UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY TECHNOLOGY

SEMESTER 4

CQB21003 FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

LECTURE:

MOHD SYAZWAN BIN MOHD GHAZALI

STUDENTS NAME ID NUMBER

FADHLIN SAKINAH BINTI JUMAIN 55228121114

WAN NUR PUTRI LIYANA SHAH BINTI WAN ABDUL HALIM 55228121155

NOOR FARHANA BINTI AHYAS 55228121109

NUR SYAHIRA SAIMAN 55228121171

NUR SYUHADA BINTI DAHNI 55228121086

NURUL AKMAL HIDAYAH BINTI MOHD YUSOP 55228121032

A’RINA SYAHIRAH BINTI MOHAMMAD YURI 55224121116

NUR UMMI NATASHA BINTI ZULKIFLI 55228121074

NUR IZA ZULLAIKA BINTI HASRUN 55228121084

INTRODUCTION

The purpose and objective of this report are to analyze the food waste problem and
propose solutions to reduce it. Globally, nearly one third of food produced for human
consumption is lost or wasted, equaling a total of 1.3. billion tons of food per year. Food
wastage and wastes are indirectly associated with a wide range of environmental effects,
including soil erosion, deforestation, water and air pollution, as well as greenhouse gas
emissions that occur in the processes of food production, storage, transportation, and waste
management, due to the resource-intensive nature of the production of food (Mourad, 2016).

95% of food waste is disposed of in landfills, which emit methane, the primary
contributor to climate change. The FAO calculates the environmental cost of food waste to
be $700 billion per year, based on carbon, land, and water costs and potential savings, as
well as the semi-quantifiable cost element of biodiversity. Food prices rise because of the
lost consumer surplus caused by food waste. This loss has a greater impact on poorer
people because food costs a greater proportion of their income. Higher food prices and
smaller food portions invariably result in nutritional inadequacies for low-income persons. As
a result, externalities such as greater healthcare expenses and lost output from persons
weakened by nutritional deficiencies and food poverty may occur (Gayton, n.d.).

The scenarios for this food issue indicate a considerable potential for reducing
emissions through the reduction of food waste along the stages of the food production and
consumption chain. Food waste is becoming a more important issue for governments,
corporations, NGOs, academia, and the general public as a result of these expanding
environmental, social, and economic issues. As a result, there is growing data on food waste
and the associated emissions along the chain of food production to consumption.

Along the food supply chain, private households represent the largest food-waste
faction. Given the substantial volumes of food waste generated at the home level, preventing
food waste at the very end of the supply chain is crucial for halting future climate change
(Davies, 2016). To be more precise, if food is wasted by households at the end of the supply
chain, all (fossil) energy (and greenhouse gas emissions) put into its production, processing,
transportation, cooling, and preparation was in vain (Schanes, Dobernig, & Gözet, 2018).
However, field research on the topic of consumer-generated food waste in the setting of
private households is still very few. Despite an increase in research, little is understood
about the causes of consumer food waste and the underlying forces that support, promote,
or oppose food waste habits and practises.

Waste disposal is a severe environmental and health issue in many low-income

countries. Increasing trash volumes and changing waste composition provide a significant
challenge to municipal governments. The cost of disposing of big amounts of waste is
frequently beyond their financial means. In addition, there is a lack of institutional capacity
and political will to address the issue (Ali et al., 2020). People of developing countries,
particularly the urban poor, are more heavily damaged by unsustainable garbage
management than those in developed countries.

The purpose of this report to analyse the still small but quickly expanding amount of
scholarly writing on consumer food waste. As a result, we place consumer food waste into
the framework of private families, moving beyond a simple emphasis on individual
consumers. In our study, we first located relevant studies based on our review objective of
distilling evidence on why food waste occurs in households. Empirically, we align ourselves
with the approach of the systematic literature review. Systematic reviews, which compile
findings from several research to create a trustworthy knowledge base, can assist
practitioners in addressing managing issues (elbye, 2016).

On the technological side, in the recent years the urging challenge of food waste has
represented a fertile ground for technological innovations. All in all, different technologies
can support the valorisation of food waste at different levels of the food waste (Ghisellini,
2019), thus tackling the issue while opening up new business opportunities. Notwithstanding
the priority role assigned, the adoption of the innovative technological solutions for food
waste prevention, can bring relevant challenges for the companies in the food supply chain.
The key competences and technical expertise related to such infrastructures and
technologies as example, innovative food packaging or innovative process technologies.

