МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ

РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

КАЗАХСКАЯ ГОЛОВНАЯ
АРХИТЕКТУРНО-СТРОИТЕЛЬНАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ

Факультет общей
гуманитарной подготовки

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Электронный учебник
Специальности «Дизайн» (1- 2 курс)

Алматы 2009
УДК 81.2 Англ.я. 7
У 808

Составитель: Карыбаева Гульмира Аканкажиновна

«Английский язык для дизайнеров» (для студентов 1- 2 курсов

бакалавыриата). - Алматы: КазГАСА, 2009г.

Данный электронный учебник содержит широкий диапазон речевых

штампов, текстов, упражнений и диалогов.
Электронный учебник предназначен для студентов 1 и 2 курсов
специальности «Дизайн».
Цель учебника, в соответствии с требованиями программы по иностранным
языкам для неязыковых вузов,- развить навыки чтения литературы по
специальности, а также навыки устной речи.

© Казахская головная
архитектурно-строительная
академия, 2009
My home is my Castle
Lead-in
1. The title above is taken from an English proverb. What do you think it means?
2. a. Which of the houses has: five storeys and a house on top; a fiberglass shark; brick
walls; a thatched roof; a chimney; a rock on the roof; wooden stairs up to the front door;
stone walls; a pitched roof; a tiled roof?
is: built underground; a castle; built on stilts?

b. Use the adjectives to describe each house. Give reasons.

•economical •impractical • cold • spacious • cramped
•airy •comfortable 'attractive 'eccentric
House A is economical to maintain because it doesn't cost very much to heat and cool.
c. Match the houses to the countries.
five-storey building Suffolk, England
terraced house Zimbabwe
hut on stilts Portugal
rock house Headington, England

d. Describe the houses A-D. Think about:

•type of house •location • special features • general description
The house in picture A is a hut on stilts. It is located in Zimbabwe. It has got a thatched
roof and wooden stairs up to the front door. It's cramped but it's probably quite airy.
e. Which house would you/wouldn't you like to live in?

Give reasons.
I'd like to live in the hut on stilts because it looks very attractive to me. I wouldn't like to live in
the rock house because it must get very cold.
Reading
Tip. Read the text quickly to get a general idea of what it is about. Look at the first part of the
question, then find of the text the question refers to. Go through the choices and choose the
answer that best fits. Keep in mind that the information may be rephrased. Even if you think you
know the correct answer, always check that the others are not appropriate. Check your answer
against the text.
 3. a. Look at the title of the article. What do you think it is about? Where
might you read it? Say words you expect to find in it.

In Search of the Perfect Home

How would you like to live in a castle, a tree house or even underground? This
might not be as unusual as you think. It seems that these days more and more people
want to live somewhere special and out of the ordinary, and if they can't buy what
they 5 want they are quite prepared to build it from scratch.For John Mew and his
wife Josephine their home really is their castle. They have built their own English
castle in the Sussex countryside. The 10 building is brand new with all the
luxuries you would expect from a house that cost more than £350,000 to build.
However, when you first see it from the outside it would be easy to think that you are
looking at an ancient monument. The building has a lot of 15 the features of a
traditional castle, including a keep, a moat and a drawbridge.' "My choice of house
is somewhat eccentric and building it was very hard work, but we've got the perfect
place to live," Mew says. Although some would say that the building is 20
impractical and may be cold in harsh British winters, he certainly has got a unique
and spacious home.If you don't look carefully, you might not even see the home that
Jonathan Ridley-Jones and Shannon Rid built at all! That's because the house is a
converted underground water tank. The only thing that can be seen from the surface
is a door leading into the hillside. "We've never wanted to live in an ordinary house,"
Shannon says. "Living below ground means that our home is quiet and very cozy -
none of the usual draughts. It doesn't damage the local surroundings and has very
low fuel bills. Some of our friends find it dark and feel shut in when they first visit,
but they soon get used to it!"If an underground home doesn't appeal to you, 35 how
about living in the tree tops? Dan Garner, a tree surgeon from Gloucestershire,
certainly thinks that this is the way to go up in the world."When our family became
short of space at home our solution was to build a luxury tree house in the 40 garden.
The tree house is built into a spruce tree six meters above the ground. It has one
main room, a bedroom and a balcony running around two sides." Garner is so happy
with this practical extension to his home that he thinks he can … more people
of the benefits of living in the trees. He wants to …his own enterprise making more
of the deluxe tree dwellings, saying, "Tree houses are airy, secure and comfortable
and the only disadvantage is that they might not be suitable for people who suffer
from hay fever or a fear of heights!"
Even people who live in more ordinary settings sometimes can't … do something
to make them stand out from the crowd. One extreme example of this is Bill Heines'
house in Headington, Oxfordshire. Until one morning in 1986, his house looked
much like all the others in his street, when suddenly overnight a 7.5 m long
fiberglass shark appeared to have crashed through the roof. The shark was a
sculpture by local artist John Buckley. 60 At first some people complained that it
might be dangerous or that it spoilt the look of the neighborhood, but
engineers checked that the sculpture was safe and the 'Headington shark' has become
a well-known and popular landmark. It 65 seems that no matter where you live, you
can always do something to make sure your house says something about
who you are.

b. Read the article and answer the questions.

c. Explain the words in bold, and then suggest synonyms for the highlighted words.

1. More and more people build their own home

A. so that they can live underground.
B. so that they can have exactly the home they want.
C. because it is cheaper than buying a new house.
D. because they want all the modern luxuries you find in a new home.
2. John and Josephine Mew
A. know that their choice of home is unusual.
B. found that creating their dream home was easy.
C. wanted to live like people would have in traditional castles
D. converted an ancient building into a modern home.
3. What do Jonathan Ridley-Jones and Shanon Ridd say about their home?
A. It's just an ordinary house.
B. They always wanted to live underground.
C. It doesn't harm the environment.
D They don't pay anything for heating and lighting.
4. Why did Dan build a tree house in his garden?
A. He wants to persuade people to buy one.
B. His family wanted to live in a tree house.
C. He builds them for a living.
D. His family needed more room.
5. The 'Headington shark'
A. was created by Bill Heines.
B. crashed into the roof of Bill Heines' house one night.
C. was immediately popular with everyone in the town.
D was built without any warning.

Follow-up

4. a. List the advantages and disadvantages of Mew's, Ridd's and Garner's

dwellings, and then talk about them.
b. What would your ideal house be? Describe it giving reasons.

My ideal house would be a castle. It would be made of.

Vocabulary Practice
Dwellings and Appliances
5. Read the advertisements, then, in pairs, list the special features of each property
under the headings:
Inside-Outside

A.

FOR RENT 3-bedroom semi-detached house, Paddington. Large

lounge /dining room with fireplace, entrance hall, modern fitted
kitchen, attic, central heating, built-in wardrobes. Garage and
driveway. Large front garden with shared fence, rear patio and pool.
Close to shops and public transport. Available for long let. £ 430 per
month.
Contact Mrs. Wilson Tel.: 020 8360 7289

A: Inside: large lounge / dining room ….

Outside: garage, driveway …..
В.

FOR SALE £399,986б Golders Green, London. A superb first-

floor 2-bedrooraed flat. Fully-furnished with a large balcony, double
glazing and air conditioning. Fully-equipped kitchen and modern
security system. Minutes from tube station. Full details at Primary
Properties: 020 8731 6889
B. What features are there inside/outside your house?
6. a. Which of these items are in your house? In which room?
•refrigerator •vacuum cleaner •electric heater • washing machine •microwave
•humidifier •air conditioner• hairdryer • dishwasher •cooker
refrigerator – kitchen
b. Match the columns. Which of these have you/ haven’t got in your house?
built -in system
central hall
fitted glazing
double wardrobes
entrance kitchen
private parking
security heating
There are built-in wardrobes in our house. We haven’t got….
7. a.
A.

B.

A B A B
•driveway + + • balcony + -
•chimney + - • air conditioning + +
•garage + + • security system + +
•pool + - • cellar - +
•garden + + • fireplace + -
•attic + + • built-in wardrobes - +
•patio + - • central heating + +
•fence + + • fitted kitchen + -

Both house A and B have got a driveway. House A has got a chimney, but
house B hasn’t got one. House A has got a driveway as well as a garage. Besides
having a garage, House A has got a driveway.

b. Look at the pictures A and В and write an advertisement for each house. Say if it is
for rent/sale, what kind of house it is, how much it costs, what special features it has got
and give a telephone number for contact. Use the advertisements in Ex. 6a as models to
help you.
Household Chores
8. a. Match the verbs to the nouns.
wash the beds
dust the carpets
make the clothes
iron the dishes
vacuum the windows
clean the floors
mop the lawn
mow the furniture

Which of these household chores do you do? How often? Which do you like/not
mind/hate doing?

I sometimes wash the dishes in the evenings.

b. Which of these verbs can be changed to do + ing form of the verb? Make up
sentences about your family using these phrases.
Mum always does the ironing on Saturday.

Colors & Rooms

9. a. Circle the adjectives which have connections with each color.

red - competitive, romantic, active, excited

orange - conservative, talkative, adventurous
yellow - shy, reliable, cheerful, generous, impatient, creative
blue - calm, confident, stressed, relaxed, peaceful
green - relaxed, peaceful, refreshed, depressed
white - cheerful, isolated, withdrawn
b. What color would you paint these rooms? Why?
a dining room
a child’s room
a play area
a living room
a classroom

I would paint a dining room orange because it stimulates the appetite.

