-

UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
MATHEMATICS · II CONTENTS I
SYLLABUS Page Nos.

UNIT-I
Unit I. Integral Calculus
l. Integral Calculus 1.1- 1.45
Bernouli's formula, Red uction formula sin 11 0, cosne
sin"' e, cosm e - Simple Problems . '

Unit II. Fourier Series UNIT-II

Fourier series for functions (0, 2rc), (-re, .n•)
2. Fourier Series 2.1- 2.61
Unit III. Differential Equations
Ordinary Differential Equations : Second order
non-homogeneous differential eq uations with
UNIT -III
constant coefficient of the form ay" + by" + cy = X
where Xis of the form cos and sin - Related problems 3. Differential Equations : 3.1- 3.131
only.
Partial Differential Equations : Formation,
complete integrals and gen eral integrals, four
UNIT-IV
standard types and so lvin g Lagrange 's linear
equation Pp + Qq = R. 4. Laplace Transforms 4.1- 4.108
Unit IV. Laplace Transforms
Laplace transformations of standard functions and
simple properties, inverse! Laplace transforms.
UNIT-V
Unit V. Vector Differentiation
5. Vector Differentiation 5.1- 5.67
Introduction, Scalar point functions, Vector point
fu_nctions, vector differential operator Gradient,
Divergence, Curl, Solenoidal, irrotational, identities.
 - - --

( NOTATION~
/1 Mew

)I New

rt Alrh a

fi Bela

c;.imm,1

r) Deli a

fl Rem

(1

I Su1111nat1 on sigma
UNIT I.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
( BAS IC FORMULAE)
"m . un am i n

um
111 n
0

(u"') n (/111 11

log a/J loga , log /J

ltl!' a
'h log a - log /1

lugo'
x log u
- 1.1
INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Unit - I
Integral Calculus
sernouli's formula, Reduction formula sin" 0, cos" 0,
sinm 0, cosm0 - Simple Problems.

BASIC INTEGRATION
Definition
The integral of a function is the function which on differentiation

gives the given function . For example, the integral of .!. is log x, since
X

;~;: derivative of logx is .!._ Similarly integral of cosx is sinx, since

X

derivative of sinx is cos x. Using this process we can prepare the list
of fo rmulae.

Methods of Integration
The fo llowi!lg are the various methods of integration

1. Direct application of the formulae.

2. Integration by substitution.

3. Application of trignometric formulae .

4. Integration of polynomials by division.

5. Reducing the expression into sum of two perfect squares.

6. Integration by partial fractions.

7. Intcgrati'on of irrational functions.

 MATHEMATIC
1.2
s.Ii INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.3
dx
8. Intcgr al 5
of the form JxlY cosec x . cot x - cosecx
dx J dx coshx sinhx
9. Integr als of the form fa+ b cosx' a + b sin x
sinhx coshx
t and Bernoulli's formul a.
· by pars
10. Integration 1
. -1
sm (X)
~
{a2 -x2
Note :
Formulae on .mtegration can be applied only when the term inside
'1a2+x2
1
sinh- l (!)
the bracket is of degree 1.
1
Functions Integrals
-../x2-a 2
cosh- 1
(!)
l eX
-../a2 - x2- -X··~ a2 . -1 (X)
xn n+l 2 a- - x + -sm
2 -
a
X
n+l 2
-X ~
-../ a2 +x2-
a sinh- 1 (:!_)
tan -1 x
a + + -
1 2 2 a
l+x2 -../.i - a
2-
-X -../x-? - a2 - -a2 cash -1 -
2
(X)
a2+x2
1
1
-tan
a
-1 (X)-a 2 a
1
1
-log (a-+-
X)
1 a2 - .../ 7.:1 a-x
- logx
I

smx
X

x2-a2
1
\
1
2a log x + a
(t -a)
- cosx
cosx
smx
- X 1 2 2
+ a)
tan x - -2--?
X + a- 2 log (x
cotx
log sec x
- (ax+ b)" .!_ (ax+ b) 0 + 1

sec2x
log sinx
- a n+l

cosec 2x
secx. tanx
tanx

- cotx
- -l-
ax+ b
log (ax+ b)
a

secx
 MATHEt1b.li
Cs
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
substitution method 1.5

1ritegrat·,on bY ------- = 2 c- cos 1)

l

£valuate .
.f,rlilX -2 cost

-2co svx
SolutiOD : Ian
-1
put I = I
X

.
3. Evaluate : f ~ dx
Differeottate wr.t.
.
x 1 + Jr

32' dx = dt Solution :
dt Put tan- 1 x = t
}dx = 3
Differentiating on both sides
l I dt
:. f JI fix= fe · 3 1
- -dx = dt
1 +x2
= t:, f /dt tan
-1
x
:. f ~ d x = f e1 dt
1 +.r

l -1
=
- -I
e1an x
3
Integration by using Trignometric formula
sin vx
2. Evaluate : f Tx dx 1. Evaluate : Jcos2 x dx
Solution : Solution :