One of the key approaches towards handling food waste issues would be measuring,
tracking and reporting the quantities and composition of waste generated across the food
supply chain, as it is not possible to manage something that is not measured (Rajan, 2018).
However, several researchers have identified lack of knowledge and methodological gaps in
quantifying food waste generation as the major obstacles in addressing food waste
generation (Giordano, 2019). When household food waste generation is considered, it is
essential to clearly understand the quantity and the composition of food waste generated in
order to change the household waste behaviour. Without this knowledge, it is difficult to
target, prioritize, and design actions to prevent and reduce food loss and waste.
ANALYSIS OF FOOD WASTE PROBLEM

Problem (Method and Environment)

Now these, food waste has become the biggest problem to environment. According
to The Daily Mail, to feed a rising population by 2050, the globe would need to produce twice
as much food as it produces now. Food waste has grown to be a significant concern since
there are so many people who require food (Tiwari, 2022). High standards for food safety
must be met by food processing businesses, who must also set no-error margins.
Companies in the industry wind up wasting food in the process of adhering to food safety
regulations since any minor flaw will result in the food being rejected, even if it is only due to
an imperfection in look or shape. A few factors that contribute to imperfection and the final
rejection of the goods include overcooking, manufacturing trials, packaging flaws, trial runs,
and incorrect sizes and weights (Yadav, 2022).

Lack of proper planning on the side of the customer is one of the major causes of
food waste. Sometimes individuals purchase large quantities of food without making the
necessary preparations for when and how the food will be consumed. People frequently alter
their meal preparation plans or forget to use it on time due to the modern job and
appointment schedules. For example, individuals buy a lot of food without thinking forward to
when and how it would be prepared. Sometimes individuals forget to eat the food they
bought on time or must reschedule because of work or other commitments. Planning for food
preparation is typically out of people's hands, which leads to food spoilage and waste. When
food is not prepared in a timely manner, it spoils when cooked and goes to waste (Tiwari,
2022).

Food is frequently wasted because it is bought or prepared in excess. It is evident

that extra food on the plate would be wasted if one bought or prepared more food than is
necessary. Food that goes to waste in these situations is made up of leftovers and food that
has only been half consumed. Alternately, the half-used food may occasionally be sent to the
refrigerator's back and never utilized. The same rule applies to excess purchases that are
later found to have been beyond their expiration dates and now have an unpleasant
appearance, flavors or odor. All the extra food ultimately becomes waste food (Print, 2023).
 From the farm to the meals on tables, food is wasted at every step of the food supply
chain. However, industrialized nations waste far more food per capita than developing
countries. In underdeveloped countries, 40% of waste happens in the post-harvest and
processing stages, while in affluent countries, 40% of waste occurs at the retail and
consumer stages (Cho, 2011). In another words, the production of agricultural food requires
a lot of water. The quantity of fresh water required to create and process the wasted food is
equal to the amount of food that is wasted. The quantity of natural resources that are wasted
is a phenomenon known as the blue water footprint. About 250 cubic kilometers of water are
wasted because of food waste. An estimated 50,000 liters of water utilized in the preparation
of one kilogram of beef are wasted when it is thrown away (Yadav, 2022).

Food that is disposed of in landfills decomposes without oxygen, which causes it to

emit methane, a dangerous greenhouse gas. If food waste were a nation, it would rank after
China and the US as the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide. Food production
requirements increase as food waste increases. The environment is under additional stress
because of this ongoing drive to create more. For instance, to grow food, 25 million acres of
land are cleared each year (Deer, 2021). In addition, about 3.3 billion tons of greenhouse
gases are produced because of the manufacturing of food and the trash that is subsequently
produced. The impacts of climate change are exacerbated by the high levels of greenhouse
gases. Food waste is reportedly the third largest contributor to the release of greenhouse
gases. Energy is needed for food processing, production, cooking, and transportation, and
the usage of fossil fuels is the primary source of this energy. Additionally, rotting food in
landfills releases methane gas, which contributes to climate change and global warming
(Yadav, 2022).

