(TRONG NGOẶC LÀ KO ĐƯA VÔ SLIDE)

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
I. Using gerunds as subjects to talk about actions
The gerund is the -ing form of a verb. It functions as a noun and can act as the
subject of the sentence. When the gerund acts as the subject of a sentence, use a
singular verb form. You can make a sentence negative by adding not before the
gerund
To focus on an action, you can use gerund forms in a noun phrase at the start of a
sentence. Make this noun phrase the subject of the sentence and put it before the
main verb.
Ex: Giving children money will teach them how to be responsible
Ex: Not paying children for housework is a bad idea as they won’t learn about
work.

II. How can you Present reasons and evidence to support an argument?
A. What are reasons?
Reasons are what people appeal to when making arguments about what people
should do or believe
Reasons are answers to the hypothetical questions to your claim:

● “Why do you say that?”

● “What reason can you give me to believe that?”

Ex: Everyone should stop wearing seat belts because it would save lives —> reasons

B. What is evidence?

Evidence serves as support for the reasons offered and helps audiences to
accept claims
Ex: Last year my cousin crashed her car off a bridge and would have drowned if
she were wearing her seatbelt → evidence

Main content:

Speakers use reasons and evidence to make their argument stronger and
persuade listeners to agree with them. (You can use these phrases to introduce
reasons and evidence):

- One effect of / one result of / one consequence of (những cái này đi sau
nó là noun/gerund)
- In my experience
- As a consequence / As a result / Because of that / Due to that (những cái
này đi sau nó là Clause(mệnh đề) )

Ex1: One effect of being a couple is that it’s easier to save money. If there are
two of you, it’s easier to pay attention to what money you have and what you’re
spending. (khúc này bạn thuyết trình có thể nói thêm phần reason là “to save
money”, phần evidence là “if there are … spending”)

Practice: Choose the correct phrases (+1)

1) Around 75% of millionaires know exactly how much money they have, and
they know exactly how much they spend on food, bills, clothes, etc. As a
result / In my experience , they don’t spend too much, and they don’t get
into debt.
2) Millionaires often buy houses that aren’t very expensive. Because of that /
One consequence of they are able to save a lot of money.

III. Using paraphrases

(To make your arguments clearer, use paraphrases.) Paraphrases can help you
explain or summarize something you think your audience might not understand
very well. (Paraphrases also help your listeners remember the information by
letting them hear it a second time.)

Ex: The first important thing is that millionaires always have a good handle on
their budget. In other words, they know how much they’re spending. In John
Holm’s opinion, being “wealthy” is a feeling. That is, it doesn’t mean being rich or
having millions of dollars. It means being happy with what you have.

They don’t spend too much, and they don’t get into debt. They can plan for the
future and save their money. To sum up, the lesson here is that you should
never spend more money than you have!

(những câu ở sau từ in đậm sẽ là câu giải thích rõ hơn cho những câu ở trước
đó)