Put vx = t We know that cos2 x = 1 + cos 2x

2
Differentiate with respect to 'x'
1
:. f cos2 x dx = fl+c os2x dx
2 vx dx = dt
2

= ½J (1 + cos 2x) dx
:. vx1 dx = 2dt
sin Vx
= ½ [f dx + f cos 2x dx]
:. J vx dx = f 2 sin t dt

= 2 f sin t dt
 MATHEMATIC
- - -- - - -- - - -
s·I
~•N'..'..T:::EG:;RA~L_C_A_L_C_U_Lu_s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1_
.7

. . l .
2. Integrals of runct ions mvo vmg 212, 1
a ± r Ya2 ± ,?-
Solution :

We know that
. (A + B) + sin (A - B) = 2 sinA cos B.
slII
1. Evaluate : J1; •dx
1+ -
4
2x - ! [sin(4d 2x) + sin(4x- 2t))
:. sin 4x . cos - 2
Solution :

_ !. I sin 6x + sin 2x ] f l
- 2 dt

.
l+ (1r
:. I sm4x •cos 2xdx = !.J(sinfu
2 +sin2x)d t

=2
1 [-cos 6x _ cos 2x]-
6 2
~ 1
2
3. Solve J,/1 - sin x d.'<

Solution :

Ji/1 - sinx dx = f[ ✓ (sin2!.2 + cos2 !.)2 - 2 sin~2. cos!.]

2
di 2. Evaluate : f -1- dx.
1-41

2 J Solution :
[ sin 0 + cos2 e=lj

•X f -1 -dx J 1 dx
= I sm--cos X
-dx . 0 2 . 0 I 1 - 4x2 1 - (2t)2
2 2 [ sm = sm .cosi_ 2
1 1 + 2x
- cos!. sin~ 2 log 1- 2x dt
= _..1,_ -1 2
["· f - - = -2a1
a2 - l-
a +x
log-]
a- x
.! 1
2 2
1 (1 +
= 4log 2x)
1 - 2x
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1.9

Integrals of the form f t (x 0 ) . x0 - 1 dx

Solution :
1. Evaluate : f ,f - 1
sin (,l") dx
1 dx
f _L,
ax- b~
2
dx = f b2)
av,-a
{2 -
Solution :

Put x° = t
1
I ----;;
1 dx [ ·•·f-1-dx
2 2
-- 1-1 (x,j
2a og -...;; ,Differentiating nY!1 - 1., dx = dt
= -a ( b )2 x -a x+a
2
X - Ta _x11-1dx = dt
n

= .!.a . l_
'2b
Ta
log \' -
x+- ~~
fa
. t . -cit
f xn - 1 sin (xn) dx = f sm
11

= .!.n f sin t dt
__
1 lo (fax-b)
- c2 va) b
g fa x + b
= -1 (- cost)
n

1
4. Evaluate: -,---_-_
-_-~- -cosx°
--
n
Y9- 2s.;
Solution :
2. Evaluate : fA dx
X +a
Solution :

Put ./ = t

Differentiating 7x dx = dt
-
==
s [..· f Y21
a -x-
- . -1
2dx-sm (~)1
a xdx -
dt
2

dt
2
:. f x4 : a4 dx =f ti + a4
-
1.12
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.13
dx
z. Evaluate : f ~
vs+3x-X-- · [EXERCISE!

Integrate the following :

Solution :
Consider 8 + 3x-x2 = -i + 3x + 8 1. ;12
== - cx2 - 1x - 8)
{x - 1}4
Adding and subtracting ! 2.
X

3. ax+E..
x3

X
4.
l+x2

5. 1
x (logx)2

6, X (1 +x2t

7. cos2 a

8. cos 3x . sinx dx
,....:==----=I . 3

V(:lr- (x-~f
9• sm xdx

10. _1_
1- 7x2

[..· I dx =sin-1~
va2-x2 a

12. 1
(2t + 3)2 +9

13. x2
i/x6 + 1
 1.15
INTEGRAL CALCULUS

~
14,tf :1 ½(x + s~4x)
7.