10. Use the prepositions and the words in the list to describe the living room.

•in front of • next to • behind • opposite • on

•between • above • in the middle of
•fireplace •candlesticks •carpet •paintings •sofa
•armchair •cushions •plant • glass coffee table
•window •lamp
There is a glass coffee table in front of the sofa.
11. Present tenses
Grammar Reference
Identify the tenses in bold, and then match them to their use.
1. The Earth revolves round the Sun.
2. The train leaves at 5:30. ......
3. John is looking for a new house...
4. She can't play. She has broken her leg.
5. He is always biting his nails. ......
 6. I have been trying to call you for an hour.
7. He is flying to Madrid tomorrow..
8. It's getting colder and colder. ......

a. action which started in the past and continues up

to the present with emphasis on duration
b. law of nature
с. expressing irritation
d. action happening around the time of speaking
e. result/consequence of a past activity in the present
f. fixed arrangement in the future
g. timetable
h. gradual development

12. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense, and then identify their
use.
1. She ...................(move) house next week.
2. Carl and Mary are looking for a new house. The landlord (evict) them
from their flat.
3. .......................(you/wait) a long time?
4. They........................... (convert) the old
mill into a beautiful new home at the moment.
5. Water .........................(freeze) at 0° С
6. Her flight...........(arrive) tonight at 7pm.
7. .......................................(you/sign)
the contract for the house next week?
8. The Earth .................(become) warmer
and warmer.
9. The bus ...........(come) every ten minutes.
10. Jack and Maggie ..........................
...............(still/search) for the perfect house.
11. Bob can't move house now because he
………….(sign) a two-year contract.

13. Fill in the correct tense of the verb in brackets.

1 A: ................................................
(Jane/still/think) of renting the house?
B: Yes, why?
 A: Well, some people ..................
(think) that it is haunted.
2 A: Mark..................(taste) the curry to
see if we need to add any more spices.
B: I don't think we do. It.............
(taste) delicious as it is.
3 A: Why............................(you/smell)
the milk? I only bought it this morning!
B: Well, it ..............(smell) off to me!

14. a. Talk about British homes, using adverbs of frequency, as in the example.

British Homes

100% always.........running water

75% usually........a garden or yard
50% often............a garage
25% sometimes. . a cellar or basement
10% rarely..........a swimming pool
0% never........... a storm cellar

British homes always have running water. There is always running water in
British homes. You can always find running water in British homes.
b. In pairs draw a similar chart about homes in your country, and then present it
in class.
15. In pairs, talk about:
• what you do/don't do in your free time
• what you are doing this weekend
• what you have done so far today
16. How much have you changed since you were five years old? Make up sentences,
as in the example.

I've grown my hair long.

17. In pairs, act out dialogues, as in the example.

• sleep outdoors • visit a castle • be in a tree house
• stay at a campsite • redecorate your own bedroom
 • stay in a house with its own swimming pool
• have a power cut at your home • move house
A: Have you ever slept outdoors?
B: No, I haven't. Have you ever visited a castle?
A: Yes, I have.
B: Really? When was that?
A: Two years ago. Have you ever...? etc

18. Use the prompts to act out dialogues, as in the example.

1. exhausted - work/garden
• plant/flowers (+)
• prune/bushes (+)
• water/lawn (-)

A: You look exhausted. What have you been doing?

B: I've been working in the garden.
A: What have you done?
B: Well, I've planted some flowers and pruned the bushes but I haven't watered
the lawn yet
2. tired- organize party
• finish/Maths (+)
• write/composition (+)
• study/test (-)
3. excited - organize party
• send out/invitations (+)
• book/caterers (+)
• book/band (+)

19. Make up sentences about yourself, using present tenses and the time adverbs in the
list.
• yet • still • already • for
• since • at the moment
• every day • now
• next Saturday
I haven't done my homework yet.
20. Use the prompts to write sentences, as in the example. Use present perfect or present
perfect continuous.
1. Ann can't get into the house.
(lose/her key)
a. Ann can't get into the house. She has lost her key.
 2. Tom's sunburnt, (sit/in the sun/all morning)
3. My eyes hurt, (watch TV/ hours)
4. John passed his Maths exam. (study/hard)
5. Nick has lost a lot of weight. (be on a diet)
6. Amy looks so happy! (buy/ new house)
21.
1. I'm afraid I can't make it tonight. I …. the estate agent at 7 o'clock.
A see В am seeing С have seen D have been seeing
2. The film ...... at 7:30.
A has been starting В has started С is starting D starts
3. He.............to find a cleaning woman for a month now.
A has been trying В tries С is trying D has tried
4. Look! You........coffee all over my desk!
A have been spilling С were spilling
В have spilt D spill
5. He.............the property section of the newspaper every day, but he still hasn't
found anything.
A has been reading В is reading С have read D read

22. Fill in the correct preposition, and then explain the phrases.
1. Ann has been absent......work for two weeks.
2. It has taken Mark a long time to become accustomed ……
he Australian climate.
3. They accused him.......stealing the car.
4. We need to agree.......a time to meet.
5. He apologized..... Mary........being late last night.
6. Emma has applied...Leeds University......a place on the History course.
7. Some people don't approve…… the council's plan to build a new shopping
centre in town.
8. The old man was begging...food.
9. Do you believe.........magic?
10. Rob has been busy.......the redecorating all week.

23. Chain Story. Read the beginning of the story, then, one after the other, continue the
story using the phrases in bold from Ex. 22.
John Smith worked as an office manager. He was very good at his job, but
unfortunately he wasn't able to go to work because he was very ill. He was absent from
work for three weeks.
24. Fill in the correct prepositions. Then choose any five phrases and make up sentences
using them.
1. .......the ordinary; 2. .. scratch; 3… the countryside; 4. to expect sth …sb; 5.
 .........the winter; 6. to appeal ….sb; 7. to live .. a tree top; 8. to become short
......... space; 9. an extension …. his home; 10. to convince people … sth;
11. the benefits …. sth; 12. suitable …. sb; 13. to suffer …. hay
fever; 14. fear.............heights
25. Replace the words in bold with the appropriate phrasal verb formed with breaker
bring.
1. My computer has stopped working. (= broken down)
2. My favourite band have just released their new album.
3. Schools finish for the summer holidays tomorrow.
4. She was raised by her grandma.
5. The burglars entered by force and stole all our valuables.
6. A fire began suddenly on the second floor of the building.
7. Visiting my old neighborhood always makes me recall memories of family
holidays.
8. The two countries ended diplomatic relations with each other two years ago.

26. Competition Game

Choose one of the phrasal verbs in Ex. 25 and draw a picture about it. In teams,
show your picture to the class. The team which guesses the phrasal verb first gets one
point. Continue the game until all of you have shown your pictures. The team with the
most points is the winner.
27. Fill in the correct word derived from the word in bold.
Can you imagine house anything worse that returning
that burglars have broken into your housed ?
Burglarproof Your Home

0) Unfortunately, this happens to about 1 FORTUNE

million people in Britain 1).........However, if ANNUAL
you want better 2)........... against burglars PROTECT
there are several things you can do. To improve
3)..............., check all the locks on your doors and SECURE
windows. The 4)................... of lighting all INSTALL
around the house will make sure a burglar is
5).................. to hide in the shadows. An alarm ABLE
system is another good 6)................... PREVENT
measure you can take.
Starting a 7)......................... watch group is NEIGHBOUR
also a very 8)................way to prevent crime in EFFECT
your area. Since most 9).............. take place BURGLAR
when people are away on holiday, this is when your
neighbors’ help is most 10).................. Ask VALUE
them to collect your mail, open and close your
curtains every day, switch your lights on and off
and even mow your lawn to make your house look
occupied.

TIP. Read the title of the text to see what the text is about. Read the text once
quickly, and then read it sentence by sentence. Look for mistakes with articles,
auxiliary/modal verbs, prepositions, pronouns, comparative forms etc. The extra words are
wrong, not just unnecessary. Mark your answers. Check the whole text.

28. Read the text below and look carefully at each line. If the line is correct,
put a plus (+). If it has a word that should not be there, write this word on the lines, as in
the examples.

An Unusual Home
Why would a basketball player to have an exact copy of a 0 to
pirate ship in his backyard? The basketball player is LA 00 +
Laker's star, Kobe Bryant, who he has created an 1
adventure wonderland in his California home. There are 2
many of tropical gardens around the house, complete 3
with waterfalls, and the pirate ship is in one of these. The 4
ship it not only fits in with the garden, but also gives 5
to the home a fun-park theme.
The house is over 16,000 square feet in the size, with ten 7
bedrooms and over twelve bathrooms. A huge guest 8
house stands next to a theatre and a billiards room. Even if 9
the guests need something else to look at, apart from the 10
rest of the decor, there are so beautiful ceilings which 11
have to been carefully hand-painted. These give Kobe's 12
house a casual but elegant look. Kobe didn't want to buy 13
a ready-built home, so that he had this one specially built 14
for him - at a cost of about $13.5 million! 15

Key-word Transformations
Tip. Read the whole sentence, and then look at the key word. Try to look at the
key word. Try to work out what the question is testing (passive, indirect speech,
part of speech, etc.). Complete the sentences without changing the word given.
Check that you have written two to five words. Also check for spelling.
29. Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. You can use two to five
words including the word given. Don’t change the word given.
 1. I've never seen such a tiny house.
ever It's the ...............................................seen.
2. It's a long time since he last visited us.
for He .............................................a longtime.
3. It's a year since he started working here.
been He.............................................. a year now.
4. His new book will be on the market next March.
out His new book ............................next March.
5. Two men forced their way into Sally's flat last night.
broke Two men ....................................last night.

