Linear Equations of Second Order 10.

55

Auxiliary equation of (6) is D 2 1 2D 0 giving D " 0, 2

o. x 2x 2x
> Solution of (6) is y c1 e ! c2 e c1 ! c2 e , c1 and c2 being arbitrary constants ...(7)
From (4), (5) and (7), the complete solution of (1), i.e., C.F. of (1) is given by
y x ( c1 ! c2 e 2 x ) or y c1 x ! c2 x e 2 x ...(8)
Let y Ax ! Bx e 2 x ...(9)
be the complete solution of (1). Then, A and B are functions of x which are so choosen that (1) will
be satisfied. Differentiating (9), w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
y∃ A ! A1 x ! B ( e 2 x ! 2 x e 2 x ) ! B1 x e 2 x , ...(10)
where A1 dA / dx and B1 dB / dx . Choose A and B such that
A1 x ! B1 x e 2 x 0 ...(11)
2x
Then, (10) reduces to y∃ A ! B e (1 ! 2 x ) ...(12)
2x 2x 2x
Differentiating (12), y ∃∃ A1 ! B1 e (1 ! 2 x ) ! B{2 x (1 ! 2 x ) ! 2 e } ...(13)
Substituting the values of y, y' and y'' given by (9), (12) and (13) is (1), we have
x 2 { A1 ! B1 e2 x (1 ! 2 x ) ! 4 B e2 x (1 ! x )} 1 2 x(1 ! x ){ A ! Be2 x (1 ! 2 x )} !2( x ! 1)( Ax ! Bx e2 x ) x3
or A1 x 2 ! x 2 B1 e 2 x (1 ! 2 x ) x 3 or A1 ! B1 (1 ! 2 x ) e 2 x x ...(14)
Solving (11) and (14) for A1 and B1, we have
A1 dA / dx 1(1/ 2) and B1 dB / dx (1/ 2) ∆ e 12 x
Integrating these, A 1( x / 2) ! c1 , and B 1 (1/ 4) ∆ e 12 x ! c2
Substituting the above values of A and B is (9), the required solution is
y {1 ( x / 2) ! c1}x ! {1 (1/ 4) ∆ e 12 x ! c2 }x e 2 x or y c1 x ! c2 x e 2 x 1 ( x 2 / 2) 1 ( x / 4)

EXERCISE 11(D)

Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve the following equations

1. (x2 ! 1)y2 – 2xy1 ! 2y " 6(x2 ! 1)2 [Bangalore 1992]
2. (x –1)y 2 – 2xy 1 ! 2y " (x – 1) , given that x and (x !1) are solutions of the reduced
2 2 2 2

equation [Kanpur 1996]

3. Solve (1 – x2)y2 – 4xy1 – (1 ! x2)y " x when y1 " (cos x)/(1 – x2), y2 " (sin x)/(1 – x2) are
its two complementary solutions. [Ravishankar 1995]
4. (1 1 x 2 ) y ∃∃ ! xy∃ 1 y x(1 1 x 2 )3 / 2
Factorization of Operators
Ans. y c1{(1 1 x2 )1/ 2 ! x sin 11 x} ! c2 x 1 (1/ 9) ∆ x(1 1 x2 )3/ 2
10.15 Solutions by Operators
Let the given equation be S (d 2 y / dx2 ) ! P(dy / dx) ! Qy R, ...(1)
where P, Q, R and S are functions of x.
Writing D for d/dx, (1) gives [SD2 ! PD ! Q]y " R. ... (2)
Sometimes it will be possible to factorise the left-hand side into two linear operators acting
on y. In such a case the equation is integrated in two stages. We illustrate the method by the
following solved examples.
Important Remarks. Remember that the factors are not commutative since these will involve
functions of x directly. Hence care should be taken while using the factorised operators in the
correct order. So test the correctness of the order before using the operators.

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 10.56 Linear Equations of Second Order

10.16 Solved Examples based on Art. 10.15

Ex. 1. Solve y# ! (1 – x)y∃ – y " ex. [Kurukshetra 2000, Rohilkhand 1995]
Sol. Writing D for d/dx, the given equation becomes [xD2 ! (1 – x)D – 1]y " ex. ... (1)
Now, xD2 ! (1 – x)D – 1 " xD2 – xD ! D – 1 " xD(D – 1) ! D – 1
> xD2 ! (1 – x)D – 1 " (xD ! 1)(D – 1). ... (2)
If we take the other order i.e. (D – 1)(xD ! 1), then we get
(D – 1)(xD ! 1) " D(xD ! 1) – (xD ! 1) " 10 D ! x 0 D2 ! D – xD –1,
which is different from L.H.S. of (2). So the order in (2) is correct.
Using (2), (1) gives (xD ! 1)(D – 1)y " ex. ... (3)
Let (D – 1)y " v. ... (4)
Then (3) gives (Dx ! 1)v " e .x
... (5)
dv dv 1 1 x
We first slove (5), i.e. x ! v ex or ! v e ,
dx dx x x
which is linear. Its I.F. " e /
(1/ x )0dx
e log x x and solution is

