Index
Note: ‘Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures those followed by “t” indicate tables.’
A Global Forum on Maintenance and Asset
Abrasion resistance, silica fume, 72
Acid attack, 271
Aggregate interlock mechanism, 202, 202f
Aggregate market, 1
Alite (tri-calcium silicate), 20e21
Alkali activated materials, red mud
cements and pastes
composition and properties, 292t
compressive strength, 293, 293f
dry cement systems, 293
shrinkage deformations, 293, 294f, 294t
soluble glass density, 293
concretes
alkaline component, 295
characteristics, 294, 295t
compressive strength, 295f
mix design and properties, 296te297t
pressed materials
mesopore size distribution, 299e300,
300f
micropore volume, 300e301, 301f
N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms,
299f
porosity and specific surface area,
298e301
sample’s mix design, 299t
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR), 275e276
Aluminate phase (tri-calcium aluminate), 22
Asset management systems and standards, 8
asset, 338
contextual factors
organizational context, 352e355
political context, 345e348
technological context, 348e352
decision-support tools, 342e344
definition, 338
Management (GFMAM) Landscape,
340
human and technological resources,
357e358
implementation plan, 340
macro environment, 357
physical engineering assets, 338
production infrastructure, 358e359
Publicly Available Specification 55
(PAS 55), 338
Series ISO 55000 asset management,
339e340
Aurora Max, 166
Australian cements
general blended type (GB) cement, 29
general purpose type (GP) cement, 29
properties, 30t
standards, 28, 30t
types, 29t
B
Bauxite red mud alkali activated cements
and concretes. See Red mud (bauxite
residue)
Belite (di-calcium silicate), 21e22
Bending resistance
conservative approach, 212
histograms, design parameters, 213e214
moment resistance, 211, 212te213t
parabolic rectangular stress-block, 211f
scatterplots, 214, 214f
stress-strain distribution, 211
Blast furnace slag (BFS)
chemical composition, 135, 136t
cooling process, 134
crystallized slag, 134
366 Index

Blast furnace slag (BFS) (Continued) Chicago O’Hare Modernization Project,

physical properties, 134e136, 135t 255e256
Blended cements, 27e28 Chloride penetration resistance, 269e271
Australian cements, 29 Circular economy, 119, 234f, 325e326,
comparative strength development, 28f 347e348
Bogue equations, 18 Clinker phase
Bond strength calculations, 18
bond stress, 208 composition, 17e20
database removal, 209 determination, 17e20
histograms, 210f direct methods, 18
pullout failure and splitting failure, indirect methods, 18
208e209 modified Bogue method, 18e20
scatterplot, 210, 210f mineralogical composition, 17
statistics, 209t properties, 20e23, 23t
Bricks, 127 Coal fly ash
Bridge construction, silica fume, 72 chemical characterization, 140, 141t
Burnt clay, 27 classification, 139t
coal combustion residue (CCR), 137
C physical properties, 140, 140t
Calcium silicate cement production, 12 pozzolans, 137
Carbonation resistance, 273e274 Coal power plant, 47f
Cement kiln dust, 330 Coarse recycled aggregates, 222, 244
Cement production coarse fraction, 196
cement types, 26e35 concrete waste, 197e198
chemical composition, 16e17 natural and recycled aggregate, 195, 196f
clinker phase particle size, mortar content, 196t
composition, 17e20 structural concrete, 195
hydration, 19e20, 20t Compressive strength, 186
properties, 20e23 Concrete
environmental impact, 35e42 flyash, 59
global, 11, 12f global warming, 162
hydration products, 24e26 landfills, 161e162
hydraulic cements, 11 natural resources, 162
manufacture recycling system, 165f
cement clinker, 14e15 silica fume, 71e73
clinker composition, 13 Construction and demolition waste (CDW)
dry process, 14e15 aggregates production, 119
pozzolanic reaction, 12 in Australia, 2e3
semidry process, 13 characteristics, 349e350
semiwet process, 13 in China, 2
