This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C12 − 17

Standard Practice for

Installing Vitrified Clay Pipe Lines1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C12; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope C923 Specification for Resilient Connectors Between Rein-

1.1 This practice covers the proper methods of installing
vitrified clay pipe lines by open trench construction methods in
order to fully utilize the structural properties of such pipe.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay Pipe
C403/C403M Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete
Mixtures by Penetration Resistance
C425 Specification for Compression Joints for Vitrified Clay
Pipe and Fittings
C700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength,
Standard Strength, and Perforated
C828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of Vitrified
Clay Pipe Lines
C896 Terminology Relating to Clay Products
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 on Vitrified
Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 on Methods of
Test and Specifications.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published January 2018. Originally
approved in 1915. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C12 – 16a. DOI:
10.1520/C0012-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
forced Concrete Manhole Structures, Pipes, and Laterals
C1091 Test Method for Hydrostatic Infiltration Testing of
Vitrified Clay Pipe Lines
D1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and
Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
(Visual-Manual Procedures)
D4832 Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Con-
trolled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Test Cylinders
D5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage of
Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate
D6103/D6103M Test Method for Flow Consistency of Con-
trolled Low Strength Material (CLSM)
3. Terminology
3.1 General—Terminology C896 can be used for clarifica-
tion of terminology in this specification.
3.2 See Fig. 1.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
4. Supporting Strength
4.1 The field supporting strength of vitrified clay pipe is
materially affected by the methods of installation. The field
supporting strength of a pipe is defined as its capacity to
support dead and live loads under actual field conditions. It is
dependent upon two factors: (1) the inherent strength of the
pipe and (2) the bedding of the pipe.
4.2 The minimum bearing strength requirement in accor-
dance with Specification C700, as determined by the 3-edge-
bearing test of Test Methods C301, is a measure of the inherent
strength of the pipe.
4.3 The tests used to measure bearing strength determine
relative pipe strengths but do not represent actual field condi-
tions. Therefore, an adjustment called a load factor is intro-
duced to convert minimum bearing strength to field supporting
strength. The magnitude of the load factor depends on how the
pipe is bedded. The relationship is:
Field supporting strength 5 minimum bearing strength 3 load factor

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 C12 − 17

FIG. 1 Terminology

4.4 A factor of safety >1.0 and ≤1.5 shall be applied to the
field supporting strength to calculate a safe supporting strength.
The relationship is:
Field supporting strength
Safe supporting strength 5
Factor of safety
5. External Loads
5.1 The external loads on installed vitrified clay pipe are of
two general types: (1) dead loads and (2) live loads.
5.2 For pipes installed in trenches at a given depth, the dead
load increases as the trench width, measured at the top of the
pipe, increases. Pipe failure may result if the design trench
width is exceeded. If the trench width exceeds the design
width, a higher class of bedding, stronger pipe, or both, must be
investigated.
5.3 Live loads that act at the ground surface are partially
transmitted to the pipe. Live loads may be produced by wheel
loading, construction equipment or by compactive effort.
Compaction of embedment and backfill materials, beside and
above the sewer pipe, produces a temporary live load on the
pipe. The magnitude of the live load from compactive effort
varies with soil type, degree of saturation, degree of compac-
tion and depth of cover over the pipe. Care must be used in
selection of compaction methods so that the combined dead
load and live load does not exceed the field supporting strength
of the pipe, or cause a change in its line or grade.
NOTE 1—For generally accepted criteria and methods for determining
loads and supporting strengths, see Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and
Construction, Water Pollution Control Federation Manual of Practice No.
FD-5, American Society of Civil Engineers—Manuals and Report on