4r3 + 3x 1 [- cos 4x cos 2x]

15, hJ 8· 2 4 +-4 -

9. ¼ (-3 cosx + co~ 3x)

1 1 + V7 X
X
- 10. 2 ,/7 log 1 - ,/7 x
17-
'f}+ x+l
1 -1 bx
11.- tan -
ab a

1 -1 - +-3)
(2x
12.
6 tan 3

jAnswersj 13. .!. sinh - l x3

3

7x112
1. -7- 14.
-2 v(a3 -x)3
3
x4 4r3 2
2. -4 - - 3 + 3x - 4x + logx 15. log (x
4
+ 1) +!tan-l (x2)

2 -
ax b ., 2 . -ix- 2
3. y- 7x2 16.-2 V3+4 x+x + 4sm ,/7

1 ~ -- - 1 . -1 2xv3+ 1
2log (1 +})
2
4. 17.Vx +x+ l - 2 sinh
-1 16 :-L -1
·
-
5 logx 18. ~ y' 3.~ + 4X' + 7 - -
3-./3
Slli.ll

6. (1
+J)" + I
2(11 + 1)
 _______M....:.:ATHE~
4ll~
- INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.17
FORMULAE ·l
REDUCTION
In = - cosx sin" - 1 x + (n - 1) J sin" - 2 x dx - (11 - 1) J sin" x dr
• forDlu
tae for Jsin" xdx In =, cosx sin" - x +
1
(11 - 1) I 0 _ 2- (n - 1) I0
ReductiO0
Solution :
In + (n - 1) I 0 = - cosx sin" - 1 x + (n - 1) I0 _ 2

Let In
_
-
Jsin" xdx 1
+ In - I 0 = - cosx sin" - x + (n - 1) 10 _ 2

. . n- 1 xsinxdx
"xdx = I SID
In 11

I SID
11 I0 - cosx sin" - 1 x + (n - 1) 10 - 2
. by parts
Integratmg \

. n-lx - -
1
COSXSID
·n-1
X + 11-ll
-II- n-2
II
Take u = sm
. . on both sides. • , rr/2
Differcntiatmg
-FORMULA FO~ f sin~xdx
_ l) sin" - 2 x (cos x) dx . •, . t 0
d11 = (n
1 -n-1 n-1
dv = sinx J sin" x dr: 10 = -;;cosxsm x + -
11
-I:1 - 2

v = Jsinx tix ;r/2 /l - 1

1 • n - 1 1rr/,,
J sin" x dx + - - In-2
= - cosx 0 f_-;;-cosxsm x
0
II

f u dv = uv - f v du ;n;
sinO = 0
cos =0,
2
10 = sin" - l x (- cosx) - f (- cosx) (n - 1) sin° - 2x cosxdr
First term will become zero for both upper limit and lower limits.

= - sin" - l x cosx + (11 - 1) J cosx sin" - 2 x cosxdr n-1

O+-- ln-2
II
1
-sin°- xcosx + (11-l) Jsin"- 2 xcos2xdx
n-1
In = - -nI n - 2
1
- sin" - xcosx + (n - 1) J sin" - 2x (1 - sin2x)dr
n-3
Similarly, In - 2 --2 In-4
= - cosxsin" -lx + (n -1) f (sin" - 2x - sin" - 2xsin2x)dr 11 -

n-5
1 - - In-6
= -cosxsin"- x+(n-1) J(sin"- 2x - sin"-2+ 2x)dt n-4
== · n-1 n-1
- cosx sm x + (n - 1) J (sin" - 2 x - sin" x) dx --6 In-8
11 -
jiiD
_ _ _ _ _ _M.::.:ATfiE~¼

_311-511 -7
l]~-1
:. In "'

to discuss
1n
:.;_-
~ ~ 11 -4n-
II fl
6 ...

two cases
----
INiEGRAL CALCULUS

I
n
= II -
II
1 n- 3 ,1 -
n-2n-4n -6"'2'
5 n- 7 ~ when II
1.19

is even.

]'loW we have . odd number 1, 3, 5, ...

When Tl is
(iu:oucTION FO~ FOR f COSD X dx)
case l : . al will be I1 Solution :
The last ,ntegt
f cosn x dx = f cosn - 1 x cosx dx
;r/2

,', 11
== f0 sinxdx Integrating by parts

rc/2 1t = cosn - tx
"'(-cosx) 0
du = (n -1) cosn - 2 x(- sinx)dx
ir/2
== - (cosx) 0 dv = cosx

== -[cos%- coso] V = f COSX

= smx
= -[0-1]
J u dv ,-: uv - J v du
= 1
cosn - l x sinx - Jsinx (11 -1) cos 0
-ix (- sinx) dx
Case 2 : When n is even number 2, 4, 6, ...

