Government of Nepal

Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives & Poverty Alleviation

Land Management Training Center

Survey Methods

Sanjeev Kumar Raut

Instructor

2081/03/11
 Contents

• Analogue methods (chain/tape, compass,

Plane table alidade)
• Digital methods
• Hybrid method
• Comparison of different methods

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 Cadastral Survey

• “A cadastre is a general, systematic and up to date register

containing information about land parcels including details
of their area, value and ownership” - PF Dale
• Cadastre came from the Greek word Katastikhon meaning a
note book or business record

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 Cadastral Survey
• Cadastral surveys document the boundaries of land ownership
with the help of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans, charts,
and maps.
• They were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land
valuation and taxation.
• An example from early England is the Domesday Book.
• Napoleon established a comprehensive cadastral system for
France that is regarded as the starting of most modern versions

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 Cadastral Survey
According to fig
• Cadastral surveying is the definition,
identification, demarcation, measuring and
mapping of new or changed legal parcel
boundaries. It usually includes the
process of re-establishing lost
boundaries and sometimes resolving
disputes over boundaries or other
interests in real property. 5
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 Types

Fiscal Cadastre:
• A cadastre, which is mainly established for the purpose of revenue and tax
collection
Legal Cadastre:
• A cadastre which is established to guarantee the public right and restriction
over the land parcel. It explains the legal status of the land.

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 Types
Multipurpose Cadastre:
• A cadastre which is established not only to show fiscal and legal
status of the land, but also shows other geo data like topographic
and land use data.
• It can be used for different infrastructure development, planning
and construction activities, also known as Land Information
System (LIS).

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 Chain/tape

Chain survey
• Carrying out surveying
with the help of chain/ tape
• Less accurate
• Started in 1952 from Sindhupalchok
and Kavre.
• Less accurate but used for
cadastral purpose.
• Only linear measurement.

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Compass Survey
• Compass survey is also one of the
traditional method of cadastral
mapping.
• Angular measurement is done by compass
where as for linear measurement chain or
tape is used.
• It was also used as a cadastral survey
method.

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Plane Table Survey
• In this method of surveying a table top, similar to drawing
board fitted on to a tripod is the main instrument.
• A drawing sheet is fixed on to the table top, the observations
are made to the objects, distances are scaled down and the
objects are plotted in the field itself.
• Since the plotting is made in the field itself, there is no chance of
omitting any necessary measurement in this surveying.
• However the accuracy achieved in this type of surveying is
less.
• Hence this type of surveying is used for filling up details
between the survey stations previously fixed by other
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 Plane Table Surveying
• Graphical method of survey in which the field observations and
plotting are done simultaneously.
• Simple and cheaper method.
• It is most suitable for small scale maps.
• The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be
surveyed is before his eyes.
• Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary
measurements.
• Two types of alidades are used in plane table surveying.

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 Methodology of Analog Cadastral System
Mapping notification in Gazette
Land owner certificate distribution
Survey Team Move in Field

Notification to People and Handover map and records to

local government for mapping
District Survey Office and
Land revenue Office
Field Survey

Inking and area computation Handover map and records to

7 days notification and
land registration
Landowner Shrestha and
Landowner Certificate preparation
District Survey Office and
Land revenue Office
District Survey Office keeps
Parcel fragmentation records
In plot resister.
 Total station Survey
• Carrying out survey with a special instrument Called
total station
• Very accurate
• Data can be transferred easily
• Economic
•Used in digital cadastral system for
multipurpose cadastre

भूमि व्यवस्थापन प्रमिक्षण के न्द्र

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 Digital Cadastral Framework

Planning Data Collection Data Processing

Module Module

Adjudication

Ortho-Photo Cadastre

Control Survey

Data Archiving Database

Module
Cadastral Survey

Data Delivery
Data Maintenance Modulem
Direct Data Capture Module (output)

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 Why digital cadastre?
• For accurate & reliable information.
• For more secure & easily accessible data.
• For the development of multi purpose cadastre system.
• For reducing land disputes
• For addressing Cadastral Vision 2014
• To fulfill users need & satisfaction
• For Effective & efficient land management & land administration.
• For effective service delivery in digital environment
• To develop Parcel Based Land Information System
• For Good Governance
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 Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is the science of making
measurements from photographs, especially for
recovering the exact positions of surface points.

• Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography, dating to the mid-19th

century and in the simplest example, the distance between two points
that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic image plane, can be
determined by measuring their distance on the image, if the scale(s) of
the image is known.
– Photogrammetry/orthophoto
• Making maps with the help of aerial orthophoto
• Less accurate than ground survey but very fast and cheap

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 Digital Photogrammetry
▪ High
imagesresolution digital aerial photographs or satellite
such as IKONOS, Quickbird or Geoeye, WorldView
-A relatively rapid, cost effective
and mass production to achieve initial registration

-Unit cost of surveying each land parcel can be kept low

through economies of scale

-Provides a historical record of landscape that can be

revisited in the future to see what changes have taken
place and even to re- measure conditions in the past.

Thus where dispute arise over whether a boundary

has been moved, old photographs or images can
provide crucial evidence. 39
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 Digital Photogrammetry
• Ground Control Points
• Aerial photography
• Scanning photographs (negatives Or diapositives)
• Aerial triangulation

• DTM Generation
• Setting stereo models
• Orthophoto
• Interpretation object of interest
• Interpretation of object of interest
•Identifying and digitizing
•Identifying and digitizing
objects or boundaries
boundaries

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 Orthophoto Cadastre
An orthophoto, orthophotograph or orthoima ge is an
aerial photograph or image geometrically corrected
("orthorectified") such that the scale is uniform: the
photo has the same lack of distortion as a map. Unlike
an uncorrected aerial photograph, an
orthophotograph can be used to measure true
distances, because it is an accurate representation of
the Earth's surface, having been adjusted for
topographic relief, lens distortion, and camera tilt.

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 Remote Sensing

• Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or

phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus
in contrast to on-site observation. Remote sensing is used in numerous
fields, including geography, land surveying and most Earth Science
disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology, oceanography, glaciology,
geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic,
planning, and humanitarian applications.
• Making map with the help of taken images
from satellites
• Less accurate than ground survey
• Cheap and fast technique

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 Steps

• Image acquisition
• Image correction
• DTM generation
• Orthoimage preparation
• Extraction of cadastral data

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 GPS
• The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-
based radionavigation system owned by the United States government
and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation
satellite system that provides geolocationand time information to a GPS
receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed
line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.Obstacles such as mountains and
buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
• Carrying out survey by GPS, with the help of signals from satellite
• Very accurate
• Very fast
•It is used by Geodetic survey branch for Control point
densification.
It is very accurate and useful method for Cadastral
survey if we used in differential mood.
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 UAV Survey
• An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a
drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. UAVs are
a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS); which
include a UAV, a ground-based controller, and a system of
communications between the two. The flight of UAVs may
operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under
remote control by a[1]human operator or autonomously by
onboard computers.
• UAV can also be used for cadastral survey in present context.
• It is fast,economic and reliable method of cadastral survey.

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 Major Steps of Digital Cadastral survey

• Planning (equipments , control points…)

• Public notice for field surveying
• Control point densification
• Systematic field Adjudication
• Demarcation
• Sketching
• Field Survey (using Total station, GPS)
• Data downloading
• Plotting and database designing
• Mapping
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Major Steps of Digital Cadastral survey

• Map verification
• Land registration
• Decision on land disputes
• Land owner certificate distribution
• Hand over the documents to land revenue office and survey office
• Digital service and database updating

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 Challenges in our context
• Initial Cost
• Expertise
• Lack of skilled manpower
• Lack of instruments
• Lack of hardware/software
• Legal obstruction
• Public awareness

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 Hybrid method
Hybrid method
– Combination of two or more methods
Hybrid
Using two or more methods simultaneously
E.g. photogrammetry and ground survey

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 Comparison of different methods
•Traditional
•Less accurate
• Tedious
•Difficult for reproduction
•Difficult in field work
•Modern
•More accurate
• Fast
•Economic
•Easy for reproduction

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 Thank You!

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