tri-calcium silicates, 12 circular economy, 2, 234f
wet process, 13 definition, 1e2
Certifiable environmental standards, 352 in Europe, 2
Chemical attacks European aggregate production, 120
acid attack, 271 forms, 233
chloride penetration resistance, fractions, 1e2
269e271 generation, 348e349
sulfate, 268e269 organizational context, 354e355
Chemical resistance, silica fume, 72 plant on-site, 350e351
Index
recycled aggregates
construction practices, 120e121
recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). See
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)
recycled masonry aggregate (RMA). See
Recycled masonry aggregate (RMA)
water absorption (WA), 131
recycling centers, 351e352
urban solid wastes, 119
Construction Product Regulation (CPR),
348
Construction waste management (CWM)
model, 344
Corrosion resistance, 71, 274e275
Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS), 343e344
COVID-19, 1
Cradle-to-gate system boundary, 315f
Cradle-to-grave system boundary, 315f
Crystallized slag, 134
D Fly ash
Demolished concrete, 161
Differential thermal analysis (DTA),
185e186
Diffusivity, 266e267
Dry process, 14e15
Durability
alkali-silica reaction (ASR), 275e276
carbonation resistance, 273e274
chemical attacks, 268e271
corrosion resistance, 274e275
definition, 265
external factors, 265
freeze and thaw cycles, 271e273
gas penetration, 276e277
permeability, 266e267
Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
framework, 327
E physical properties, 152t
Electric arc furnace slag (EAF-slag)
chemical composition, 137, 138t
feed materials, 136
function, 136
mineral phases, 137
physical properties, 137, 137t
Energy-disperse X-ray fluoresce (EDXRF),
17
367
Environmental impact, cement production
CO2 emission, 35, 36f
life cycle assessment, 35e38
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
(E-LCA), 310
Environmental Product Declarations (EPD),
348
European cements
clinker and constituents, 30e31
EN 197-1 standard, 31
strength classes, 33, 33t
types and composition, 31te32t
European Circular Construction Alliance
(ECCA), 348
European Portland cement clinkers, 19t
F
Ferrite phase (tetra-calcium alumino-ferrite),
22e23
Flexural strength, 188
characteristics, 48e49
chemical composition, 49, 50te51t
chemical requirements, 54, 55t
classification, 52e54
coal, 47
color and size, 48
concrete, 59
construction industry, 54e59
elemental oxides, 52
global production, 48, 48f
life cycle assessment (LCA), 93
physical properties, 48, 49t
physical requirements, 54, 56te57t
SEM micrograph, 49f
utilization, 54
Foundry sand
chemical properties, 152
mechanical properties, 152t
Fracture energy, 201e202, 201t
Freeze and thaw cycles, 271e273
Frost resistance, 272, 273t
G
General blended type (GB) cement, 29
General purpose type (GP) cement, 29
Geopolymerization, 180e181
368
Global Forum on Maintenance and Asset
Management (GFMAM) Landscape,
340
Granulated blast furnace slag (gbfs), 27
Green Public Procurement (GPP), 347
Gypsum, 127
H characterization, 77e81
Hardened cement composites
compressive strength, 186
flexural strength, 188
Heating-rubbing method, 175
High strength concrete, silica fume, 72
Human and technological resources,
357e358
Hydration products, cement
calcium hydroxide crystals, 25
calcium sulfate dissolution, 26
chemical composition, 24
chemical reactions, 24e25
chemical shrinkage, 26
induction/dormant period, 24
Hydraulic cements, 11
I Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Industrial and agro-waste materials
fly ash
benefits, 54e59
characteristics, 48e49
chemical requirements, 54
classification, 52e54
elemental oxides, 52
as mineral admixture, 54
physical requirements, 54
utilization, 54
life cycle assessment (LCA), 90e96
rice husk ash (RHA)
ash characteristics, 73
burning, 73
calorific value, 74e75
chemical composition, 75e76, 76t
mechanical grinding, 75
microstructure changes, 73f