Idioms & Fixed Phrases

30. Fill in the correct colour (s). Then explain the expressions in bold.

1. Sophie goes to the cinema once in a ……… moon. She doesn't like it much.
2. Jack fell down the stairs and he is and all over.
3. Angela definitely has ……fingers - everything in her garden grows really
well.
4. He is a bit .......... - he hasn’t got much experience in this kind of work.
5. They knew that if she found out the truth it would hurt her feelings so they told
her a little ...….. lie.
6. She doesn't want to say anything until she has seen the facts in … and …

31. Underline the correct word, and then explain the phrases.
1. Ian is very active. He is always out and about/around.
2. After the argument they both did their best to clean/clear the air.
3. I can't find my keys anywhere -they seem to have vanished into thin/delicate air.
4. Matt is very determined to buy the cottage. He won't accept/take no for an
answer.
5. They wanted to build a holiday resort here, but the owners of those beachfront
cottages refused/denied to play ball.
6. They knew they would have to drive a difficult/hard bargain if they wanted to
buy the house at a price they could afford.
 32. Look at the pictures. Compare and contrast them. You can use the expressions
below to help you.

Both pictures show …

Picture A… but picture B …
Picture A … In addition…
Picture B, on the other hand, …
Although/While picture A…,
Picture B…

●Which house would you like to live in? Give reasons.

●How is your house similar to/ different from the ones in the pictures?
●What problems might you face in each type of house? Think about: noise,
neighbors, distance from shops / facilities, space, heating etc.

33. Look at the pictures and in pairs talk about:

Is your house childproof?
 • electrical sockets/hot stoves - safety covers
• chemicals/cleaning products/medicine - locked cupboards
• cupboards & drawers – safety catches on
• swimming pools - guard rails
• staircases- safety gates
• knives/irons – keep out of reach

Electrical sockets are very dangerous because children can be electrocuted. Safety covers
should be put on.

34. Your friend, who's got a family of four, has inherited £10,000 and she is thinking of
making some improvements to her house. In pairs, decide which would be the best and
why.
A: I think she should add a second bathroom.
B: Yes, she's got a big family so another bathroom would be very useful.
 35. Complete the dialogue, and then use the prompts to act out similar dialogues.
A: How do you 1).............it, then?
B: Well, it's nicely decorated and the garden is lovely, but the kitchen is
very 2).....................
A: That's true. But it is 3).......equipped.
B: And there are only two bedrooms.
A: Mrnrn, yes. But we can use the 4).... as another
bedroom.
B: I think it will suit our needs. And it's not so expensive, either.
A: Okay, then. Let's tell the estate agent that we are definitely 5)…..
• nice area (+) • four-bed roomed (+) • a long way from the shops (-)
• a bus stop nearby (+) • no central heating (-) • log fire (+)
• well maintained (+) • garden (+) • no garage (-)
• park on the street (+) • no fence (-) • modern security system (+)

Reading
Read the following text through quickly to answer these questions.
1. Has the “Mona Lisa” ever been stolen?
2. Is the painting in the Louvre the original?

With the real Mona Lisa please stand up?

(0 _____________
The paintings of renaissance scientist, inventor and musician Leonardo da
Vinci have always attracted controversy. Only 14 works have ever been attributed to
him and experts have questioned the authentic of several. Not even such a famous
painting as the Mona Lisa is above suspicion. It is neither signed nor dated and no
record of subsequent payment to Leonardo has ever been found.
(1 ___________
The painting believed to be a portrait of the wife of a Florentine merchant, is
dated at about 1502. It has been on public display in the Louvre since 1804. Now
housed in bullet-prove glass case, it has always been surrounded by tight security.
Even so on 24 August 1911, it was stolen. Initial leads came to nothing and no clues
to the thief’s motives or the whereabouts of the picture materialized for 15 months.
At one point Picasso, then relatively unknown, came under suspicion, but there was
no evidence to suggest that he did anything more serious than “borrow” some
neglected tribal pieces from the museum.
(2 ___________
In November 1913, Florentine art dealer Alfredo Geri received a letter from
someone claiming they had the Mona Lisa. The writer of the letter prepared to sell
it back to Italy for 500,000 lire. Geri contacted the director of the Uffizi museum in
Florence, who arranged a meeting with the person who had written to Geri. This
person turned out to be an Italian carpenter, Vincenzo Perruggia, who had been
commissioned by the Louvre to make the painting’s protective wooden box. He had
been able to steal the famous work of the art because he knew the museum’s routine
so well. The Mona Lisa he produced was proclaiming genuine by the Uffizi and sent
back to Paris. The big question was why did Peruggia wait so long before trying to
sell the painting?
(3 ______________
One explanation is that he was a accomplice of the criminal the Marques de
Valfierno, who had copies made of the Mona Lisa while it was still in the Louvre.
Once the theft was announced, Valfierno went to America where he sold “the original
Mona Lisa” six times over to wealthy collectors for two million dollars. Perrugia was
left with the original painting and realizing that Valfierno was never going to contact
him again, attempted to make some money by selling it. As for the American
collectors, they couldn’t complain for fear of revealing their involvement in the
crime. Intriguingly a number of “original Mona Lisa” have since turned up in
America.
(4 ___________
But there is another theory. Shortly after the theft, Parisian art dealer Eduard
Jonas claimed he was in possession of the original Mona Lisa. He subsequently
changed his story under threat of being charged with its theft and declared it a fake.
Later, however, a British conman, Jack Dean, insisted that he had helped Perrugia
steal the painting, but substituted a copy for the original before Perrugia took it to
Italy. Dean claimed to have sold the original to a Paris art dealer. If Dean’s story is
true, and Jonas incident gives it some support, then the painting now in Louvre,
surrounded by impregnable security systems and seen by thousands of visitors a day,
is a forgery.
(5 _____________
Is there any way of knowing for certain? It would seem that there is. A method
known as “neutron activation analysis”, has been used on a number of occasions to
establish the authenticity of works of art. It involves bombarding the painting with
neutrons so as to identify chemical elements in the paint. It can be used to determine
exactly when a painting was produced since chemical elements in even tiny traces of
paint vary according to the period of painting. If the directors of the Louvre chose to,
they could put the painting’s neutrons to the test and perhaps the real Mona Lisa at
last stand up.
Speaking
Discuss the following questions:
1. Do you know of any other famous cases of forgery?
2. How important is it for works of art to be genuine?

Imagine that the Louvre has decided to hold an enquiry into the authenticity of
the Mona Lisa. You are going to present evidence to the enquiry. You should find
information in the text to support your case. Decide which of these two positions you
are going to defend.
•The Mona Lisa in the Louvre is the original work and was painted by
Leonardo da
Vinci.
•The Mona Lisa in the Louvre was not painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
Present your case to the enquiry.

Supplementary texts

Blarney Castle

Eight kilometers north of the city of Cork you will find Blarney Castle, home
of the famous Blarney Stone. This stone is traditionally believed to give whoever
kisses it the gift of eloquent speech. Built in 1446 by Dermot McCarthy, King of
Munster, Blarney Castle has a rich history. It is believed that a past king of Munster
sent 4,000 men to help Robert the Bruce win the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. His
reward was said to be half of the Stone of Scone, which was renamed the Blarney
Stone.
Blarney Castle today is a very popular tourist attraction although most of it is
in ruins. Many features remain, though, like the tower and the narrow spiral
staircases. Visitors who wish to kiss the stone must climb up a very narrow winding
staircase to the top of the battlements, then lie on their back and lean slightly over the
edge of the tower to reach the stone. Visitors can also enjoy a walk through the
beautiful, well-kept grounds, where they will find the Rock Close. This is a
mysterious place with ancient stones and trees that were used by the druids.
Blarney Castle is a very interesting historical site and definitely well worth a
visit. It is one place you must not miss if you get the chance to go to Southern
Ireland.

Dunottar Castle
Scotland is full of castles, each with its own myths and legends. One such castle is
Dunottar castle on Scotland’s east coast, 15 miles from the city of Aberdeen. Located
on a huge outcrop of flat rock with sheer cliffs on three sides, it is the perfect place
for a fortress, and there has been one here since the 13th century.
Dunottar has a long and exciting past. William Wallace, Mary Queen of Scots,
King Charles II and Marquis of Montrose have all played a part in its rich history.
The Scottish Crown Jewels, the “Honours of Scotland”, were hidden here in the 17 th
century so that Oliver Cromwell couldn’t destroy them.
Dunottar used to be one of the strongest fortresses in Scotland. However, the castle
was abandoned in the 18th century and it fell into decay until 1925, when
Viscountness Cowdray began to repair. Visitors can see the 14 th century keep, which
was built by Sir William Keith in 1932 and is still intact. There are also barracks,
lodgings, stables and storehouses.
The castle has become a lot more popular in recent years since the site was used as
one of the locations for the film “Hamlet” starring Mel Gibson. It is also popular with
birdwatchers because of its location. Whatever the reason for your visit, it will
certainly be memorable.