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 C12 − 17
Engineering Practice—No. 60.3
6. Bedding and Encasement
6.1 Classes of bedding and encasements for pipe in trenches
are defined herein. The load factors indicated are for conver-
sion of minimum bearing strength to field supporting strength.
6.1.1 The soil groups used in each bedding class are defined
in Table 1.
6.1.2 The gradation for Class I and Class II soil for Class C
bedding (Fig. 3) shall have a maximum particle size of 1 in. (25
mm).
6.1.3 The gradation for Class I and Class II bedding material
for Class B (Fig. 4), Crushed Stone Encasement (Fig. 5), and
CLSM installation (Fig. 6) shall be as follows:
100 % passing a 1 in. (25 mm) sieve
40-60 % passing a 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) sieve
0-25 % passing a 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) sieve
6.1.4 For Class I, all particle faces shall be fractured.
6.1.5 Class II soils shall have a minimum of one fractured
face. For Class B (Fig. 4), Crushed Stone Encasement (Fig. 5),
and CLSM installations (Fig. 6) where high, or changing water
tables, or both, are present; Class II material shall have a
minimum percentage by particle count of one fractured face-
100 %, two fractured faces-85 %, and three fractured faces-
65 % in accordance with Test Method D5821.
6.1.6 Class I material is considered to be more stable and
provide better support than Class II material that have some
rounded edges.
6.1.7 All bedding material shall be shovel-sliced so the
material fills and supports the haunch area and encases the pipe
to the limits shown in the trench diagrams.
3
Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
6.2 Class D (Fig. 2):
6.2.1 The pipe shall be placed on a foundation with bell
holes provided (Fig. 7).
6.2.2 The initial backfill shall be either Class I, II, III, or IV
having a maximum particle size of 1 in. (25 mm).
6.2.3 The load factor for Class D bedding is 1.1.
6.3 Class C (Fig. 3):
6.3.1 The pipe shall be bedded in Class I or Class II soil.
Refer to 6.1.2 and Table 2 for requirements. Sand is suitable as
a bedding material in a total sand environment, but may be
unsuitable where high and rapidly changing water tables are
present in the pipe zone. Sand may also be undesirable in a
trench cut by blasting or in trenches through clay type soil.
Regardless of the trench condition or bedding class, the
maximum load factor for sand bedding is 1.5. The bedding
shall have a minimum thickness beneath the pipe of 4 in. (100
mm) or one sixth of the outside diameter of the pipe, whichever
is greater, and shall extend up the haunches of the pipe one
sixth of the outside diameter of the pipe.
6.3.2 The initial backfill shall be either Class I, II, III, or IV
having maximum particle size of 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm) (see Table
2).
6.3.3 The load factor for Class C bedding is 1.5.
6.4 Class B (Fig. 4):
6.4.1 The pipe shall be bedded in Class I or Class II soil.
Refer to 6.1.3, 6.1.5, and Table 2 for requirements. The
bedding shall have a minimum thickness beneath the pipe of 4
in. (100 mm) or one sixth of the outside diameter of the pipe,
whichever is greater, and shall extend up the haunches of the
pipe to the springline.
6.4.2 The initial backfill shall be either Class I, II, III, or IV
having a maximum particle size of 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm).
6.4.3 The load factor for Class B bedding is 1.9.

TABLE 1 Uniform Soil Groups for Pipe Installation

NOTE 1—Soil Classification descriptions and symbols are in accordance with Practice D2487 and Practice D2488.
NOTE 2—For Class I, all particle faces shall be fractured.
NOTE 3—Materials such as broken coral, shells, slag, and recycled concrete (with less than 12 % passing a #200 sieve) should be treated as Class II
soils.
NOTE 4—Class V soil is not suitable for use as a bedding or initial backfill material.
Class I crushed rock
100 % passing 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm) sieve,
</= 15 % passing #4 sieve, </= 25 % passing 3⁄8 in.
(9.5 mm) sieve, </= 12 % passing #200 sieve
Class II clean, coarse grained soils GW, GP, SW, SP
or any soil beginning with one of these symbols
(can contain fines up to 12 %)
uniform fine sands (SP) with more than 50 %
passing a #100 sieve should be treated as Class III
material
coarse grained soils with fines GM, GC, SM, SC
or any soil beginning with one of these symbols
Class III sandy or gravelly fine grained soils ML, CL
or any soil beginning with one of these symbols
with >/= 30 % retained on #200 sieve
Class IV fine-grained soils ML, CL
or any soil beginning with one of these symbols
with <30 % retained on #200 sieve
Class V fine-grained soils, organic soils MH, CH, OL, OH, Pt
high compressibility silts and clays, organic soil

