CHAPTER – 02 Types of Estimate Quantity Surveying and Valuation

CH-02
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JOINT / CONNECTION
Joint ds
}kjk nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Member dks tksM+dj ,d unit
member dh rjg dk;Z djus ;ksX; cuk;k tkrk gsS A
Types of Joint
Permanent Joint Rivet Joint
Welded Joint

Temporary Joint Bolted Joint

Pinned Joint
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Permanent Joint – og Joint ftls vklkuh ls Dismental djds iqu%

yxk;k ugha tk ldrk gS mls pemanent Joint dgrs gsSA
Temporary Joint – og Joint ftls vklkuh ls Dismental djds iqu%
yxk;k tk ldrk gS mls Permanent Joint dgrs gSa A

Rivet Joint- nks ;k nks ls vf/kd member dks ;fn Rivet dh lgk;rk ls
tksM+k tk;s rks mls Rivet Joint dgrs gSA
Rivet - Rivet dks lkekU;r% mild steel ls cukrs gSA
Rivet dks shank ds Dia ds vk/kkj ij O;Dr djrs gSA
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Riveted Structure esa dsoy Rivet dk weight yxHkx iwjs structure ds

weight dk 2-5 izfr'kr gksrk gSA
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Types of Rivet
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2- yxk, tkus okys LFkku ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of Riveted place)
Field Rivet - ;fn Rivetting Field esa
dh tk;s rks mls Field Rivet dgrs gSA
Shop Rivet – ;fn Riveting workshop esa dh tk;s rks mls shop Rivet
dgrs gSaA
Remark – Shop rivet dh strength Field Rivet 10% T;knk gksrk gSA
On the basis of temperature
1. Cold Rivet - ;fn Riveting BaMh voLFkk esa dh tk;s rks bls Cold Rivet dgrs gSA
A. Cold Rivetting – 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 mm (12-22 mm) rd ds Rivet ds fy, Cold Rivetting
djrs gSA
Hot Rivet - ;fn Rivetting xeZ voLFkk esa dh tk;s (Rivet dks xeZ djds rks bl Rivet dks Hot
Rivet dgrs gSA )
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2- yxk, tkus okys LFkku ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of Riveted place)
Field Rivet - ;fn Rivetting Field esa
dh tk;s rks mls Field Rivet dgrs gSA
Shop Rivet – ;fn Riveting workshop esa dh tk;s rks mls shop Rivet
dgrs gSaA
Remark – Shop rivet dh strength Field Rivet 10% T;knk gksrk gSA
On the basis of temperature
1. Cold Rivet - ;fn Riveting BaMh voLFkk esa dh tk;s rks bls Cold Rivet dgrs gSA
A. Cold Rivetting – 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 mm (12.22 m) rd ds Rivet ds fy, Cold Rivetting
djrs gSA
Hot Rivet - ;fn Rivetting xeZ voLFkk esa dh tk;s (Rivet dks xeZ djds rks bl Rivet dks Hot
Rivet dgrs gSA )
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16 -30 mm rd Hot Rivetting djrs gSA

Rivet dks xeZ djus ij Rivet ds shank dh yackbZ rFkk Dia nksuksa dk eku c<+
tkrk gSA
Rivet dks xeZ djus ds ckn tc Rivet BaMh gksrk gS rks Shank dh yackbZ esa deh
gksus esa IysV ij ,d Extra Pressure Generate gks tkrk gS bls action dks
Clamping Action dgrs gSA
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Rivet ds Dia ds de gksus ls hole rFkk Rivet ds Dia ds chp Gap Generate
gks tkrk gS ftls Clearance dgrs gSA
Note – cold Rivet dh strength Hot Rivet dh strength ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
(same dia ds fy,)
I. On the basis of Power
1. Hand Driven Rivet - ;fn rivetting gFkkSM+s )kjk gkFk ls dh tk;s rks mls
Rivet dks Hand Driven Rivet dgrs gSA
II. Power Driven Rivet - ;fn Rivetting Power (machine) dh lgk;rk ls dh tk,
rks ml Rivet dks Power Driver Rivet dgrs gSA
Power Driver Rivet dh strength, Hand Driver Rivet dh vis{kk 20% vf/kd
gksrh gSA
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Rivet 𝝈𝒕 𝝈𝒕 𝝈𝒃
Power Driver shop Rivet 100 N/mm² 100 N/mm² 300 N/mm²