Design
Active vocabulary
feature белгі черта
plot сюжет сюжет
to entail шақыру вызывать
craftsmanship шеберлік мастерство
to achieve жету достичь
significant маңызды значимый

Design - in narrow sense - creative activity which industrial purpose is definition

of formal qualities products including:
-External features of a product; and it is especial
- Structural and functional interrelations which transform a product into a single
whole from the point of view of the consumer and from the point of view of the
manufacturer.
Design to project. Design takes many forms in different contexts. In the applied
arts, such as graphic design, industrial design, fashion design, functional art, and
decorative art, design is considered a noun as it is a verb.
Design allows human beings to effectively communicate ideas and information. It
cuts across a wide range of applied arts from fashion design to industrial design.
Design as a noun can refer to a drawing or a sketch. It could also be a graphic
representation of a detailed plan for construction uses. It may also be described as a
basic plan or pattern that could affect or control the environment. Design as a noun
can also be used as an intent or purpose, a secret plot or ploy. In the context of a verb,
design is the series of different processes involved in creating a plan meant for
aesthetic and functional objects. These processes, or the design process, as it can be
called, require significant time for deliberation, research, shaping and reshaping,
adjustments, and redesign.
To design is to fashion in the mind, to create a plan in a systematic format, to
execute plans, and to create designs. Our everyday lives are surrounded by the
designs of people who are resourceful, creative and imaginative. We live in houses
designed by architects, and ride in cars inspired by engineers. Our household items
are product of a new form of art called industrial design.
The clothes we wear from shirts to jeans to underwear clothing are created by
ingenious fashion designers, and the furniture pieces we install in our homes were
created by the exceptional craftsmanship of their design makers.
To design entails careful evaluation of the product to be created, continuous planning,
modeling and remodeling of the product, testing, and redesigning. People who are
involved in design are usually creative, organized, and technology conscious.
They are committed to their craft and work well with others, because design is a
process which cannot be achieved and perfected alone. This quality also helps them
when they deal with clients whose ideas are different from theirs.
The design arena involve careers such as art directing, where you will be tasked to
create visual concepts for a large number of products, from billboards to CD jackets.
Another occupation is that of a graphic designer, where you will design the
packaging of books, magazines, catalogs, posters, and CD inserts. Industrial
designers work in coordination with engineers to create and design everyday items,
most of which are mass produced.

Design Elements
Point
Active vocabulary
closure жабу закрытие,
блокирования
multiple көпсанды многочисленный
blank бос пустой
unavoidable құтыла алмайтын неизбежный
coherent байланысты связный
density тығыздық плотность

A point is an element that has position, but no extension. It is a single mark in

space with a precise, but limited, location. Alone it can provide a powerful relation
between negative and positive space, but when grouped with other points the
Gestalt grouping principal of closure tends to kick in and the brain compulsively
connects the points together. Line or form is a natural result of multiple points in
space.Even if there is only one point, one mark on a blank page there is something
built into the brain that wills meaning for it, and seeks some kind of relationship or
order, if only to use it as a point of orientation in relation to the outline of the page.
If there are two points, immediately the eye will make a connection and "see" a line.
If there are three points, it is unavoidable to interpret them as a triangle; the mind
supplies the connections. This compulsion to connect parts is described as grouping,
or gestalt. Gestalt is the fundamental tool the designer or artist uses to build a
coherent composition.
A point in Euclidean geometry has no size, orientation, or any other feature
except position. Euclid's axioms or postulates assert in some cases that points exist:
for example, they assert that if two lines on a plane are not parallel, there is exactly
one point that lies on both of them. Euclid sometimes implicitly assumed facts that
did not follow from the axioms (for example about the ordering of points on lines,
and occasionally about the existence of points distinct from a finite list of points).
Therefore the traditional axiomatization of point was not entirely complete and
definitive. it can be on any location in space and on anything. In typography, a point
is the smallest unit of measure, it being the subdivision of the pica. It is commonly
abbreviated as pt. The traditional printer's point from the era of hot metal typesetting
and presswork varied between 0.18 and 0.4 mm depending on various definitions of
the foot.

Line
Active vocabulary
encounter кездестіру встретить

silhouette тұлға силуэт

hallmark белгі признак
turbulence қарқын бурность
turmoil ретсіз беспорядок
frivolous жеңіл ойлы легкомысленный
A line is an element characterized by length and direction. Lines create contours
and form, and are often used to convey a specific kind of feeling or point to an
important feature in a design. Lines are also used to create perspective, and dominant
directional lines are often adopted to create a sense of continuance in a composition.
In addition, lines that are grouped together often create a sense of value, density of
texture.
A line is a mark made by moving point and having psychological impact
according to its direction, weight, and the variations in its direction and weight. It is
an enormously useful and versatile graphic device that is made to function in both
visual and verbal ways. It can function independently to suggest forms that can be
recognized, even when the lines are limited in extent. Lines can be combined with
other lines to create textures and patterns. The use of line in combination results in
the development of form and value, which are other elements of design.
However, line is not always explicit. It can exist by implication, as the edge of
forms. As young children we usually begin drawing landscapes by making outlines
for earth, sky, and other objects. Gradually we learn that objects do not have such
outlines and we let color changes define the edges of shapes, creating implicit lines.
Thus we can speak of a horizon “line”, or the “lines” of a car or fashion silhouette,
even though we know there is no literal line present.
Horizontal line suggests a feeling of rest or repose. Objects parallel to the earth are
at rest in relation to gravity. Therefore compositions in which horizontal lines
dominate tend to be quiet and restful in feeling. One of the hallmarks of Frank Lloyd
Wright’s architectural style is its use of strong horizontal elements which stress the
relationship of the structure to the land.
Vertical lines communicate a feeling of loftiness and spirituality. Erect lines seem
to extend upwards beyond human reach, toward the sky. They often dominate public
architecture, from cathedrals to corporate headquarters. Extended perpendicular lines
suggest an overpowering grandeur, beyond ordinary human measure.
Diagonal lines suggest a feeling of movement or direction. Since objects in a
diagonal position are unstable in relation to gravity, being neither vertical nor
horizontal, they are either about to fall, or are already in motion, as is certainly the
case for this group of dancers. In a two dimensional composition diagonal lines are
also used to indicate depth, an illusion of perspective that pulls the viewer into the
picture-creating an illusion of a space that one could move about within. Thus if a
feeling of movement or speed is desired, or a feeling of activity, diagonal lines can
be used.
Horizontal and vertical lines in combination communicate stability and solidity.
Rectilinear forms stay put in relation to gravity, and are not likely to tip over. This
stability suggests permanence, reliability to the point of stodginess.
Curved lines do vary in meaning, however. Soft, shallow curves suggest comfort,
safety, familiarity, relaxation. They recall the curves of the human body, and
therefore have a pleasing, sensual quality.

Color
Active vocabulary
to appeal тарту привлекать
to perceive қабылдау воспринимать
mauve ақшыл көк сиреневый
to enhance арттыру арттыру
adjacent матасқан примыкающий

Color is the part of light that is reflected by the object we see.

Color appeals to children as well as adults.
The primary colors are red, yellow, and blue. They are called primary because they
are not mixtures of other colors. Mixing any two primary colors results in a
secondary color. The color wheel is created when the primary and secondary colors
are placed in a circle. Colors directly across from each other on the color wheel are
called complementary colors. Orange and blue, yellow and violet, red and green are
complementary colors .Complementary colors used together provide extreme
contrast. Another way to organize color is by color "temperature." Colors are either
"warm" or "cool." Blue, green, and violet are considered cool colors.There are three
main components of color:
 Hue: Where the color is positioned on the color wheel. Terms such as red,
blue-green, and mauve all define the hue of a given color.
 Value: The general lightness or darkness of a color. In general, how close to
black or white a given color is.
 Saturation: The intensity, or level of chroma, of a color. The grayer a color
has in it, the less chroma it has.
Color harmonies
Color harmonies serve to describe the relationships certain colors have to one
another, and how they can be combined to create a palette of color.
 Complementary: A complementary relationship is a harmony of two colors on
the opposite side of the color wheel. When complementary colors are placed
side-by-side they tend to enhance the intensity (chroma) of each other, and
when they are blended together they tend to decrease the intensity of each
other.
 Analogous: An analogous relationship is a harmony of colors whose hues are
adjacent to one another on the color wheel. Analogous colors tend to be
families of colors such as blues (blue, blue-violet, blue-green) and yellows
(yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-green).
 Triadic: A triadic relationship is a harmony of three colors equidistant from
one another on the color wheel. Primary colors and secondary colors are
examples of color triads.

