH
more HIILFLHQWO\
efficiently .
HVWLPDWHG
estimated VLJQDOsignal DUULYDO
arrival WLPH time SDUDPHWHUV
parameters, WKH the SRVLWLRQ
position
HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation RI of 8(
DE FDQcan EHbe REWDLQHG
obtained E\ by VROYLQJ
solving WKH
the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning 6RXQGLQJ
Sounding UHIHUHQFH
reference VLJQDO 656 LVis Da VSHFLDO
signal (SRS) special VLJQDO
signal
HTXDWLRQ
equation. 7KH The VLPXODWLRQ
simulation UHVXOWV
results VKRZ
show WKDW
that XQGHU
under FHUWDLQ
certain JHQHUDWHG
generated LQin WKH
the *
5G SK\VLFDO
physical OD\HU
layer, ZKLFK
which LVis PRGXODWHG
modulated E\ by
FRQGLWLRQV
conditions, WKLVthis PHWKRG
method FDQ can VLJQLILFDQWO\
significantly UHGXFH
reduce WKH
the VDPSOLQJ
sampling 2)'0
OFDM IURPfrom WKHthe 656
SRS VHTXHQFH
sequence LQWRinto Da WUDQVPLVVLEOH
transmissible DQDORJ
analog
UDWH
rate ZKLOH
while PDLQWDLQLQJ
maintaining SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning DFFXUDF\
accuracy DWat WKH
the VXE
sub PHWHU
meter VLJQDO
signal. $IIHFWHG
Affected E\ by WKH
the FKDQQHO
channel, WKH the UHFHLYHG
received 656
SRS FDQcan EHbe
OHYHO
level. 7KLV
This DUWLFOH
article DOVR
also DQDO\]HV
analyzes WKH the LPSDFW
impact RIof IDFWRUV
factors VXFK
such DVas UHJDUGHG
regarded DVas Da SXOVH
pulse VLJQDO
signal GHWHUPLQHG
determined E\ by Da EDVLV
basis IXQFWLRQ
function,
WKH
the QXPEHU
number RI of VDPSOHV
samples DQG and VDPSOLQJ
sampling LQWHUYDO
interval RQ on WKH
the ZKLFK
which FDQ
can EHbe GHVFULEHG
described E\by Da VPDOO
small QXPEHU
number RI of GHOD\
delay DQGand
SHUIRUPDQFH
performance RI of WKLV
this PHWKRG
method. DPSOLWXGH
amplitude SDUDPHWHUV
parameters, ZKLFK
which LVis DaW\SLFDO
typical )5,
FRI VLJQDO
signal >@
[5].
.H\ZRUGV²ILQLWH
Keywords-finite UDWH
rate RI
ofLQQRYDWLRQ )5,  WLPH
innovation (FRI), time GLIIHUHQFH
difference RI
of 7KH
The FODVVLF
classic )5,
FRI WKHRU\
theory KDVhas WZR
two FRUH
core SDUWV
parts : WKH
the )5,
FRI
DUULYDO 7'2$  SDUDPHWHU
arrival(TDOA), parameter HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation, VXEQ\TXLVW
sub-nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling, VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure DQG and WKH
the )5,
FRI UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
reconstruction DOJRULWKP
algorithm.
SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning WHFKQRORJLHV
technologies $OWKRXJK
Although WKHUHthere DUH
are DOUHDG\
already PDQ\
many VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUHV
structures IRUfor
SXOVH
pulse VLJQDOV
signals >@
[4-7], GLUHFWO\
directly XVLQJ
using WKHVH
these VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUHV
structures
,1. ,INTRODUCTION
1752'8&7,21 GRHV
does QRW
not HIILFLHQWO\
efficiently XWLOL]H
utilize WKH
the FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
characteristicsRI of656
SRSDQG andZLOO
will
:LWK
With WKHthe GHYHORSPHQW
development RI of PRELOH
mobile FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
communication VWLOO
still REWDLQ
obtain UHGXQGDQW
redundant GDWD data. 7KHUHIRUH
Therefore, EDVHGbased RQ on WKHthe
WHFKQRORJ\
technology, WKHthe DSSOLFDWLRQ
application RI of PRELOH
mobile FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
communication EDVHG based FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
characteristics RI of 656
SRS, WKLVthis SDSHU
paper GHVLJQV
designs Da PXOWLFKDQQHO
multi -channel
SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning WHFKQRORJ\
technology LV is EHFRPLQJ
becoming LQFUHDVLQJO\
increasingly ZLGHVSUHDG
widespread, VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure EDVHG
based RQ on WKH
the FHQWHU
center IUHTXHQF\
frequency RI of VLJQDO
signal
DQG
and * 5G SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning WHFKQRORJ\
technology KDV has VKRZQ
shown YDULRXV
various VXEFDUULHUV
subcarriers, DQGand FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\
correspondingly LPSURYHV
improves WKH the 3URQ\
Prony PHWKRG
method
DGYDQWDJHV
advantages, EULQJLQJ
bringing EURDGHU
broader GHYHORSPHQW
development SURVSHFWV
prospects WR to WR
to HVWLPDWH
estimate WKH
the DUULYDO
arrival WLPH
time RIof VLJQDO
signal. 7KH
The SRVLWLRQ
position RIof 8(UE LVis
SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning WHFKQRORJ\
technology >@ [1]. 7KH
The FXUUHQW
current * 5G SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning FDOFXODWHG WKURXJK WKH DUULYDO WLPH GLIIHUHQFH
calculated through the arrival time difference of the signal. RI WKH VLJQDO
WHFKQRORJ\
technology LV is EDVHG
based RQ on WKHthe WUDQVPLVVLRQ
transmission DQG and UHFHSWLRQ
reception RI of 6LPXODWLRQ
Simulation H[SHULPHQWV
experiments KDYH have SURYHQ
proven WKHthe IHDVLELOLW\
feasibility RIof WKH
the
YDULRXV
various VLJQDOV
signals >@
[2], DQG
and WKHthe UHFHLYHU
receiver QHHGV
needs WRto ILUVW
first VDPSOH
sample DQG and SURSRVHG
proposed PHWKRG
method LQ in WKLV
this DUWLFOH
article.
UHFRQVWUXFW
reconstruct WKH
the VLJQDO
signal, DQGand WKHQ
then DQDO\]H
analyze WKH
the SRVLWLRQ
position RI of XVHU
user
HTXLSPHQW 8( WKURXJK ,,
II. 6SYSTEM
<67(0 02'(/
MODEL $1'
AND 352%/(0
PROBLEM )2508/$7,21
FORMULATION
equipment (UE) through FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
corresponding DOJRULWKPV
algorithms. 8QGHUUnder
WKH
the WUDGLWLRQDO
traditional 1\TXLVW
Nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling WKHRU\
theory V\VWHP
system, WKH the VLJQDO
signal $FFRUGLQJ
According WR to WKH
the GLIIHUHQW
different W\SHV
types RI of PHDVXUHPHQW
measurement
UHFHLYHU
receiver XVXDOO\
usually VDPSOHV
samples WKH the VLJQDO
signal DWat Da IUHTXHQF\
frequency JUHDWHU
greater SDUDPHWHUV
parameters, * 5G SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRGV
methodsPDLQO\
mainly LQFOXGH
include :GLVWDQFH
distance
WKDQ
than WZLFH
twice WKH
the KLJKHVW
highest IUHTXHQF\
frequency RI of WKH
the VLJQDO
signal >@
[3]. 7KHThe EDVHG
based WLPH
time RIof DUULYDO 72$ DQG
arrival (TOA) and WLPH
time GLIIHUHQFH
difference RI
of DUULYDO
arrival
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
characteristics RIof *
5G XOWUD
ultra ODUJH
large EDQGZLGWK
bandwidth PHDQV
means WKDWthat Da ODUJH
large 7'2$  GLUHFWLRQ
(TDOA), direction EDVHG
based DQJOH
angle RI of DUULYDO $2$  DQG
arrival (AOA), and
DPRXQW
amount RI of GDWD
data DUH
are UHFHLYHG
received E\ by UHFHLYHU
receiver, ZKLFK
which LV is Da FKDOOHQJH
challenge UHFHLYHG
received VLJQDO
signal VWUHQJWK 566 EDVHG
strength (RSS) based SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method >[8-
RI
of WKH
the VWRUDJH
storage DQG
and SURFHVVLQJ
processing FDSDELOLWLHV
capabilities RI of UHFHLYHU
receiver. $IWHU
After @
12]. $PRQJ
Among WKHPthem, WKH
the 7'2$
TDOA EDVHG
based PHWKRG
method LVis ZLGHO\
widely XVHG
used
VDPSOLQJ
sampling EDVHG
based RQ on WKH
the FODVVLF
classic 6KDQQRQ1\TXLVW
Shannon-Nyquist WKHRU\ theory, WKH the GXH
due WR
to LWV
its DGYDQWDJHV
advantages RIof KLJK
high SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning DFFXUDF\
accuracy DQG
and ORZ
low
UHFHLYHU
receiver REWDLQHG
obtained Da ODUJH
large DPRXQW
amount RI of GDWD
data, EXW
but RQO\
only Da VPDOO
small V\VWHP
system FRPSOH[LW\
complexity >@
[13]. :H
We ZLOO
will FKRRVH
choose 7'2$
TDOA EDVHGbased
DPRXQW
amount RI of VLJQDO
signal GHOD\
delay LQIRUPDWLRQ
information DQG and RWKHU
other GDWD
data ZHUH
were SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method IRU
for UHVHDUFK
research.7KH
The7'2$TDOA EDVHG
based PHWKRG
methodLVis
___________________________________
979-8-3503-2714-4/23/$31.00
979-8-3503-2714-4/23/$31.00 ©2023 ©2023 IEEEIEEE