/ x 0 (1/ x )e
x
vx " dx ! c1 e x ! c1 ; c1 being on arbitary constant.
> v " (1/x)ex ! (1/x)c1. Putting this value of ? in (4), we get
(D – 1)y " (1/x)ex ! (1/x)c1 or(dy/dx) – y " (1/x)ex ! (1/x)c1,
which is again a linear equation of the first order.

Its I.F. " e /

1 dx
e1 x . Hence its solution is given by
%1 1 & e1 x
ye–x " c2 ! / ∋ e x ! c1 ( e 1 x dx c2 ! log x ! c1 / dx.
)x x ∗ x

> The solution of the given equation is y " c1e x / ( e1 x / x ) dx ! c2 e x ! e x log x.

Ex. 2. Factorise the operator on the L.H.S of [(x ! 2)D2 – (2x ! 5)D ! 2]y " (x ! 1)ex and hence
solve it. [Guwahat 1997, Kanpur 1998]
Sol. L.H.S. of the given equation
" (x ! 2)D2 – [2(x ! 2)+1] ! 2 " (x ! 2)D2 – 2(x ! 2)D – (D – 2)
" (x ! 2)D (D – 2) – (D – 2) " [(x ! 2)D – 1](D – 2). ... (1)
We cannot reverse the order, for then
(D – 2)[(x ! 2)D – 1] " D ! (x ! 2)D2 – D – 2(x ! 2)D ! 2 " (x ! 2)D2 – (2x ! 4)D ! 2.
which is clearly different from L.H.S. of the given equation.
Thus the order (1) is correct. Hence the given equation gives
[(x ! 2)D – 1](D – 2)y " (x ! 1)ex. ... (2)
Put (D – 2)y " v. ... (3)
Then, (2) gives [(x ! 2)D – 1]v " (x ! 1)ex. ... (4)
dv dv 1 x !1 x
We first solve (4), i.e., ( x ! 2) 1v ( x ! 1)e x or 1 v e ,
dx dx x ! 1 x!2

Its I.F. " e /

1 dx /( x ! 2)
e 1 log ( x ! 2) 1/( x ! 2) and its solution is given by

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 Linear Equations of Second Order 10.57

1 x !1 ( x ! 2) 1 1 e x dx e x dx
/ ( x ! 2)2 e /
x
v0 " dx ! c1 2
e x dx ! c1 " / x ! 2 1 / ( x ! 2)2 ! c1
x!2 ( x ! 2)

e x dx 8 ( x ! 2)11 x ( x ! 2)11 x 9
" / x ! 2 < ( 11)
1 : e 1 / ( 11) e ;= ! c1 , integrating by parts only the second integral
or ? / ≅ x ! 2Αc1 ! e x / ≅ x ! 2 Α so that v " c1(x ! 2) ! ex.
Putting this in (3), (D – 2)y " c1(x ! 2) ! ex or dy/dx – 2y " c1(x ! 2) ! ex

Its I.F. " e /

12 dx
e 12 x and its solution is
ye–2x " c2 ! / [c1 ( x ! 2) ! e x ] e 12 x dx " c2 ! c1 / ( x ! 2) e 12 x dx ! / e 1 x dx
8 % 1 & %1 & 9 1 1
" c2 ! c1 :( x ! 2) ∋ 1 e 12 x ( ! / ∋ e 12 x ( dx ; 1 e 1 x " c2 1 c1 ( x ! 2) e 12 x 1 c1e 12 x 1 e1 x
< ) 2 ∗ ) 4 ∗ = 2 4
or y " c2e2 x 1 (c1 / 4) ∆ (2 x ! 5) 1 e x , c1 and c2 being arbitrary constants
Ex. 3. Solve xy# ! (x – 2)y∃ – 2y " x3.
Sol. Writing D Η d/dx, the given equation may be written as
[xD2 ! (x – 2)D – 2]y " x2. ... (1)
But xD ! (x – 2)D – 2 " xD ! xD – 2D – 2 " xD(D ! 1) – 2(D ! 1) " (xD – 2)(D ! 1)
2 2