Problem (Lack of Public Awareness)

Waste management and disposal of waste is a serious issue that we

are facing nowadays. One of the first causes of poor waste management is a lack of public
awareness or, more specifically, lack of awareness within businesses and poor attitudes.
Often, when something is at the end of its use, the way it’s disposed of can be done so with
a lack of care. Waste is a by-product of human activity, and everyone needs to grasp waste
management concerns well; otherwise, even the best-laid waste management plans may not
succeed. If we are not aware of proper waste management, it leads to serious issues like air
pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. By doing small practices in our daily life, we can
make a huge difference. According to the Waste Resources Action Programme (WRAP),
businesses produce a quarter of all of England’s waste. Professionals in any industry need
to realise that simply because something has come to the end of its usefulness, doesn’t
mean it can be discarded without proper management. To develop a successful waste
management strategy, management support is required. It can be impossible to address any
problems if the proper zeal or tenacity is lacking. Like the previous point, it can be
challenging to justify investing time and effort in waste management if you are not aware of
the negative consequences inadequate waste management has on productivity, the
environment, and human health. Some workers may not even be aware of the kinds of
financial advantages that the proper waste management plan or system can provide.

Problem (Population Growth)

It makes sense that an increase in global population would result in more demand on
available resources. A growing population increases the need for resources such as food,
water, housing, energy, healthcare, transportation, and more. And all that consumption
increases the chance of catastrophic events like pandemics as well as ecological
degradation, wars, and other social problems. Therefore, Waste Management efforts are
hampered by the increasing population in cities. If a city is unable to handle the situation, this
will result in inadequate waste management, further straining the state of our ecosystem. In
poorer places, it can spread disease. Since climate change is raising sea levels, an
estimated 400 million people who live in cities are at risk of flooding. In less developed
areas, the risk is greater. Some cities lack the facilities or infrastructure needed to support
their steadily growing populations. As a result, many people lack access to essentials like
water and hygienic conditions. In emerging nations, there are many slum regions, and an
increasing number of people are sleeping on the streets. With more vehicles on the road, air
pollution should rise. For example, in 2012 air pollution in Hong Kong caused 3,069
premature deaths and 151,300 people were hospitalised for pollution-related illnesses.
Hence, Paris's air quality deteriorated to dangerous levels in March 2014. In response, the
French government offered free public transit for three days to persuade people to park
their cars at home.
Problem (Machine)

Around 40% of food waste in developed countries ends up in landfills, while in

developing countries, much of the food waste is either given to animals or left to decompose
in the open. This disposal of food waste has significant economic consequences, with
estimates ranging from $1 trillion to $26 trillion annually. These costs include not only the
wasted food itself but also the resources used in its production and distribution, such as
water, energy.

The problem of food waste management is compounded by a lack of infrastructure,

technology, planning, and poor machine maintenance. In many regions, there is inadequate
infrastructure to handle food waste efficiently, including collection, processing, and disposal
systems. The absence of advanced technologies further hinders effective waste
management practices. Additionally, a lack of proper planning exacerbates the challenges in
coordinating waste management efforts. Furthermore, poor maintenance of machines
involved in waste management processes can lead to inefficiencies and breakdowns (Gay ,
2022)

These factors contribute to significant amounts of food waste being sent to landfills, leading
to environmental degradation and greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing these issues
requires investment in infrastructure, adoption of appropriate technologies, improved
planning, and regular maintenance of machinery to enhance food waste management
capabilities. (Author links open overlay panelHussein I. Abdel-Sh, 05)

Efforts to reduce food waste have been made, but the lack of infrastructure and resources
for proper food waste management remains a major challenge in many regions.
Consequently, large quantities of food waste are still sent to landfills, contributing to
greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation.

In summary, the problem lies in the inefficient disposal of food waste, leading to economic
losses and environmental harm. The need for improved infrastructure and resource
allocation for food waste management is crucial to mitigate these negative impacts.
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

Solution for lack of proper planning.

The lack of proper planning contributes to food waste in several ways. For example, in one
aspect is inadequate meal planning, where people buy more food than they can consume or
prepare. This leads to food items being left unused and eventually discarded. Additionally,
ineffective storage practices, such as improper refrigeration or not using suitable containers,
can cause food to spoil before it is consumed (Agina, M. F. 2021). In consequence, there are
few solutions that can be recommended in order to address the lack of proper planning for
food waste.