Color spaces
Color is typically organized in a hierarchal fashion, based on how colors are mixed.
A color space helps to define how the colors are mixed, based on the medium in
which the colors are used. There are two different kinds of color spaces:
Subtractive: A subtractive color space is the traditional color space that most
people refer to when they talk about color. It is pigment-based color, as in the mixing
of paint. In a subtractive color space, the pigments manipulate the wavelengths that
our eyes see.
Additive: An additive color space is an electronic color space. It is light-based
color, as in the mixing of color on the computer. In an additive color space, light is
added to the screen in differing amounts to produce color.
Texture
Active vocabulary
relates белгілі қатынас определенное
соотношение
tactile айтарлықтай ощутимый

external сыртқы наружный, внешний

distinguishable ажыратылатын различимый

Texture is used to create surface appearance, and relates to the physical make-
up of a given form. Texture often refers to the material that is made of, and can be
created using any of the elements previously discussed. Texture is both a visual and a
tactile phenomenon. Texture is defined as the surface characteristics of a material that
can be experienced through the sense of touch or the illusion of touch.
Texture can be used to accent an area so that it becomes more dominant than
another. In visual images, actual textures can be used, such as cloth, boxes,
small objects, and natural items. Texture is the visual or tactile appearance of a
surface. Surfaces can look or feel smooth, rough, soft, cool, or warm. They can look
pleasant, which can have a dramatic effect on a display.Texture refers to the
properties held and sensations caused by the external surface of objects received
through the sense of touch. Texture is sometimes used to describe the feel of non-
tactile sensations.
Texture can also be termed as a pattern that has been scaled down (especially in
case of two dimensional non-tactile textures) where the individual elements that go
on to make the pattern not distinguishable. Texture in a painting is the feel of the
canvas based on the paint used and its method of application. There are two forms of
texture in painting, visual and tactile. Because texture uses two different senses it is a
unique element of art. There are 4 types of texture in art actual texture, simulated
texture, abstract texture and invented texture.
Pattern
Active vocabulary
undulating толқынды волнистые

forking тармақты разветвленные

deviation ауытқу отклонение
template үлгі шаблон
to infer қорытындылау заключать
binary екі есе двойной
 Pattern is the repetition of shape or form. It can also reflect the underlying
structure of a design by organizing the surfaces or objects in the composition. There
are many different kinds of patterns:
 Flowing: A flowing pattern is based on the repetition of an undulating line, and
reflects a natural meandering through a composition.
 Branching: A branching pattern is the repetition of forking lines, or patterns of
deviation. These kinds of patterns can be found in almost all plants, and in
many other places in the natural world.
 Spiraling: A circular pattern, or a pattern that winds in and around itself.
The pattern is a form, template, or model (or, more abstractly, a set of rules) which
can be used to make or to generate things or parts of a thing, especially if the things
that are created have enough in common for the underlying pattern to be inferred, in
which case the things are said to exhibit the pattern. Pattern matching is the act of
checking for the presence of the constituents of a pattern. The detection of underlying
patterns is called pattern recognition. The question of how different patterns emerge
is accomplished through the work of the scientific field of pattern formation. Patterns
are also related to repeated shapes or objects, sometimes referred to as elements of
the series. Some patterns (for example, many visual patterns) may be directly
observable through the senses.
Some patterns are named. Simple decorative examples are stripes and zigzags.
Further examples include the regular tiling of a plane, echoes, and balanced binary
branching.
The simplest patterns are based on repetition/periodicity: several copies of a single
template are combined without modification. For example, in aviation, a "holding
pattern" is a flight path which can be repeated until the aircraft has been granted
clearance for landing.
Pattern recognition is more complex when templates are used to generate variants.
For example, in English, sentences often follow the "N-VP" (noun - verb phrase)
pattern, but some knowledge of the English language is required to detect the pattern.
Pattern recognition is studied in many fields, including psychology, ethnology, and
Computer Science.
Movement
Active vocabulary
layout жоспарлау планировка
surface беткі қабат поверхность
an undulate line толқынды сызық холмистая линия
to meander бұралаңдау извиваться
deviation ауытқу отклонение
isolate ерекшелеу выделять
 Movement can be defined as motion of objects in space over time, and is often
described in one of two ways:
 Literal: Literal movement is physical movement. Examples of literal
movement include: Products such as the automobile, motion pictures and
dance.
 Compositional: Compositional movement is the movement of the viewer’s
eye through a given composition. Compositional movement can be either static
or dynamic. Static movement jumps between isolated parts of a composition.
Dynamic movement flows smoothly from one part of the composition to
another.

Form (Shape)
Active vocabulary
to derive шығу происходить
to vary өзгерту менять

external сыртқы наружный, внешний

undefined белгісіз неопределенный

Form (shape). The simplest definition of shape is a closed contour, an element

defined by its perimeter. The three basic shapes are: circle, rectangle (square) and
triangle. Form is the shape and structure of a dimensional element within a given
composition. Form can be both two-dimensional and three-dimensional and can be
realistic, abstract or somewhere in between. The terms form and shape are often used
synonymously, which is why they are both included here. In reality, form is derived
from the combination of point, line and shape. Shapes can vary endlessly and can
suggest physical form and direct eye movement. Simple shapes are remembered and
understood more easily than complex shapes. Shapes serve many purposes in visual
images. Value, texture, and color help us see different shapes.
Shape is any type of form used in a display, remembering that the display case or
bulletin board itself is a shape. The main problem is to arrange all of the different
sizes and shaped items into larger and more important shapes, and then to relate them
to the rest of the design.
Shape refers to the external two-dimensional outline, appearance or configuration
of something - in contrast to the matter or content or substance of which it is
composed. In geometry, two sets have the same shape if one can be transformed to
another by a combination of translations, rotations and uniform scaling. In other
words, the shape of a set is all the geometrical information that is invariant to
location, scale and rotation. Shapes of physical objects are equal if the subsets of
space these objects occupy satisfy the definition above. In particular, the shape does
not depend on the size of the object.
 Shape can also have a looser definition as the appearance of something,
especially its outline. Such a definition agrees with the above in that the shape does
not depend on its position, size or orientation. However it does not always imply an
exact mathematical transformation. For example it is common to talk of star-shaped
objects even though the number of points of the star is undefined. Typically the
shape of an object can be characterized by basic geometry such as points, line,
curves, plane, and so on.
Objects which are geometrically similar either have the same shape or one has the
same shape as the other's mirror image (or both if they are themselves symmetric).
Congruent objects are similar and also have the same size. Thus one object has the
same size and shape as either the other object or its mirror image.
The shape does not depend on changes in orientation/direction. However, a mirror
image could be called a different shape. Shape may change if the object is scaled
differentially. For example, a sphere becomes an ellipsoid when scaled differently in
the vertical and horizontal axis. In other words, preserving axis of symmetry is
important for preserving shapes.

Types of design
Fashion design
Active vocabulary
to dedicate арнау предназначать
obsolescence ескірген устаревший
garment киім бұйымдары предмет одежды
to cater жеткізу ,қызмет көрсету поставлять,
обслуживать
item әрбір бөлік каждый предмет

trend бағыт направление

inspiration шабыт вдохновение

Fashion design is the applied art dedicated to the design of clothing and
lifestyle accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific
time. Fashion design differs from costume design due to its core product having a
built in obsolescence usually of one to two seasons. A season is defined as either
autumn/winter or spring/summer. Fashion design is generally considered to have
started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first person to
sew their label into the garments that they created. While all articles of clothing from
any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created
after 1858 could be considered as fashion design.
Fashion designers design clothing and accessories. Some high-fashion designers
are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers
cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create
original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most
fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of
men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Designer brands which
have a 'name' as their brand such as Calvin Klein or Ralph Lauren are likely to be
designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Planning a collection: Every collection is very carefully researched and planned
so that all the items in it complement each other, and have the particular fashion look
which the company is known for.
Predicting trends: One of the hardest skills a fashion designer has to master is
predicting future trends. To do this, they look at what the fashion directions have
been in previous seasons, keep an eye on what others in the fashion business are
doing, and read fashion forecasting magazines. They also rely on knowledge of their
own customers to see which styles succeeded and which were less popular in past
seasons. Perhaps most importantly, designers use their imaginations to come up with
new ideas. They often choose a theme to provide inspiration.
Choosing a theme: The theme of a collection can be a period in history, a foreign
place, a range of colors, a type of fabric - anything which has a strong visual impact.

Interior design
Active vocabulary
spatial кеңістіктік пространственный
treatment өңдеу обработка
conceptual ақылға қонымды умозрительный
relevant орынды уместный
to refine сапасын арттыру повышать качество
to acquire алу приобретать
residential тұрақ жай жилой

Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space,

through the manipulation of spatial volume as well as surface treatment. Not to be
confused with interior decoration, interior design draws on aspects of environmental
psychology, architecture, product design and furniture design in addition to
traditional decoration. An interior designer is a person who is considered a
professional in the field of interior design or one who designs interiors as part of their
job. Interior design is a creative practice that analyzes programmatic information,
establishes a conceptual direction, refines the design direction, and produces graphic
communication and construction documents.
 Interior designers can specialize in a particular interior design discipline, such as
residential and commercial design, with some developing expertise within a niche
design area such as hospitality, health care and institutional design. Some
jurisdictions may require interior designers who specialize in certain design
disciplines to acquire additional certification. For example, residential designers in
the United States who are specialists in kitchen and bath design may be required to
take the National Kitchen & Bath Association examination to receive certification in
this design area. Interior designers who also possess environmental expertise in
design solutions for sustainable construction can receive accreditation in this area by
taking the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) examination.
The specialty areas that involve interior designers are limited only by the
imagination and are continually growing and changing. With the increase in the aging
population, an increased focus has been placed on developing solutions to improve
the living environment of the elderly population, which takes into account health and
accessibility issues that can affect the design. Awareness of the ability of interior
spaces to create positive changes in people's lives is increasing, so interior design is
also becoming relevant to this type of advocacy.