The last integral will be lo cosn - 1 x sinx + (n - 1) J sinx cosn - 2 x sinx dx

;i/ 2 cosn - 1 x sinx + (n - 1) f cosn - 2 xsin2 xdx
:. I0 = I sm. 0xax•
0 cosn - 1 x sinx + (11 - 1) f cosn - 2 x (1 - cos2 x) dx
;i/ 2
= I ax cosn - 1 x sinx + (11 - 1) J(cosn - 2 x - _cos 0
-
2
x cos2 x) dx
0
cosn - l x sinx + (n - 1) f (cosn - 2 x - cos0 -
2
+ 2 x) dx

cosn - 1 x sin x + (11 - 1) J (cosn - 2 x - cosn x) dr:

cosn - l xsiax + (n -1) f cosn- 2 xdx- (11 - 1) f r;osn xdx

·1 -ln ~
11 cosn - l x sinx + (11 - 1) In_ 2 - (11 - 1) In
"n = ----=2-n -5 11-7
11 n- 2 ~ N . . 1, when II is odd.
 n- 1x sinX + (n - l) I0 _ 2 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
== cos 1.21
I + (II - 1) In
n n-lxsinx+(11-l) In-2 Case 1 : When II is odd number 1 3 5
== cos The last integral will b , , , ...
+ 11 In - In e 11
In == cos" -1 x sinX + (11 - 1) In - 2
n In ;,r;/2

x sin x + ~
1
== - cos" -
1 '
,1 In - 2
11 = I cosx dx
0
In 11
• );,r;/2
,r/2 ( smx 0
Formula for J col xdx
0 • :n:
1 n -1 ·
1
11 - 1' - sm2-sin0
cos"xdx == In "' -II cos x smx + ~
n
1n-2
J = 1- 0
= 1
Case 2 : When n is even number 2, 4, 6, ...
cos~2 == 0, sinO = Q_
The last integral will be lo
:. First term will become zero for both upper limit an d lower 1;_,
:n:/ 2

:. In
11-l
= 0 + -II- In - 2
"'1111. 1o = I 0
cc,s x dx
0

11-l :n:/2
In = -II- In-2
J dx
0
II -3
In-z=--1
n-2 n-4

I II -5
n-4 = 11-4 In-6
JI. :n:
--0
In-6=--I
n- 7 2 2
11-G n-s
. .. . . . . . . . . . n-111-311-511-7
11 11 - 2
11
- 4 _
11 6
... 1 when II is odd.
·1n
··
11 -l11
= --=-n-5 3 11-7
II 1 111-4
- 2n-6
- - ... 11 -l 11-3 11-5 11-7 :n:
n 11 - 2 11 - 4 n - 6 ... 2 when II is even.
Now we have to di
scuss two cases.
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.23
,r/ 2,6dX
. Jsin
1. Evaluate . o
" ,r/ 2
3. Evaluate J cos8 x dx
0

solution :
in-3n-5 n-1 7C Solution :
n-~-
~ n - 2 fl - 4-n --6
n12 · ;c/2
J siJ1°xdx == 2 J cos" xdx n-ln-3n -5n-7 :re
0
n n - 2 11 - 4 n - 6 ... 2
0
6-1 6-3 6--5 n ,r/2
3 - 1 8-3 8-5 8-7 :re
;r/2 6
fsiJlxdx"' 6 ' -6-2'6-4
-
'2
:.-- f cos xdx
8
8 '8-2 "8-4"8-6 '2
0
0
=7531 :rc
8'6'4 '2'2
35:rc
256
,r/ 2
~- Evaluate J cos9 x dx
0

:r/2 Solution :
7
2. Evaluate : J sin x dx
,r/2
0
J cos" xdx
0
Solution :
:r./2
9-1 9-3 9-5 9-7
,r/2 f cos9 xdx
9 ' 9-2'9-4 ' 9-6 ' 1
f sin" x dx _ n- 1 n- 3 n- 5 n - 7 0
o - n 11-2n - 4n-6 ... l
8 6 4 2
9 · 7·5 3 · 1
rr/ 2
Jsin1xdx = 7 - 1 7-3 7-5 128
o 7 '7-2 ' 7-4 315

= 7·5·3
6 4 2 !EXERCISE I
,r/ 2 Jr/2
16 1. J cos6 ed0 2. f cos1 xdx
= - 0 0
35
,r/ 2 r.:/ 2
3. f sin8 0 de 4. f sin9 0 d0
0 0
- _ _ _ _ _ _M:.:.::.::A'fl.te~
~I
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.25

16 sinm + 1 x ;r/2 ir/2 • m+ 1

2·
35 == cos
n-lx _ _ _ _ sm xf (n-l)co sn- 2x(-sinx )dx
m+l ] m+l
0 0

ir/2
== o + -n-1 f • m+l
SID xcos
n-2 .
xsIDxd'C
m+ 1 o -
;-;,.;_1 , ;;;j,,1- •• n/2 . ,
~o~ F.OR .f sinm'x cos~ x.dx \' / [The first term will
1
' ...' ~ 0 . t~
'A
become zero for both upper limit and lower
,. ,
. f •
~...!t.,,:
limit cos% = 0 , sin O = O]
,r/Z n-1
;r/2
J sinm x cos' x n dx = f sinm x cosx cos x dx
0 ir/2
0 11-lJ •m+2
Im , 0 == - - sm x cosn-2d
xx
m +1 o
Integrate by parts,
n-1 n-lir1
2_ . -
u=COS X
- -
m +1
f smm x SID2 x cos0 2
x dx
· )dx 0
du = (11 - 1) COSn-2 X ( - SlilX
ir/2
1
dv = sinm x cosx dx n - f sinrn x (1- cos2x) cos0 -
2 xdx
m +1 o
To find v we have to integrate by substitution
ir/2
Put t = sinx 11
--- l f (SID
· rn X COSn-2 X ·m
- SID X COSn X) dx
111 + 1 0
Differentiating dt = cos x dx