physical properties, 75, 76t
pozzolanic activity, 77
processing, 74e75
utilization, 77
silica fume
chemical composition, 69
Index
in concrete, 71e73
dry silica fume, 67
physical properties, 68e69
pozzolanic reaction, 69e71
production, 68f
standards, 69
sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA)
chemical composition, 81, 82t
color variation, 79f
physical properties, 78e81
pozzolanic activity, 83
waste glass. See Waste glass
Inert/incinerated sewage sludge
chemical characterization, 147t
distributions, 146f
in EU, USA and China, 146t
physical characteristics, 144e146, 146t
International Institute for Sustainable
Development (IISD), 310
L
Landfill Directive (99/31/EC), 346
Leaching, 127
circular economy, 325e326
CO2 emission, 35
concrete constituents, 324e325
databases available, 317e318, 318f
data reliability, 323e324
dynamic framework, 327
environmental impact, 4
environmental impacts and management,
329e330
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
(E-LCA), 310
fly ash, 93
four-phase framework, 310
functional unit (FU), 38e39, 39te40t
goal and scope
allocation method, 316
concrete analysis, 312
functional unit, 313e314
ISO 14040 standard, 312
objective, 311e312
product system, 313, 313f
recycling stage, 313
reference flows, 313e314
system boundary, 314
Index
interpretation, 42
interpretation process, 322
ISO 14040 and 14044 guidelines, 4, 311
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA),
41e42, 319e322
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), 41, 316e317
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
(LCSA) method, 327e329
palm oil fuel ash, 95
phases, 342e343, 343t
Portland cement production, 37e38
product phases, 4
rice husk ash, 94
silica fume, 93
software tools, 318e319, 319f
sugarcane bagasse ash, 95
system boundary, 39te40t
systems thinking, 342
target audiences, 310
waste glass powder, 96
Life Cycle Costing (LCC), 343e344
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), 4,
41e42, 311
characterization method, 321
classification, 320
endpoint method, 320
grouping step, 322
impact categories, 319e320
mandatory parts, 319e320
midpoint method, 320
normalization process, 321e322
steps, 319, 320f
weighting step, 322
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), 4, 41, 316e317
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
(LCSA) method, 327e329
Los Angeles (LA) abrasion test, 133
Loss on ignition (LOI)
flyash, 52
sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), 81
M life cycle assessment (LCA), 95
Magnesium oxide (MgO), fly ash, 52
Mixed recycled aggregate (MRA), 122, 131
Modified Bogue method, 18e20
Municipal solid waste (MSW) combustor
ash
bottom ash, 143
composition, 145t
369
elements in, 143
mineral phases, 144
physical properties, 143, 144t
N
Natural coarse aggregate (NCA), 166
Nonstructural applications, 6
case studies
Chicago O’Hare Modernization Project,
255e256
“green” masonry bricks in China,
257e258
Pelican Self Storage, 256e257
cement composites’ properties, 235te243t
recycled aggregate adoption, 249te253t
coarse and fine types, 244
glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP),
254
load-bearing members, 248
mechanical properties, 248e254
microstructure, 245f
“parent” concrete, 245
practices and issues, 246e247
selected regulations/standards, 247t
substitution rate, 244e245
surface cracking, 244e245
technical studies, 234e245
TiO2 particles, 255f
supplementary cementitious materials
(SCMs), 247
O
Ordinary Portland cement, 26e27
Organizational partnerships, 353e354
P
Palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
chemical composition, 87e88, 89t
color, 86
extraction and POFA production, 84
fineness, 86
palm oil, 84
palm oil waste (POW), 85
physical properties, 85e86, 86te87t
pozzolanic activity, 88e90
shape, 86
Palm oil waste (POW), 85
Parabolic rectangular stress-block, 211f
370
Parent concrete, 245