Power Driver Field Rivet 90 N/mm² 90N/mm² 270N/mm²

Hand Driver Rivet 80 N/mm² 80N/mm² 250N/mm²

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Types of Rivet Joint

I. On the basis of arrangement of plate
A. Lap Joint – lap Joint esa Plate dks vyx &2 Plane esa j[kdj ,d
& nwljs ds Åij Rivet dh lgk;rk ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
Lap Joint – esa Rivet ds Bending dh chances vf/kd jgrh gSA
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B. Butt joint – nksuksa IysVksa dks ,d gh Plane esa j[kdj Cover Plate dh
lgk;rk ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
I. Single Cover Butt Joint

I. Double cover Butt Joint

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Diff b/w Lap joint & Butt Joint

Lap Joint Butt joint
1. blesa Cover plate ugha yxrh gS 1. blesa Cover plate yxrh gS
2. Rivet dk ,d ry esa shear gksrk gSa A 2. blesa
Single Shear Plane RkFkk Double
Shear plane gksrk gSA
3- Rivet ds shank dh yackbZ de gksrh gSA 3- Rivet ds shank dh yackbZ vf/kd gksrh gSA
4- IysVksa ds v{k ,d gh js[kk esa ugha gksrs gSa A 4- IysV dks ,d gh Plane esa j[krs gS blfy, v{k ,d
gh js[kk esa gksrs gSA

5- blesa leku rFkk vleku IysVksa dks tksM+k tk 5- Butt Joint esa vleku IysVksa dks ugha tksM
a +k
ldrk gSA tk ldrk gS] packing dh t:jr iM+rh
gSA
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Remark – Double cover plate dh strength rFkk efficiency vf/kd gksrh gSA
On the basis of Rivet line –
Single Riveted lap joint –
Single riveted single cover Butt joint
Single riveted double cover butt joint
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II. Double Rivetted Joint

A. Double Rivet Lap Joint
B. Double Rivet Single Cover Butt joint
C. Double cover Double Rivet Butt Joint
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III. Triple Riveted Joint

A. Tripple rivet Lap Joint
B. Triple Rivetted Double Cover Butt Joint

On the basis of Rivet arrangement Chain Riveting chain Rivetting esa izR;sd
Rivet lines esa gksrh gS A rFkk Pitch Hkh leku gksrh gSA
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II. Staggered Riveting / Zig Zag Riveting

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III. Diamond Rivetting

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;g staggered Riveting dk gh ,d :i gS blesa ckgj dh rjQ tkus ij

izR;sd ykbu esa ,d & ,d rivet de gksrs tkrs gSA

Some Important terms Related to Rivet Joint Nominal Dia of Rivet (d)
– shank ds Dia dks dgrs gSA
Nominal Dia
2. Gross Dia of Rivet (D) – hole ds Dia dks Gross Dia dgrs gSA
D = d + 1.5 mm (up to 25 mm a) < 25 mm ∅
= d + 2.0 mm > 25 mm Dia
3. Rivet lines or Gauge lines or Back line scrieve line
Stress ds lekUrj ftu dkYifud lines ij Rivet yxs gksrs gS] mls Rivet lines dgrs
gSA
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Pitch – Rivet lines ij fdlh Hkh nks Øekxr Rivet ds chp centre to centre
Distance dks Pitch dgrs gSA
6- Edge Distance – force ds perpendicular direction esa IysV ds
fdukjs ls fudVre Rivet ds centre ds chp dh vertical Distance edge
Distance dgrs gSa A
7- End Distance - force ds parallel direction esa IysV ds fdukjs ls fudVre
Rivet ds centre ds chp dh Horizontal Distance dks end Distance Hkh dgrs
gSa A
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Strength of Joint – Rivet Failure