436 436
Authorized licensed use limited to: BEIHANG UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on June 20,2024 at 00:34:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
to calculate the
WR FDOFXODWH time GLIIHUHQFH
WKH WLPH of DUULYDO
difference RI arrival EHWZHHQ
between WKH
the VLJQDOV
signals Perform )RXULHU
3HUIRUP Fourier VHULHV
series H[SDQVLRQ
expansion RQ
on VLJQDO
signal [x(t) to REWDLQ
W WR obtain:
received by DW
UHFHLYHG E\ at OHDVW
least WKUHH
three %6V
BSs ILUVW
first, DQG
and WKHQ
then FRQYHUW
convert WKH
the WLPH
time
difference to
GLIIHUHQFH distance GLIIHUHQFH
WR GLVWDQFH difference IRU
for SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation.
W =¦
S
[X(t) ~X[m]eJ~mt
M PW
; >P@H 7 , Wt E >
[O,T)
7 
(5)
We will
:H take WKUHH
ZLOO WDNH BSs DV
three %6V as DQ
an H[DPSOH
example WRto LOOXVWUDWH
illustrate, DQG
and mcZ
P=

the
WKH received
UHFHLYHG VLJQDOV of WKH
signals RI the WKUHH
three %6V
BSs FDQ
can EH
be UHSUHVHQWHG
represented DV
as:
where ;
ZKHUH X[> P is WKH
m]@ LV the FRHIILFLHQW
coefficient RI
of )RXULHU
Fourier VHULHV
series RI
of WKH
the VLJQDO
signal,
­ L
/
ZKLFK
which FDQ
can EHbe H[SUHVVHG
expressed DV
as:
W =¦
[ (t)
° Xl DO V W 
~als(t -tWOl) 
+ Q~ (t)
W
° O I~l
1 IT7  M 7S PW
³
mt
° X[m] dt
·2H
L
/ ; >P@ =- [x(t)e
W H ~JT GW
W =¦
® x[2(t) DO V W  W  
~als(t-T21  Q W ˈWt 
-tWOl)+n2(t), E > 7
[O,T) 
(1) 7T 0
°
°
O 
I~l

L/
1 ~
= -¦
/
L.al
IT7 W H  M 7S PWmtGWdt
DO ³ 0 Vs(tl)e~JT
·2H

(6)
W =¦
O
° x[3(t) DO V W  W  
~als(t-T31  Q W
-tWOl)+n3(t) 7T OI~l 
¯ O 
I~l /
6 >P@¦ DO H
 M 7S PWO

