The True Creed of A Muslim KDP Format New - 221122 - 104039

The True Creed Of A
Muslim
‫عقيدة املسلم الصحيحة‬
By Muhammad Abdurrahman
Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3
Islam .................................................................................................................. 1
What does Islam mean? ................................................................................1
Islam is the only true religion accepted by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬......................................2
Islam and "freedom" .....................................................................................3
If what they're doing doesn’t harm anyone then why is it wrong? ..............4
Aqeedah ............................................................................................................. 6
What is Aqeedah ...........................................................................................6
Why is learning the correct Aqeedah (creed) so important? ........................6
Foundational principles in Aqeedah (creed) .................................................8
Pillars of Belief ................................................................................................. 10
Belief in Allah ................................................................................................... 11
1- Belief in the existence of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬.......................................................11
Science and the existence of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬........................................................13
Just because a scientific theory has proved it works doesn’t necessarily
mean it's true ..............................................................................................14
It's not true that only Science leads to certainty ........................................14
Science Cannot answer ‘why?’ ....................................................................15
Science cannot be used to cannot test the personal ..................................16
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the first without a beginning ......................................................17
Islam and evolution .....................................................................................18
Nullifiers of Belief ............................................................................................ 22
Shirk.............................................................................................................22
What is shirk and what does it mean? ....................................................22
1. Major Shirk .....................................................................................22
2. Minor Shirk .....................................................................................23
Kufr ..............................................................................................................24
What is Kufr and what does it mean?..................................................... 24
1. Major Kufr ...................................................................................... 24
Common types of Major Kufr ................................................................. 24
2. Minor Kufr ...................................................................................... 26
The effects of committing an act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr .................. 27
Conditions that have to be met to for a person to be declared a
disbeliever: .................................................................................................. 28
Preventions that prevent a person who commits an act of Major Shirk or
Major Kufr from becoming a disbeliever: ................................................... 28
Common acts of Kufr & Shirk ...................................................................... 29
Omens & Superstitions ........................................................................... 29
When is believing in omens and superstitions an act of Minor Shirk? ... 29
When is believing in omens and superstitions an act of Major Shirk? ... 30
Amulets, Charms and Crystals ................................................................ 30
When is wearing an amulet, a charm that doesn’t contain verses from
the Quran or using crystals an act of Minor Shirk? ................................ 30
the Quran or using crystals an act of Major Shirk?................................. 31
Astrology & horoscopes.......................................................................... 31
When is believing in astrology and horoscopes an act of Major Shirk? . 32
When is believing in astrology and horoscopes an act of Minor Shirk: .. 32
Spiritual Manifestation & Law Of Attraction .......................................... 33
Fortune-telling & soothsaying ................................................................ 34
Rulings pertaining to asking a fortune teller or soothsayer about the
future ...................................................................................................... 34
Magic ...................................................................................................... 36
Supplicating to the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, saints and righteous people.
................................................................................................................ 37
2 - Belief In The Lordship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬........................................................... 39
3 - Belief in the worship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬............................................................ 40
What is an act of worship in Islam? ........................................................ 42
What is the reality of worship in Islam? .................................................42
Why did Allah ‫ ﷻ‬create us for worship if Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not in need of us to
worship him ? ..............................................................................................42
4- Belief in the names and attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬........................................45
Belief in the Angels .......................................................................................... 47
What are Angels and why did Allah ‫ ﷻ‬create them? .................................47
Physical characteristics of the Angels..........................................................48
Mannerisms of the Angels...........................................................................50
Types of angels ............................................................................................51
Benefits of believing in the angels ..............................................................56
Belief in the divine books................................................................................. 58
How many books of revelation were revealed to the Messengers and
Prophets? ....................................................................................................58
The divine books mentioned in Quran & Prophetic narrations are: ...........59
The way the divine books were revealed to the Messengers and
Prophets ..................................................................................................59
The Quran is from Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and is not made up by the Prophet Muhammad
‫ﷺ‬.................................................................................................................60
There are no grammatical errors in the Quran ...........................................60
Scientific theories and the Quran ................................................................61
Islam is not a bloodthirsty or barbaric religion ...........................................62
What are the similarities and the differences between the Quran and the
other divine books that were revealed by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to the Messengers and
Prophets throughout time? .........................................................................63
Belief in the Messengers and Prophets ........................................................... 66
Conditions of being a Messenger a Prophet ...............................................66
Characteristics of the Messengers and Prophets ........................................67
Were all the Messengers and Prophets mentioned in the Quran and the
Prophetic narrations? ..................................................................................67
What are some of the differences between the previous Messengers and
Prophets and the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ?ﷺ‬...............................................68
Proof that Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was truly a Prophet sent by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬..69
A Muslim cannot reject the Prophetic narrations and only act upon the
Quran .......................................................................................................... 78
Belief in the hereafter ..................................................................................... 80
Death........................................................................................................... 80
The soul of a believer will be extracted from their body in a blessed
manner ................................................................................................... 80
The soul of a disbeliever will be extracted from the body in the most
painful manner ....................................................................................... 81
Life in the grave........................................................................................... 83
The life of a believer in the grave ........................................................... 83
The way you lived your life as a Muslim in this world will determine
what you will experience in the grave after you have answered the
questions asked to you by the angels correctly ..................................... 84
The life of a disbeliever in the grave ....................................................... 86
The day of judgment and all the events that will happen on the day of
judgment ..................................................................................................... 88
Minor signs of the day of judgment ....................................................... 88
Major signs of the day of judgment........................................................ 93
Jannah ( Paradise) ..................................................................................... 110
Who will enter Jannah (Paradise) and how many levels are there? .... 110
The gates of Jannah (Paradise) ............................................................. 111
The food and drink of the people of Jannah (Paradise) ....................... 112
The clothes of the people of Jannah (Paradise) ................................... 113
The buildings in Jannah (Paradise) ....................................................... 114
The greatest reward the people of Jannah (Paradise) will receive ...... 114
Hellfire....................................................................................................... 115
The different types of punishment in the Hellfire ................................ 115
The different levels of the Hellfire and its depth .................................. 117
The gates of the Hellfire and its gatekeepers ....................................... 117
The clothing of the people of the Hellfire ............................................ 118
The food and drink of the people of the Hellfire .................................. 119
Belief in the Divine Decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬........................................................... 121
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has knowledge of all the actions his servants will do, including all
the events that will occur up until the day of Judgment and recorded it in
the preserved tablet, does that mean that the servants of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬are
forced by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to do the actions they do? .......................................... 122
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and the existence of evil in the world ......................................... 123
Iman (Belief) .................................................................................................. 125
Sins ........................................................................................................... 126
1. Major sins .................................................................................... 126
Conditions for repentance to be accepted by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬........................ 126
2. Minor sins .................................................................................... 127
The Companions Of The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬......................................... 129
Who is regarded as a companion of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ?ﷺ‬......... 129
The family of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬............................................ 129
The most virtuous companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬.............. 131
The correct order of succession of the Caliphate ..................................... 132
The agreement of all the companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬on a
religious matter ........................................................................................ 133
What is the ruling on cursing and insulting the companions of the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ?ﷺ‬....................................................................................... 134
Innovation (Bida'h) ........................................................................................ 136
What is an innovation in Islam (Bida'h)? .................................................. 136
Innovations in Islam are two types: ......................................................... 137
Steps to determine if an action, statement or belief is an innovation
(Bida'h) or not .......................................................................................... 137
The people of innovation ......................................................................... 138
Rebellion against the Muslim leader ............................................................. 141
How to deal with doubts about Islam that aim to make you doubt Islam is the
truth ............................................................................................................... 143
1- Verify the authenticity of the claim being made .................................. 143
2- If you are unable to answer the doubt that is presented to you, ask
someone who is knowledgeable about Islam and can answer the doubt
that is being presented. ............................................................................ 144
3- Know that most of the reasons and doubts the disbelievers present to
try and prove why Islam is not the truth directly relate to their morals and
what they morally believe to be wrong. ................................................... 144
Introduction
َ َ‫ّلِل َمن ُشروَر أَنح ُف َسنَا وَمن سيَئ‬ َ َ َ ََ

