CHAPTER – 02 Types of Estimate Quantity Surveying and Valuation

CH-02

# 05 BOLTED JOINT
 Bolt Joint

Connection
Bolt Connnection
Designation M × d × l → length of bolt
↓ ∟ Dia of bolt
Metric Size
 Bolt Joint

Steel Washer
Function of steel Washer
Distribute Pressure uniformly ( clamping action )
To prevent threaded Portion of Bolt from Bearing

Types of Bolt
Ordinary bolt or common bolt or Rough bolt or Black bolt or
unfinished bolt
bl izdkj ds Bolt dk Use Light Structure ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 Bolt Joint

Vibration loading dh condition esa use ugha fd;s tkrs gSA

Static loading condition esa fd;k tkrk gSA
;g bolt mild steel dk cuk gksrk gS vkSj bldks Head dh shape square or
Hexagonal gksrh gSA
Remark square shape head bolt dh strength, Hexagonal shape Head
bolt dh rqyuk esa de gksrh gSA
Market esa 5mm to 36 rd available jgrs gSA But commonally m16 M 20, M
24, M 30 use esa yk;s tkrs gSA
blesa force dk transmission bearing Action }kjk gksrk gSA
 Bolt Joint

Commonly black bolt dh yield strength 240 N/mm² rFkk ultimate strength
400 N/mm² gksrh gSA
bl izdkj ds Bolt dk use light structure ftl ij static loads vk jgk gks i.e.
truss, bracing etc. esa djrs gSA
Grade – 4.6, 8.6
𝟏 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
4.6 Grade 4 = fu 0.6 = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒖 𝟒𝟎𝟎

fu = 400 fy = 240 mpa

 Bolt Joint

Turned or finished bolts

bl izdkj dk Bolt unfinished bolt dh rjg gh gksrk gSA
bl bolt dks Hexagonal shape dh shape dh Rod ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
Turn bolt dh shearing or bearing strength unfinished bolt dh rqyuk esa T;knk
gksrh gSA
bldk bLrseky Dynamic loading condition esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blesa Hkh Force Bearing Action }kjk gksrh gSA
 Bolt Joint

Ribbed Bolt – bl izdkj ds Bolt Vibration load dks vPNh rjg ls Resist djrs gSaA
;g Hexagonal bolt shape dk gksrk gSA
High strength bolt or high strength friction Grip bolt (HSFG bolt)
16 mm to 36 size ds available gksrs gS ij Design m16 , m24, & m30 dh
commonly gksrh gSA
Grade – 8s, 8.8s, 10s or 10.9s available ijarq most commonly 8.8s &
10.9s use gksrs gSa A
 Bolt Joint

blesa Force dk transfer friction ds }kjk gksrk gSA

Mostly suitable for bridge
;g Dynamic rFkk Vibration load ds fy, suitable gksrk gSA
 Bolt Joint
CH-02
Types of Bolted Joint

Lap Joint Butt Joint

Single Butt Bolt Double Cover

Joint Butt Bolt Joint
 Bolt Joint

Lap joint – bl joint esa Plate ,d & nwljs ds Åij over lapped djds cukrs gSA
bl Joint esa Plate ds plane vyx & vyx gksrs gS Load vkus ij ml ij eccentricity
work djrh gSA

𝟒𝒕
Min. length of lap
𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Butt Joint bl Joint nksuksa Plate dks vkeus lkeus j[kdj Single cover ;k Double
cover ds lkFk Joint cukrs gSA
Single cover okys Single cover butt bolt joint rFkk Double cover okys Double
cover butt bolt joint dgrs gSA
 Bolt Joint

Remark – Double cover butt bolt joint lcls efficient ekuk tkrk gSA
Double cover butt bolt joint dks Concentric connectionn dgrs gSA
Failure of Bolted joints
1. Shear failure of bolts
• It will happen due to slip of plate due to applied loading
• Bolt will cut out into two piece.
 Bolt Joint

2. Bearing failure of bolt

Bolt will go out of shape
 Bolt Joint

3. Tearing/Tensile failure of bolt

Gross section Rupture failure

yielding failure
𝑻
= 𝒇𝒖𝒃 - Gross section yielding failure = Permanent distortion
𝑨

𝑻
= 𝒇𝒖𝒃 = Rupture failure (2 part esa cut out gks tkrk½
𝑨
 Bolt Joint

4. Bearing failure of plate

Reason
1. Lesser spacing of bolt
2. Lesser edge or end distance
 Bolt Joint

5. Shear failure of plate

lesser end distance
 Bolt Joint

6. Tensile / Tearing failure of plate

Main Reason
• Lesser edge distance
• Plate material is weaker than Bolt material
• Cracks are perpendicular to the direction of forces.
• Lesser spacing of bolt
 Bolt Joint
7. Black Shear Failure

Specification for the Botted joints

Diameter of bolt.
i. Cross Diameter
12 – 14 mm – 1 mm extra
16 – 24 mm – 2mm extra
> 24 mm – 3 mm extra

ii. Pitch (P)

Min Pitch – 2.5 𝒅
Max pitch of bolt in compression Zone
Pmax = 12t
or min

200 mm
T = thickness of thinner plate.
Max pitch of bolt in tension zone.
Pmax = 16t
or min

200 mm
T = thickness of thinker plate
Staggered pitch – Compression zone
Pmax = 18t
or min

300 mm
Tension zone
Pmax = 24t
or min
300 mm

 If bolt are staggered then pitch value are Increased by 30%.

 Gauge distance ≯ 75 mm.

 Min edge and end distance
For m/c cut element – 1.5 × dn – Dia of bolt hole
for Hand cut element – 1.7 × dn
Max end and edge distance

𝟐𝟓𝟎
i. = 12 t 𝝐 𝝐=
𝒇𝒚
ii. 40 + 4t,

Where ‘t’ is the thickness of thinner connected plate, if

exposed to corrosive influence.