One approach in tackling the issue of lack of proper planning is the importance awareness
and education. It is because, raising awareness about the issue of food waste and its
environmental impact is crucial. Hence, educational campaigns can help individuals,
businesses, and communities understand the importance of reducing food waste and
provide practical tips on how to do so (Wansink, B. 2015). Besides that, by improving the
storage and handling is one of the ways the address the lack of proper planning because
proper storage and handling techniques can significantly reduce food waste. This includes
appropriate temperature control, inventory management and rotation of perishable items to
ensure they are used before expiration. It is because by ensuring proper storage conditions
for perishable items like fruits, vegetables, and dairy products can extend their shelf life and
reduce spoilage. For instance, by implementing the First in First Out (FIFO) method in
kitchens and food establishments encourages the use of older food items before newer
ones. This helps prevent food from expiring and being wasted (Gözet, B. 2018).

In addition, composting and anaerobic digestion also play the most crucial part in making
sure that food waste can be properly addressed. Composting involves the natural
decomposition of organic materials, such as food waste, into nutrient-rich soil. It requires a
mix of organic matter, including food scraps, yard waste, and other compostable materials
(Oostindjer, M. 2015). The process relies on microorganisms breaking down the waste,
which eventually transforms into compost that can be used as a soil amendment for
gardening and agriculture, meanwhile for anaerobic digestion, on the other hand, is a
controlled process where microorganisms break down organic materials in the absence of
oxygen. Encouraging composting and anaerobic digestion can divert food waste from
landfills (Lähteenmäki, L. 2013). Community composting programs and on-site composting
options for households, businesses, and institutions can turn food waste into nutrient-rich
compost for soil enrichment.
Other than that, food recovery and redistribution that works by establishing systems to
rescue and redistribute surplus food can help ensure that edible food reaches those in need.
This can involve partnerships with food banks, shelters, and other organizations to facilitate
the collection and redistribution of excess food from retailers, restaurants, and other food
service establishments (Ujang, Z. 2014). By recovering and redistributing food, these
initiatives help address food insecurity and reduce the environmental impact of wasted food.

Solution Man (Lack of awareness)

The solution to the lack of awareness is to develop a campaign emphasizing the relevance
of the “3Rs” in reducing landfill waste. Waste management and disposal is a critical problem
that we face today. If we do not practice good waste management, we would face major
problems such as air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Small changes in our daily
lives can make a big effect. To do this, we must all put the "3Rs" into practice in our daily
lives. The “3Rs” are reduce, reuse, and recycle. Reduce is accomplished by attempting to
use as few single-use products as possible, particularly plastic materials, because plastic
takes a long time to degrade while reusing is attempting to reuse ordinary items for life. Take
a kit, for example, when you go shopping. This can reduce waste in purchases and
consequently the use of products that are difficult to dispose of. On the other side, recycling
aims to recycle or reuse as many items as possible rather than throwing them away. By
creating a product out of recycled materials, you can use them as DIY building components.
Recycling is crucial to ensuring that industrialized countries' landfills are never exhausted
from large trash mounds brought on by the insensitivity of locals. More than any other factor,
the 3 R's will aid individuals and society in proper waste management (Awareness
Campaign of food waste, 2022).

One of the most significant ways of improving awareness among the populace, especially in
developing countries, is education. Compared to young people, the elderly practice more
waste segregation. The majority of older generations are prepared to sort out their waste,
according to other research performed in developing nations, possibly because they have a
greater appreciation for the environment. Thus, environmental education is crucial to closing
the knowledge gap between the young and elderly about waste management segregation
and waste sustainability in developing countries. According to UNESCO, environmental
education can raise people's knowledge of the environment and the problems it causes. It
encourages attitudes, motives, and commitments to make decisions and conduct
responsible actions while developing the specific skills and competence required to deal with
environmental concerns (Debrah, 2021).
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States believes that
environmental education encompasses more than just environmental knowledge (Debrah,
2021). Instead, it strengthens critical thinking, helping to solve issues and enabling good
decision-making abilities. As a result, people are better equipped to contribute information or
opinions on environmental concerns and make informed decisions. It also enhances public
awareness of environmental issues. In Summary, the amount of pollution and waste build-up
at landfills can be decreased by campaigns and education on the significance of the
environment in reducing waste.