‫ات‬ َ ‫َ ح‬ ُ ‫ا حْلَ حم ُد هّلِل َحَن َم ُدهُ َونَ حستَعينُهُ َونَ حستَ غحف ُرهُ َونَعُوذُ َِب ه ح‬
‫ي لَهُ َوأَ حش َه ُد أَ حن ََل إَلَهَ إَهَل‬ َ َ ‫ض هل لَه ومن ي ح‬ َ ‫اّلِل فَ ََل م‬ ََ َ
َ ‫ضل حل فَ ََل َهاد‬ ُ ‫ُ ََ ح‬ ُ ُ‫أَ حع َمالنَا َم حن يَ حهده ه‬
ُ‫اّلِلُ َعلَحي َه َو َسله َم َع حب ُدهُ َوَر ُسولُه‬
‫صلهى ه‬
َ ‫يك لَهُ َوأَ هن ُُمَ هم ًدا‬
َ ‫اّلِلُ َو حح َدهُ ََل َش َر‬
‫ه‬
All praise is due to Allah ‫ﷻ‬. We praise him, we seek His help, we seek
His forgiveness, and we seek refuge in Allah from the evil within
ourselves and our evil deeds. Whoever Allah ‫ ﷻ‬guides, there is none
to misguide him. Whoever Allah ‫ ﷻ‬leads astray, there is none to guide
him. I testify there is no one worthy of worship but Allah ‫ ﷻ‬alone,
without any partners, and that Muhammad, peace and blessings be
upon him, is His servant and His messenger.
The True Creed of a Muslim is a book I wrote to be taught as part of

the As-Sahibiyah Institute Islamic Studies program. The reason why I
wrote this book was I found it difficult to find a book that is
summarised yet contained knowledge of the foundational elements of
the creed of a Muslim while also tackling current day issues that are
related to the creed of a Muslim. Initially, I only intended for it to be
read and studied by the students of As-Sahibiyah Institute but after
teaching it and seeing how much the students benefitted from it, I
wanted it to be a source of benefit for everyone seeking guidance to
the true path. I ask Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to make it a source of benefit and forgive
me for my shortcomings.
The True Creed Of A Muslim
Islam
What does Islam mean?
Islam means submission, a Muslim must submit to Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
Submission to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬entails three pillars:
1st Pillar: Submit to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬by Tawheed. Tawheed is to single

Allah ‫ ﷻ‬out in everything specific to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬. Everything specific to
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can be summarised into the following three points:
o Worship – All acts of worship must be directed to Allah ‫ﷻ‬

alone
o Lordship – A Muslim must believe that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only
one who has the attributes of lordship. The main attributes
of lordship are:
• Creating – A Muslim must believe Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only
creator of the creation
• Sustaining – A Muslim must believe Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only
sustainer of everything created
• Providing – A Muslim must believe Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only
provider for everything created
• Giving life and taking life – A Muslim must believe Allah
‫ ﷻ‬is the only one who can bring the creation into
existence and remove them from existence
o Names and attributes of Allah ‫ – ﷻ‬A Muslim must affirm all
the names and attributes of Allah ‫ﷻ‬, not distort or reject
the meanings they entail or delve into how these attributes
are but affirm them in a way that is suitable to Allah ‫ﷻ‬. As
this was how the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬understood the
names and the attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and this Is how he ‫ﷺ‬
taught it to his companions.
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2nd Pillar: To obey Allah ‫ ﷻ‬by doing righteous deeds and staying
away from sins to the best of your ability
3rd Pillar: To disassociate yourself from polytheism (Shirk) and

disbelief (Kufr)
Islam is the only true religion accepted by Allah ‫ﷻ‬

The innate nature of human beings is that they feel the need to direct
worship towards something and believe in the existence of a higher
being. That higher being is Allah ‫ﷻ‬, the lord of all creation. There are
many reasons why Islam is the only true religion accepted by Allah ‫ﷻ‬,
from among these many reasons are:
• The teachings of Islam are in line with the natural disposition

(Fitrah) within human beings
• The teachings of Islam encourage a person to believe by
examining the rational and definitive evidences mentioned in
the Quran and Prophetic narrations that prove Islam is the
truth
• Islam was the religion of all the Prophets and Messengers that
were sent by Allah ‫ﷻ‬, their message was to call people to
submit to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and worship Allah ‫ ﷻ‬alone. Submitting to
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the core message of Islam and it was the core
message of all of the Prophets and Messengers that were sent
by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬throughout time.
• The coming of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was foretold in the
previous divine scriptures that were revealed to Prophets and
Messengers
• The Quran is full of miracles, these miracles come in many
different forms. Linguistic miracles, facts about
the earth, the mountains, the development cycle of a child in
the womb and so much more that could not have been known
at that time except through revelation.
2
Islam and "freedom"
Some may say "the word 'freedom' is opposite to the word

'submission' so how can a person be free but also submit to Allah ‫ﷻ‬
at the same time?
Islam and the idea of freedom do not necessarily contradict each

other, Islam and the idea of freedom contradicting each other
depends on what a person's understanding of freedom is. If a person's
idea of freedom is total freedom without any boundaries set in place
so a person can do whatever they want whenever they want, then the
reality of the matter is that this idea of total freedom doesn’t exist
except in lawless parts of the world, as there are laws in place
wherever you go in the world. These laws rule out the idea of total
freedom and replace it with a restricted type of freedom within the
boundaries that have been set by the law. No one who lives in a
civilized society has total freedom but in fact their freedom is
restricted by the laws of the country they live in.
The reality of total freedom is chaos, as it allows people to do

whatever they want whenever they want therefore necessitating
people are allowed to cause harm to others in the name of freedom,
that’s why this type of freedom does not exist except in lawless parts
of the world. After fully understanding the reality of this type of
freedom, no person in their right mind would want to live in a world
where this level of total freedom is the norm.
If a person's idea of freedom is to believe in whatever they want and

make their source of morality the norms of the society they live in, or
their whims and desires, determining right from wrong by the
standards of morality set by those sources then according to Islam this
person has taken that source of morality as a lord besides Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
Islam invites everyone to escape from the worship of mankind and
direct their worship to the lord of mankind.
Islam gives a person a level of freedom, but that freedom is restricted

by the boundaries set by Allah ‫ﷻ‬. These boundaries set by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬are
there to benefit people and protect them from all types of harm and
evil. These boundaries have been set by the lord of all creation, the all-
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knowing, the most wise and perfect in all aspects. The Islamic way of
life is better than the restricted freedom the disbelievers live within,
their restricted freedom is built upon morals that are manmade which
necessitates they are deficient and incomparable to the morals set by
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬the lord of all creation, the all-knowing, the most wise and
perfect in all aspects.
If what they're doing doesn’t harm anyone then why is it wrong?
If a person chooses to do something such as homosexuality which they

believe doesn’t harm anyone why is it wrong? Something being wrong
or right is best determined by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬the creator of the creation, the
reason why disbelievers don’t see it to be wrong is because they have
rejected the morals set by Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Their rejection of the morals set by
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬causes them to believe that something like homosexuality
isn’t wrong because according to them something can only be seen to
be wrong if it goes against what they deem to be morally right. The
standard they have set to judge what happens in this world is based
on morals they have come up with themselves. Morals that are
manmade are incomparable to the morals set by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬the lord of
all creation, the all-knowing, the most wise and perfect in all aspects.
The creator of the creation will always know best what is beneficial
and harmful to the creation than the creation themselves.
4
QUESTIONS
1. What is the meaning of Islam?
2. What are the 3 pillars of submission to Allah ‫?ﷻ‬
3. What are the main attributes of lordship?
4. How must you understand the names and attributes of

Allah ‫?ﷻ‬
5. Why is Islam the only true religion accepted by Allah‫?ﷻ‬
6. Is the idea of total freedom as great as people make it

out to be and why?
7. Does Islam take away a person's freedom and why?
5
Aqeedah
What is Aqeedah
Aqeedah is the Arabic word for creed and what a person believes, the
belief of a Muslim in Islam is built upon six pillars:
1. Belief in Allah ‫ﷻ‬

2. Belief in the Angels
3. Belief in the divine books
4. Belief in the Messengers and Prophets
5. Belief in the hereafter
6. Belief in the divine decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
Why is learning the correct Aqeedah (creed) so important?

