2022 MAINS CONTEXT

Notebook: 2022 ZM G Printed

Created: 03-09-2022 23:39 Updated: 27-06-2023 22:42
Author: UTKARSH UJJWAL

GS2

Age of M- Prohibition of child marriage ( amendment) Bill 2021

FRA- Implementation issues even after 15 years of FRA
HEALTH- Right to Health Bill 2021 , a pvt member bill was moved in Rajya Sabha in July 2022
Marital rape- → Differing verdicts by the SCs
Global Gender Gap Index 2022
abortion law of the USA
SEZ- Domestic Enterprise & Service Hub ( DESH) Bill 2022 DATA to overhaul SEZ
Rail
Centre launched ' startup for railways '
Budget 22-23 priorities
Electricity
PM drew attention to Rs 25 trillion worth of dues of gencoms and discoms
Electricity (A) Bill 2022
Energy conservation (A) Bill 2022
NITI- → NITI Aayog governing council meet
Woman
NITI Aayog recommended ' Gender Budgeting Act '
Gig- NITI Aayog report " India's booming gig a platform economy
NGT
Sc against ' mechanical orders ' of NGT
NGT has ' suo motu powers ' _ SC
CRIMINAL JUSTICE- Satender Kumar Anti vs CBI- 2021 : Sc recommendation to introduce a ' bail law
Judiciary- process is the punishment in our criminal justice system'- CJI NV Ramana
Election-
EC delists 111 RUPPS
→ Increase in expenditure limit
The ECI to setup a committee to explore the possibility of remote voting
LANGUAGE-
Demand for National Language
2022-32 International decade of indigenous languages
Freebie- Sc notice to centre & EC→ EC Says it can't stop freebies, it's voters call
ADL- Political developments in Maharashtra (June ' 22) ' & Goa ( July 2012 )
ANTI-TRAFFICKING BILL 2021
UCC- Uttarakhand govt setup a committee to prepare a draft Ucc for the state
SEDITION- SG Uombatkere us UOI 2022 case .

Constitution- " constitution is a transformative document,- Justice Chandrachud at lecture tilted India @ 75
in London
UN
 → failure of the UN in preventing /resolving Russia - Ukraine conflict
UN faces a crisis of confidence without comprehensive reforms- Modi
WTO- 12th ministerial meeting @ Geneva C.Tune ' 22)
G7- G7 Summit @ Germany → India participated as invitee
PG 11 - G7 vs BRI - CHINA
BRICS- → 14th BRICS Summit -June 2022 | Iran & Argentina applied to join BRICS
NITI Aayog governing council meet
Russia - Ukraine conflict
Japan- 2022 -70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between India 9 Japan | PM Modi
visited Japan to attend Quad Summit C may 2022
Afghan- UN report (June 2022) says foreign terrorist organisations enjoys safe Haven under Taliban regime
West Asia- I2U2 Initiative
SL- Food & fuel shortage
ASEAN-
2022 - year of India - Asean friendship
marks the 30 year of partnership
Launch of IPEF
IR-Ex-Foreign-Policy.pdf (forumias.com)

India's FP- India's stance in Russia -Ukraine conflict

Startup-
Prarambh : startup India International Summit →
India - 3rd largest startup ecosystem
5 years of startup India

cooperatives- Ministry of cooperation

Digital lending- RBI panel recommended a separate law to govern DL via apps
ML- → ' Pandora papers ' investigations
Prison- SC orders decongestion
Energy- coal crisis
Migration- Covid lockdown - migrant crisis
TG- NCERT drops transgender Inclusion manual

GS3

Border- MHA notification expanding BSF jurisdiction

AFSPA- Nagaland - Civilians killed in firing by security forces

NEI insurgency- Govt intends to withdraw AFSPA completely from NEI

Ind- USA: Us surpassed China to become India's top trading partner (2021-22)
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

Data- centre withdrawn the Data protection bill

JK- Over 250 0GW arrested in J&K
Maritime- Yuan Wang-5 - Chinese vessel docked @SL port
Waste- Draft e- waste management rules 2022
Heat wave- Total heatwave days in 2022 [@203] over 5 times more than 2021
CPEC- China & Pakistan signed a new agreement as part of CPEC Phase 2 ( Feb 2022)
Climate change- India updated its NDC ( AUG 2022)
ESZ
Draft notification of ESA in western Ghats

