2. How the RO membranes work?

Reverse osmosis will work using high pressure of pump and when the
pressure is increased the water molecules will pass through the semi permeable
membrane whenever the contaminants will not allow to pass through the
membrane. Here the contaminants will discharge to the reject stream which has
high concentration of contaminants. Then, the pressure of the pump that require
to overcome from osmotic pressure will depend on the amount of concentration
of contaminants in water. High pressure will need when the concentration is high.
In addition, the cross filtering should be used in RO membrane in order to have
effective filtering because in cross filtering contaminants will not remain on the
membrane layer like in standard filtering. In cross filtering contaminated water
will discharge to a reject stream and due to that the membrane will not block and
also water will have enough turbulence to have clean surface of membrane.
Then before enter to the RO membrane various types of pre-treatment will
require according to the type of water source and then after passing through the
membrane post treatment also will be needed. The, the inlet water to the RO
membrane is called as feed water and the outlet filtered water is called as
permeate water which has less concentration of contaminants. The process of the
RO membrane ha shown using below diagram.