There are many reasons why learning the correct Aqeedah (creed) is
so important, from among these many reasons are:
• The Aqeedah (creed) of a Muslim is the foundation upon

which acts of worship are built upon, if the foundation that
acts of worship such as prayer, fasting, hajj, etc are built upon
is corrupt then that could lead to these acts of worship being
rejected by Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
• The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬spent 13 years in Makkah calling

people to worship Allah ‫ ﷻ‬alone and to not direct worship to
the false gods the people of Quraish worshiped, the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬concentrated on teaching people the correct
way to believe in Allah ‫ﷻ‬, if learning the correct Aqeedah
(creed) was not important then why did the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬spend the first 13 years of prophethood
6
teaching people the correct Aqeedah (creed)? This shows the

great importance of learning the correct Aqeedah (creed).
• When the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬sent his companion Muadh

Bin Jabal (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) to Yemen to
spread the message of Islam to the Jews and the Christians
who were living there at that time, he ‫ ﷺ‬told him :
"You are going to a nation from the people of the Scripture,

so let the first thing to which you will invite them be the
Tawheed of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. If they accept that, tell them that Allah
‫ ﷻ‬has obligated upon them five prayers to be offered
throughout the day and night. And if they pray, tell them
that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has obligated upon them Zakat of their
properties and it is to be taken from the rich among them
and given to the poor " 1
If learning the correct Aqeedah (creed) was not important

then why did the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬command Muadh
Bin Jabal ( May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) to concentrate
on calling the Jews and Christians to the correct way to believe
in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬first before informing them about acts of worship
such as prayer and zakat? This shows the great importance of
learning the correct Aqeedah (creed).
1 Bukhari 7372
7
Foundational principles in Aqeedah (creed)
1. Islam is the only true religion
2. The Quran and the Prophetic Narrations are both sources of

guidance
3. The only way to understand the meanings of the texts of the

Quran and the Prophetic narrations correctly is to
understand it how the companions of the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬understood it
4. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the one who decides for us what is morally right
and wrong, not the norms of the society we live in or our
whims and desires.
8
QUESTIONS
1. What does Aqeedah mean?
2. What are the 6 pillars of belief in Islam?
3. Why is learning the correct Aqeedah so important?
4. Mention 4 foundational principles in Aqeedah
9
Pillars of Belief
In Islam the foundational pillars of the belief of a Muslim are six,
disbelieving or rejecting any one of these pillars can take a person
outside the fold of Islam. These pillars of belief are:
1. Belief in Allah ‫ﷻ‬
2. Belief in the Angels
3. Belief in the Messengers
4. Belief in the divine books
5. Belief in the hereafter
6. Belief in the divine decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
10
Belief in Allah
Belief in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the first pillar of Iman, belief in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬entails four
pillars:
1. Belief in the existence of Allah ‫ﷻ‬

2. Belief in the Lordship of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
3. Belief in the worship of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
4. Belief in the names and attributes of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
1- Belief in the existence of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
The existence of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is a belief that is ingrained within every single
person both Muslim and disbeliever. Only a person whose natural
disposition (fitrah) that has been tainted by the ills of the society they
live in will deny the existence of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. The existence of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can
be proved by many evidences, most of these evidences can be put into
three main categories:
Logical evidences - such as the logical evidence mentioned in Surah

At-Tur,
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬says:
َّ َ َ َ َ َ َ َّ َُ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ ُ َ
ۡ‫لۡل ۡا‬
ۡ ‫ۡرضۡب‬ ِۡ َٰ ‫ۡأ ۡمۡخلق ۡواۡٱلسمَٰو‬٣٥ۡ‫ون‬
ۡ ‫تۡوٱلأ‬ ۡ ‫ِنۡغي ِۡرۡشي ۡءۡأ ۡمۡه ُۡمۡٱلخَٰل ِق‬
ۡ ‫ﵟأ ۡمۡخل ِق ۡواۡم‬
َ
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫يُوق ُِن‬
ۡ ٣٦ۡ‫ون‬
"Were they created out of nothing? Or were they themselves the

creators? Or did they create the heavens and the earth? Nay, but
they have no firm belief" [Surah 52:35- 36]
11
What can be understood from these verses is that the creation must
have come into existence by one of three ways:
1. The creation was created from nothing

This is impossible because nothing can't create something, so
this possibility is ruled out.
2. The creation created themselves
This is also impossible because everything created needs to
lead back to a creator who is uncreated so creation can come
into existence, so this possibility is ruled out.
3. A creator who is not created brought the creation into
existence
This is the correct and only logical possibility.
The Fitrah (The Natural Disposition) - Within every person, there is

something known in Islam as the Fitrah which is the natural
disposition within human beings. Humans are naturally dispositioned
to turn towards a higher being. This is something that all humans
share, regardless of their origins, race, nationality, language, culture,
or time period they live in. You will find people turn to a higher being
especially during their times of need. Why? Because as humans, we
cannot disassociate ourselves from the almighty Allah ‫ﷻ‬, It is
ingrained within us.
Manifest Evidences - These evidences are evidences that can be

perceived through our five senses. We see the day and night
interchange over the earth, the planets, moons and stars in perfect
orbit while the inhabitants of the earth enjoy their sustenance, the
creation that live on land, sea or both land and sea are formed
perfectly and equipped with exactly what they need to survive in their
natural habitat. Who created and maintains this perfectly balanced
system except for the almighty Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
12
Science and the existence of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬2
Science cannot answer all questions and it's not the only way to
establish the truth about reality
Many scientists who are disbelievers claim that something cannot be

not true if it cannot be scientifically proven, yet this statement itself
cannot be scientifically proven. What many people don’t understand
about scientists who are disbelievers and the claims they make is they
are always limited to what they can observe, these observations are
based on limited data. For example, if a scientist wants to find out the
effect of a certain chemical on rabbits, they will be restricted to the
number and type of rabbits they have available to them including all
the variables in place during their experiment. This limitation forces
scientists to restrict their attention to problems that can only be
solved by what they can observe during that experiment.
A future observation may produce new conclusions that contradict the

previous conclusion. The reason for this is what may be considered to
be non-observable today could be observable by our senses in the
near future. Therefore disproving the claim that science can answer all
questions and is the only way to establish the truth about reality.
Science cannot determine moral values, because the result of a

scientific experiment cannot determine what is evil and what is good.
This also disproves the claim that science can answer all questions and
is the only way to establish the truth about reality.
2 Most of what was mentioned in the sub-chapter headed " Science and the existence of Allah"
was taken from The Divine Reality God Islam and The Mirage of Atheism by Hamza Andreas
Tzortzis (The original text was modified)
13
Just because a scientific theory has proved it works doesn’t

necessarily mean it's true
Just because it works does not necessarily mean it's true. Early
chemists came up with a theory that an element called phlogiston can
be found within all combustible objects. According to this theory, if a
combustible object is burned it will release an element called
phlogiston. The level of phlogiston found within a material depended
on how combustible a material was, therefore the more combustible a
material was the more phlogiston it released when burned. The
scientific community at that time accepted this theory as a fact. This
theory was also used to discover nitrogen. This theory was later found
to be false and disproved by Antoine Lavoisier as he disproved the
existence of phlogiston. This proves that just because a scientific
theory has proved something works doesn’t necessarily mean it's true.
It's not true that only Science leads to certainty
The claim that once science declares something as scientifically

proven, then it is absolutely true and will never change shows a lack of
knowledge of how scientists form their conclusions. Scientists heavily
rely on indicative arguments to reach a conclusion about the data they
have observed. Indicative arguments are the use of collected instances
of evidence of something specific to support a general conclusion,
therefore using instances of what has been observed to make
conclusions for what has not yet been observed because of the
likelihood that the argument made will prove to be true in the future.
The reality is that indicative arguments cannot lead to certainty
because of the possibility of the argument being disproved in the
future by the discovery of new data that disproves the argument that
was made. An example of an indicative argument is:
After careful observation by trained parrot specialists over

many weeks, no parrots or signs of parrot habitation were
found in this forest. Therefore, parrots do not live in this forest.
14
This argument can be disproved by the future discovery of parrots or

even the future discovery of signs of parrot habitation in this forest, as
there is still a possibility parrots could be in this forest. The existence
of this possibility disproves the argument that only science leads to
certainty.
To conclude, scientists heavily rely on inductive arguments to confirm