O 
where [ W LV
ZKHUH x(t) is WKH
the VLJQDO
signal UHFHLYHG
received E\ by WKH
the %6 W LV
BS, Vset) is WKH
the 656
SRS
WUDQVPLWWHG by
transmitted E\ WKH
the PRELOH station, /
mobile VWDWLRQ L LV is WKH
the QXPEHU
number RI of ZKHUH m]@ LV
where 6S[>P is WKH
the )RXULHU
Fourier FRHIILFLHQW
coefficient RI
of WKH
the VLJQDO
signal Vset)
W VHQW
sent
FKDQQHO multi
channel path, DaOl DQG
PXOWLSDWK and WtiO LV
is UHVSHFWLYHO\
respectively WKH
the DWWHQXDWLRQ
attenuation DQG
and
E\
by WKH
the VHQGLQJ
sending HQG
end.
GHOD\
delay ofRI GLIIHUHQW
different SDWKV
paths RI of WKH channel, WTilL LV
the FKDQQHO is WKH
the WLPH
time
/HW
Let <Y[m]=X[m]/S[m] 6 > P @ z   WKHQ
> P @ ; > P @  6 > P @ (S[m]*O),  FDQ
then (6) can EH
be
GLIIHUHQFH RI
difference of DUULYLQJ
arriving EHWZHHQ
between WKH
the VLJQDOV
signals UHFHLYHG
received E\ by WKH
the %6
BS
DQG
and UHIHUHQFH %6 Qni(t)
reference BSl, W LV
is DGGLWLYH
additive QRLVH
noise, DQG
and 7
T LV
is WKH
the VLJQDO
signal ZULWWHQ
written DV
as:
L
REVHUYDWLRQ GXUDWLRQ
observation duration. /
; > P@
0XOWLSO\LQJ WKH
Multiplying the 7'2$
TDOA E\by WKH
the VSHHG
speed RI
of OLJKW
light Fc WR
to REWDLQ
obtain < > P@
6 > P@
¦D X
O 
P
O O 
(7)
WKH GLVWDQFH
the distance GLIIHUHQFH
difference EHWZHHQ
between %6L
BSi DQG
and %6
BSI WRto WKH
the PRELOH
mobile
HQG
end:
 M 7S WO
ZKHUH XO H 
G L FW L F W L  W 
(2)
6LQFH m]@ LV
Since 6S[>P IS NQRZQ
known, DVas ORQJ
long DV
as ; m]@ LV
X[> P is REWDLQHG
obtained
WKURXJK
through Da VXLWDEOH
suitable VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure, WKHthe XQNQRZQ
unknown
ZKHUH WT Li LV
where WKH WLPH
is the time ZKHQ
when WKH
the VLJQDO
signal DUULYHV
arrives DW
at %6L
BSi .
parameter ^{ai'
O UOI`}O~~l
/
SDUDPHWHU D  X 
LQ
in (4) can be solved by using VSHFWUDO
 FDQ EH VROYHG E\ XVLQJ spectral
/HW
Let (Xi'
[L  Yi) UHSUHVHQW WKH
\L represent the SRVLWLRQ
position FRRUGLQDWHV
coordinates RI
of %6L
BSi,
^{tWOl`}O~~l
/
HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation PHWKRG
method, DQG
and WKHQ
then FDQ
can EH
be VROYHG
solved IURP
from
DQG
and (x, Y) represent the position coordinates of mobile
[  \ UHSUHVHQW WKH SRVLWLRQ FRRUGLQDWHV RI PRELOH  M 7S WOj
XUOI = He ~ JTt  7KHUHIRUH
Therefore, WKH
• the JRDO
goal RIof WKLV
this SDSHU
paper LV
is WR
to GHVLJQ
design Da
VWDWLRQ ZH KDYH
station, we have:
VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure WR
to REWDLQ
obtain WKH
the )RXULHU
Fourier FRHIILFLHQW
coefficient ; m]@ RI
X[> P of
­ G  G   G VLJQDO [ W  DQG WKHQ FDOFXODWH WKH DUULYDO WLPH RI
signal x(t), and then calculate the arrival time of the signalWKH VLJQDO
® 
(3) IRU
for ORFDOL]DWLRQ
localization.
¯ G  G   G
$
A. 6LJQDO
Signal DQDO\VLV
analysis DQG
and VDPSOLQJ
sampling VFKHPH
scheme
 $V
As DQ
an 2)'0
OFDM VLJQDO
signal, WKH
the 656
SRS FDQ
can EH
be H[SUHVVHG
expressed LQ
in WKH
the
ZKHUH G L [L  [  \L  \ 
 IROORZLQJ
following IRUP
form :
%\ VROYLQJ
By
8( FDQ
DE can EH
WKLV V\VWHP
solving this system RI
be REWDLQHG
obtained.
  WKH
of (3), the SRVLWLRQ
position FRRUGLQDWHV
coordinates RI
of
W -- ¦
Vset)
. 
K~l
M S + I 656 N  IF W
"F,keJ2Jr(6!SRSk+
L. )N H
Nk~O

fc)t 
- Wt d<
<
,  d
- 7TV\PERO
symbol
° 
(8)
,,,
III. A 326,7,21,1* 0
$ POSITIONING (7+2' %
METHOD BASED
$6(' 21ON )5,
FRI 6SAMPLING
$03/,1*
)URP the
From WKH DERYH
above SURFHVV
process, LW
it FDQ
can EH
be VHHQ
seen WKDW
that WKH
the DFTXLVLWLRQ
acquisition ZKHUH
where ) F,N LV is WKH
the LQIRUPDWLRQ
information FDUULHG
carried E\by WKH
the NWK
k-th VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier,
RI WTilL LV
of is Da key
NH\ DVSHFW
aspect RIof WKH
the HQWLUH
entire SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method. ZKLFK
which LV is PDSSHG
mapped IURP from WKH
the 656
SRS VHTXHQFH
sequence; . K LV
is WKH
the QXPEHU
number RI of
0HWKRGV FRPPRQO\
Methods commonly XVHGused IRU
for FDOFXODWLQJ
calculating WKLV
this SDUDPHWHU
parameter LV
is WKH
the subcarriers; '
VXEFDUULHUV I 656 LV
/l,.fSRS is WKH
the VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier FHQWHU
center VSDFLQJ
spacing RI ofWKH
the 656
SRS,
JHQHUDOL]HG
generalized FURVV
cross FRUUHODWLRQ *&& PHWKRG
correlation (GCC) method, ZKLFK
which LV
is EDVHG
based ZKLFK
which LV is GHWHUPLQHG
determined E\ by WKH parameter '/l,.f
the SDUDPHWHU I DQG
and
RQ the
on WKH Nyquist
1\TXLVW VDPSOLQJ
sampling WKHRU\
theory >@
[14]. 7KH
The H[SUHVVLRQ
expression RIof WKH
the
VLJQDO UHFHLYHG E\ %6 LQ  LV UHZULWWHQ DV IROORZV .
K7&  ' I ' I u
656 = /l,.f X K7&
TC ' /l,.fSRS
.  ' I LV WKH VXEFDUULHU VSDFLQJ
TC · /l,.f is the subcarrier spacing of 5G
RI *
signal received by BS in (1) is rewritten as follows:
V\VWHP
system, . K7&TC LV is WKH
the QXPEHU
number RI of WUDQVPLVVLRQ
transmission FRPE
comb, DQGand I. I F LVis
/
WKH
the carrier frequency of the zeroth subcarrier. For WKH
FDUULHU IUHTXHQF\ RI WKH ]HURWK VXEFDUULHU )RU
°;
L
the
[W
x(t) =¦ DO V W 
~als(t -tWOl)  W ˈWt 
+ Qnet), E > 7
[O,T) 
(4)
set II.
OI~l
FRQYHQLHQFH
convenience RI of VXEVHTXHQW
subsequent DQDO\VLV
analysis, ZH we VHW F =  7 Tsymbol
V\PERO

UHSUHVHQWV
represents WKH the GXUDWLRQ
duration RI of DQ
an 656
SRS V\PERO
symbol. 7KH The 656
SRS VSHFWUXP
spectrum
6LQFH V W LV NQRZQ VLJQDO LV
is VKRZQ
shown LQ in )LJ
Fig.  1, DQG
and LWit FDQ
can EHbe VHHQ
seen WKDW
that WKH
the DPSOLWXGH
amplitude RI of
Since set) is known, signal [x(t)
W FDQ
can EH be XQLTXHO\
uniquely GHWHUPLQHG
determined WKH
the FHQWHU
center IUHTXHQF\
frequency SRLQW point RIof WKH
the VLJQDO
signal VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier LV is JUHDWHU
greater
by 2L unknown parameters ^{ai' O t,O `
/
E\ / XQNQRZQ SDUDPHWHUV D  W }O~~l . According WR
 $FFRUGLQJ to WKH
the )5,
FRI WKDQ
than WKH
the DPSOLWXGH
amplitude RI of RWKHU
other QHDUE\
nearby IUHTXHQF\
frequency SRLQWV
points. 7KLV
This
VDPSOLQJ
sampling theory, this signal can be reconstructed from DW
WKHRU\ WKLV VLJQDO FDQ EH UHFRQVWUXFWHG IURP at LQVSLUHV
inspires XV us WR to VDPSOH
sample WKH the FHQWHU
center IUHTXHQF\
frequency SRLQWpoint RI of WKH
the
least /
OHDVW 2L VDPSOHV
samples. VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier LQ in RUGHU
order WR to REWDLQ
obtain WKHthe PD[LPXP
maximum VLJQDOWRQRLVH
signal-to-noise