Pelican Self Storage, 256e257
Permeability and diffusivity
natural aggregates, 266
pores volume and size, 267
porosity, 266, 266f
standard water absorption test, 267
water absorption and RCA content,
266e267, 267f
water-cement ratio (W/C), 266e267
Portland cement, 11
chemical composition, 16e17
chemical, fineness and heat of hydration,
34t
clinker phases
composition, 17e20
determination, 20e23
properties, 20e23
hydration products, 24e26
life cycle assessment, 35e38
manufacture, 11e15
production, 11
types, 33e34, 33te34t
Pozzolanic activity, 12
palm oil fuel ash (POFA), 88e90
rice husk ash (RHA), 77
silica fume, 69e71
sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), 83
Precalcination, 14
Production infrastructure, 358e359
Publicly Available Specification 55 (PAS 55),
338
Pulsed power technology application
discharge treated concrete, 174f
discharge treatment, 171e172
principles, 171
pulsed power generator, 171, 172f
recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)
vs. heating-rubbing method, 175
prototype processor, 175, 176f
quality, 173e175, 175f
X-ray CT image, 172e173, 173f
Q definition, 265
Quality improvement
concrete rubble recycling, thermo-
mechanical treatment
comprehensive recycling technology,
182e184
Index
hardened cement composites, 186e188
recycling products properties, 184
supplementary cementitious material
(SCM), 185e186
pulsed power technology application. See
Pulsed power technology
recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)
concrete mixture proportion, 169t
crushing method, 165
mechanical properties, 168e171, 169t
physical properties, 168, 169f
production and treatment, 167e171
residual mortar, 165
surface hardness, 170
thermal-mechanical-chemical process,
167e175
thermal-mechanical process, 167
treatment approaches, 166
ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV),
170e171, 171f
water absorption, 166
removed residual mortar
geopolymerization, 180e181
partial substitution, portland cement,
179e180
vaterite conversion, 177e178
R
Radon exhalation and emanation, 303e304
Rapid infrastructure development, 162
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)
adhered mortar, 124e125
alkalis, 123e124
Belgian grading limits, 128f
ceramic, 121f
chloride content, 123
composition, 122e133
contaminants, 126e127
durability
alkali-silica reaction (ASR), 275e276
carbonation resistance, 273e274
chemical attacks, 268e271
corrosion resistance, 274e275
external factors, 265
freeze and thaw cycles, 271e273
gas penetration, 276e277
permeability, 266e267
Japanese grading limits, 129f
Index
leaching, 127
mechanical behavior
aggregate interlock mechanism, 202
compressive strength, 199, 200f
fracture energy, 201e202
vs. natural aggregate concrete (NAC),
196f
shear strength, 202
shrinkage, 200
stiffness, 199e200
stress-strain behavior, 199
tensile strength, 200e201
Young’s modulus, 200
model uncertainty
bending resistance, 211e214
bond strength, 208e210
concrete mix design, 205
definition, 205
methodology, 206e207
reinforcement detailing and geometry,
205
resistance mechanisms, 205e206,
221e222
resistance models, 205
shear resistance, 215e219
nonstructural applications. See
Nonstructural applications
physical properties
density, 130e131
resistance, 133
shape, 130
size, 128e130
water absorption (WA), 132
quality improvement. See Quality
improvement
structural applications. See Structural
applications
structural behavior, 203e204
sulfate content, 123
Recycled cement mortar (RCM)
differential thermal analysis (DTA),
185e186
strength activity index (SAI), 185
thermogravimetry (TG), 185e186
Recycled masonry aggregate (RMA)
adhered mortar, 124
alkalis, 123e124
ceramic, 121f
chloride content, 123
371
composition, 121e133
contaminants, 126e127
density, 131
leaching, 127
physical properties
density, 131
Los Angeles (LA) coefficient, 133
water absorption (WA), 132
sulfate content, 123