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 C12 − 17

FIG. 2 Class D

FIG. 3 Class C

6.5 Crushed Stone Encasement (Fig. 5):
6.5.1 The pipe shall be bedded in Class I or Class II soil.
Refer to 6.1.3, 6.1.5, and Table 2 for requirements. The
bedding shall have a minimum thickness beneath the pipe of 4
in. (100 mm) or one sixth of the outside diameter of the pipe,
whichever is greater, and shall extend upward to a horizontal
plane at the top of the pipe barrel. Material shall be carefully
placed into the pipe haunches.
6.5.2 Sufficient material shall be placed so that the bedding
extends to a horizontal plane at the top of the pipe barrel
following removal of any trench sheeting or boxes.
6.5.3 The initial backfill shall be either Class I, II, III, or IV
having a maximum particle size of 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm).
6.5.4 The load factor for crushed stone encasement is 2.2.
6.6 Controlled Low Strength Material (Fig. 6)—Controlled
low strength material (CLSM) is used as an effective material
for the bedding of vitrified clay pipe.
6.6.1 The pipe shall be bedded on Class I or Class II soil.
Refer to 6.1.3, 6.1.5, and Table 2 for requirements. The
bedding shall have a minimum thickness beneath the pipe of 4
in. (100 mm) or one sixth of the outside diameter of the pipe,
whichever is greater.
6.6.2 For pipe diameters 8 to 21 in. (205 to 535 mm), CLSM
shall extend a minimum of 9 in. (230 mm) on each side of the
pipe barrel. For pipe diameters 24 in. (610 mm) and larger,

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 C12 − 17

FIG. 4 Class B

FIG. 5 Crushed Stone Encasement

CLSM shall extend a minimum of 12 in. (305 mm) on each
side of the pipe barrel (Fig. 6).
6.6.3 When placed, CLSM shall have a measured flowabil-
ity of 8 6 1 in. (205 6 25 mm) spread diameter as determined
by Test Method D6103/D6103M.
6.6.4 28-day compressive strength shall be 100 to 300 psi
(0.69 to 2.07 MPa) as determined by Test Method D4832.
6.6.5 CLSM shall be directed to the top of the pipe to flow
down equally on both sides to prevent misalignment. Place
CLSM to the top of the pipe barrel.
6.6.6 The initial backfill shall be either Class I, II, III, or IV
having a maximum particle size of 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm).
6.6.7 Initial backfill shall only commence after a 500 psi
(3.45 MPa) minimum penetrometer reading is achieved as
determined by Test Method C403/C403M. The penetrometer
shall have a maximum load capability of 700 psi (4.83 MPa)
and have a 1 in.2 × 1 in. (645 mm2 × 25 mm) long cylinder foot
attached to a 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) diameter pin.
6.6.8 The load factor for controlled low strength material is
2.8.
6.7 Concrete Cradle (Fig. 8):
6.7.1 The pipe shall be bedded in a cradle of reinforced
concrete having a thickness under the barrel of at least 6 in.
(150 mm) or one fourth of the outside diameter of the pipe,
whichever is greater, and extending up the haunches to a height
of at least one half the outside diameter of the pipe. The cradle
width shall be at least equal to the outside diameter of the pipe
plus 4 in. (100 mm) on each side or one and one fourth times
the outside diameter of the pipe, whichever is greater. If the
trench width is greater than either of these dimensions,
concrete may be placed to full trench width.
6.7.2 The initial backfill shall be either Class I, II, III, or IV
having a maximum particle size of 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm).
6.7.3 The load factor for Class A concrete cradle bedding is
3.4 for reinforced concrete with p = 0.4 %, where p is the