437 437
Authorized licensed use limited to: BEIHANG UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on June 20,2024 at 00:34:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ratio.
UDWLR series H[SDQVLRQ
VHULHV expansion RI
of WKH
the VLJQDO
signal GLUHFWO\
directly, WKHUH
there LVIS VXFK
such Da
1.8 x 10 -6
relationship EHWZHHQ
UHODWLRQVKLS and II,M :
between IJ;L DQG
_I Spectrum of SRS > I (,')
6 0 centerfrequency poin tsof subc arriers

+/':;J;
I L =+/':;fsRs
I 656 =/,:;1 x T = N
+ I 656 u 7 1 
(11)
/':;1
+ I M1 - I SRS
1.2 7T
5"
1 1

.e where 1
ZKHUH N LVis Da FRQVWDQW
constant XQGHU
under WKH
the FRQGLWLRQ
condition WKDW both '/l,.fsRs
that ERWK I 656
~08
-c and 7T DUH
DQG are GHWHUPLQLVWLF
deterministic, WKHUHIRUH
therefore, ZH
we FDQ
can REWDLQ
obtain:

: M~
Qn s- 1P
Nm 
(12)

0 '-'--------'-'-'---- ---'---
q d~~
---'---'-'---- -'---'- '-'---'- -----'-- ---'----
III
--'----
~
-'----------'
)XUWKHUPRUH
Furthermore, ZH
we KDYH
have:
13 13 .2 13.4 13.6 13 .8 14 14.2 14.4 14 .6 14 .8 15
Frequency(MH z)
;X[n]
>Q@ = ;X[Nm]
> 1P @ 
(13)
)LJ
Fig. 
1. 6SHFWUXP
Spectrum RI
of 656
SRS DQG
and WKH
the FHQWHU
center IUHTXHQF\
frequency SRLQWV
points RI
ofLWV
its VXEFDUULHUV
subcarriers .
(TXDWLRQ  FDQ
Equation (7) can EH
be UHZULWWHQ
rewrittenDV
as:
%DVHG
Based RQon WKH
the FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
characteristics RI
of WKH
the 656
SRS, ZHwe KDYH
have
GHVLJQHG
designed Da PXOWLFKDQQHO
multi-channel VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure LQ
in )LJ
Fig 
2: / / /
; > Q@
< > Q@
6 > Q@
¦D X
O 
Q
O O ¦D X
O 
O O
1P
¦D Y
O 
P
O O 
(14)

_Mj  2S7fW t _Mj  S2 7fW ct' S 1W

 M "ZJf Nt
where XuO l =He 7T O I, YVIO =He 7TIO =He- 1T7 O I  , ;X[n]
ZKHUH >Q@ LVis WKH
the )RXULHU
Fourier
X(l l-If--- .
FRHIILFLHQW
coefficient YDOXH
value REWDLQHG
obtained E\ by VDPSOLQJ
sampling, DQG and 6S[>Qn]@ LVis WKH
the
)RXULHU
Fourier FRHIILFLHQW
coefficient YDOXH value RI
of WKH
the NQRZQ
known WUDQVPLVVLRQ
transmission VLJQDO
signal
Vset).
W  6LQFH
Since ;>Q@
X[n] DQG and 6>Q@
S[n] DUH
are ERWK
both NQRZQ
known, WKH the XQNQRZQ
unknown
f parameters ^{t;}~~l
SDUDPHWHUV WOc`O  LQ
/
 FDQ
in (14) can EHbe VROYHG
solved XVLQJ
using 3URQ\
Prony
In (t) =e -iT",' (11 P = kP 6 f.SRST ) DOJRULWKP c 1 , WKH
T p
algorithm. )URPFrom WtO l = Wt;O IN the WLPH
time ZKHQ
when WKHthe VLJQDO
signal [x(t)
W
)LJ
Fig. 
2. 0XOWLFKDQQHO
Multi-channel VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure EDVHG
based RQ
on VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier FHQWHU
center DUULYHV
arrives DW
at WKH
the %6BS RQ on GLIIHUHQW
different SDWKV
paths FDQ
can EH be REWDLQHG
obtained, DQGand ZH
we
IUHTXHQF\
frequency SRLQWV
points. RQO\
only QHHG
need WR
to WDNH
take WtL i = PLQ WO )(i
min(t,  DV
L =1,2,3) asWKH
theDUULYDO
arrival WLPH
time RI
of
WKH
the VLJQDO
signal IRU
for VXEVHTXHQW
subsequent FDOFXODWLRQV
calculations.
7KLV
This VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure FRQVLVWV
consists RI channels, Sp t>2L
of Sp FKDQQHOV / .
,Q
In WKH the LWK
i-th FKDQQHO
channel, WKH the VLJQDO
signal [x(t)
W LVis PL[HG
mixed ZLWK
with WKH
the VLQJOH
single &
C. 3RVLWLRQ
Position FDOFXODWLRQ
calculation
IUHTXHQF\
frequency VLJQDO signal M({JiL (t)
W ,andDQG WKH
the IUHTXHQF\
frequency RI of WKH
the VLJQDO
signal $FFRUGLQJ
According WR to WKH
the DERYH
above VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure DQGand
M({JiL (t)
W LVis HTXDO
equal WR
to WKH
the IUHTXHQF\
frequency RI of WKH
the FHQWHU
center IUHTXHQF\
frequency SRLQW
point
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
reconstruction DOJRULWKP
algorithm, ZH we FDQcan VROYH
solve WKH
the DUULYDO
arrival WLPH
time
 RI
WtL i (iL =1,2,3) of WKH
the UHFHLYHG
received VLJQDOV
signals RI
of WKH
the WKUHH
three %6V
BSs, DQG
and
RI
of WKH the 656
SRS VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier:
WKHQ
then ZH we FDQ
can JHW
get WKH
the 7'2$
TDOA RI ofWKH
the VLJQDOV
signals DV
asIROORZV
follows:
S
M QL W
ML W H 7
QL NL + I 656 7 
(9) WÖL WL  W 
(15)

7KHQ
Then, HDFKeach FKDQQHO
channel VHSDUDWHO\
separately LQWHJUDWHV
integrates WKH
the PL[HG
mixed &DOFXODWH
Calculate WKH
the GLVWDQFH
distance GLIIHUHQFH
difference EHWZHHQ
between%6LBSi DQGand%6
BSI WR
to
UHVXOWV 8(
DE HQG
end XVLQJ   DQG
using (2), and VROYH
solve LWitE\
by VXEVWLWXWLQJ
substituting LWitLQWR
into HTXDWLRQ
equation
results, DQG
and WKH
the VDPSOLQJ
sampling YDOXH
value ; >QL @ REWDLQHG
X[nJ obtained IURP
from WKH
the LWK
i-th
V\VWHP  WR
system (3) to HVWLPDWH
estimate 8(
DE SRVLWLRQ
position.
FKDQQHO
channel LV
is:
,9
IV. 6SIMULATIONS
,08/$7,216
1 IT7
W GW =-1 ³IT [x(t)e
 7  M S Q W ,Q
; L @ =- ³ [
X[>QnJ W ML (t)dt
x(t)({J W H - } T7 nL , !GW
dt ·2H