Graphic design
Active vocabulary
embrace бірігу объединение
sketch алғашқы нұсқа набросок, эскиз
cognitive танымдық познавательный
script жазуы почерк
indispensable қажетті необходимый
augment арту увеличение

Graphic design is the process of communicating visually using text and/or

images to present information, or promote a message. Graphic design practice
embraces a range of cognitive and aesthetic skills and crafts, including typography,
image development and page layout. Graphic design is applied in communication
design and fine art. Like other forms of communication, graphic design often refers to
both the process (designing) by which the communication is created, and the products
(designs) such as creative solutions, imagery and multimedia compositions. Graphic
design was traditionally applied to static printed media, such as books, magazines and
brochures.
There are many stages of graphic design. A graphic designer's involvement may
range from visualizing initial ideas to final production of artwork and overseeing
mass production. Tools graphic designers use is the mind, eye, hand, traditional tools,
and computers. A creative concept is not usually considered a design unless it is
given a tangible or visual form. However, since the design consists of ideas, the most
important and only tool that is required in the design process is the mind. Critical,
observational, quantitative and analytic thinking are also required for page layout and
rendering. If the executor is merely following a sketch, script or instructions (as may
be supplied by an art director) they are not usually considered the author. The eye and
the hand are often augmented with the use of external traditional or digital image
editing tools.
The selection of the appropriate one to the communication problem at hand is also
a key skill in graphic design work, and a defining factor of the rendering style.
In the mid 1980s, the arrival of desktop publishing and the introduction of graphic
art software applications introduced a generation of designers to computer image
manipulation and 3D image creation that had previously been laborious. Computer
graphic design enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic
changes without using any ink in the process, and to simulate the effects of traditional
media without requiring a lot of space. Traditional tools such as pencils or markers
are often used to develop graphic design ideas, even when computers are used for
finalization.
Computers are generally considered to be an indispensable tool used in the
graphic design industry. Computers and software applications are generally seen, by
creative professionals, as more effective production tools than traditional methods.
However, some designers continue to use manual and traditional tools for production,
such as Milton Glaser.

Web design
Active vocabulary
flexible жайлы удобный
features белгі,қасиет признак, свойство
to subvert құрту, жою разрушать, удалять
affiliation мүшелікке қабылдау прием в члены
regard көңіл бөлу внимание
variety әртүрлілік разнообразие
arrangement орналасу расположение

Web design is the design of web pages, websites and web applications and
other media. Web design is in contrast with web development, which includes web
server configuration, writing web applications and server security. Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web, published a website in August 1991, making
him also the first web designer. His first was to use hypertext with an existing email
link. This was new and different to existing forms of communication - users could
easily open other pages using browsers. As the Web and web design progressed, the
markup language used to make it. Features like tables, which could be used to display
tabular information, were soon subverted for use as invisible layout devices.
With the advent of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), table based layout is
increasingly regarded as outdated. The introduction of Macromedia Flash (now
Adobe Flash) into an already interactivity-ready scene has further changed the face of
the Web, giving new power to designers and media creators, and offering new
interactivity features to users. A website is a collection of information about a
particular topic or subject. Designing a website is defined as the arrangement and
creation of web pages that in turn make up a website. A web page consists of
information for which the website is developed. For example, a website might be
compared to a book, where each page of the book is a web page. A website typically
consists of text and images. The first page of a website is known as the Home page or
Index. Some websites use what is commonly called a Splash Page.
Splash pages might include a welcome message, language/region selection, or
disclaimer. After each web page is created, they are typically linked together using a
navigation menu composed of hyperlinks. Once a website is completed, it must be
published or uploaded in order to be viewable to the public over the Internet. Once
published, the webmaster may use a variety of techniques to increase the traffic, or
hits, that the website receives. This may include submitting the website to a search
engine such as Google or Yahoo, exchanging links with other websites, creating
affiliations with similar websites, etc. A relatively new technique for creating
websites called Remote Scripting has allowed more dynamic use of the web without
the use of Flash or other specialized plug-ins.

Gardening
Active vocabulary
to increase арттыру увеличивать
to pursue ізіне түсу преследовать
novice жаңа новичок
thyme тас шөп тимьян
parsley ас көк петрушка

Home gardening is a wonderful pastime that the whole family can enjoy. In
addition, gardening has become an increasingly popular hobby for people of all ages.
Currently, studies show that in the United States, eight of ten households take part in
some type of home gardening endeavor. Based on these statistics, gardening is one of
the most popular outdoor recreational activities in the nation. Typically, when people
start planting their garden, they start with flowers. In addition, most people will
pursue planting roses.
The novice garden does not realize that roses usually take the most time and effort
as compared to other flowers. With such an enormous array of flowers to choose
from, it is best for the novice to start of with easy care plants and flowers. Vegetable
gardens have become quite popular too. A vegetable garden can bring a sense of
pride and accomplishment when you place those fresh vegetables on your dinner
table. The list of vegetable plants is endless, therefore when planning your vegetable
garden choose the right vegetable for your growing climate. For instance, cool
weather crops would be green beans, zucchini, and cucumbers. Many gardeners will
consider planting fruits as well. In a warm climate, you could plant watermelons, and
trees such as apricots and peaches. A berry garden is also fun, planting strawberries,
blueberries, and raspberries. These types of berry gardens are easy to care for and
take less space than a traditional vegetable garden. Herbs are another favorite for the
home garden. If you have limited space, you can grow your herbs indoors in a sunny
window. The most often used herbs for cooking are basil, thyme, oregano, parsley,
and cilantro. These herbs are easy to grow too.
Landscaping your yard is another form of gardening. There are different types of
grasses and shrubbery to decorate your yard. Decorative rocks, ponds, and statues are
also included as a form of landscape gardening. Landscaping your yard is not limited
to plant life. As with a garden, your lawn and shrubbery need upkeep.
As mentioned earlier, gardening can be fun and educational for the whole family. In
addition, what a delight to see the flowers bloom and harvest the vegetables.
However, as with anything else, to be a successful home gardener takes work. Plants
need to be weeded and watered. Do not get discouraged if the flowers are not as
brilliant as expected or the beans did not do so well. Research the plant in question
and then try again next planting season, eventually you will have a wonderful garden.

Logo
Active vocabulary
brand фирмалық марка фирменная марка

trace із, белгі след ,черта

identify анықтау определять

to stem шығу происходить

legible айқын разборчивый

font жиынтық комплект

valid шынайы действительный

A logo is essentially a visual brand identity of a company. The origins of logos

can be traced to the 19th century, when industries added a symbol to represent their
companies and to help customers easily identify their products. The trend caught on,
and today corporations, services, products, agencies, universities, and colleges all
have a specially designed identifying emblem or logo.
The idea probably stemmed from royal courts and the nobility, who for centuries
had specific coats of arms emblazoned across everything they owned, from saddles to
stables, to farms, castles, manors, furniture, jewelry, and dinnerware.
Since the logo represents a distinct identity, it must have the essential elements of:
simplicity, proportionality, flexible color palette, easily legible fonts, and uniqueness.
A logo must be designed so that it not just represents the company, but sets it apart.
Originality and distinctiveness are the keys to a successful logo. The design elements
such as font and color should lend themselves to redesigning as well as to
representation in single or multiple colors.
Even before selecting a designer for the logo you need to clarify certain basic
thoughts. What should the logo convey? What is the basic identity of my company
today and what are the expansion plans? What are my objectives and strategy? Study
your product and its customers, brainstorm with those who are committed to the
success of your company, and never forget the competitors.
Remember, the logo is essentially a business tool so it must reflect professionalism,
competency, and commitment. The logo must survive time and be valid even
centuries later.
In logo design, it would be prudent to use vector graphics, as they allow resizing
and retain design integrity. Keep away from complicated and intricate logo designs.
Limit colors to two or three, this is not just economical but practical. Also chose
colors that are in keeping with your industry. Choose a font that is universal and
uncluttered.
Here are some common associations: blue represents trust, loyalty, and power;
yellow energy, joy, and hope; while green represents growth, sustenance, and
regeneration. Among shapes, a circle is associated with connection, community, trust,
and safety; a rectangle represents strength; and a triangle power and aggression. Keep
such aspects in mind while discussing possible design elements.

Glossary in Design

A
Authors Alterations. The term refers to changes (not corrections) made by a client
during the proofing process. AA's are normally charged to a client as billable time.
Absolute Colorimetric Absolute Colorimetric is a rendering intent that leaves colors
that fall inside the destination gamut unchanged. It does not expand or compress the
whole gamut. Each color is transformed into itself, if it exists in the destination
gamut. Otherwise, it is transformed to the closest color at the gamut boundary. In
short, out of gamut colors get clipped.
Absorbency The capacity of paper to accept liquids like inks.
Acid-free paper Paper, which has had the acid removed from the pulp during
production so that it has a neutral 7.0 pH.
Acquire Module Software (created by a scanner manufacturer), that expands the
functions of the Adobe Photoshop program.
Acrobat Application software developed by Adobe to create PDF files. Acrobat
Reader is used to read the PDF files.
Actual weight The true weight of any volume of paper used to determine price.
Additive Color The additive primary colors are red, blue and green. These three
additive colors represent the three main components of white light in the additive
color module. Black is produced by the absence of the primary colors. In theory, any
color can be created by mixing these three colors.
Additives Additives are ingredients of paper such as clay fillers, sizing, dyes and
other chemicals.
Alias When the curves and other lines in a graphic become jagged, the resolution of
the graphics file is too low. The graphic is then referred to as "aliased".
Alignment The align command is used to adjust the position of objects or text in
relation to each other. The various ways objects or text can be aligned are typically
left, right, center, top and bottom.
Alkaline Paper The preferred choice for books, maps and documents, alkaline paper
is usually used where aging resistance is preferred.
Alpha A fourth color component in the RGB color model that represents opacity. By
changing Alpha values, images can be rendered completely transparent to completely
opaque.
Alpha channel Alpha channels are used to create and store masks. Masks enable you
to isolate or protect parts of an image you want to apply changes to, be it color
changes, filters, opacity to a certain area on an image etc.
ALT-attribute An attribute specified in the image tag (HTML). The alt attribute is
used to specify the text that must be displayed while an image on a web site loads.
The alt attribute also adds functionality where the user's browser does not display
images or where images have been turned off.
Ambient Light Also known as "available light" or "existing light". It's the
surrounding light within an environment. Ambient light is used to read proofs.
Anchor Point Anchor points allows the user to manipulate paths to change it's shape.
It (anchor points) appears along a path at every curve of a path and at the beginning
and end of a path. Anchor points does not print out.