Plate Failure

Assumption of Rivet Joint :-

1. Rivet ds Bending failure dks Negligible ekuk x;k gSA
2. Joint ij vkus okyk Load izR;sd Rivet ij leku :Ik ls caV tkrk
gSA A
3. Friction IysVksa ds chp dks ux.; ekuk x;k gSA
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4. Rivet dh Bearing strength Kkr djrs le; rivet dk Projected area

ysrs gSa A
5- Rivet ds fdlh cross section ij shear stress uniform gksrk gSa A
6- Plate ds fdlh cross section ij tensile stress uniform gksrk gSa A

Rivet Failure
1. Bending Failure
2. Shearing Failure
3. Bearing Failure
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Bending Failure dks Negligible ekuk tkrk gSA

Remark - Double Cover Butt joint esa Bending dh lEHkkouk lcls de rFkk Lap
Joint esa ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
Shearing failure -:
Shearing strength of Rivet – Rs
𝝅
= D² × σs ( single Shear)
𝟒
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For Double shearing

𝝅
Rs = 2 × D² ×σs (for Double Shear)
𝟒
III. Bearing Failure
For lap joint
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T = thickness of thinner plate

Rb = D × t × σb B × t = Projected Area

For Butt Joint

Thickness of main plate
t1 = thickness of cover plate
Rb = D × + × σb or D × 2t1 × σb which is less will be taken

Rivet Value ,d Rivet dh Strength dks Rivet Value dgrs gSA

Rivet Value = min (Rs Rb)
;fn Joint esa dqy Rivet dh la[;k N gks rks lHkh Rivet dh Strength (PR = N × Rv)
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Plate Failure
1. Tensile Failure of Plate
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For main plate

(pt)1-1 = (B – d) + × σt
(Pt) 2-2 = (B – 2d) t ×σt + Rv
Pt (3-3) = (B -3d)t × σt +3Rv
Strength of the main plate
(Pt) 1-1 (Pt) 2-2 (Pt) 3-3 which is minimum will be taken
For cover plate
(Pt ) 3-3 = (B-3D) × 2t1 ×σt
(Pt ) 2-2 = (B-2D) × 2t1 ×σt + 3Rv

(Pt ) 1-1 = (B-D) × 2t1 ×σt + 5Rv strength of cover plate (Pt 1-1) (Pt 2-2)
(Pt 3-3) which is minimum will be taken
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Strength of Plate (Pt -& Pt') which is less

Strength of joint Pt & PR (Which is less )
Bearing failure of plate

Plate is weak

Rivet is strong
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Shearing failure of plate

A proper end distance provide djds shearing failure of plate dks jksdk tk
ldrk gS A
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IS 800 : 2007 Specification

1. Pitch (P) mm = 2.5 × d
2. Min edge and end distance
For m/c cut element – 1.5 × ∅ h
Dia of bolt hole
for Hand cut element = 1.7 × dm
max end & edge distance
𝟐𝟓𝟎
= 12 t E e=
𝒇𝒚
t = thickness of thinner plate
for fy = 250 E = 1
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4. Max. Pitch of Rivet / Bolt/ Weld in compression Zone

Pmax = 12t
or min
200
t thickness of thinner plate
To Prevent buckling of component b/w bolts
5. Max pitch of Rivet / Bolt/ Weld in tension Zone –
Pmax = 16t
or min
200 mm t = thickness of thinner plate
Note -: Pitch – Staggered pitch
Compression zone
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Pmax = 18t
OR min
300
tension zone
Pmax = 24 t
OR min
300 mm
Remark – if bolt are staggered then pitch value are increase by 50%
- Gauge Distance ≥ 75 mm.
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6. Tack Bolt OR Tack weld

Those bolt which makes two structural component as a single unit.