(10) In WKLV
this VHFWLRQ
section, ZH we GHVLJQ
design Da VHULHV
series RIof VLPXODWLRQ
simulation
T
7 0 i T o
7  H[SHULPHQWV
experiments WR to WHVW
test WKH
the SHUIRUPDQFH
performance RI of WKH
the SURSRVHG
proposedPHWKRG
method.
:H
We XVHuse WKH
the URRW
root PHDQ
mean VTXDUH
square HUURUV 506( WR
errors (RMSE) to HYDOXDWH
evaluate WKH
the
,Q
In WKLV
this VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure, WKH
the VDPSOLQJ
sampling UDWH
rate RI
of HDFK
each HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation HIIHFW
effect RI of 7'2$
TDOA DQG and 8(DE ORFDWLRQ
location, ZKLFK
which DUHare
FKDQQHO
channel LV I  = 1fT
is fo 7 ,and DQG WKH
the WRWDO
total VDPSOLQJ
sampling UDWH
rate RI
of Sp
FRPSXWHG
computed DV as:
FKDQQHOV is is
channels LV I V = SpiT7 . 1
1 ~(A )2
%
506(WÖL - ¦ L.. WÖTil-Til
L  W L 
(16)
B. 3DUDPHWHU
Parameter UHFRYHU\
recovery DOJRULWKP
algorithm 1N Qn~l
6LQFH
Since WKH
the )RXULHU coefficient ;
Fourier FRHIILFLHQW >Q@ ZLWK
X[n] with IUHTXHQF\
frequency
I L = Qn)T
J; L 7 =N L + I 656
kJc,fSRS LV
is REWDLQHG
obtained WKURXJK
through WKHthe VDPSOLQJ
sampling DQG
and
VWUXFWXUH
structure, DQG
and Da VHULHV
series RI
of )RXULHU
Fourier FRHIILFLHQWV
coefficients ; m]@ ZLWK
X[> P with
frequency I,
IUHTXHQF\ I M =P m)TM 7 DUH
are REWDLQHG
obtained WKURXJK
through WKH
the )RXULHU
Fourier

438 438
Authorized licensed use limited to: BEIHANG UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on June 20,2024 at 00:34:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 1

¦
  45 1-~-~-~---;:::===;l
506( [Ö  \Ö [Ö  [  \Ö  \ 
(17) - - p=7
1 Q 
40 ---+- p ~ 21
p=35
--e--- p=77
- & - - p=133

6LPXODWLRQ 
Simulation 1: :LWKRXW
Without FRQVLGHULQJ
considering QRLVH
noise, ZH
we YDOLGDWH
validate WKH
the
HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI
effectiveness of RXU
our PHWKRG
method E\
by DVVXPLQJ
assuming WKDW
that WKH
the FRRUGLQDWHV
coordinates
RI WKUHH base
of three EDVH VWDWLRQV
stations DQG
and 8(
DE DUH
are: %6    %6
BS 1 (0,0),  0) ,
BS2 (4S0,
%6 (22S,
BS3    ,
22S,J3) 8(   . 7KH
DE (180,240) The QXPEHU
number RI of 656
SRS
VLJQDO
signal VXEFDUULHUV
subcarriers K .LV
is VHW
set WR 144, '
to  I 656 = '
/l,.fSRS I uX .
/l,.f LV VHW WR
r c is set to
K 7&
 kHz,
60 ZKHUH '
N+] where 30 N+]
I =

/l,.f kHz DQG and . K 7&
rc = 
2 
. 7KH
The GXUDWLRQ
duration RI
of 20 30 40 50
SNR(dB)
VLJQDO REVHUYDWLRQ LV
signal observation T = 
7 is O.S PVms. 7KH
The 7'2$ estimation Wiil
TDOA HVWLPDWLRQ ÖLO
F 506(
(c) RMSE RI y)
of'{[ÖX, \
Ö ZLWK
with GLIIHUHQW
different Sp
DQG 8( SRVLWLRQ
and DE estimation (x,
position HVWLPDWLRQ [Ö  y)
\Ö DUH
are SHUIRUPHG
performed E\ by VHOHFWLQJ
selecting
7 samples. Table I shows the experimental results ZLWKRXW
 VDPSOHV 7DEOH , VKRZV WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV without )LJ
Fig. 
3. 7KH
The LPSDFW
impact RI
of GLIIHUHQW
different VDPSOLQJ
sampling QXPEHUV
numbers Sp RQ
on WKH
the HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation
QRLVH
noise, UHVXOWV
results RI
of RXU
our PHWKRG
method.

7$%/( ,
TABLE!. (;3(5,0(17$/ 5(68/76
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS :,7+287
WITHOUT 12,6(
NOISE
)URP
From )LJ
Fig. 
3, LWit FDQ
can EH
be VHHQ
seen WKDW
that WKH
the PRUH
more VDPSOHV
samples WDNHQ
taken,
WKH
the EHWWHU
better WKH
the HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation HIIHFW
effect. :KHQ
When HQRXJK
enough )RXULHU
Fourier
3DUDPHWHU
Parameter FRHIILFLHQWV
7UXH
True YDOXH
value (VWLPDWHG
Estimated YDOXH
value coefficients DUH
are VHOHFWHG
selected, WKH
the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning DFFXUDF\
accuracy FDQ
can UHDFK
reach
WiÖ
21
QV
(ns) 
204.1595 
204.1595 WKH
the VXE
sub PHWHU
meter OHYHO
level, ZKLFK
which FDQcan PHHW
meet WKH
the FRPPHUFLDO
commercial XVHuse
QHHGV
needs RI
of *
SG VFHQDULRV
scenarios .
WiÖ
31
QV
(ns) 
-478.9059 
-478.9059
6LPXODWLRQ
Simulation  3 : $VVXPLQJ
Assuming WKDW
that WKH
the VLJQDO
signal LVis DIIHFWHG
affected E\by
(x,y)
[Ö  \Ö  
(180,240)  
(180,240) *DXVVLDQ
Gaussian ZKLWH
white QRLVH
noise, LQYHVWLJDWH
investigate WKH
the SHUIRUPDQFH
performance RI of RXU
our
PHWKRG
method DW at GLIIHUHQW
different VDPSOLQJ
sampling LQWHUYDOV
intervals XQGHU
under GLIIHUHQW
different 615
SNR.
,W can
It FDQ be
EH VHHQ
seen WKDW
that LQ
in WKH
the DEVHQFH
absence RI
of QRLVH
noise, WKH
the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning 7KH
The VLJQDO
signal SDUDPHWHUV
parameters, %6BS DQG
and 8(
DE SRVLWLRQV
positions DUH
are WKH
the VDPH
same DVas
method based on FRI sampling only requires Da YHU\
PHWKRG EDVHG RQ )5, VDPSOLQJ RQO\ UHTXLUHV very VPDOO
small WKH
the VHWWLQJV
settings LQin 6LPXODWLRQ
Simulation 
1, ZLWK
with VDPSOLQJ
sampling QXPEHU
number RI of 
3S.
QXPEHU RI
number of VDPSOLQJ
sampling SRLQWV
points WR
to DFFXUDWHO\
accurately HVWLPDWH
estimate WKH
the :H
We VHW
set WKH
the VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier FHQWHU spacing '/l,.fSRS
center VSDFLQJ I 656 WR
to 
60 N+]
kHz, 120
SRVLWLRQ RI
position 8(
of DE. N+]
kHz DQG
and 
240 N+]
kHz. 7KH
The H[SHULPHQWDO
experimental UHVXOWV
results DUH
are VKRZQ
shown LQin )LJ
Fig .