Red mud (bauxite residue)
alkali activated cement, 287, 288t
alkali activated materials
cements and pastes, 293e294
composition and properties, 292t
concretes, 294e298
pressed materials, 298e301
radiological characterization, 301e304
alkali activation, 286
alumina extraction, 283
chemical and mineralogical composition,
284e286, 285t
disposal issues, 7
hardened cement paste, 287e291
electron microscopy studies, 290e291
hydration products, 288
klinoferrosilite, 289e290
microstructure formation, 288
phase composition, 288e289
pore space, 291
X-ray phase diffraction analysis, 289,
289f
particle analysis, 286
production and distribution, 283e284,
283t
safe disposal, 284
RE4 project, 346
Resistance models, 205
Rice husk ash (RHA)
ash characteristics, 73
burning, 73
calorific value, 74e75
chemical composition, 75e76, 76t
life cycle assessment (LCA), 94
mechanical grinding, 75
microstructure changes, 73f
physical properties, 75, 76t
pozzolanic activity, 77
processing, 74e75
utilization, 77
372 Index

S shear resistance, 215e219

Saturated Surface-Dried Density (SSDD),
131
Scrap tires
composition, 142
disposal, 142, 142t
physical properties, 142, 143t
Semidry process, 13
Semiwet process, 13
Series ISO 55000 asset management,
339e340
Shear resistance
beams with shear reinforcement, 221f
beam validation, 216
compression strut, 215
database inclusion, 216
databases histograms, 217f
elements without shear reinforcement, 215,
217t, 219t
NAC and RAC100 databases, 219, 220t
resistance model, 215
scatterplot, 218f
Shotcrete, silica fume, 72
Silica fume
chemical composition, 67, 69, 70t
in concrete, 71e73
dry silica fume, 67
life cycle assessment (LCA), 93
physical properties, 68e69, 69t
pozzolanic reaction, 69e71
production, 68f
standards, 69, 71t
Soda-lime glass, 60
Strength activity index (SAI), 185, 186f
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
Threats (SWOT) analysis, 344
Structural applications, 6
coarse recycled aggregates, 222
coarse fraction, 196
concrete waste, 197e198
natural and recycled aggregate, 195, 196f
particle size, mortar content, 196t
structural concrete, 195
recycled aggregate concrete
bending resistance, 211e214
bond strength, 208e210
mechanical behavior, 198e203
methodology, 206e207
model uncertainty, 204e219
structural elements, 203e204
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA)
characterization, 77e81
chemical composition, 81, 82t
color variation, 78, 79f
density, 81
life cycle assessment (LCA), 95
physical properties, 78e81
pozzolanic activity, 83
processing and ash production, 78f
specific gravity, 78
specific surface area (SSA), 81
Sulfate resistance, silica fume, 71
Supplementary cementitious materials
(SCMs)
categories, 28
chemical and microstructural
improvements, 27
granulated blast furnace slag (gbfs), 27
Surface hardness, 170
T
Thermal-mechanical-chemical processes,
164, 167e168
Thermal-mechanical process, 167
Tortuous fracture surfaces, 202
Tunnel and mining operations, silica fume,
72
U
Urban plastic waste
in municipal solid waste, 149t
physical and chemical properties, 148e149
production, 148f
volume, 148, 148f
USA cements, 33e35
W
Waste Framework Directive, 346
Waste glass
amorphous silica, 60e61
cementitious and supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs), 67f
chemical properties, 62e63, 64te65t, 151,
151t
concrete manufacture, 61
landfilling, 60
life cycle assessment (LCA), 96
Index 373

mechanical properties, 150t Waterproofing, silica fume, 72

as partial aggregate replacement, 66 Wave-disperse X-ray fluorescence
as partial cement replacement, 66 (WDXRF), 17
physical properties, 62, 63t, 150, 150t Wet process, 13
physicochemical properties, 61e63 Whole-life costing, 343e344
recycling, 60
role of, 61 X
soda-lime glass, 60 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis, 16e17,
Waste Management Plan (WMP), 354 81
Water absorption (WA), 131