Max pitch of tack Bolt in plates

II. When steel section like angle of channel section are used as a
tension member
Pmax = 1000 mm.
III. When steel section like angle or channel section are used as a
compression members
Pmax = 600 mm.
7. Diameter of bolt hole or gross dia (∅n or dn )
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7. Diameter of bolt hole or gross dia (∅n or dn )

Bolt Rivet
Nominal Dia Gross dia Nominal dia Gross dia
12 – 14mm – 1 mm extra d < 25 mm – ∅ + 15 mm
16 – 24 mm 2 mm extra d > 25 mm - ∅ + 2mm

8. Unwin formula t = thickness of plate in mm

D1 = 6.05 𝒕

Dia of bolt / Rivet

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Note - PR = 𝜼 × 𝑹𝒗 𝜼 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉

Pt = (P – D)t × σt
Strength (Per Pitch) = min[PR & Pt]
Efficiency of Riveted Joint (𝜼) -:
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝜼= × 100
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆

𝒎𝒊𝒏[𝑷𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝑹]
𝜼= × 100
𝑩×𝒕×𝝈𝒕

Efficiency of joint per pitch

𝒑𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝑹(𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉)
𝜼= × 100
𝑷×𝒕×𝝈𝒕
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Incase of plate failure (Ideal failure)

𝑷𝒕
𝜼= × 100
𝑷×𝒕×𝝈𝒕

𝑷−𝑫 𝒕×𝒕𝟕 𝑷−𝑫

× 100 = × 100
𝑷×𝒕×𝝈𝒕 𝑷

Min. Pitch ij Joint dh efficiency 60% rd gksrh gSA

Max. effieciency ds fy, Pitch dk eku fu/kkZfjr &
Per Pitch dh strength = Per Pitch Rivet dh strength
n = no. of Rivet Per Pitch
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Question -: 16 mm thick plates are joined double Riveted Double cover butt
joint using a 10 mm thick cover plate. Determine the strength and efficiency
of the joint per Pitch of 90 mm. If 20 mm dia power Driven shop Rivet are
used.
Sol. Thickness = min (10+10, 16)
𝝅
Rs = N1 N2 × D² × ts
𝟒
𝝅
= 2× 2× × (21.5)² × 100
𝟒
= 2 × 72.61 kN
Rb = 2×D×t × σt
= 2× 21.5 × 16 × 300 = 103.200 kN×2
Rivet value = 72.61 × 2
= 145.22 KN
Pt = (P-D) t .σt
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Pt = (P-D)t .σt
Pt = (90 – 21.5) × 16 × 150
= 164.400 kN
Strength of joint = min [PR or Pt]
= 145.22 kN
𝑹𝒗
𝜼= × 100
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉

𝟏𝟒𝟓.𝟐𝟐
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 67.23
𝟗𝟎×𝟏𝟔×𝟏𝟓𝟎
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Step – 1 Dia of Rivet

Accn to unwin formula
Dia of Rivet = 6.05 𝒕 [t = mm]
Dia of Rivet [t = cm]
Step – 2 Gross dia of Rivet
d+1.5 Upto 25 mm
d+2.0 above 25 mm
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Step – 3
;fn iz'u esa Rivet Joint dk izdkj fn;k gks rks mlds vuqlkj vU;Fkk
Double cover Butt joint ekurs gq, Joint dh Design djrs gSA
Step – 4 Rivet value
I. Rs Kkr djrs gSA
II. Rb Kkr djrs gS
Rv Kkr dj ysrs gS {min Rs or Rb }
Step - 5 No. of Rivets
𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑷
No. of Rivet = =
𝑹𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑹𝒗
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Step – 6 Design of cover plate

Thickness of cover plate (t1) < + (thickness of main place)
(for single cover Butt joint)
𝟓
Thickness of cover plate (t1) < + (for Double cover Butt joint)
𝟖
Step – 7 mijksDr Rivet dks mfpr arrangements esa chain vFkok Diamond
riveting esa yxk nsrs gSa A Pitch, Gauge & edge Distance dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, A
Step – 8 tensile strength of plate
Pt vkSj Pc esa tks de gks og Plate tensile strength gksxh A
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Type - 2
10 mm eksVh nks IysVksa dks ,dy Rivet lap joint }kjk tksM+us gsrq Rivet
Joint dk Design djsa A ft = 150 , fs = 90 fs = 270 N/mm²
Solution
t = 10 mm. Unwin formula = d = 6.05 𝒕
= 6. 05 𝟏𝟎 = 19.13 mm
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vr% 20 mm dia ds Rivet dk use