4:
1H[W we
Next, ZH will
ZLOO H[SORUH
explore WKH
the LPSDFW
impact RI
of GLIIHUHQW
different IDFWRUV
factors RQ
on
WKH performance
the SHUIRUPDQFH RIof RXU
our PHWKRG
method LQ
in GLIIHUHQW
different VLJQDOWRQRLVH
signal-to-noise )URP
From )LJ
Fig. 
4, LWit FDQ
can EH
be VHHQ
seen WKDW
that WKH
the ODUJHU
larger WKH
the VDPSOLQJ
sampling
UDWLR (SNR)
ratio 615 HQYLURQPHQWV
environments. LQWHUYDO
interval 1
N, WKH
the EHWWHU
better WKHthe HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation HIIHFW
effect. +RZHYHU
However, ZKHQ
when
WKH
the QXPEHU
number RI of VDPSOHV
samples LV is IL[HG
fixed, WKH
the HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation DFFXUDF\
accuracy LVis
6LPXODWLRQ 
Simulation $VVXPLQJ WKDW
2: Assuming that WKH
the VLJQDO
signal LVis DIIHFWHG
affected E\by OLPLWHG
limited DQG
and FDQ
can RQO\
only UHDFK
reach WKH
the PHWHU
meter OHYHO
level. 7R
To DFKLHYH
achieve PRUH
more
*DXVVLDQ ZKLWH QRLVH
Gaussian white noise, XQGHU
under GLIIHUHQW
different 615
SNR, H[SORUH
explore WKHthe DFFXUDWH
accurate HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation, LWit LV is VWLOO
still QHFHVVDU\
necessary WR to LQFUHDVH
increase WKH
the
SHUIRUPDQFH RI
performance WKH PHWKRG
of the method SURSRVHG
proposed LQ in WKLV
this SDSHU
paper XQGHU
under QXPEHU
number RIof VDPSOLQJ
sampling SRLQWV
points.
GLIIHUHQW VDPSOLQJ
different sampling QXPEHUV
numbers. 7KH
The VLJQDO
signal SDUDPHWHUV
parameters, %6BS DQG
and
8( positions
DE SRVLWLRQV DUH
are WKH
the VDPH
same DV
as WKH
the VHWWLQJV
settings LQin 6LPXODWLRQ
Simulation  1,
ZLWK VDPSOLQJ
with QXPEHUV pS RI
sampling numbers of 7, 
21, 
3S, 77 DQG
and 
133,
UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH
respectively. The H[SHULPHQWDO
experimental UHVXOWV
results DUH
are VKRZQ
shown LQin )LJ
Fig. 
3:

o L_~_~~:=;"=== ...I
o 10 20 30 40 50
SNR(dB)

40 50 D 506(
(a) of WÖi 
RMSE RI 21
ZLWK different '/lfsFJJ
with GLIIHUHQW I 656

D 506(
(a) of WiÖ
RMSE RI 21 ZLWK
with GLIIHUHQW
different S
p 2.5 x 10-8

40 50 10 20 30 40 50
SNR(dB)

E 506(
(b) of WiÖ
RMSE RI ZLWK GLIIHUHQW S E 506(
(b) of WÖi 
RMSE RI ZLWK different '/lfsFJJ
with GLIIHUHQW I 656
3 I with different p 31