:. v = Jsinm x cosxdx Im , n
n - 1 f /2
m+
1 l{
sinm x cos0 -
2 ir/ 2
x dx - { sinrn x cos0 x dx
1
f' + 1
m +1
n-1 n-1
sinm + 1 m + 1 Im n- 2 - m + 1 Im, n
= X
m+ 1
n-1 n-1
Now appl · • Im, n + - - I - -I
ymg integration by parts m + 1 m, n m+l m,n-2

Im' n = uv - f v du m+l+ n-1] n-1

( -m+l
- I
m +1 m , n-2
1.26 n-1
m+n) -- -111 +1 Im, n-2 INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.27
Im ,n (~

(11 - 1) (n - 3) ... 4.2 sinm +

1
~- sin O]
0 Im n-2
(m + n) (m + n - 2) ... (m + 3) [
:. Im' n "' m + n ' m +1

From this we get, replacing n '

bv n - 2
= (m
(n-l)(n-3).4.2
+ 11) (m + n - 2) ... (m + 3)
[1-0]
m+1
11 3
- - I(m ' n -4) (11 - 1) (n - 3) ... 4.2
I(m , n- 2) - m + 11 - 2 =
(m + n) (m + n - 2) ... (m + 1)
s;mi!arly, Case 2 :

11 - 5 When n is even integer the last integral will be Im , o

l(m , n - 4) =-- ~ • Im,n-6)
111 +11 - 4
1 (n - 1) (n - 3) 5.3.1
Now we have to discuss two cases. m, O = (m + 2) (m + n - 2) . (m + 2) 1m ' 0
1C/2
c~s.: ! :
Now 11':l, o =f sinm x (cosx)0 cit
0
\Vl;,cn ,1 is odd integer the last integral will be
;r/2
2 = f sinm xdx
I (m,s) -- - - Im,1
m+3
0

I m,3 = -m+ 1m,1

2 1C/2
3 Using the formula for J ~inn x dx we get
0
rr/2 ;r/2
= f sinm .r. cosx d. f sinm x dx m-lm-3 2 .
0 (m == m, n = 1) 0 = -;;;--~ ... 3 .1 wbe? m IS odd

:, Im n= ~ - 3 ) ... 4.2
m-1 m-3 3 1 n .
' (m+n)(m+n~ Im,1 == - ; - . ~ ... 4 . 2 . 2 when m IS even

= ~- 1) (n
( - 3) ..n
(m +11 ) 42 ;r/ 2
. . :. Im. r: = -;--~(n _----:-;--
1)~(--:n_-_3.,__)-::-..:--·;5-.3_._1_,__(m_ - -:-:l..,_)_,_(n_i-:--.....:3...,_)--'.•-:-'•--.....;4·c::.2_
(m + n - 2) ... (in + 3) { sinm x cosx dr (m + n) (m + .'1 - 2) (m + n - 4) .. m (m - 2) ... 3.1
(11 even and m odd)
= ~ - 3 ) ) .. . d.,
(m+n)(m+n~
[
sinm+ixl
;r/2 = ~- 1) (11 - 3) ... 5.3.1. (m - 1) (m - 3) ... 5.3.1 ;,r;

) ... (ni + 3) m+ 1 (m + 1) (m +n - 2) ... 4.2 2

n
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.29
nf/2 • 4 xcos5 xdx
SID
1• EvaJuae
t
0 ~-------- ~-9~-~~-ij~-~~-~ :rr;
(6 + 4) (6 + 4 - 2) (6 + 4 - 4) (6 + 4 - 6) (6 + 4 - 8) 2

Solution :
n == 5 3.1.5.3.1 :re
Herem == 4' 10.8.6.4.2 2

:. ,n
+n==4+5==9
-1==3 3:n;
Also m - 1 == 4 - 512

n- 1 --s-1==4
,c/2
J sinm x oos x dt 0

3. Evaluate :
1r/2
f 8 2
cos x sin x dx
0
0
(n _ 1) (n - 3) . 4.2 (m - 1) (m - 3) ... ,r/2
== (m + n) (m + n - 2) • 1 ... This is same as Im, 0 = f sin2 x cos8 x dx
0
(5 -1) (5 - 3). (4 - 1) (4 - 3)
Solution :
== •(4 + 5) (4 + 5 - 2) (4 + 5 - 4) (4+5-6) (4+5-8)