Gross dia = (20+1.5) mm = 21.5
𝝅
1- Shear strength Ps = 𝟒 d² . Fs
𝝅
=𝟒
× 21.5² × 90 = 32670 N or 32.67 kN
II. Bearing strength = d×t × fb
= 21.5 × 10 × 270 = 58.05 kN
𝝅
(p-d)t × ft = d² × fs
𝟒
(p-21.5 ) × 10 × 150 = 360 N
𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟎
P = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 21.5 mm = 43.28 mm
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𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟎
P= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
× 21.5 mm = 43.28 mm
mm pitch = 2.5 × d = 2.5 × 20 = 50
P = 50 mm
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Type – 3
16 mm thick steal plates ds nks doj IysVks ds lkFk Single rivet cV
Joint ds fy, Joint dk Design ds fy, Permissible stress ft = 150N/mm², fs
= 100N/mm² rFkk fd = 300 N/mm² eku yhft, A N/mm² = 1mpa.
Sol. Main Plate thickness = t = 16mm
𝟓 𝟓
Cover plate thickness f1 = t = × 16 = 10 mm
𝟖 𝟖
Dia of Rivet = 6.05 𝒇 = 6.05 𝒇
= 24.2 mm
Gross dia = (24 + 1.5) = 255 mm
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bl izdkj
t= 16 mm, t1 = 10mm, d = 25.5 mm rFkk ft = 150 fs = 100 fb = 300
N/mm²
𝝅
1. Shear Strength Ps = 2 × 𝟒 d²×fs
𝝅
= 2 × × 25.5² × 100 = 102 14 0N.
𝟒
II. Bearing Strength t = 16 mm 2t1 = 2×10 = 20 mm & t < 2t1

Pb = 25,5 × 16 × 300 = 122400 N

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min = 102 140N = PS

Pt = Ps =
(P – 25.5) × 16 × 150 = 102140
(P-25.5) = 42 558
P = 42.6 + 25.5 = 68.1mm.
min Pitch = 2.5 × d = 2.5 × 24 = 60 mm
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Type 4
,d 75 × 50 × 8 (mm) angle 10 mm eksrh Gusset Plate ds lkFk Tension
member or tie ds :Ik esa tksM+k x;k gSA ;fn Tensile force 85 kN rFkk fs = 100
N/mm² rFkk fb = 300 N/mm² gks rks A 18 mm dia ds Rivet dh la[;k Kkr dhft, A
Sol – Dia = 18 mm Gross dia = 18 + 1.5 = 19.5 mm
Rivet value
𝝅
I. Shear Strength = × d² × fs
𝟒
𝝅
= × 19.5² × 100 = 29.86 kN
𝟒
II. Bearing Strength
angle section thickness > 8 mm
Gusset Plate thickness = 10 mm
min thick = 8 mm.
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Bearing of strength
= d× t × fb = 19.5 × 8 × 300
= 46.80 kN
R = 29.86 kN
F = 85 kN
𝑭 𝟖𝟓
𝜼= = 2.84 = 3No.
𝑹 𝟐𝟗.𝟖𝟔
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Type – 5
16 mm thick nks steel plate dks 22 mm dia ds Rivet }kjk Tripple Rivet lap
Joint esa tksM+k gSA Rivet Joint dh Efficieny 75% j[krs gq, fjosV dh Pitch Kkr
dhft,
ft = 150N/mm² fs = 100mm² & fb = 300mm²
Sol. Dia of rivet = 22 mm
D = 22 + 1.5 = 23.5 mm
𝝅
Shear Strength = 3 × × D² × fs
𝟒
𝝅
= 3× × 23.5² × 100 = 130.14kN
𝟒
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Bearing Strength = 3 × d' × t × fb

= 3×23.5 × 16 × 300 = 33 8400 N
Joint dh strength = 130140 N
Solid Plate Strength = P × t × f𝒃𝒕 = P × 16 × 150
𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟎
75 = = 72.3 or 73
𝑷×𝟏𝟔×𝟏𝟓𝟎