theories or form conclusions about the data that they have observed.
What a Muslim must understand is scientific observations based on a
certain amount of observed data means their observations are limited
to the data they have access to, deriving conclusions that are based on
limited data necessitates the possibility that the conclusions reached
can be disproved in the future, therefore ruling out any possibility of
certainty, which disproves the argument that only science leads to
certainty.
Science Cannot answer ‘why?’
My aunty knocks on your door and presents you with a lovely home-
baked chocolate cake. You accept the gift and place the cake on your
kitchen table. Once my aunty has gone, you open the box to have a
slice. Before you indulge, you ask yourself a question: Why has she
baked me this cake? As a scientist, you cannot do much apart from
explore the only piece of data you have at hand: the cake. After doing
many tests, you find out that the cake was probably baked at 350
degrees Fahrenheit, and the ingredients included cocoa powder,
sugar, eggs and milk. However, knowing all of this information does
not help you to answer the question. The only way you can find out is
if you ask her.
This example shows us that science can tell us the ‘what’ and the
‘how’, but it fails to give us the ‘why’. What is meant by ‘why’ here is
that there is a purpose behind things. Science can answer why
mountains exist from the point of view that they were formed via
geological processes, but it cannot provide the purpose behind the
formation of the mountains. Many would simply deny the concept of
purpose altogether.
15
Asking why implies a purpose, and many atheists maintain that

purpose is an illusion, based on outdated religious thinking. This is a
very unhelpful way of looking at our existence in the universe. In such
a world, everything can be explained via physical processes that we
have no control over. We are just one of the dominoes in a falling row
of dominoes. We have to fall, because the domino behind us fell. Not
only is it counter-intuitive, but it highlights some striking
contradictions in the way we reason in normal day-to-day activities.
Imagine, while reading this book you reach the final chapter and you
see the following sentence: “There is no purpose behind this book”.
Would you even consider taking such a statement seriously?
Science cannot be used to cannot test the personal
Science prides itself on testing ideas. Without testing, there is no

science. However, at some point testing must give way to trust. For
instance, how do we know what people have intended? How do we
know what a person is feeling? The scientist may argue that they can
tell someone is lying by using a lie detector; they may also assert that
an entire array of physiological and behavioral indicators correlates to
certain feelings. They have a point, but it is not as simple as that.
Consider friendships as an example. Your friend asks you about your
day and how you are feeling, and you respond by saying it has been a
great day and that you are feeling quite happy. Imagine, you meet him
the following day and he asks you the same question, but will only
believe you if you hook yourself up to a lie detector to capture
essential physiological data. Would that harm your friendship? If he
continued to make the same request every time you responded to his
question, would the relationship you have built with him be affected?
Of course it would. The realm of personal friendship is preserved, if we
are trustworthy in our responses and if we trust what people say.
Another example is emotions. How do we know if someone is feeling

depressed? Do we have a depression detector that we could use?
Although physiological data provides some input, a significant portion
of the vital information is in the personal interaction between the
psychiatrist and the patient. This usually takes the form of questions,
16
answers and even a completed questionnaire. These all require that

we trust some of the patient’s answers. Therefore, it seems to me that
observations alone are not enough for certain domains of human life,
such as friendship and mental health. Science, therefore, must rely on
trusting, rather than depending solely on testing.
Science can only deal with third-person data, whereas personal

attributes, such as feelings and experiences, are first-person data. In
other words, they can tell us nothing about the personal first-person
data. Science cannot tell us anything about what it is like for an
organism to experience an internal subjective conscious state.
Knowledge of the physical brain does not lead to an understanding of
a subjective experience, and why that experience emerges from brain
activity. There are facts about consciousness that cannot be deduced
from physical facts. The only way of getting close to an answer is by
trusting someone’s description of their personal subjective conscious
experience (although you will still never be able to truly know what it
is like for them to have that experience). The point is simple: Science
cannot test the personal.3
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the first without a beginning
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the first without a beginning and always existed,

ُ َ ُ
ۡ ‫ﵟه َوۡٱلأ َّول‬
‫ﵞ‬
"He is the First" [Surah 57:3]
For the creation to come into existence there needed to be a creator

who caused the creation to come into existence, some disbelievers
attribute the beginning of creation to the big bang but for the big bang
to occur, there must have been a cause because for every effect there
needs to be a cause, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬was the one who brought everything
created in existence.
3Most of what was mentioned in the sub-chapter headed " Science and the existence of Allah"
was taken from The Divine Reality God Islam and The Mirage of Atheism by Hamza Andreas
Tzortzis (The original text was modified)
17
No person in their right mind would believe a random chaotic

explosion could create perfect order but yet many people still believe
the world we live in which is so perfectly fashioned was caused by the
big bang. Many disbelievers reject the existence of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬but
unknowingly give the universe the attributes that are truly the
attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬by claiming it always existed and had no
beginning.
Some may ask who created Allah ‫ﷻ‬, this question logically doesn’t
make sense because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is uncreated and always existed. The
beginning of all creation returns to Allah ‫ﷻ‬. This type of question can
only be asked about a being that is created and came into existence.
This question implies a contradiction, it's the same as asking "how
many orphans have parents that are still alive".
Islam and evolution
Islam does not completely reject the idea of evolution nor does it
accept everything within the theory of evolution that is pushed by
many current-day scientists. The idea that living beings can change to
adapt to their surroundings within defined limits is not an idea that is
contradictory to the message of Islam. What is contradictory to the
message of Islam is the idea that humans and other living beings were
not created by Allah ‫ﷻ‬, but they evolved from cells and bacteria that
mutated and evolved throughout time and went through the process
of natural selection to become humans and other living beings that
exist today.
This theory of evolution which denies Allah ‫ ﷻ‬being the creator who
brought living beings into existence, which many claim is a fact and
not just a theory or is more logical than believing in the existence of
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is incorrect because there is no observable evidence that
proves this process happened, including the many missing links within
the theory that prevent it from being stated as a fact.
"The general hypothesis is that man (and all other creatures for that
matter) began as a single cell amoeba and developed into more
complex cells which then went on to become a fish, then an
amphibian, then a reptilian lizard, then a tree dwelling mammal, then
18
apes, then several stages of ape-man type creatures and then

mankind. Of course, this is a very general version of the proposed
theory.
This presents a number of questions:

If man evolved from apes, why are the apes still here?
If lizards evolved into birds, why are lizards and birds both still here?
Evolutionists will answer that this is because we have had evolution

‘cycles’, due to more than one ice age or because all species have
common ancestries.
That still does not explain why we only have the presence of huge
jumps from one species to another and no sign of the ‘in-between’
species. Bear in mind evolution is proposed to have taken millions of
years (another issue that requires discussion). In utter desperation,
the evolutionist resorts to saying that the ‘missing link’ just has not yet
been discovered in the fossil records. Some claim they have already
found proof of the missing link, but upon investigation, they have all
been found to be hoaxes. The reality is that the missing link is not just
one, but thousands of missing links indicative of our gradual
development. That is if we're looking at the missing link between
monkey and man. What about the thousands of missing links between
amoeba and fish? Similarly fish to amphibian, then amphibian to
reptile.
If there were many gradual steps between monkey and man, then why
do we have hundreds of species of monkey, the original type, still
living but none of the in-between?
The claim is that modern man has been around for 1 million years
which would necessitate that it would have taken some 100 million
years or more for man to develop from Monkey to man. If we said (for
the sake of argument) that it took only 10 million years for modern
man to develop. That would mean at the rate of significant change
there would be perhaps some 200 stages (probably far more) from
ape to man. The original monkey survived, in fact various breeds of
monkey and ape, but not one of the 200 variations in between?…not
one!?
19
The question is where are all these varying developmental stages we

should see on the planet, since both ends of the spectrum still exist,
but not one of the many stages in between, not even a legitimate
fossil!
Where are the 10% man 90% ape? Or the 20% man 80% ape etc.
Likewise among the other species. Why do so many pre-species, with
their varying types, exist alongside their advanced species, and none
of the species in-between. Could it possibly be because we actually
don’t have perpetual evolution taking place?
Another issue is, why did the evolutionary process of ape to man, stop
at man? And if the argument is, it hasn’t stopped with man (i.e. man is
still mutating) then why is he the only one evolving.
The point is, evolution is not the ‘easy to accept, highly logical
explanation for the origin of all things it is proposed to be, except
when we leave these questions out and smooth the theory over" 4
44https://ah-sp.com/2017/02/21/the-myth-of-darwinian-evolution-part-2-natural-selection/ -
Abu Hakeem Bilal Davis
20
QUESTIONS
1. What are the 4 pillars of belief in Allah ‫?ﷻ‬
2. Explain the 3 types of evidences that prove the