Animated GIF A very basic animated image, used primarily in web design.
Animated GIFs consist of a set of GIF images placed in sequence.
Animation A series of graphic images pieced together in a timed sequence to give
the appearance of continuous movement.
Anti-alias Softening of the jagged edges in images that have become aliased.
Aqueous Coating Aqueous Coating is a water-based coating applied after printing.
It helps the underlying ink from rubbing off. Such a coating can give a gloss, dull or
matte finish. It can be applied while the paper is still on press, or after it's off press.
Archival Paper Archival paper is typically acid-free and has a quality lifetime of
about 100 years or longer. This paper is used to keep critical records for many years.
Archiving Data To archive data means to store copies of information for long
periods of time.
Art Director The person responsible for managing the creative and production
process for a given project as well as the people working on the project.
Auto Trace A function in graphic design software that automatically traces images.
Paths are created along the edges of a scanned sketch. The paths are then cleaned up
and the scanned file are discarded off. Now you have an outlined sketch of the image
you scanned.
backing-up data The act of safeguarding your work against equipment malfunction.
Data can be backed-up (copied) on various storage mediums like Floppy disks and
storage tapes to compact disks.
Banner Banners are graphic images created to be placed as advertisements for
products on websites.
Bevel Bevel is a function in graphic design software that, when applied to an image,
gives the image the appearance of being raised out of the surface. A common
example is buttons on websites. The appearance of the bevel is created by the
application of lighter and darker colors to the image.
Bezier The bezier (or Pen) tool draws curved line segments that can be reshaped by
changing its anchor points and/or direction lines.
Bitmap(BMP) Bitmap images are resolution dependent, unlike vector graphics
which are resolution independent. A bitmap does not need to contain a bit of color-
coded information for each pixel on every row. It only needs to contain information
indicating a new color as the display scans along a row. This means that an image
with much solid color will tend to require a small bitmap.
Bleeding When an image or printed color extends beyond the trimmed edge of a
page, it is called a "bleed". Bleeding ensures that the print extends to the edges of the
paper. The paper is usually trimmed to the desired size after printing.
Brightness The brightness (light/dark) of an image, the intensity of a light source or
color luminance
Burn A tool used (in Adobe Photoshop) to darken an area of an image.
canvas size The full area of an image.
cartoon logo Typically a logo where a cartoon character - like a dog, robot etc. - is
developed as a mascot. The mascot character is then combined with a rendering of
the company name and slogan to create a cartoon logo. Cartoon logos can also be
made up of nothing but text, presented in a "cartoonish" way.
cast shadow Similar to a drop shadow but with added perspective to create the
illusion of a third dimension.

clipping path A function that allows a shape to mask part of an image. The masked
part of the image can be edited but won't let you work past the borders of the clipping
path.
cloning pixels A function in image editing software that can copy a part of the image
and place it elsewhere. It can be used to remove blemishes on a models skin, text on a
scanned image etc.
CMYK CMYK stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black, the four process color
inks.

color cast A color cast changes the hue of a selected part (or the whole) of an image
while keeping the saturation and brightness intact.
color correction Correction to a color cast created by the scanner on the scanned
image. The preview image on the computer display is adjusted. Color correction is
usually done in CMYK.
Color map (color palette) A display of all the colors available in a computer
program.
Color model A system used to describe and reproduce color.
Color palette A set of colors that make up an image or animation. It is also the set of
colors available to be applied to images.
Color space Color space is a particular way to describe color. Examples of color
spaces include: RGB, CMYK, HSB, CIE LAB.
colorcurve system The colorcurve system addresses the tendency of some colors to
appear different on a variety of surfaces, materials and in different lighting
conditions. The system is based on light reflectance curves and not on ink
formulations.
Colorfastness If something is colorfast the color won't run when it gets wet and it
won't fade in sun/bright light.
comp (comprehensive) Comp's are made to see what a prospective design project
will look like for example the layout of the image, use of color, the size and the paper
that will be used. It is also named a dummy.
composite image A composite image is a graphic image (or photograph), made up of
a combination of images.
compound path Illustration software enables users to create compound paths from
two or more paths. A compound path is an image with a see-through hole in the
middle. An example of a compound path is the shape of the letter "A". If you put an
"A" or any image with a compound path onto a colored background, the background
color shows through.
construction logos Logos created specifically for construction companies.
Construction logos typically share many of the design characteristics of real estate
logos.
continuous tone Black and white photographs often contain gradient tones from
black to white which are called continuous tones.
Contrast The difference between light and dark areas in an image. The wider the
tonal range is in an image, the lower the contrast will be.
control handle The handle that extends from an anchor point that is used to create
curved shapes in a path. Stretching the control handle will affect the depth of the
curve.
Crop A tool that enables the user to trim away the edges or part of an image.

Density The higher the density of an image, the greater the opacity. The lower the
density, the more transparent the image is.
Dither The mixing of adjacent pixels to simulate additional colors to fill the gaps
between two colors. For instance, if you want to display a full color graphic on a 256-
color monitor, the computer will simulate the colors he cannot display. If there is a
part in an image that displays incorrectly because a red and a yellow pixel are lying
next to each other, creating a definite line from a distance, dithering would put an
orange pixel in between to smooth out the line and the colors.
device dependant color space A color space where the same color will display
differently on different devices. Scanner RGB and display RGB, for example, will
display the same color value differently.
Dodge To bleach (lighten) a part or the whole of an image.
DPI (dots per inch) DPI is the number of dots (or pixels - PPI) that fit horizontally
and vertically into a one-inch measure. The more dots per inch, the more detail is
captured and the sharper the image.
drop shadow Similar to a cast shadow but without added perspective to create the
illusion of a third dimension.

Dummy A dummy counts as an example of a piece of design work (brochure, ad,

book cover etc.) that needs to be approved by the client. Once the client approves the
dummy, the designer creates and prints the final design.
Duotone Duotones are made by printing an image with two colors, usually black and
a second color. The resulting image has more depth than it would have had with only
a monotone color (mostly black ink on white paper).
Emboss Embossing an image, gives it a three dimensional (3-D) quality. The 3-D
effect is created with highlights and shadows on the edges of the image.

Export Exporting allows the user to save the file in another format to be opened in
other programs.
F
Feathering A graphic software tool used to make the edges of an image appear
blurry.
Fill A graphic software tool used to fill selected parts of images or their backgrounds
with a color.
filterA filter is applied to images or art works to easily create special effects or to
achieve a look that would be too difficult to create manually.
Flash Vector graphic animation software from Macromedia that creates browser-
independent graphics (graphics that look the same across all browsers). An advantage
of Flash animation is that their download time are relatively fast.
Focaltone A color matching system used for process color.
Font A font is a complete set of characters in a particular style and typically consists
of a full letter set, number set and all other special characters you get by pressing the
shift, control or option keys. Examples of fonts include "Arial", "Courier New" etc.
foreground color Color applied to objects in the foreground of the designed layout.
You can fill in the color of these images with the painting tool, when the type is
created or when the stroke command is applied.
format text Format text is a function available in most page layout software,
allowing the user to change fonts and point sizes of all copy elements.
four-color process The printing process that reproduces colors by combining, cyan,
magenta, yellow and black. If you look through a magnifying glass, you'll see that the
printed image consists of dots in these four colors. These dots are printed on top of
each other, next to each other or just close to each other, depending on the color and
tonal values wanted. For example; by printing a blue dot over a yellow dot will give
you green etc. To created the shadows in the image, all the colors (with or without
black - depending on the intensity of the shadow) will be printed on top of each other
to create a dark brownish color. The closer the colored dots are printed to each other,
the darker it will appear. The further apart the colored dots are printed from each
other, the lighter that part of the image will appear.
freehand drawing tool A tool found in Illustration software allowing the user to
draw freeform shapes as if with a pencil.
G
Gamma An adjustment that makes the tonal distribution lighter or darker. Gamma
adjustments are made to monitors, scanners or during an image editing process.
Gamut Gamut is the range of available color on an output device. Each device has its
own gamut capabilities. If the gamut fall out of that particular devices range, it is
shown inaccurately on the display or cannot be printed. We then say a color is "out of
gamut".
gamut transformation A function of Color Management Systems that converts out
of gamut colors to colors within the gamut of the targeted printer.
get picture command A command in Quark Xpress that imports a file into a picture
frame.
get text command A command in Quark Xpress that imports a text file into a text
frame.
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) GIF images display up to 256 colors. GIF
images generally have very small file sizes and are the most widely used graphic
format on the web. The low quality resulting from compression makes them
unsuitable for professional printing.
Gradient A function in graphic software that allows the user to fill an object/image
with a smooth transition of colors, for example a dark blue, gradually becoming
lighter or red, gradually becoming orange, then yellow.