4.2.3.1 Herc m = 2, n = 8
== 9.7.5.3.1
Both are even
8
- 315 :. The formula is
,r/2 (n - 1) (n - 3) ... (m - 1) (m - 3) ... x ~
2. Evaluate: J sin6 xcos4 xdx (m + n) (m + n - 2) .. 4.2 2
0

Solution : ~-ij~-~~-~~-n~-ij x~
(2 + 8) (2 + 8 - 2) (2 + 8 - 4) (2 + 8 - 6) (2 + 8 - 8) 2
Here m = 6, 11 = 4
7.5.3.1.1 X~
. Both arc even 10.8.6.4.2 2
The formula is 7n
- 512
- n-n n-3
- ----=- (m ~.. 5·11 · m - 1 m - 3 ... 5.3.1 ~
n) (,n + II - 2) ... 4.2 2
 r
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.31

;c!Z s
sin ,ccoss "dX
J
4• Evaluate : 0
:rr;/2
7
s. Evaluate : f sin x cos x
5
0

Solution :
Solution :

Herc m = 7, = 5
J sinm x cosn x dx
;r/2 n

0 both are odd

(n -1) (it_ 3) . 4.2 (m - 1) (m - 3)
==- \( +n-2) ... (m+l)(m l)(m 3~ The formula is
(m +n, m
= (n - 1) (n - 3) ... 4.2 (m - 1) (m - 3) ...
Here m == 5, 11 == 5 Im,n (m -i- n) (m + n - 2) ... (m + 1) (m - 1) (m - 3) ...

:. m +n == 5 + 5 = 10 = -=--=:--:=-:---::-'-(5--::,-~1=)-'-(5-=---3~)(,_,7=--___.1):...,(_7-__..!3).,,,_(7_-_,_5)---=---,,::--
(7 +5) (7 + 5-2) (7 + 5-4) (7 + 5-G) (7 + 5-8) (7+5-10)
Alsom-1 == 5-1 = 4
4.2.6.4.2
11-1=5-1=4 12.10.8.G.4.2

1
:r/2
f
0
sinm x cosn x dx =120/
(n - l)(n - 3) . 4.2 (m - 1) (m 3) ...
(m +II) (m +n - 2) ... (m + 1) (m - 1) (m - 3) ... IEXERClSEI
,r/2
(5 -1)(5 - 3). (5 l) (5 3) 8
(5+5) (5 + 5 - 2) (5+5-4) (5+5-6) (5+5-8) ...
1. f sin6 X COSS X dx (Ans. 6931
0

= _gg_ ,r/ 2
1
10.8.6.4.2 2. J singe COSS (Ide [Ans. 241
()