existence of Allah ‫?ﷻ‬
3. Can all questions be answered through science and is

science the only way to establish the truth about
reality, and why?
4. Just because a scientific theory has been proven it

works does it necessarily mean it's true, and why?
5. Is everything proven scientificity certainly true, and

why?
6. Does the existence of evil rule out the existence of Allah

‫ﷻ‬, and why?
7. If someone asked you "Who created Allah ‫ "?ﷻ‬how

would you respond?
8. Do the teachings of Islam reject evolution?
21
Nullifiers of Belief
Shirk
What is shirk and what does it mean?
Shirk in the Arabic language means an associate or a partner. As for

the Islamic meaning of Shirk then Shirk in Islam is split up into two
categories:
1. Major Shirk
2. Minor Shirk
1. Major Shirk - Major Shirk is to associate partners with Allah ‫ﷻ‬

in anything that is specific to Allah ‫ﷻ‬, through an action, a
statement or a belief. Any action, statement or belief that falls
into this category of Shirk can take a person outside the fold of
Islam.
Associating partners with Allah can be split up into three

categories:
▪ To associate partners with Allah ‫ ﷻ‬in his worship

e.g If you supplicate or pray to other than Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
▪ To associate partners with Allah ‫ ﷻ‬in his lordship

e.g. If you believe that someone other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can
sustain the creation the same way Allah ‫ ﷻ‬sustains the
creation.
▪ To associate partners with Allah ‫ ﷻ‬in his names and attributes

e.g If you believe that someone on the other side of the
world can hear you or see you (excluding the use of
technology). This is major shirk because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only
one who is All-Hearing and All-Seeing.
22
2. Minor Shirk - Minor Shirk is anything that can lead to Major

Shirk or has been labeled as Shirk in the texts of the Quran and
the Prophetic narrations but does not take a person outside the
fold of Islam. This type of Shirk is a major sin but does not take a
person outside the fold of Islam.
An example of something that can lead to Major Shirk:

▪ Supplicating to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬besides the grave of the Prophet
Muhammad‫ ﷺ‬believing it will increase the chance of the
supplication being accepted by Allah ‫ﷻ‬. The reason why this is
Minor Shirk is that this is not a reason stated in the Quran or the
Prophetic narrations that will increase the chance of a person's
supplication to be answered by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬, therefore it becomes a
pathway to Major Shirk as it can lead a person to direct their
supplication to the grave of Prophet Muhammad‫ ﷺ‬instead of
directing it to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬alone.
An example of something labeled as Shirk in the texts of the

Quran or the Prophetic narrations but doesn’t take a person
outside the fold of Islam:
▪ Taking an oath by other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬by saying
" I swear on my mother's life or I swear on my
grandfather's grave"
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Whoever takes an oath by

other than Allah has committed an act of shirk" 5
The scholars of Islam are in agreement that this action is an
act of Minor Shirk and not Major Shirk.
5 Abu Dawud 3251
23
Kufr
What is Kufr and what does it mean?
Kufr in the Arabic language means to cover something up. As for the
Islamic meaning of Kufr then Kufr means disbelief, but to understand
the meaning of Kufr In Islam correctly you must understand it
according to the category it falls into. Kufr in Islam can be split up into
two categories:
1. Major Kufr (Major disbelief)

2. Minor Kufr (Minor disbelief)
1. Major Kufr – Major Kufr (Major disbelief) Is an action, a statement

or a belief that can take a person outside the fold of Islam. Major
Kufr can be split up into many types, the following are the most
common types of Major Kufr.
Common types of Major Kufr
▪ Kufr Al-Juhood – To reject something from Islam while knowing

deep down it’s the truth
ٓ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ ُ َٰ َ َ ُ َ ٓ َ َّ َ َ
ۡ‫اۡوٱستيق َنت َها‬ ‫ وجحدواۡبِه‬١٣ۡ‫ين‬ ٞ ‫ۡمب‬ُّ ٞ
ِ ‫صرۡةۡقالواۡهَٰذاۡسِحر‬ ِ ‫ﵟۡفلماۡجاءتهمۡءايتناۡمب‬
ۡ
َ ‫سد‬ ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ ُ ُ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ١٤ۡ‫ِين‬ ِ ‫أنفسهمۡظلماۡوعلواۡفٱنظرۡكيفۡكانۡعَٰقِبةۡٱلمف‬
"But when there came to them Our visible signs, they said,
"This is obvious magic. And they rejected them, while their
inner selves were convinced thereof. So see how was the end
of the corrupters " [Surah 27:13-14]
e.g. To reject the existence of Angels even though deep down

you know they exist
▪ Kufr Al-Inkaar – To deny something from Islam is the truth
e.g. To deny that Prophet Musa was a Prophet sent by Allah ‫ﷻ‬
24
▪ Kufr At-Taktheeb – To reject something from Islam by accusing

Allah and his Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬of lying.
ُ َ َ ُ َّ ُ ُّ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ َّ َ
‫ۡعليك ۡم‬ ‫بۡبِهِ ۡۦۡقومكۡوهوۡٱلحقۡقلۡلست‬َۡ ‫ۡ َوكذ‬٦٥‫ﵟ‬
ۡ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ۡ٦٦ۡ‫ِيل‬ َ
ٖ ‫بِوك‬
"But your people (O Muhammad SAW) have claimed it to be
a lie (the Quran) though it is the truth. Say: "I am not
responsible for your affairs."[ Surah 6:66]
e.g. To reject the Prophetic narrations because they are all

lies.
▪ Kufr Al-I'raad – To turn away from Islam completely
e.g. To completely turn away from Islam where you don’t act
upon its teachings nor do you have any interest in the religion at
all.
▪ Kufr Al-Istikbaar – To reject something from Islam out of

arrogance
َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ ٓ َّ َ ‫ٓأِلد َۡمۡفَ َس‬
َ َ َٰٓ َ َ َ ُ َ
ۡ‫ۡوكانۡم َِن‬ ‫ج ُد ٓواۡۡإِل ۡاۡإِب ۡل ِيسۡأبىۡوٱستكبر‬ ۡۡ‫ج ُدوا‬
ُ ‫ك ۡةِۡٱس‬
ِ ‫ِإذۡقلنۡاۡل ِلملئ‬
ۡ ‫ﵟو‬
َ ََٰ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ٣٤ۡ‫ٱلكفِرِين‬
"And when We said to the angels, "Prostrate before Adam";
so they prostrated, except for Iblees. He refused and was
arrogant and became of the disbelievers." [Surah 2:34]
e.g. To refuse to pray the five daily prayers out of arrogance
25
▪ Kufr As-Shak – To doubt Islam is the truth

َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َّ َ َ َ َٰ َ ُّ ُّ َ َ َ ٓ َ َ َ َّ ُّ ُ َ ٓ َ َ
ۡ‫ۡقالۡل ُهۥ‬٣٦ۡ‫اۡمنقلبا‬ ‫ج َدنۡخيراۡمِنه‬
ِ ‫ۡوماۡأظنۡٱلساعةۡقائِمةۡولئِنۡردِدتۡإِلىۡربِىۡلأ‬٣٥ۡ‫ﵟ‬
َ ُ َ ُّ ُ َ ََ َ
َ ‫كۡمِنۡتُ َرابۡث َّمۡمِنۡنطفةۡث َّم‬ َّ َ َ َ َ ٓ ُ ُ َ ُ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ
ۡ‫ۡر ُجلا‬
َ ‫ۡس َّوىَٰك‬ ٖ ٖ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬‫ِيۡخ‬‫ذ‬ ‫صاحِبهۥۡوهوۡيحاوِرهۥۡأكفرتۡبِٱل‬
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ٣٧
"And I do not think the Hour will occur. And even if I should
be brought back to my Lord, I will surely find better than this
as a return. His companion said to him while he was
conversing with him, "Have you disbelieved in He who
created you from dust and then from a sperm-drop and then
proportioned you as a man? [Surah 18:36-37]
2. Minor Kufr - Minor Kufr (Minor disbelief) is an action, a statement

or a belief that has been labeled as Kufr in the texts of the Quran
and Prophetic narrations but does not take a person outside the
fold of Islam.
e.g. Physically fighting a fellow Muslim brother or sister
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Disparaging a Muslim is an act

of wickedness, and fighting him is an act of Kufr”. 6
6 Bukhari 6665, Muslim 64
26
The effects of committing an act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr

▪ If a person dies in this state Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will not forgive them
ٓ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َّ َّ
ۡ ‫نۡيَشا ُۡءۡ َو َم‬
‫ن‬ ۡ ‫ِكۡل ِم‬
ۡ ‫ونۡذل‬
ۡ ‫كۡبِهِ ۡۦۡويغف ِۡرۡمۡاۡد‬َۡ ‫نۡيُش َر‬ۡ ‫ٱّللۡل ۡاۡ َيغف ُِۡرۡأ‬
ۡ ۡ‫ن‬ ۡ ِ ‫ﵟإ‬
َۢ َ َ َ َّ َ َ َ
ً ‫يشركۡبٱّلل ِۡفقدۡضلۡضلَٰل ۡاۡۡبَع‬َّ ُ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ١١٦ۡ‫ِيدا‬ ِ ِ
"Indeed, Allah does not forgive association with Him, but He
forgives what is less than that for whom He wills. And he who
associates others with Allah has certainly gone far astray" [ Surah
4:116]
▪ If a person dies in this state they will reside in the Hellfire forever
َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َّ َّ
َۡ ‫ارِۡ َج َه َّن َۡمۡخَٰلِد‬
‫ِين‬ ۡ ‫بۡ َوٱل ُمش ِرك‬
ۡ ‫ِينۡف ِ ۡىۡن‬ ِۡ َٰ‫لۡٱلكِت‬
ِۡ ‫ِنۡأه‬ ۡ ‫ِينۡكف ُر‬
ۡ ‫واۡم‬ ۡ ‫نۡٱلذ‬ۡ ِ ‫ﵟإ‬
َ ُ َ َ ُ َٓ
ۡ ٦ِۡ‫ِيهاۡأو َٰٓلئِكۡهمۡش ُّرۡٱلبَ ِر َّية‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ف‬
"Indeed, they who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture
and the polytheists will be in the fire of Hell, abiding eternally
therein. Those are the worst of creatures" [Surah 98:6]
▪ It completely wipes out all of a person's good deeds

َ ُ ُ ََ ُُ َ َ َ َ َ َٓ َ َ َ َ َ َّ َ َٰٓ َ ُ
ۡ‫ِيمۡل ُهمۡيَو َم‬ ۡ ‫تۡ َرب ِ ِه ۡمۡول ِقائِهِ ۡۦۡفحبِط‬
‫تۡأعمَٰله ۡمۡفل ۡاۡنق‬ ِۡ َٰ ‫ِينۡكف ُرواۡۡأَـِبي‬
ۡ ‫كۡٱلذ‬
ۡ ِ ‫ﵟأولئ‬
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ۡ١٠٥ۡ‫ِۡوزنا‬ َ
َ ‫ٱلقِيَٰ َمة‬
"Those are the ones who disbelieve in the verses of their Lord and
in [their] meeting Him, so their deeds have become worthless; and
We will not assign to them on the Day of Resurrection any
importance" [Surah 18:105]
▪ No act of worship will be accepted from a person who commits

Major shirk or Major Kufr and has disbelieved
ُ َ َّ َ َٰ َ َّ َ ُ َ َ َ َّ ََ َّ َ ٓ َّ َََ َ ُ َ َََُ ََ
ۡ‫اۡوهم‬ ‫ٱّلل ِۡ َوب ِ َر ُسولِهِ ۡۦۡول ۡاۡيأتونۡٱلصلوةۡإِل‬ ۡ ‫لۡمِن ُه ۡمۡنفقَٰ ُت ُه ۡمۡإِل ۡاۡأن ُه ۡمۡكف ُر‬
ۡ ِ ‫واۡب‬ ۡ ‫نۡتق َب‬
ۡ ‫ﵟومۡاۡمنعه ۡمۡأ‬
َ ُ َ َُ َّ َ ُ َ َ ُ
ۡ ۡ٥٤ۡ‫اۡوهمۡك َٰ ِرهون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ۡولاۡيُنفِقونۡإِل‬ َ ‫ك َسال َٰى‬
"And nothing prevents their contributions from being accepted from
them except that they disbelieved in Allah and His Messenger; and
that they came not to As-Salat (the prayer) except in a lazy state; and
that they offer don't contributions except unwillingly" [Surah 9:54]
27
Committing an act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr does not always

necessitate that a person becomes a disbeliever straight away. If a
person commits an act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr there are
conditions that have to be met and preventions that have to be
nonexistent before a person can be declared a disbeliever. Also, the
role of declaring a Muslim to be a disbeliever is left to the people of
knowledge, it's not for the layman to declare a Muslim to be a
disbeliever.
An action can be labeled as Major Shirk or Major Kufr and can take a
person outside the fold of Islam, yet the one who commits this action
will not be labeled as a disbeliever until all of the conditions are met
and preventions that prevent that person from becoming a disbeliever
are non-existent.
Conditions that have to be met to for a person to be declared a

disbeliever:
1- The person who did this act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr must
know that it is an action that can take a person outside the
fold of Islam.
2- The person who did this act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr did
this act intentionally and didn’t do it as a mistake.
3- The person who did this act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr chose
to do it and was not coerced.
Preventions that prevent a person who commits an act of Major

Shirk or Major Kufr from becoming a disbeliever:
1- Ignorance – if a person is ignorant that what they did is an act

of Major Shirk or Major Kufr that can take a person outside
the fold of Islam, this will prevent that person from becoming
a disbeliever
2- Mistake – if a person did this act of Major Shirk or Major Kufr
by mistake and did not intend to do it, this will prevent that
person from becoming a disbeliever.
28
3- Coercion – if a person was coerced to do an act of Major Shirk

or Major Kufr, this will prevent that person from becoming a
disbeliever
4- A valid misinterpretation – if a person committed an act of
Major Shirk or Major Kufr because they misinterpreted the
texts of the Quran or Prophetic narrations and didn’t believe
this act would take them outside the fold of Islam, this will
prevent that person from becoming a disbeliever.
Common acts of Kufr & Shirk

Omens & Superstitions
Omens and superstitions are acts of Shirk, depending on what a
person believes about an omen or a superstition it can either be an act
of Minor Shirk or an act of Major Shirk. Common bad omens and
superstitions are:
o A black cat
o Walking under a ladder
o Stepping on a crack on the pavement
o Rainbows
o Touch wood
o Fingers crossed
o Breaking a mirror
o Friday the 13th
When is believing in omens and superstitions an act of Minor Shirk?
Believing in omens and superstitions are Minor Shirk and do not take a
person outside the fold of Islam if a person believes that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is in
control of the affairs of the universe but this specific omen or
superstition is a sign that something bad or good will occur in the
future. The reason why it is Minor Shirk is that these omens and
superstitions are baseless as they haven't been proven to be correct
according to the universal laws placed by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬, nor is it stated in
the Quran or the Prophetic narrations to be a sign that something
good or bad will occur in the future, therefore being a pathway to
Major Shirk as it can lead a person to ascribe the attribute of
controlling the affairs of the universe to other than Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
29
Muaawiyah ibn Al Hakam told the Prophet Muhammad ‫“ ﷺ‬There

are some among us who follow birds omens” The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied
“It is something you made up by yourselves, so do not let it stop
you”7
When is believing in omens and superstitions an act of Major Shirk?
Believing in omens and superstitions can be an act of Major Shirk and

can take a person outside the fold of Islam if a person believes these
omens and superstitions are a reason for something good or bad to
occur and act independently of the divine decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬said: “Tiyarah (belief in evil omens) is

shirk.” 8
Amulets, Charms and Crystals

Wearing or using amulets, crystals or charms that do not contain
verses from the Quran can be an act of Shirk. Depending on the
intention behind why an amulet, crystal or charm is used it can either
be an act of Minor Shirk or an act of Major Shirk.

the Quran or using crystals an act of Minor Shirk?
If a person wears an amulet or a charm that doesn’t contain verses

from the Quran or uses crystals believing that it's a means through
which Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will protect that person from evil, bring good to that
person or is a cure for many different types of illnesses, this is an act
of Minor Shirk because wearing this type of amulet, charm or using
crystals have not been proven to do what this person is seeking
according to the universal laws set by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬nor was it stated in the
Quran or the Prophetic narrations to do such a thing, therefore being
a pathway to Major Shirk as it can lead a person to believe that the
source of blessings, protection or cure is these types of amulets,
charms or crystals when the true source of all of this is Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
7 Muslim 5532
8 Ahmad 4194, Abu Dawood 3910, At-Tirmidhi 1614 and Ibn Maajah 3538
30

the Quran or using crystals an act of Major Shirk?
If a person wears this type of amulet, charm or uses crystals believing

it will protect that person from evil, bring good to that person or can
cure a person of many different types of illnesses, independently of
the aid of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and not as a means by which Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will deliver
to this person what they are seeking, this an act of Major Shirk
because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only one who controls the affairs of the
universe, therefore believing something else other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can
influence what happens in the universe independently of the will of
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and be the true source of blessings, protection or cure is
Major Shirk.
Uqbah ibn ‘Aamir al-Juhani narrated that a group came to the

Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬to swear their allegiance to him. He accepted
the pledge of allegiance of nine of them except one. They said, “O
Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, you accepted the pledge of allegiance of nine
but not of this one.” He ‫ ﷺ‬said, “He is wearing an amulet.” The man
put his hand (in his shirt) and took it off, then he ‫ ﷺ‬accepted his
pledge of allegiance. He ‫ ﷺ‬said, ‘Whoever wears an amulet has
committed Shirk.”9
Astrology & horoscopes

Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of
celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs
and the natural world. A horoscope is an astrological forecast of a
person's future, typically including a description of a person's
character and circumstances, based on the relative positions of the
stars and planets at the time of that person's birth. Believing in
astrology and horoscopes is Shirk, depending on what a person
believes about astrology and horoscopes their belief can either be an
act of Major Shirk and take a person outside the fold of Islam or an act
of Minor Shirk.
9 Ahmad 16969
31
When is believing in astrology and horoscopes an act of Major Shirk?
If a person believes that stars have a real influence, in the sense that
they create events that will occur in the future whether these events
are good or evil independently of the decree of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬, this is an act
of Major Shirk because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only one who creates and
controls the affairs of the universe, therefore believing something else
other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can bring something into existence or influence
what happens in the universe independently of the will Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is
Major Shirk.
If a person believes that horoscopes can inform you of what will

happen in the future, this is also an act of Major Shirk because Allah ‫ﷻ‬
is the only one whose knowledge is all-encompassing and the only one
who knows what will happen in the future, ascribing this attribute to
anything other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is Major Shirk.
َ ُ َ َ َ َّ َّ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َّ ۡ ُ‫ﵟق‬
ۡ ِ ۡ‫ٱّللۡ َو َمۡاۡيَش ُع ُرونۡأيَّان ُۡيب َعثون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ُۡ ۡ‫بۡإِل ۡا‬ ِۡ َٰ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو‬
ۡ ِ ‫تۡ َوٱلأ‬
ۡ ‫ۡرضۡٱلغي‬ َّ ۡ‫نۡف ۡى‬
ِ ۡ ‫لۡل ۡاۡيعل ۡمۡم‬
"Say, None in the heavens and earth knows the unseen except Allah,
and they do not perceive when they will be resurrected." [Surah
27:65]
When is believing in astrology and horoscopes an act of Minor Shirk:
If a person believes Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only one who controls the affairs of
the universe but Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has made the movements and relative
positions of celestial bodies a cause for good or bad events to occur,
this is an act of Minor Shirk because this has not been proven to be a
cause for good or bad events to occur according to the universal laws
set by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬, nor was it stated in the Quran or the Prophetic
narrations to be a cause, therefore being a pathway to Major Shirk as
it can lead a person to ascribe the attribute of controlling the affairs of
the universe to something or someone other than Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
32
Spiritual Manifestation & Law Of Attraction

Spiritual Manifestation is the idea that through regular meditation and
positive thought, you can make what you dream and desire become
reality. The idea that just by thinking positively about achieving your
goals and putting it out into the universe is contradictory to the
teachings of Islam. A Muslim should think positively about achieving
his/her goals, but a Muslim must put their trust in Allah ‫ﷻ‬, believe
that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will aid his believing servants in achieving what they want
because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only one who controls the affairs of the
universe. Therefore ascribing this role to the universe is Major Shirk
because this role is specific to Allah ‫ﷻ‬. A Muslim does not need
"spiritual manifestation " or the "Law of attraction" because the
teachings of Islam have already clarified that for a Muslim to achieve
what he/she wants, they must think positively about what they want
to achieve, seek the aid of Allah ‫ﷻ‬, put their trust in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬, work
towards their goals and believe that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can give every servant
what they desire. A believer will receive from Allah ‫ ﷻ‬that which they
desire from the permissible and beneficial things of this life and the
hereafter.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Allah ‫ ﷻ‬said, 'I am to my slave as

he thinks of Me, (i.e. I am able to do for him what he thinks I can do
for him).10
Abdullah ibn Masood (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) said: "The
believer has not been given anything better than good expectations of
Allah ‫ﷻ‬, no servant of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬expects good of his lord except that
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬gives him what he expected because all good is in the hands of
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬.
10 Bukhari 7505
33
Fortune-telling & soothsaying

Fortunetelling and soothsaying are both the practice of predicting the
future through magic, crystal balls, cards etc. This practice is
contradictory to the teachings of Islam, they are both acts of Major
Shirk that can take a person outside the fold of Islam because Allah ‫ﷻ‬
is the only one whose knowledge is all-encompassing and the only one
who knows what will happen in the future, ascribing this attribute to
anything other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is Major Shirk.
َ ُ َ َ َ َّ َّ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َّ ۡ ُ‫ﵟق‬
ۡ ِ ۡ‫ٱّللۡ َو َمۡاۡيَش ُع ُرونۡأيَّان ُۡيب َعثون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ُۡ ۡ‫بۡإِل ۡا‬ ِۡ َٰ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو‬
ۡ ِ ‫تۡ َوٱلأ‬
ۡ ‫ۡرضۡٱلغي‬ َّ ۡ‫نۡف ۡى‬
ِ ۡ ‫لۡل ۡاۡيعل ۡمۡم‬
"Say, None in the heavens and earth knows the unseen except Allah ,
and they do not perceive when they will be resurrected." [Surah
27:65]
Rulings pertaining to asking a fortune teller or soothsayer about the

future:
▪ If someone asks a fortune teller or a soothsayer to predict the

future out of curiosity while not believing that the fortune teller
or soothsayer knows what will happen in the future, this is a
major sin.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Whoever goes to a fortune-

teller and asks him about something, his prayer will not be
accepted for forty nights.”11
The prayer will still be obligatory upon this person during these
40 nights and it will be accepted from them if they pray but they
will not receive the reward of their five daily prayers for 40
nights.
11 Muslim 2230
34
▪ If someone asks a fortune teller or a soothsayer to predict the

future believing the fortune teller or soothsayer knows what will
happen in the future, this is an act of Major Shirk that can take a
person outside the fold of Islam. This is because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the
only one whose knowledge is all-encompassing and the only one
who knows what will happen in the future, ascribing this
attribute to anyone or anything other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is an act of
Major Shirk.
َ َّ َ ُ َ َ ُ َّ ٓ َ َ َ َ
ۡ‫نۡ َو َرق ۡةۡإِل ۡاۡ َيعل ُم َهۡا‬ ۡ ُ ‫بۡل ۡاۡ َيعل ُم َهۡاۡإِل ۡاۡه َۡوۡ َو َيعل ُۡمۡ َمۡاۡف ِ ۡىۡٱلبَ ِۡرۡ َوٱل َبح ِۡرۡ َو َمۡاۡتسق‬
ۡ ‫طۡ ِم‬ ِۡ ‫ِندهُ ۡۥۡ َمفات ُِۡحۡٱلغي‬
َ ‫ﵟوع‬
َ
ُّ َٰ‫سۡإلَّاۡفىۡك َِت‬ َ َ َ ۡ ‫ۡرضۡ َول َ ۡاۡ َرط‬ َ ُ ُ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ۡ٥٩ۡ‫ين‬ ٖ ِ ‫بۡمب‬ ٖ ِ ِ ۡ ِ ‫بۡول ۡاۡياب‬ ٖ ۡ ِ ‫تۡٱلأ‬ ِۡ َٰ ‫َول ۡاۡ َح َّب ۡةٖۡف ِ ۡىۡظل َم‬
"And with Him are the keys to the unseen, none knows them but He
and He knows whatever there is in the earth and the sea; not a leaf
falls, but He knows it. There is not a grain in darkness of the earth
nor anything fresh or day, but is written in a clear record." [Surah
6:59]
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Whoever goes to a soothsayer