graphic background In web page design, some web pages are designed with a
graphic background on the web page and the text on top of the graphic. In most cases
the graphic background can make the text hard to read.
graphic design Visual representation of an idea or concept. The term is used as a
collective name for all activities relating to visual design, including web design, logo
design etc.
grayscale Grayscale images contains black, white, no color and up to 256 shades of
gray.
H
Hexadecimal Hexadecimal describes a numbering system containing 16 sequential
numbers as base units. These numbers are used to color web pages for example, red is
#FF0000.
high-resolution image An image with a high level of sharpness/clarity.
HLS A color space consisting of hue, lightness and saturation.
HSB A color space consisting of hue, saturation and brightness.
Hue Hue is the actual color of an object. Hue is measured as a pure color (on the
color wheel) in degrees, for example degrees/variations of blue which is from a
green-blue or sea-blue up to a purple-blue.
image assembly A hybrid image constructed from parts of other images.
image map An image map is a single graphic image (on a website), containing
multiple clickable hyperlinks.
Invert Reversal of the tonal values or colors of an image. On an inverted image,
black becomes white, blue becomes orange etc.
J
JPEG (Joint Photographic Electronic Group) A common compression method that
shrinks a file's storage size by discarding non-important picture detail. Excessive jpeg
compression can cause poor image quality
K
Kerning Adjusting the lateral (horizontal) space between letters.
Layers A function within graphic software that allows the user to assemble, organize
and re-edit their artwork.
Leading The vertical spacing (measured in points) between lines of text.
letter spacing
lightness The lightness or brightness of a color.
line weight Line weight is a term referring to the thickness of a printing line.
Sometimes shapes are drawn with a line weight of zero and then the fill color is used
to define the shape.
Logos Unique visual business identifiers. A logo is an image that acts like a business
signature, identifying the company and differentiating it from the competition.
Although not a requirement, many logos illustrate the nature of the business and/or
the nature of its products/services.
LogoAnts A popular online logo design service.
Lossless Refers to a form of data compression where the detail is retained and no data
is lost after file downsizing. The lossless compression method is commonly used in
TIFF and GIF formats.
Lossy A form of data compression where detail is removed as the file size are
reduced. A common lossy compression method is JPEG.
low-resolution image A low-resolution image is a low-detail scan made from, for
example a photograph.
Luminosity The brightness of an area determined by the amount of light it reflects or
emits.
LZW (Lemple-Zif-Welch) A useful compression technique that compress images
that contain large areas of single color, for example screenshots. This technique is
supported by TIFF, GIF and PDF.
magic wand tool A tool in graphic software that allows the user to select parts of an
image, for example areas with the same color.
Margins Guidelines in page layout software to show the user the body copy areas. It
also allows the user to specify the dimensions. Margins/guidelines do not print.
Mask See clipping path.
master page A feature found in page layout software that allows the user to create a
consistent page layout. Repeating elements like page numbers are created once on a
master. This allows the user to avoid adding the numbers to each page manually.
medical logos Logos created specifically for use within the medical industry. The
term is used to refer to hospital logos, clinic logos and healthcare logos in general.
monitor RGB The working space that reflects the current color profile of a monitor.
Mouseover A web graphics special effect that changes color on a graphic when you
place your cursor over it.
Multimedia Multimedia is a form of communication that combines text, still or
moving images, sound etc.
N
neon glow A tool in graphic software that gives a graphic image the appearance of
neon lighting.

Noise Noise is a term used to describe the occurrence of pixels that contain random
colors.
non-printing guides Non-printing guides are alignment aids (rulers or margin
guides) found within page layout software.
non-reproducible colors Non-reproducible colors are colors present in an original
photograph, that fall outside of the gamut.
Object An image usually consists of objects. If the user was to create an image of a
flower, the stem and leaves could be treated as objects by themselves, or the leaves
could all be treated as one object. In graphic design images are usually built up,
object by object.
Opacity The density of a color or tonal value. The opacity of an image or object can
range from transparent (0% opacity) to opaque (100% opacity). The ability to edit the
opacity of individual objects allows the designer to create images that seem to flow
into and through one another.
Outline The outline is the outer edge of text or a graphic.
P

page layout An example of a page layout is the pages in magazines or brochures.

Every single page layout was created on a blank page by placing text, text columns,
images etc. on the page. The whole design of a single page in a magazine is a page
layout.

page size A setting in graphic software that enable the user to define the size of the
page s/he is creating their artwork on.
Pantone matching system The Pantone matching system is used for specifying and
blending match colors. It provides designers with swatches of over 700 colors and
gives printers the recipes for making those colors.
paste board A paste board is the area around a page surface in a page layout
program. This area allows the user to put down elements that is to be used in the page
layout.
Path A path is the shape of a single element in an illustration. A path will not show
unless it has a fill or line weight assigned to it.
patterned fill A custom fill usually defined by the user.
Pixel The smallest picture element (used to display an image on a computer), that can
be independently assigned a color.
PNG Portable Network Graphics format. PNG (usually pronounced "ping"), is used
for lossless compression. The PNG format displays images without jagged edges
while keeping file sizes relatively small, making them popular on the web. PNG files
are however generally larger than GIF files.
Posterize A tool in graphic software that reduces the number of shades of gray or
colors to a specific number.

PPI Pixels Per Inch. A measurement of the resolution of a scanned image.

pre-designed logos Made famous by web sites such as Biz-Logo and ShelfLogos,
pre-designed logos are logos that are created beforehand and offered for sale, usually
online via the designer's web site. Some confusion exists between pre-designed logos
and template logos. While these terms are sometimes used interchangably, pre-
designed logos generally refer to exclusive logos while template logos refer to logos
that are resold.
primary colors The primary colors are combined to produce the full range of other
colors (non-primary colors), within a color model. The primary colors for the additive
color model is; Red, Green and Blue. The primary colors for the subtractive color
model is; Cyan, Magenta and Yellow.
printable color See Gamut

Q
Quark Express Quark Express is page layout software used mainly for magazine
and brochure layouts.
quick mask A screen display mode in Photoshop in which a translucent colored
mask covers selected or unselected areas of an image.
Rasterize An image is said to be rasterized when converted from vector image to a
bitmapped image. When opening a vector image in a bitmap-based editing program,
you are usually presented with a dialog box of options for rasterizing the image.
real estate logos Logos created specifically for real estate companies. Real estate
logos often contain standard real estate images, such as a roof, house, or a building.
Resample A function available in image editing that allows the user to change the
resolution of the image while keeping its pixel count in tact.
Resolution The resolution of an image is an important factor in determining the
attainable output quality. The higher the resolution of an image, the less pixilated it
will be and the curves of the image will appear smoother.
RGB (Red, Green, Blue) RGB is the model used to project color on a computer
monitor. By mixing these three colors, a large percentage of the visible color
spectrum can be represented.
rich media Rich media are banner ads that use technology more advanced than
standard GIF animation, for example; Flash, Shockwave, Streaming video etc.
rotate A function within graphic software that enables a user to rotate an image or
pixel by any number of degrees.
royalty-free photos or images Intellectual property like photos and graphic images
that are sold for a single standard fee. These can be used repeatedly by the purchaser
only, but the company that sold the images usually still owns all the rights to it.
Ruler Alignment or measurement aids found in page layout software.

S
Saturation Saturation is the color intensity of an image. A color with high saturation
will appear brighter and more vibrant than the same color with low saturation. Colors
in grayscale images have no saturations (white, grays and black).
scaling images See resizing.
Selection Selection refers to an area of an image that is selected (isolated) so it can be
edited while the rest of the image is protected.
selective color correction adjustment A setting available in graphic software that
allows the user to adjust a specific color in an image. For example, you can remove
the blue in green grass without affecting the blue of the sky.
shadow detail Shadow detail refers to the amount of detail contained in the dark
areas of an image. If the shadow is lightened too much in an attempt to expose more
detail, the risk is there to decrease the overall contrast of the image.
subtractive color A term describing the three subtractive primary colors; Cyan,
Magenta and Yellow. As opposed to the three additive colors; Red, Blue and Green.
text wrap A term used in page layout software, referring to the way text can be
shaped around the edges of images.
Thumbnail A thumbnail is a small version of the original image.
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) A common graphic file format used for saving
bitmapped images such as scans, photographs, illustrations and logos.
Tint A color is tinted by adding white to make the color lighter.
Tolerance Tolerance is the range of pixels a tool in graphic software operates in. In
other words the range of shade or color pixels a Magic Wand selects etc.
tonal distribution Tones can be redistributed during the scanning or image editing
stage, to lighten dark images or to darken light images.
true color system A true color system is a 24-plane graphics sub-system which
produces the entire range of 16.7 million colors.
U
unsharp masking A very sophisticated sharpening method that sharpens images
without the graininess that appears with most other sharpening methods.
V
Value With reference to color, the term is used to describe brightness.
vector graphic Vector graphics are drawn in paths. This allows the designer to resize
images freely without getting pixilated edges as is the case with bitmapped images.
The vector format is generally used for in printing while the bitmap format is used for
onscreen display.
white point The white point, on a monitor, is the combination of RGB at full
intensity.
white point adjustment A white point adjustment determines the amount of
highlighted detail in an image.
YIQ A color model sometimes used in television broadcast systems. Colors are
seperated into a luminance (Y) and 2 color values (I and Q).
Z
Zoom Most imaging software allows you to adjust zoom in order to "move closer" or
"move further away" from an image. Usually when you open an image, the zoom
level is set to 100% (actual size).