== ..!._ ,r./ 2
60 5.n:
3. J sing x cos6 xdx [Ans. 40961
0
 1.33

. grate product of two functions where oth

nme1 we have to use Bernoulli's formula. ~metho,L -, = -21 (sin22x) - -1 .
4
be appIied ' '-I c.i.
~oulli's fonnula is, generalized
J form of int~ 1 ·on bY I uv t1x = uv1 - U
' V2 + ,, - - sm 2x
v, -, "• v, +
~ ~
roapply B,rnoulli'so-• • we have to ch
B Pli\ "
u, the other
.
runcnoo •-"·
oose one f x sin 2r"' ~ x (- ") - (1) (- s4hi 2x)

~~~ 4
cess1ve d;u -x co
2 2x
The function which becomt'-s Oafter some sue .
m,sl be chose• as u, the other ooc as v. ' + sin:,,

s""°""t , i _2~-=J_~;x;co:~s~3~x~dx~=======~==~=~=~
v
=;===================
cos3x
Juv dx = uv - u ' v2 + rt ' ' v~~ - u , , , v4 + u X
1 u' = 1 Vt = j COS 1,: dx

u" = 0 Vt = sin 3x
DaGh Stands for differentiation and 3

sumx stands for Integration

Integrate using Bernoulli's f ormula

v2 = - cos3x
9
1. Jxsin2xdx
U = X V = Sin 2x f uvdx = UV1 - u ' V2 + !I I I V3-u ' '' V4 +

u' = 1 V1 = f sin 2x dx :. f xcos3xdx = x (s~3x) _ (1) (- c~s3x)

u" = 0 Vt = - COS 2x - sin 3x cos .,_

2 - x~3-+
9
=
Vz 3• f x2 sin 4x dx
ll X2 V = Sin 4:c
- -1
- 2 J cc.,:;2x v1 f sin 4x dx = - cos 4t
11' = 2.t
4

:t , , = 2 - CO$
4
4x dx = - Sin Av
Vz f _c:...:....;"t~
16
--
 - sin 4r 1NTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.35
Y3 := f 16 dx = ~
64
e3x
'y + U ' , V3 - II , , , \14 + ... V2 = f-dx
.. "' UV\ - U 2 3
f z/\,/1.I
_ , (~)-c2r) (- s~4r) + 2 ( ~\ V2 = -9
e3x

Jlsin<tttit -.x\ 4 4 J

X sin 4r + COS 4x
_Jcos4x + f 1..tV dx = UV\ - U 'V2 +U ' 'V3 - U' ' 'V4 + ...
== -==--r 8- 32

e3x e3x
V = COSX = x---
3 9
u, = 2x 111 = Jcosxd x

= sinx 6. f.; esx dx

u" = 2 Y2 = Jsinxdx u = x2 V = esx

= - cosx u' =a V1 = f e5x dx

:i '" =O v3 = f -cosxd x =
eSx
-5
=- smx
eSx
I UV dx = UV1 - u , V2 + u , , V3 - u , , , V4 + u" = 2 V2 = f-dx
5
eSx
f x2 cosx dx = x2 (sinx) - (a)(- cosx) + 2 (- sinx) + 0 =-
25
= ; sinx + a cosx 2 sinx e5x
u"'= O V3 = f-
5. Jxe3x dx 25

U = X
v = e3x
u' = 1
e5x

u,, = 0 125
f U V dx = U V1 - U ' V2 +U ' ' V3 - ll ' ' ' v4 +
 I
~-----....:.::_M,AT~
TEGRAL CALCULUS 1.37

8. J.; cos 2xdx

V = COS 2x

u' = ,,~2
J,O. V1 = f cos 2x dx
sin 2x
J_:.J~sin~2x~dx~--------~
7J. ==
2
v =sin 2x
u=x3 .
vz = -21 Jsm2xdx
II' = 3x
2 111 = f sin 2x dr =
u"'=6 = ! ( - cos 2x)
= 6r v2
- [- sin 2x]
- 4
- sin 21:
=~ 2 2
11 ''
- cos 2x
-1 . 4
1•3 = J sin 2x dr
11"'=6 4
-1
1
V3 = -4 f COS 2x dx
== cos2t
8
-1 (sin 2x\
uiv = 0 =- - )
4 2

- sin2-c
f UV tJx = UVl - U ' Vz +U ' ' V3 - U , ' ' V4 + ... 8

-1
fx3sin2xdx = x3(~)-1t2 (-sin2x)
V4 = -8 Jsin2xdx
2 4
(1 )
+ 6t s· cos2x
= ~ 1 ( -c~s2x)
-6 ( 1~ sin 1x)
-x3 f x3 cos 2xdr = x3 sin/-c -l-c2 (-
= 2 ro. 2-+ l;
· 4
sin 21: -'·' ~o X COS
6 .
2x - -16 Sm a
c~s2x) +& (-st2x) _ 6 (co; 2x)
6
.)
-1 = .!. x3 sm . 2x _ -6 - cos 2x
=-x3 3
2 cos2x+-x2,· -j ·
2x + -3 x 2 cos 2x - -6 x sm
4 vlll2x + 4xcos2x- 3
8
sin7x 2 4 8 16
=.!_3. _ 3, 3 . 3
x sm 2t + - x- cos 2x - - x sm 2x _ - cos 2x
2 4 4 8
 @xERCISE/ 1.39
INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1. J; e2x dx PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b a
2. Jl-eax dx 1. J J(x)dx = - I f(x)dx
a b
3. f X COS 2r dx b
b C

4. Jxsin3xdx 2. f H-::) dx = f f(x) dx + f f (x) dx

C
a a

5. f x2 cos 4x dx b b
3. ff (x) dx = ff (y) dy
a
!ANSWERS/
a a
2'