Plastic- Govt banned single use plastic Cup) from 1ˢᵗ July 2022
Ethnaol- India achieved the target of 10% ethanol blending in petrol 5 moths ahead of schedule
Soil/ land degradation- COP -15 Of UNCCD held @ Cote d ' Ivoire 1W . Africa)
MSMEs- Centre govt considering an MSME code for streamlining all rules & regulation
AGRI- Focus on animal husbandry , food processing and DATA agriculture modernisation to become self -
sufficient a global leader in agriculture - PM (NITI Aayog Gc)
Nat farming-
Natural farming conclave organised at Surat, Gujrat
Govt set up a committee to promote is the spirit of ' Sabka Prayers ' ZBNF
FCI- → Depletion of wheat buffer stocks
Defence- Scheme for recruiting ' Agni veers ' across 3 Services
Employment- centre govt announced the creation of 1 million jobs by 2024-25
Population- India to surpass China to become world's most populous con try by 2023
DDividend- " youth in India ' report 2022 CMOSPI)
economy- → Rupee breached Rs 80 for 1 us dollar for the first time in July 2022
TAX- 5 years of GST
20 years of LPG reforms
Fiscal fed- Mohit minerals case & GST 5 years
Infra- To achieve $5 trillion GDP by FY25, India needs to spend about $1.4 trillion on infra: Eco Survey
Livestock- Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying launches ‘One Health’ pilot project in Uttarakhand
Environment

UNFCCC COP 26 @Glasgow

Recently, Stockholm+50 meeting was held at Stockholm, Sweden to commemorate the 50 years of
Stockholm conference
Recently, INCOIS prepared Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for Indian coasts.
At CoP 26, 22 countries have signed 'Clydebank Declaration for Green Shipping Corridors' and agreed to
create zero emissions shipping trade routes between ports to speed up the decarbonisation of the global
maritime industry.
After three national water policies--1987, 2002 and 2012--India has prepared a new national policy on
water
 On World Water Day, Union minister for Jal Shakti launched a ‘Sujalam 2.0’ grey water recycling project
According to a recent study, 64% of global agricultural land (approximately 24.5 million km2 ) is at risk of
pesticide pollution
UN General Assembly has granted Observer Status for the International solar Alliance (ISA).
A recent study states that earth is going through its sixth mass extinction.
Disaster Management Plan of Ministry of Panchayati Raj (DMP–MoPR) was recently released.
ISRO's land degradation and desertification atlas

Economy/Agri

Aug 2022- RBI raised repo rate to 5.4%

GIG WORKERS- NITI Aayog [2022] has projected that number of engaged in the gig economy :-
In 2020–21, 77 lakh workers (1.5% of total workforce)
expected to reach 2.35 crore workers (4.1% of the total workforce) by 2029–30.

MGNREGA- ran out of funds halfway in 2020-21 in 21 states

ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES- Recently, China started a ‘common prosperity’ program to narrow the widening
wealth gap between people with stringent measures on how business and society should function

CRYPTOCURRENCY-
government has provided for a specific tax regime on taxation of virtual digital assets in Budget 2022-
23
RBI noted that cryptocurrencies could lead to dollarization of the economy and would be against India's
sovereign interest.

government has set up a National Land Monetisation Corporation (NLMC) to fast-track monetisation of land
and non-core assets of public sector entities
Centre announced ₹15000 cr capital infusion in weak Public Sector Banks (PSB) to recapitalise them [feb 2022]
(RBI) has unveiled ‘Payments Vision 2025’, with five anchor goalposts as: ○ Integrity, Inclusion, Innovation,
Institutionalisation and Internationalisation for enhanced outreach, customer centricity, cyber security and
digital deepening
RBI introduced a revised scale-based regulatory framework for NBFCs
External sector
In the December quarter of FY22 India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) reached $23 billion (2.7% of
GDP), a nineyear high since $31 billion CAD during December 2012.
India has rebutted the Environment Performance Index (EPI) 2022 findings on account of extrapolations and
unfounded assumptions after being ranked at 180/180
Recently, few Russian banks have been disconnected from SWIFT amidst Russia-Ukraine crisis.

SEE AGRICULTURE MAINS 365

Recently, the Government has set target of ₹1 lakh crore exports from fisheries sector by 2024-25.
 India's agriculture exports touched a historic high of USD 50 billion during 2021-22
Recently, India banned wheat exports to control rising domestic prices.
Recently, World Bank Group announced that it has decided to discontinue publication of its ‘Doing
Business’ rankings
government has released a draft Development Enterprise and Services Hub (DESH) Bill, 2022 for
consultation to replace the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Act, 2005.
(DPIIT) launched the pilot phase of open network for digital commerce (ONDC)
Ministry of Tourism is setting up a National Digital Tourism Mission (NDTM)
(MoRTH) has notified constitution of the National Road Safety Board.
Sagarmala scheme completed 7 years
Recently, the PM highlighted the rising startup ecosystem in India with more than 70 unicorns i.e., startups
with valuation over $1 billion.