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 C12 − 17

This type of construction requires the fill to extend from the pipe to the trench wall, not to extend above the top of the pipe or below the bottom of the pipe. Where native
soils are expansive, further investigation may be necessary.
FIG. 6 Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM)

FIG. 7 Uniform Pipe Support
percentage of the area of transverse steel to the area of concrete
at the bottom of the pipe barrel as shown in Fig. 8.
6.8 Concrete Encasement:
6.8.1 There are specific sites where concrete encasement
may be desirable. Concrete encasement shall completely sur-
round the pipe and shall have a minimum thickness, at any
point, of one fourth of the outside diameter of the pipe or 4 in.
(100 mm), whichever is greater.
6.8.2 The encasement shall be designed by the engineer to
suit the specific use.
6.9 Construction joints shall be installed in concrete cradle
or concrete encasement construction. These joints shall be
aligned with the face of the socket.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
7. Trench Excavation
7.1 Trenches shall be excavated to a width that will provide
adequate working space, but not more than the maximum
design width. Trench walls shall not be undercut.
7.2 The trench walls can be sloped to reduce trench wall
failure. This sloping will not increase the load on the pipe
provided the measured trench width at top of pipe does not
exceed the design trench width.
7.3 Trenches, other than for Class D bedding, shall be
excavated to provide space for the pipe bedding.
7.4 Sheet, shore, and brace trenches, as necessary, to pre-
vent caving or sliding of trench walls, to provide protection for
workmen and the pipe, and to protect adjacent structures and
facilities.
7.5 Sheeting shall not be removed below the top of the pipe
if the resulting slope of native soil increases the trench width to
such an extent that the load on the pipe exceeds the safe field
supporting strength of the pipe and bedding system.
7.6 When a movable box is used in place of sheeting or
shoring, secure the installed pipe to prevent it from moving
when the box is moved.
7.7 Maintain the water level in the trench to an elevation
below the bell of the pipe being laid. Exercise caution when
terminating the dewatering procedure to avoid disturbing the
pipe installation.

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 C12 − 17
TABLE 2 Allowable Bedding Material and Initial Backfill Per Bedding Class
Bedding Class Allowable Bedding Material Allowable Initial Backfill
Class Gradation Maximum Particle Size Class Maximum Particle Size
Table 1 Table 1
Class D N/A N/A N/A I, II, III, or IV 1 in. (25 mm)
Class C I or II 1 in. (25 mm) I, II, III, or IV 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm)
I or II 100 % passing a 1 in. 1 in. (25 mm) I, II, III, or IV 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm)
(25 mm) sieve
40-60 % passing a 3⁄4
Class B
in. (19 mm) sieve
0-25 % passing a 3⁄8 in.
(9.5 mm) sieve
I or II 100 % passing a 1 in. 1 in. (25 mm) I, II, III, or IV 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm)
(25 mm) sieve
Crushed
40-60% passing a 3⁄4 in.
Stone
(19 mm) sieve
Encasement
0-25% passing a 3⁄8 in.
(9.5 mm) sieve
I or II 100 % passing a 1 in. 1 in. (25 mm) I, II, III, or IV 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm)
(25 mm) sieve
40-60 % passing a 3⁄4
CLSM
in. (19 mm) sieve
0-25 % passing a 3⁄8 in.
(9.5 mm) sieve
Concrete N/A N/A N/A I, II, III, or IV 1-1⁄2 in. (38 mm)
Cradle

Minimum width of concrete cradle: Bc + 8 in. (205 mm) or 1-1⁄4 Bc.

p is the ratio of the area of steel to the area of concrete. (It is recommended that wire mesh reinforcement or uniformly distributed small diameter rebar be used in all
concrete design.)
FIG. 8 Concrete Cradle