3 2x 3x2 e2x 3re2x -3e- 4. ff(x)d x=ff( a-x)d x
xe - + -4- s
1. T- 4 0 0

.,2 ax Zteax
+ 2eax
2. ...-(!- - 2 -3- a 12 j f(x) if/ (x) is even
a a a 5. f f(x)dx = 0
-a O iff(x) is odd
3. X_2 2r _COS
sin _ _4_2x

6.
Zra
. f(x)dx = 12 j f (x)
0
if f (2a - x) =f (x)
4.
-x cos 3x + sin 3x 0
if f(2a -x) = -f(x)
3 9 O

S. x2 sin4r + x cos 4x _ sin 4x IWORKED EXAMPLES I

4 8 32
;r/ 4

****** 1. Evaluat e J log (1 + tan 0) d 0 [MU 2017)

0

Solulion :

Using the propert y

a a
f f (x) c!x = J f (a - x) dx
0 0

Lr.l I = 'T log [ 1 + tan ( ~ - 0)] d 0

 MATHEMATICS
.,
~ ~ d0
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1.41
tan 4 _ tan0
;r/4 ~
= f log 1 + 1 + tan 4 .tan e 1rl 4 v'sinx
o 2. Prove that f v'smi + v'cosx Jt
\ tan A - tan B 0 4
[' .' tan (A - B) = 1 + tan A tan B ]
Solution :

:r/ 4 l
= { log 1 + 1 + tan 0
.:..
1 - --- :tan °1 de n/ 4 vsm i
Let I = f0 vsmx + v'cosx ... (1)

:r/4 ll+ tan e+1 -ta n_i jd8

= f log - 1 + tan e
0

;r/ 4
= { log 1 + t ~j
rl 2 l de

= !fr [log 2 - log (1 + tan 8)l d e 1 =

;r/2 vcosx
0 f0 v'cosx + vsmx ... (2)
/4 ,r/ 4 A<ldin~ (1) & (2)
=- "f log 22B -f log (l+ tan 0)d 0
0 0 1r12 vsmx n:/2 ..fcosx dx
,r/ 4
?.I ={ vsmx + v'cosx. dx + f0 YCO SX + vsmx
I = f log 2 d 8 - I
0

:r/ 4
= '? lfvsvsmmxx ++.fco
0
si1 m
vcosx
21 = f log2d8 rr/ 2
0
J dx
11/ 4 0
= log2 f d0
0

log 2 rL0 111/ 4 21 =

0 2
JC
2/ = log 2. ;r:
4 I -
4
JC
I = - [log2] 1£/2
8 .fsinx Jt
f {cosx + .fsmx = 4
0
 MATHEMATics
'I
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
U3
Jl/2
lI = f
()
log sin lt dr

c.liff. 2 1h = di
s1,lutlon : Put 2x = I;
... ( 1)
(it 1
= - I di
2 when x = 0, 1= 0

n:
,J:1,,~ l.2, - )d
~tn X \
X =
2, I= n:
,, JI 1
l1 • f log sin I :; di
., : ... (2)
0
_ f )('~(llS .\ cit 1 JI
ll .. - f leg sin I di \using property (4), (5) nnd (2)1
2 0
Adding (1) and (2) \\\' ~cl

~I
., .,,: .. 21 \."/
l2{! log sin lj
= .,{ loi: sm \. tlx + f 1,,g cos dr I di
l)

;,./2
., 1 .. f log sin r dr
f 1,,i: (sinx . n,sx) ,h 0
l)
1fl l
• f log sin x dr
[sin 2r = 2 sinx cos xJ 0

... (4)
.1/l ., /2 Substituting (4) in (3), we get
f 1,,g sin 2r - f log 2 dr
l) () }\
2 / • I - - l1,g 2
'2
.,n
2/ = I1 - f log 2dr
0

/l - log 2 ( x ) t • - - log 2
2
J1

2 f = I 1 - log (~) n il .n:

... (3) J log sinx dx "' -
() 2 log 2
 MATHEMA.Tl~
·1
1NTEGRAL CALCULUS 1.45

1.44

4. E~111tt I"'
;r
f
~ell
. ------- 21 =
[
:rc + an -1 y
]!- 1

= :rc [tan -l (1) - tan -J (-1)]

... (1)
- J _!.2E!,- dr
Let I - 1 + cos· .r
0
. -1 pertY (4) Wt: get,
Usi:lg defiDite !lllegi.,. pro .
;r ~
I = f { + ~2 (:r - .r)
0
2
... (2)
;r ~ d r

r= { 1+cos2.r
:. I
,t2
[ tan
-1
1=
7t 1
; tan - (-1)
:re
= -- ]
4 4 4
Adding (1) & (2) we get
:r r sinr , 0. - r) sinr dx :r . ,
2 I = f _.:.---, -r-
o 1 + cos· r
2
1 + cos x
:. f XSlilX dx = ]t'"
o 1 + cos2 x 4

= f f.r sinr + :r s~2r sinx] dr

I I
al 1 + cos r EXERCISE

" sinr :r/ 2 .

= it f , 1. Show that I = f . srnx
o i + cos· x 0 SlilX + COSX 4

;r •
= f Jr SIDX dx :r
J x tanx
2 2. Show that dx -n (n-2)
o 1 + cos x secx + tanx 2
0
Put cosx = y
when X = 0 :r/ 2 ( . 3/?
dy = -sin x dx 3. Prove that f Y1;1x) ~ 12
dx =~
cosx = cos 0 = 1 o (sinx) "+ (cosx)3 4
sinxdx = -dy
-!
wh::n X = JC
:r/ 2 .
2/ = 11: f --=!1L
cosx = cosn = - 1 4. Show that f a s~x + b cosx dx = -n4 (a+ b)
1 l + y2 0
srnr.+ cosx

I :r/2
= 11: f _rjy_ 5. Prove that f log tanx dx =o
-Jl +y2 0