439 439
Authorized licensed use limited to: BEIHANG UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on June 20,2024 at 00:34:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 the *
WKH 5G SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning SURFHVV
process. 7KLV
This PHWKRG
method VDPSOHV
samples WKH the
received VLJQDO
UHFHLYHG signal XVLQJ
using WKH
the PXOWLFKDQQHO
multi-channel VDPSOLQJ
sampling VWUXFWXUH
structure
based RQ
EDVHG on WKH
the FHQWHU
center IUHTXHQF\
frequency RIofWKHtheVXEFDUULHU
subcarrier SURSRVHG
proposedLQin
this SDSHU
WKLV paper, DQG
and WKHQ
then HVWLPDWHV
estimates WKHthe 7'2$
TDOA RIof WKHthe VDPSOHG
sampled
values XVLQJ
YDOXHV using WKHthe LPSURYHG
improved 3URQ\Prony PHWKRG
method SURSRVHG
proposed LQin WKLV
this
article. )LQDOO\
DUWLFOH Finally, WKH
theHVWLPDWHG
estimated7'2$TDOALVisXVHGusedIRU
for8(UESRVLWLRQ
position
estimation. 7KURXJK
HVWLPDWLRQ Through VLPXODWLRQ
simulation H[SHULPHQWV
experiments, LWit KDVhas EHHQ
been
proven WKDW
SURYHQ that XQGHU
under QRLVHOHVV
noiseless FRQGLWLRQV
conditions, WKLV
this PHWKRG
method FDQ can
significantly UHGXFH
VLJQLILFDQWO\ reduce WKHthe VDPSOLQJ
sampling UDWHrate ZKLOH
while HQVXULQJ
ensuring KLJK
high
positioning DFFXUDF\
SRVLWLRQLQJ accuracy. 8QGHUUnder QRLV\
noisy FRQGLWLRQV
conditions, WKLV
this SDSHU
paper
10 20 30 40 50 VWXGLHV
studiesVHYHUDO
severalSDUDPHWHUV
parametersWKDWthatDIIHFW
affectWKH
theSRVLWLRQLQJ
positioningHIIHFW
effectRIof
SNR(dB)
this PHWKRG
WKLV method. 8QGHU
Under KLJK
high VLJQDOWRQRLVH
signal-to-noiseUDWLR
ratio FRQGLWLRQV
conditions, E\ by
(c) of (x,
RMSERI
F 506( [Ö  \Öy) ZLWK different 'I 656
withGLIIHUHQW VHWWLQJ
setting WKHVH
these SDUDPHWHUV
parameters, WKH the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning DFFXUDF\
accuracy RIof WKLV
this
PHWKRG
methodFDQ canEH
beJXDUDQWHHG
guaranteedWRtoUHDFK
reachWKH
theVXE
subPHWHU
meterOHYHO
level.
Fig.4. 7KH
)LJ The LPSDFW
impact RI
of GLIIHUHQW
different VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier FHQWHU spacing '%RS
center VSDFLQJ I 656 RQ
on WKH
the
$ACKNOWLEDGMENT
&.12:/('*0(17
estimationUHVXOWV
HVWLPDWLRQ resultsRI
ofRXU
ourPHWKRG
method.
7KLV
ThisZRUN
work ZDV
was VXSSRUWHG
supported LQinSDUW
partE\
byWKH
the1DWLRQDO
National 1DWXUDO
Natural
6LPXODWLRQ
Simulation  4: $VVXPLQJ
Assuming WKDW that WKH
the VLJQDO
signal LVis DIIHFWHG
affected E\ by 6FLHQFH
Science )RXQGDWLRQ
Foundation RI
of &KLQD
China XQGHU
under *UDQW
Grant 
62071149 DQG
and
*DXVVLDQ
Gaussian ZKLWH white QRLVH
noise, WKHthe SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method EDVHG
based RQ on )5,
FRI *UDQW
Grant 
61671177, DQG
and LQin SDUW
part E\
by WKH
the 1DWLRQDO
National .H\
Key 5R&D'
VDPSOLQJ
sampling LQ in WKLV
this SDSHU
paper LVis FRPSDUHG
compared ZLWK with WKH
the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning 3URJUDP
ProgramRIof&KLQD
ChinaXQGHU
under*UDQW
Grant1R<)%
No.2022YFB3304000 .
PHWKRG
method EDVHGbased RQon 1\TXLVW
Nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling XQGHU
underGLIIHUHQW
different VLJQDOWR
signal-to-
QRLVH
noise UDWLRV
ratios. 7KH
The VDPSOLQJ
sampling IUHTXHQF\
frequency RI of WKH
the 1\TXLVW
Nyquist 5REFERENCES
()(5(1&(6
VDPSOLQJ
sampling V\VWHP signal LVis II,V =125
system VLJQDO  0+]
MHz. 7KH The VXEFDUULHU
subcarrier
FHQWHU spacing '!'1!SRS
center VSDFLQJ I 656 LVis VHW
setWR
to 
60 N+]
kHz, WKH
the QXPEHU
numberRI ofVDPSOHV
samples [1] 3P.=KDQJ
>@ Zhang, + Chen,³$
H. &KHQ "A6XUYH\
SurveyRIof3RVLWLRQLQJ
Positioning7HFKQRORJ\
TechnologyIRU for*´
5G,"
-RXUQDO
JournalRIof%HLMLQJ
Beijing8QLYHUVLW\
UniversityRIof3RVWV Posts7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
Telecommunications,YRO vol.
41,
Sp LVis VHW
set WR
to 
35, DQG
and WKHthe HTXLYDOHQW
equivalent VDPSOLQJ
sampling UDWH
rate LVis 
70 N+]
kHz. SS
pp. 
1-12,2018.
7KH
The VLJQDO
signal SDUDPHWHUV
parameters, %6 BS DQG
and 8(UE SRVLWLRQV
positions DUH
are WKH
the VDPH
same DVas >@
[2] 4Q. 6XQ
Sun, /L. +H
He, )F. 0HQJ
Meng, + H. 7RQJ
Tong,1 N.;LDR
Xiao, < Y.=KHQJ
Zheng,³:LUHOHVV
"Wireless
WKH
the VHWWLQJV
settings LQin 6LPXODWLRQ
Simulation 1. 7KH The SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning HIIHFWV
effects RI of WKH
the FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
communication LQGRRU indoor SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioningPHWKRGmethod LQin* 5GVXEVWDWLRQ
sub-stationXVLQJ
using
WZR
two PHWKRGV
methods DUH areVKRZQ
shown LQ in)LJ
Fig .
5: GHHS
deepQHXUDO
neuralQHWZRUN
networkDQG andORFDWLRQ
locationILQJHUSULQW
fingerprintDOJRULWKP´
algorithm,"2SWLN
Optik,YRO
vol.
 SS  
271,pp.170159,2022.
----+-- FR I based positioning >@
[3] +H. 1\TXLVW
Nyquist, ³&HUWDLQ
"Certain 7RSLFV
Topics LQin 7HOHJUDSK
Telegraph 7UDQVPLVVLRQ
Transmission 7KHRU\´
Theory,"
---e--- Nyquist based positioning 3URFHHGLQJV
ProceedingsRIofWKH the,(((
IEEE,YROvol.90,SS
pp.
280-305,1928.
>@
[4] 0M.9HWWHUOL
Vetterli,3P.0DU]LOLDQR
Marziliano,DQG and7T.%OX
Blu,³6DPSOLQJ
"Sampling6LJQDOV
SignalsZLWK
with)LQLWH
Finite
5DWH
RateRIof,QQRYDWLRQ´
Innovation,",((( IEEE7UDQVDFWLRQV
TransactionsRQ on6LJQDO
Signal3URFHVVLQJ
Processing,YRO
vo1.50.
SS  
pp.1417-1428,2002.
>@
[5] 5R.7XU
Tur,<Y.& C.(OGDU
Eldar,DQGand=Z.)ULHGPDQ
Friedman,³,QQRYDWLRQ
"Innovation5DWHRate6DPSOLQJ
SamplingRIof
3XOVH
Pulse 6WUHDPV
Streams ZLWK with $SSOLFDWLRQ
Application WRto 8OWUDVRXQG
Ultrasound ,PDJLQJ´
Imaging," ,((( IEEE
7UDQVDFWLRQV
TransactionsRQ on6LJQDO
Signal3URFHVVLQJ
Processing,YRO vol.
59,SS
pp. 
1827-1842,2011.
>@
[6] .K.*HGDO\DKX
Gedalyahu,5R. 7XU Tur,DQGand< Y.&C.(OGDU
Eldar,³0XOWLFKDQQHO
"MultichannelVDPSOLQJ
samplingRIof
SXOVH
pulse VWUHDPV
streams DWat WKH the UDWH
rate RIof LQQRYDWLRQ´
innovation," 6LJQDO
Signal3URFHVVLQJ