NOTE 2—The purpose of controlling the water in the trench is to
maintain the lubricant on the joint surfaces, the integrity of the bell hole,
and the ability to visually observe the cleanliness of the joint surfaces.
8. Trench Foundation
8.1 The foundation is the native or prepared trench bottom
on which the bedding is placed.
8.2 The trench foundation shall be firm and unyielding and
must be capable of supporting the bedding, pipe, and com-
pacted backfill.
8.2.1 For trench bottoms above the water table, the founda-
tion is considered firm if a person can walk on the foundation
without sinking into the soil or feeling it move underfoot.
8.2.2 For trench bottoms below the water table, a Standard
Penetration Test (SPT) should be conducted in accordance with
Test Method D1586 before construction. An “N” value of 10 or
higher is used to consider the foundation firm.
8.2.3 In cases where the trench foundation is soft or
unsuitable to support the pipe, bedding and compacted backfill;
foundation improvement is necessary.

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 C12 − 17
9. Pipe Bedding
9.1 Bell holes shall be excavated to prevent point loading of
the bells or couplings of laid pipe, and to establish full-length
support of the pipe barrel (Fig. 7).
9.2 The portion of the bedding directly beneath the pipe and
above the foundation should not be compacted for Class B and
Crushed Stone Encasement.
9.3 Bedding shall be placed so that the pipe is true to line
and grade and to provide uniform and continuous support of
the pipe barrel.
9.4 In rock excavation, the pipe shall be placed on a bedding
of Class I or II material at a minimum depth under the pipe
barrel of 6 in. (150 mm) or Bc/5, whichever is greater.
10. Pipe Handling
10.1 Pipe and fittings shall be handled carefully to protect
from damage.
10.2 Carefully examine each pipe and fitting before
installation, for soundness and specification compliance. Pipe
accepted may be plainly marked by the inspector. Rejected
pipe shall not be defaced, but shall be replaced with pipe that
meets specification.
10.3 Handle pipe so that premolded jointing surfaces or
attached couplings do not support the weight of the pipe. Do
not damage the jointing surfaces or couplings by dragging,
contact with hard materials, or by use of hooks.
11. Pipe Laying
11.1 Clean joint contact surfaces immediately prior to
joining. Use joint lubricants and joining methods, as recom-
mended by the pipe manufacturer.
11.2 Unless otherwise required, lay all pipe straight between
changes in alignment and at uniform grade between changes in
grade. Excavate bell holes for each pipe joint. When joined in
the trench, the pipe shall form a true and smooth line.
11.3 Straight lengths of pipe may be used for horizontal or
vertical curves by uniformly deflecting each joint. The joint
deflection limits shall be as described in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Joint Deflection Limits
NOTE 1—For calculating the minimum radius of curvature use the following:
pipe—3 in. (76 mm) to 12 in. (305 mm) Diameter radius = 24 × pipe length
pipe—15 in. (380 mm) to 24 in. (610 mm) Diameter radius = 32 × pipe length
pipe—27 in. (685 mm) to 36 in. (915 mm) Diameter radius = 48 × pipe length
pipe—39 in. (990 mm) to 48 in. (1220 mm) Diameter radius = 64 × pipe length
NOTE 2—Material is applicable to compression joints for vitrified clay pipe and fittings in accordance with Specification C425.
Maximum Angular
Nominal Diameter,
Deflection per Joint,
in. (mm)
degrees
3–12 (76–305) 2.4°
15–24 (380–610) 1.8°
27–36 (685–915) 1.2°
39–48 (990–1220) 0.9°
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11.4 Whenever practicable, start pipe laying at the lowest
point and install the pipe so that the spigot ends point in the
direction of flow to prevent bedding material from entering the
joint.
11.5 After each pipe has been brought to grade, aligned, and
placed in final position, deposit and shovel slice bedding
material into the pipe haunches. Shovel slicing the bedding
material into the haunches of the entire pipe barrel is essential
to realize the total design load factor. Wyes and tees shall be
bedded to prevent shear loading.
11.5.1 Initial shovel slicing should be performed before the
bedding is no higher than the quarter point of the pipe diameter.
11.6 Place pipe that is to be bedded in concrete cradle or