GS2 CONTEXT

Pmt form of govt- MPs in UK have sufficient poewr to question and challenge party leadership [Boris
Johnson ousting]. However, PM exercises absolute control over party MPs in India [along with ADL]
Govt told Pmt that 'compulsory voting by citizens' is not a practical idea as voting was a right and not a
compulsory duty. “To ask, say a daily labourer to cough up a fine of ₹500 for not voting would be terrible
RS Chairman- "No privilege to MPs from criminal proceedings during session". Only civil cases mein 40d
GST- 5 year assured compensation for states ended in June 2022
LOKPAL- chairperson and members of the Lokpal were not appointed by the government for more than five
years after the law.
Colorable legislation of center in state's matters
recent alleged misuse of Entry 33 of the concurrent list to bring the controversial farm Acts 2020
thus bypassing state’s legislature domain over agriculture.
Infectious and contagious disease is a concurrent list subject. Centre imposed national lockdown
without regards to the state’s opinion
law banning triple talaq (marriage and divorce is a concurrent subject
Center using One size fit all approach on concurrent list items
Medical education is a concurrent subject. Introduction of uniform NEET has proven to be
disadvantageous for students of state board and vernacular language.
Central law putting Financial burden on states:
Right to education, National food security act.
Governor's questionable role
recently in Karnataka, Governor instead of inviting the post-poll alliance partners, invited the single
largest party which was short of majority.
In Rajasthan Governor refused to call session of legislative assembly on advice of cabinet and tried to
set agenda of the session as well.
in 2016 Arunachal Pradesh, Governor misused Article 356 for dismissing state governments of
opposite ruling party
Pressure groups
in the farmer’s protest, the Bhartiya Kisan Union acted as a farmers’ representative in negotiating with
the government.
Contempt- Vinod Dua case,
Sedition-
arrest of Disha Ravi
arrest of Kashmiri youths on sedition charges for supporting a particular team
RESORT POLITICS @ADL- 2022 Maharashtra
Need for lateral entry
Nandan Nilekani’s role in Aadhar
Kris Gopalakrisnan's role in Data protection bill
withdrawal of general consent to CBI by states
As per the Delhi HC, the act of marriage bestows a right to expect reasonable sexual relations from partner
Public Interest Litigation- a PIL to challenge sexual harassment at workplace led to formation of Vishaka
Guidelines
Question hr- Feroze Gandhi’s questioning in parliament led to exposing of a corruption scandal in LIC.
Opacity- SECC data related to caste has not been shared with the public despite the SECC being a publicly
funded exercise
prison riots. E.g., Dum Dum, Byculla prison riot.
custodial death- Thoothukudi deaths of father-son duo
Lack of Judicial restraint- Madras HC accusing ECI of genocide for conducting elections
Judicial activism- SC formed independent expert committee to investigate the Pegasus issue.
Civil Society- WikiLeaks revealed mass spying by US on its citizens.
NGOs
Asha kiran for geriatric care
Divya foundation for disabled etc
Feeding from far working in provisioning of food for those who suffered due to lockdown
Naz Foundation’s work with regards to HIV positive people.
Pratham
Bachpan Bachao Andalon
BNHS’s work in conservation of nature
Perception of India as the big brother - Nepal accused India for the 2015 economic blockade
Indo ASEAN- India opened Port Blair based Naval port to Southeast Asian countries for Naval exercises
WOMEN FRIENDLY POLITICS
Arya Rajendran (Kerala) who became the youngest woman mayor in India
in 2019 Parliamentary elections in Orissa, 33% of party tickets were given to women by Biju Janta Dal.
CCPA guidelines [June 2022] on ‘Prevention of Misleading Advertisements'
Youth in India report, 2022- “Investment in youth can derive a “triple dividend” by improving health now,
enhancing it throughout the life course and contributing to the health of future generations”
Arctic warming
Barents Sea warming 7X faster than global avg
Arctic amplification is four times the global rate
IPCC 6th AR
Carbon inequality - LDCs emit only 3.3% of global emissions
demand-side mitigation (behavioural changes such as adopting plant-based diets) can reduce global
GHG emissions by 40-70% by 2050
Complex, Compound and Cascading Risks:
Disaster- MoPRI has released the Disaster Management Plan which aims to develop a culture of disaster
resilience at the grassroots level
Ban on single-use plastic items with low utility and high littering potential-
Water- Mission Amrit Sarovar (2022) for creation/renovation of at least 75 Amrit Sarovars (Ponds) in every
district @Amrit Kal

Power sector- NITI [2021] huge gap between the Average Cost of Supply (ACS) and the Average Revenue
Realised (ARR)
₹90,000 crore total losses to DISCOMS in 2021
Enviro- MoEFCC proposed amt to EPA86- decriminalise certain offences- imprisonment to fine
SPACE- U.K.’s Astro Carta model aka ‘Plan for Space Sustainability.’
MARKET- CCI conducted antitrust raids on Amazon sellers Cloudtail, Appario- accused of violating
competition laws
FREEBIE: National Institute of Public Finance and Policy:
non-merit subsidies= 5.7% of India’s GDP
Just rolling back these non-merit subsidies could free up fiscal space up to 6% of GDP
Parliament passes Indian Antarctic Bill, 2022 aimed at having India’s own national measures for protecting
the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystem
India’s Arctic Policy [2022]
"Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar“ campaign- 75-day citizen-led campaign for improving ocean health
through collective action
Climate change- July 2022, UK recorded it's highest temperature ever [breached 40C for first time]