Processing,,((( IEEE
o L--~-~---=:::'!====i'--'"
7UDQVDFWLRQV
TransactionsRQ on,YRO
vol.
59,SS
pp.
1491-1504,2011.
o 10 20 30 40 50
SNR(dB) >@
[7] (E.%DUDQVN\
Baransky,* G.,W]KDN
Itzhak,,1.6KPXHO
Shmuel,1 N.:DJQHU
Wagner,(E.6KRVKDQ
Shoshan,DQG and<Y.&C.
(OGDU
Eldar,³$"A+DUGZDUH
Hardware3URWRW\SH
PrototypeIRU for6XE1\TXLVW
Sub-Nyquist5DGDU Radar6HQVLQJ´LQ
Sensing,"inWK9th
)LJ
Fig.5. &RPSDULVRQ
Comparison RIof SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning HIIHFWV
effectsEHWZHHQ
between )5,
FRIEDVHG
basedSRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
International ,7* ITG &RQIHUHQFH
Conference RQ on 6\VWHPV
Systems, &RPPXQLFDWLRQ
Communication DQG and
PHWKRG
method DQG and 1\TXLVW
Nyquist EDVHG
based SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method XQGHU
under GLIIHUHQW
different VLJQDOWR
signal-to- &RGLQJ
Coding,0XQFKHQ
Munchen,'HXWVFKODQG
Deutschland:9'( VDE,SS pp. 
1-6,2013.
QRLVH
noiseUDWLRV
ratios. >@
[8] 6S. 7UDERXOVL
Traboulsi, ³2YHUYLHZ
"Overview RIof*RULHQWHG
5G-oriented3RVLWLRQLQJ
Positioning7HFKQRORJ\
TechnologyLQin
6PDUW
Smart &LWLHV´
Cities," 3URFHGLD
Procedia &RPSXWHU
Computer 6FLHQFH
Science,YROvol.
201,SS pp.
368-374,
)URP
From )LJ
Fig. 5, LWit FDQ
can EH
be VHHQ
seen WKDW that DWat ORZ
low VLJQDOWRQRLVH
signal-to-noise 
2022.
UDWLRV
ratios, WKH
the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRGmethod EDVHG based RQ on 1\TXLVW
Nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling >@
[9] *G. 6XQ
Sun, -J. &KHQ
Chen, : W. *XR
Guo, DQG and .
K. -J. 5R. /LX
Liu, ³6LJQDO
"Signal SURFHVVLQJ
processing
SHUIRUPV
performs EHWWHU
better WKDQ
than WKH the PHWKRG
method SURSRVHG
proposed LQ in WKLV
this SDSHU
paper. WHFKQLTXHV
techniquesLQinQHWZRUNDLGHG
network-aidedSRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning:DaVXUYH\
surveyRIofVWDWHRIWKHDUW
state-of-the-art
+RZHYHU SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioningGHVLJQV´
designs,",((( IEEE6LJQDO
Signal3URFHVVLQJ
Processing0DJD]LQH
Magazine,YRO vol.
22,SS
pp.
However, ZKHQ when WKH the VLJQDOWRQRLVH
signal-to-noise UDWLR ratio LVis KLJK
high, WKHthe ± 
12-23,2005.
SHUIRUPDQFH
performance RI of WKH
the PHWKRG
method SURSRVHG
proposed LQ in WKLV
this SDSHU
paper LVis PXFK
much
>@
[10] *
G. 0DR
Mao,% B. )LGDQ
Fidan,DQG and%B. ' D.$QGHUVRQ
Anderson,³:LUHOHVV
"WirelessVHQVRU
sensorQHWZRUN
network
EHWWHU
better WKDQ
than WKDW
that RIof WKHthe PHWKRG
method EDVHG based RQ on 1\TXLVW
Nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling . ORFDOL]DWLRQ
localizationWHFKQLTXHV´
techniques,"&RPSXWHU
ComputerQHWZRUNV
networks,YROvol.
51,SS
pp.±
2529-2553,
0RUHRYHU
Moreover, WKH the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning DFFXUDF\ accuracy RI of WKH
the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning 
2007.
PHWKRG
method EDVHG
based RQon 1\TXLVW
Nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling FDQ can RQO\
only UHDFK
reach WKH
the PHWHU
meter >@
[11] +
H./LX
Liu,+
H.'DUDEL
Darabi,3P.%DQHUMHH
Banerjee,DQG and-J./LX
Liu,³6XUYH\
"SurveyRIofZLUHOHVV
wirelessLQGRRU
indoor
OHYHO
level, DQG
and WKH
the PHWKRG
method SURSRVHG
proposed LQ in WKLV
this SDSHU
paper FDQcan UHDFK
reach WKH
the SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioningWHFKQLTXHV
techniquesDQG andV\VWHPV´
systems,",((( IEEE7UDQVDFWLRQV
TransactionsRQ on6\VWHPV
Systems,
VXE
sub PHWHU
meter OHYHO
level, 7KLVThis LVis EHFDXVH
because WKH the SHUIRUPDQFH
performance RI of WKH
the YRO
vol.
37,SS
pp.±
1067-1080,2007. 
SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method EDVHG based RQ on 1\TXLVW
Nyquist VDPSOLQJ
sampling KHDYLO\
heavily >@
[12] Y. Liu, X. Shi, S. He, DQG
< /LX ; 6KL 6 +H and =Z. 6KLShi, ³3URVSHFWLYH
"Prospective SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning
GHSHQGV
depends RQ on WKH
the VDPSOLQJ
sampling UDWH rate RI of WKH
the VLJQDO
signal, DQGand LWV
its WLPH
time DUFKLWHFWXUH
architectureDQG andWHFKQRORJLHV
technologiesLQin* 5GQHWZRUNV´
networks,",((( IEEE1HWZRUN
Network:7KH The
0DJD]LQH
MagazineRIof&RPSXWHU
Computer&RPPXQLFDWLRQV
Communications,YRO vol.
31,SS
pp. 
115-127,2017.
UHVROXWLRQ
resolution FDQ
can RQO\
only UHDFKreach 1/ II,V .7KH
The PHWKRG
method LQ in WKLV
this SDSHU
paper LVis
>@
[13] .
K.<DQJ
Yang,-3J.P.$Q
An,;<
X.Y,%X Bu,DQGand*&
G.c.6XQSun,³&RQVWUDLQHG
"ConstrainedWRWDOtotalOHDVW
least-
QRW
not OLPLWHG
limited E\by LW
it, DQG
and FDQ
can FDUU\
carry RXW out KLJKSUHFLVLRQ
high-precision 7'2$ TDOA VTXDUHV
squares ORFDWLRQ
location DOJRULWKP
algorithm XVLQJ using WLPHGLIIHUHQFHRIDUULYDO
time-difference-of-arrival
HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation, VR so DVas WR to FDUU\
carry RXWout KLJKSUHFLVLRQ
high-precision SRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHDVXUHPHQWV´
measurements,",((( IEEE7UDQV
Trans.9HKVeh.7HFKQRO
Technol.,YROvol.
59,SS
pp.
1558-1562,
HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation. 
2010.
>@
[14] =
Z. &KHQ
Chen, =Z. /L Li, 6S. :DQJ
Wang, DQG and )F. <LQ
Yin, ³$"A PLFURSKRQH
microphone SRVLWLRQ
position
9
V. &CONCLUSION
21&/86,21 FDOLEUDWLRQ
calibration PHWKRG
method EDVHG
basedRQ onFRPELQDWLRQ
combinationRIofDFRXVWLF
acousticHQHUJ\
energyGHFD\
decay
PRGHO
model DQG and 7'2$TDOA IRU for GLVWULEXWHG
distributed PLFURSKRQH
microphone DUUD\´
array," $SSOLHG
Applied
:H
We SURSRVH
propose DaSRVLWLRQLQJ
positioning PHWKRG
method EDVHG
based RQ on)5,
FRI VDPSOLQJ
sampling $FRXVWLFV
Acoustics,YROvol.
95,SS
pp. 
13-19,2015.
WR
to DGGUHVV
address WKH
the LVVXH
issue RI
of WKH
the KXJH
huge DPRXQW
amount RI
of GDWD
data SURFHVVHG
processedLQin

440
Authorized licensed use limited to: BEIHANG UNIVERSITY. Downloaded440
on June 20,2024 at 00:34:11 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.