encased in concrete, in proper position on temporary supports.
When necessary, rigidly anchor or weight the pipe to prevent
flotation as concrete is placed.
11.7 Place concrete for cradles, arches, or encasement
uniformly on each side of the pipe and deposit at approxi-
mately its final position. Concrete placed beneath the pipe shall
be sufficiently workable so that the entire space beneath the
pipe can be filled without excessive vibration.
11.8 Where the pipeline connects to a manhole or other
structure, protection from differential settlement must be pro-
vided.
11.8.1 The installation shall result in a minimum of two
points of flexibility at each pipe connection to the manhole or
other structure.
11.8.1.1 Short pipe lengths, 24 in. (610 mm) maximum,
shall be used within 36 in. (915 mm) of the connected manhole
or other structure.
11.8.1.2 Acceptable points of flexibility shall be a factory
applied joint (C425), an elastomeric compression coupling
(C425), or a flexible manhole connection (C923). Each con-
nection shall be considered a single point of flexibility.
12. Backfilling Trenches
12.1 Initial backfill need not be compacted to develop field
supporting strength of the pipe. Final backfill may require
compaction to prevent settlement of the ground surface.
Maximum Deflection
of Pipe,
in./linear ft (mm/linear m)
⁄ (42)
12
⁄ (31)
38
1⁄4 (21)
3⁄16 (16)
 C12 − 17
12.2 Unless otherwise directed, backfill trenches as soon as
practicable after the pipe is laid. In the case of concrete
bedding, delay backfilling until the concrete has set sufficiently
to support the backfill load.
12.3 The initial backfill shall be either Class I, II, III, or IV
(see Table 2).
12.4 Final backfill shall have no rock, stones, or other
material having a dimension larger than 6 in. (150 mm) within
3 ft (0.92 m) of the top of the pipe.
12.5 Water flooding or jetting may be used for consolidating
backfill material only when approved by the engineer.
13. Field Performance and Acceptance
13.1 After installation the sewer shall be tested for integrity
by a method specified or approved by the engineer.
NOTE 3—It is recommended that the contractor perform testing when
the first manhole-to-manhole pipeline is installed, backfilled, and com-
pacted prior to paving and periodically as the installation progresses.
13.2 Where ground water exists above the top of the pipe,
the line may be tested for infiltration by determining the
quantity of water entering the system during a specified time
period. Infiltration testing is recommended and shall conform
to the test procedure described in Test Method C1091.
13.3 Where ground water does not exist above the top of the
pipe, Test Method C828 is recommended.
NOTE 4—When water or air tests are specified and the acceptance of a
line depends upon satisfactory results, it should be recognized that several
factors have a bearing on these results. Manhole bases, walls, and seals
must be watertight. Household and commercial building and roof drains
must be isolated. Stoppers must be sufficiently secured to be air or
watertight.
13.4 In order for the performance of the line to be
acceptable, all tests shall be made on pipe laid in accordance
with the bedding provisions of Section 6. Joining procedures
shall follow the recommendation of the pipe manufacturer.
14. Keywords
14.1 backfilling; bedding; clay pipe; compaction; construc-
tion; design; excavation; installation; load factors; perforated
pipe; pipe; sewers; trench foundation; trenching; vitrified

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. INSTALLATION CRITERIA FOR PERFORATED VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE

X1.1 Position of Perforations: X1.3 Bedding and Backfill:

X1.1.1 Perforations in a subdrain or leachate pipe shall X1.3.1 Bedding and backfill shall be in accordance with the
normally be down. engineer’s design.
X1.1.2 Under unique conditions it may be desirable to place X1.3.2 It is desirable to contain the bedding with a filter
the perforations up. fabric.
X1.2 Method of Design: X1.3.3 In the pipe zone the material shall be free draining
without migration.
X1.2.1 Design in accordance with standard engineering
practice, noting particularly, the bearing strength as listed in X1.3.4 Extreme care should be exercised in placement and
Specification C700. compaction of backfill.

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