Hence (1) may be re-written as (xD – 2)(D ! 1)y"x3. ... (2)

Let (D ! 1)y " v. ... (3)
Then, (2) gives (xD – 2)v" x3.
dv dv 2
or x 1 2v " x 3 or 1 v x 2 . ... (4)
dx dx x
which is linear. Its. I.F. " e /
1 (2/ x ) dx
e12 log x x 12 and so solution of (4) is

/x 0 x 12 dx ! c1
2
vx–2 " or vx–2 " x ! c1 or v " x3 ! c1 x2 ... (5)
Using (5), (3) reduces to dy/dx + y " x + c1x 3 2
... (6)

which is linear. Its I.F. " e / dx e x . So solution of (6) is

y 0 ex " /e
x
( x 3 ! c1 x 2 )dx ! c2 , c1 and c2 being a arbitrary constants
or yex " (x3 ! c1x2)(ex) – (3x2 ! 2c1x)(ex) ! (6x ! 2c1)ex – 6ex ! c2
[By chain rule of integration by parts]
or y " x ! c1x – 3x – 2c1x ! 6x ! 2c1 – 6 ! c2e " x ! (c1 – 3)x2 ! (6 – 2c1)x ! 2(c1 – 3) ! c2e–x.
3 2 2 –x 3

EXERCISE 10(E)
Solve the following differential equaitons:
1. 3x2y# ! (2 – 6x2)y – 4y " 0. Ans. y " c2 e2 x / e12 x ! (2 x /3) dx ! c1e2 x

2. 3x2y# ! (2 ! 6x – 6x2)y∃ – 4y " 0. [Rajasthan 2010] Ans. y " c2 e

2/3 x
! c1e 2/3 x / (1 / x 2 ) e 2 x 1(2/3 x ) dx

3. (x ! 1)y# ! (x – 1)y∃ – 2y " 0. Ans. y " c1 ( x 2 ! 1) ! c2e1 x

4. xy# ! (x – 1)y∃ y " 0. Ans. y " c1(x – 1) ! c2e–x

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 10.58 Linear Equations of Second Order

2
5. xy# ! (x2 ! 1)y∃ ! 2xy " x2 given that y " 2, y∃ " 0, when x " 0. Ans. y " 1 ! e 1 x /2

6. xy# ! (x – 1)y∃ – y " x2. Hint. (xD – 1)(D ! 1)y " x2. Ans. y " c1 ( x 1 1) ! c2 e1 x ! x2
7. xy# ! (x – 1)y∃ – y " x4.
Hint. (xD – 1)(D ! 1)y " x4. Ans. y " c1e1 x ! c2 ( x 1 1) ! (1/ 3) x 4 1 (4 / 3) x 3 ! 4 x 2
8. [(x ! 3)D2 – (2x ! 7)D ! 2]y " (x ! 3)2 ex.
Hint. {( x ! 3) D 1 1}( D 1 2) y ( x ! 3)2 e x . Ans. y " c2e 2 x ! c1(2 x ! 7) 1 e x ( x ! 4)
9. xy# – (x ! 2)y∃ ! 2y " x3. Hint. (xD – 2)(D – 1)y " x3 Ans. y " 1 x3 1 (c1 ! 3)( x2 ! 2 x ! 2) ! c2e x
12 x ! (1/ x )
10. x2y# ! y∃ – (1 ! x2)y " e–x. Ans. y " c1e / e
x
dx ! c2e x 1 (1/ 2) ∆ e1 x .

11. xy2 ! (1 ! x)y1 ! y " ex. [Rohilkhand 1995] Ans. y " c1e 1 x / e x x 11dx ! c2e 1 x ! e 1 x / e 2 x x 11dx

Miscellaneous problem in Chapter 10

Ex. 1. If y x is a solution of the differential equation y∃∃ 1 (2 / x2 ! 1/ x) ( xy ∃ 1 y ) 0, 0 Λ x Λ Φ,
then its general solution is (a) (Μ ! Νe 12 x ) x (b) (Μ ! Νe 2 x ) x

(c) Μx ! Ν e x (d) (Μe x ! Ν) x [GATE 2009]

Sol. Ans. (d). Proceed as in Ex. 4(a), page 10.8

Ex. 2. Show that the change of independent variable from x to z by z " / q ( x ) dx transforms the

differential equations y ∃∃ ! p( x) y ∃ ! q ( x) y 0 into a differential with constant coefficients if

{q∃ ( x) ! 2 p( x ) q( x)} / {q( x)3/2 is constant [Mumbai 2010]

Hints. Proceed as in Art. 10.9

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