Solution Population Growth

The population growth for food waste is expected to place ‘extreme pressure’ on existing
food systems. Technology also can cause the food waste because they would produce the
product that can form waste. It was the lack of climate change solutions that inspired the
founding of Project Drawdown in 2014. Founded with the goal of "discovering the most
effective solutions to halt climate change and disseminating them to the world." Their outlook
is surprisingly upbeat: They assert that there are already measures available to help stop
global warming. 'Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse
Global Warming' was published in 2017. A detailed solutions table was created, focused on
limiting temperature increases to 1.5°C by 2100, which would have less of an impact, and
2°C by 2100, which should be the minimum goal of our joint efforts.

Its broadly acknowledged that GHG emissions must be drastically reduced, with the aim of
stopping them completely, and sequestration (through photosynthesis) maximised. Green, or
greenish pledges are routinely made by governments, but the level of political duplicity in
relation to climate change is shocking, and action seldom follows such rhetoric. After the
Paris Agreement in 2016 e.g., commitments to limit temperature rise to as close to 1.5ºC (by
2100) were made which, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres said, “were far from
enough to get there, and even those commitments are not being met” [December 2020] call
on all leaders worldwide to declare a state of climate emergency.”
Solution Machine (Lack of infrastructure)

The solution to the lack of infrastructure is to attract enough investors to finance the expense
of modernizing the infrastructure. This is because sufficient investors can pay the cost of
garbage disposal and hence provide a high degree of service in improving the infrastructure.
For example, investors may contribute $10 million to improve a commodity for waste
disposal, with the remainder borne by the state. Because the amount of waste is increasing
every day, this could have a significant influence on the waste disposal business. As a result,
every country or state desperately needs investors to make them one of the most significant
contributors to draining this rubbish.

Furthermore, maintaining the infrastructure can prevent a lack of infrastructure in waste

management. This is because it is possible to avoid infrastructure damage by undertaking
maintenance once a month. This can help to address the shortage of infrastructure created
by the processing of a large amount of waste each year. The production side or the
applicable waste management side must inspect the infrastructure on a regular basis to
verify that it is in excellent shape and that trash disposal can go smoothly. The routine,
recurrent maintenance required to maintain and lengthen the usable life of facilities is
included in maintenance. For instance, it comprises both replacements and routine labor like
inspections and patching. The protection of the state's investments in its facilities depends
on maintenance (Infrastructure maintenance, 2019).

One way to ensure that disposal operations can be carried out properly and efficiently is to
attract investors and maintain infrastructure. This will help prevent an excessive build-up of
waste, which can lead to environmental contamination and discomfort for locals, as well as
an excessive accumulation of waste. Additionally, this approach can reduce the potential for
greenhouse gas emissions caused by high waste levels. The release of methane gas into
the atmosphere, which might harm greenhouse gases, can occur as a result of an excessive
amount of waste. As an outcome, a developed country is able to reduce the excessive
amount of waste that accumulates every year by attracting investors to assist in resolving
the financial issues the nation faces with waste disposal, and by maintaining the
infrastructure once a month to ensure that the disposal work can be accomplished.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the problem of food waste that occurs has a great opportunity to
minimize the amount of food waste that has been produced. There are several ways of
waste disposal that are more effective to deal with this case, among them, separate solid
waste according to type in the appropriate container, Waste is placed in an appropriate
storage site, waste is collected by a collection service company licensed by the national solid
waste management department, and the last is to keep a record of each collection service
for reference. With a method like this, our country is likely to become a country with less food
waste.

In addition, the problem of food waste is a problem that is difficult for people to
understand because some people's attitudes are difficult to understand about this problem.
This can be overcome through education, awareness, but the effort to change this attitude
and behavior will take a long time. Even so, efforts to educate and raise awareness among
the public, especially through informal education in print, electronic and new media, should
be done immediately and continuously. The content of the education can provide knowledge,
awareness and skills to manage food. At the same time, they also need to be made aware of
the consequences of throwing away food to the environment, economy and society,
including themselves.
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