SEMI CONDUCTOR LASER

DONE BY
G.VIVEK
ECE-B PHY
1608-20-735-087
1.What do u understand by term laser?
Ans; Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

2.What is the requirement to produce laser beam?

Ans; 1.any laser source
2.active medium
3.two mirrors forming resonance cavity.

3.What do u understand by population inversion?

Ans; population inversion is a process of achieving more electrons in the higher energy state than
the lower energy state.

4.How to achieve population inversion?

Ans; we need to supply energy to the laser medium which is called pumping.

5.WHAT IS PUMPING ?
ANS; process of raising more no. of atoms to the exited state by artificial means.

6.What r the various pumping techniques?

Ans; 1. electric pumping
2.optica pumping
3.in elastic atom collision
4.chemical pumping
5.direct conversion.

7.What are the main properties of laser beam?

Ans; high monochromaticity, high coherence, high directionality, high intensity

8.d/ff b/w laser beam and ordinary light beam?

Ans; ordinary light is a mixture of electromagnetic waves of different wavelength. laser light is
monochrome.
Ordinary light is non directional and inconsistent. laser shows high directional and highly
consistent.

9.Write some uses of laser?

Ans; used in communication, laser in medicine, laser in industry material processing, laser in
scientific field, laser in computers.

10.Distinguish b/w spontaneous and stimulated emission?

Ans;
spontaneous;
Ans; The atoms in exited state returns to ground state by emitting a photon without an external
energy.
Stimulated;
The atoms in exited state can also return to the ground state by applying external energy or
inducement of photons there by emitting two photons.
11.What is diffraction?
Ans; bending of light and its center into the region of geometrical shadow of an object.

12.What is diffraction grating?

Ans; it is a plane glass pate, on which no. of slits will be their whose width will be comparable with
wavelength of incident light. Thus when light fall on grating it undergoes diffraction.

13.What is grating element? What is its significance.

Ans; grating is an arrangement consisting of large no. of slits of same width and separated by equal
opaque spaces is called grating element. As the distance between two consecutive lines is of the
order of size of the obstacle and hence diffraction takes place when light incident on the grating.

14.Mention two types of diffraction?

Ans; Fresne’s diffraction, Fraunhoffer diffraction.

15. Distinguish between Fresnel’s diffraction and Fraunhoffer

Ans; In Fresnel diffraction source and screen are at finite distance from the source where
as in Fraunhoffer diffraction source and screen are at infinite distance from the source.

16.What kind of diffraction occurs in this experiment?

Ans; Fraunhoffer diffraction.

17.What is the required condition for diffraction?

Diffraction takes place if the size of the obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of incident
light.

18.Why diffraction takes place through grating? or What is the significance of grating?
Distance between two consecutive lines of grating is comparable to wavelength of light so
that light is obstructed by the edges of the rulings and hence diffraction takes place.

19. What is order of diffraction?

Ans; They are the repeated diffraction patterns obtained on either side of the central maxima.

20.What is the principle of a laser?

Ans; The principle of laser is based on stimulated emission of radiation.

21.Name some laser sources?

Ans; Ruby laser, He- Ne laser, CO2 laser, Semiconductor laser etc.

22.Why ordinary glass plates do not produce diffraction bands when exposed to
light?
Ans; Because size of the object is very large compared to wavelength of light.

23.Can this experiment be done with the use of sodium instead of laser light?
Ans; Yes. Spots would not be so bright, since sodium is less intense than sodium.
 OPTICAL FIBER
Aneesh, ECE-B

1. What is the basic structure of a modern optical fiber?

A. It has cylindrical shape and divided into three layers
1. Core
2. Cladding
3. Outer Jacket/ Buffer Jacket

2.What are the principal photo detectors used in fiber optic line?
A. Semiconductor photodiodes are the most commonly used detectors in optical fiber

3.What do you mean by numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an Optical fiber?
A. The light gathering power of an optical fiber is called ‘Numerical Aperture’
The maximum angle with which the incident light could get into core and undergoes ‘Total
Internal Reflection.

4. What is the principal involved in Optical Fiber? Explain.

A. Total Internal Reflection.
TIF: When a light ray move from rarer medium to denser medium with angle of incidence ‘i’
greater than critical angle then light bounces back into the same medium.

5. What is Critical Angle?

A. When a light passes from rarer medium to denser medium the angle of incidence beyond
which the incident angle reflects back instead of refraction is called Critical Angle.

6. What are the different types of fibers?

A. Based on material used : Plastic , glass fibers

Based on modes of propagation: Single mode and multi mode optical Fibers

Based on refractive index of core: Step Index fiber and Graded index Fibers

7. What is a Single mode fiber?

A. The fiber in which only one mode of light propagation takes place and has less core width
than cladding width.

8.What is Multimode fiber?

A. The fiber in which multiple modes of light propagation takes place and has more core width
than cladding width.
9. What is a Step Index Fiber?
A. The fiber in which the refractive index of core remains constant and decreases from core
cladding interface.
10.What is a Graded index fiber?
A. The fiber in which the refractive index of core decreases in a parabolic manner from core
cladding interface to fiber axis.
11.What is Refractive Index?
A. Ratio of Velocity of light in vacuum to velocity of light in a specified medium.
12.What do you mean by Acceptance Cone?
A. The cone formed by rotating the acceptance angle about the fiber axis.
13.What is fiber axis?
A. The longitudinal centre of symmetry of an optical.
14.What are optical fiber losses?
A. Absorption, Scattering losses, Radiative losses. ( read those Definitions )
15. What is Attenuation?
A. Ratio of the optical power output (Pout) from a fiber of length “L” to the power input (Pin)
16. What is the aim of this experiment?
A. To determine the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an Optical fiber.
17. What are the apparatus required for this experiment?
A. Optical fiber kit , fiber cables , numerical aperture jig and connecting fibers.
18.How do you find the acceptance angle from this experiment?
A. Measure the radius (r) of the light spot on the detector and distance (d) between fiber end
and detector and substitute in acceptance angle formula i.e
sinɵa = r/(r2 + d2)1/2
19. What are the precautions to be taken while performing this experiment?
A. 1. Apparatus should be handled carefully
2. Relieve all the twists and strains in the fiber cable, ensure that it is straight.
20. How to reduce the losses in Optical fiber?
A. 1) By using high quality wires
2) Choose the best route and methods to lay the cables.
21. What is the formula of Numerical aperture ?
A. Numerical Aperture:
NA = sinɵa (where ɵa is Acceptance angle)
22. What are the advantages of Optical fiber?
A. (1) transmission loss is low compared to copper cables
(2) lack of cross –talk between parallel fibers
(3) high speed data transmission temperature resistant
(4) it is small in size & light in weight
(5) it is non- conductive , non-radiative &non
(6) longer life– span
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Viva Question and Answers