and believes what he says has disbelieved in that which was revealed
to Muhammad.”12
12 Ahmad
35
Magic
The practice of magic is a practice that is contradictory to the
teachings of Islam, the ruling on magic differs depending on the type
of Magic that is being performed. Magic is two types:
1- Magic that is performed with the aid of devils, whether it be black

magic or optical illusions. This type of magic is an act of disbelief
and can take a person outside the fold of Islam. This is because to
gain the aid of the devils to perform this type of magic a person
must commit acts of disbelief to receive their aid, without
committing an act of disbelief they will not receive the aid of the
devils.
َ َ َ َ َٰ َ َّ َّ َٰ َ َ ُ َٰ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ َ ‫ٱلن‬
ۡ ‫اسۡٱلسِح َر‬ ۡ ‫واۡ ُي َعل ُِم‬
َّ ۡ‫ون‬ ۡ ‫ينۡكف ُر‬
ۡ ‫ِنۡٱلشي ِط‬
ۡ ‫نۡولك‬ ۡ ‫ﵟومۡاۡكف ۡرۡسليم‬
“They followed what the Shayaateen (devils) gave out (falsely of
the magic) in the lifetime of Sulaymaan (Solomon). Sulaymaan
did not disbelieve, but the Shayaateen (devils) disbelieved,
teaching men magic” [Surah 2:102]
2- Magic that is performed by using magical potions, these potions

can affect a person without the aid of devils. This type of magic is
a major sin and it doesn’t take a person outside the fold of Islam.
The reason why it is not an act of disbelief is because no act of
disbelief was performed to carry out this type of magic.
36
Supplicating to the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, saints and righteous

people.
The core message of Islam is to direct worship to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬alone. So
directing any act of worship to other than Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is an act of Major
Shirk and can take a person outside the fold of Islam. If a person
directs an act of worship to someone or something other than Allah ‫ﷻ‬
such as praying to a saint, that person does not have to believe that
whatever or whoever they're directing worship to is a god besides
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬who is worthy of worship for this action to be considered an
act of Major Shirk, just by directing an act of worship such as prayer,
supplication, fasting, etc to someone or something other than Allah ‫ﷻ‬
makes it an act of Major Shirk. For example, If someone supplicates to
the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, this act of supplicating is an act of Major
Shirk whether the one who is supplicating believes the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is worthy of worship or not worthy of worship.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Du’aa’ is worship.” 13
َ َ َ ٓ َّ َ ٓ َ َّ َ َ ٓ ُ َّ َ َ َ ٓ َ
‫ﵞ‬ ِۡ ‫ِيۡإِلي ۡهِۡأن ُه ۡۥۡل ۡاۡإِل َٰ َۡهۡإِل ۡاۡأنۡاۡفٱع ُب ُد‬
ۡ ٢٥ۡ‫ون‬ ۡ ‫نۡ َّر ُس‬
ۡ ‫ولۡإِل ۡاۡنوح‬ ۡ ‫ِكۡ ِم‬ ۡ ‫ﵟو َمۡاۡأر َسل َنۡاۡ ِم‬
ۡ ‫نۡقبل‬
“And We did not send any Messenger before you (O Muhammad)
but We revealed to him (saying): Laa ilaaha illa Ana [none has the
right to be worshipped but I (Allah)], so worship Me (Alone and none
else)” [Surah 21:25]
13 At-Tirmidhi 2969
37
Questions
1- Define the two categories of Shirk
2- Which category of Shirk takes you outside the fold of

Islam and which category of Shirk is a major sin?
3- What are the 3 types of Major Shirk?
4- What is an example of Minor Shirk?
5- Define the two categories of Kufr
6- What are the most common types of Major Kufr?
7- What is an example of Minor Kufr?
8- What are the effects of committing Major Kufr?
9- What are the effects of committing Minor Kufr?
10- What are the conditions that have to be met for a

Muslim to be declared a disbeliever and who is this
responsibility left to?
11- What are the preventions that prevent a Muslim who

fell into an act that can take them outside the fold of
Islam from being declared a disbeliever?
12- What are some common acts of Major Shirk & Major
Kufr?
38
2 - Belief In The Lordship of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
Belief in the lordship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the second pillar of belief in Allah
‫ﷻ‬. Belief in the lordship of Allah entails believing Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only:
• Creator
• Sustainer
• Provider
• Giver and taker of life
ُ َ ‫ۡوٱل َأب َص َٰ َر‬
ۡ ‫ۡو َمنۡيخ ِر ُجۡٱل َح َّيۡم َِن‬
ِ ِ ‫ۡٱل َمي‬
ۡ‫ت‬ َ ‫ۡرضۡأَ َّم‬
َّ ‫نۡيمل ُِك‬
َ ‫ۡٱلسم َع‬ َ َ ٓ َ َّ َ ُ ُ َ ‫ﵟقُل‬
‫ۡمنۡيَر ُزقكمۡمِنۡٱلسماء‬
ِ ‫ِۡوٱلأ‬
َ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ َّ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ َ
ۡ ٣١ۡ‫ۡٱّللۡفقلۡأفلاۡت َّتقون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ويخ ِرجۡٱلميِتۡمِنۡٱلح ِيۡو ۡمنۡيدبِرۡٱلأمرۡفسيقولون‬
"Say, "Who provides for you from the heaven and the earth? Or who
controls hearing and sight and who brings the living out of the dead
and brings the dead out of the living and who arranges [every]
matter?" They will say, "Allah," so say, "Then will you not fear Him?"
[Surah 10:31]
ٞ َ َ ُ َ َُ َ ُ ُ َ ُ َّ
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ۡوه َوۡعَل َٰىۡك ِلۡشيء‬
ۡ ٦٢ۡ‫ٖۡوك ِيل‬ ٖۖ‫ﵟٱّللۡخَٰل ِقۡك ِلۡشي ٖء‬
"Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is, over all things, Disposer
of all affairs" [Surah 39:62]
39
3 - Belief in the worship of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
Belief in the worship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the third pillar of belief in Allah ‫ﷻ‬, it
entails that a person must only direct their worship to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬alone.
Belief in the worship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can only be Islamically correct if the
following seven conditions have been fulfilled:
1- Knowledge – A servant must know that belief in the worship of

Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is to single Allah ‫ ﷻ‬out in worship. A person must
negate that all deities besides Allah ‫ ﷻ‬are not worthy of worship
and affirm that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only one worthy of worship.
َ ‫ۡول ِل ُمؤ ِمن‬
َ ‫ك‬َ َ َ َ ُ َّ َّ َ َ ٓ َ ُ َّ َ َ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ِين‬ ِ ‫ﵟفٱعلمۡأنهۥۡل ۡاۡإِلَٰهۡإِلاۡٱّللۡوٱستغفِرۡل ِذۢنب‬
"So know that there is no worthy of worship except Allah,
and ask forgiveness for your sin." [Surah 47:19]
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫ۡٱلطَٰ ُغ‬
ۡ َۡۖ ‫وت‬ َّ ‫ۡوٱج َتن ُِبوا‬ َ َّ ‫ۡر ُسولًاۡأَنۡٱع ُب ُدوا‬
َ ‫ۡٱّلل‬ َّ ٖ‫ىۡكلۡأُ َّمة‬
ُ َ ََ َََ
ِ ِ ِ ‫ﵟولقدۡبعثنۡاۡف‬
"And We certainly sent into every nation a Messenger, [saying],
"Worship Allah and avoid ṭāghūt (False objects of worship)"
[Surah 16:36]
2- Certainty - A servant must believe in this with certainty

ُ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َّ ُ َّ َّ َ ُ ُ َ َّ
ِ ‫واۡبِأم َوَٰل ِ ِه ۡمۡ َوأنف‬
ۡ‫س ِهمۡفِى‬ ۡ ِ ‫ِينۡ َء َام ُن ۡواۡب‬
ۡ ‫ٱّلل ِۡ َو َر ُسولِهِ ۡۦۡث ۡمۡل ۡمۡيرتاب ۡواۡوجَٰهد‬ َۡ ‫ونۡٱلذ‬
ۡ ‫ﵟإِنمۡاۡٱلمؤمِن‬
َ ُ َٰ َّ ُ ُ َ َٰٓ َ ُ َّ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ١٥ۡ‫يلۡٱّلل ِۡأولئِكۡهمۡٱلصدِقون‬ ِ ِ ‫سب‬
"The believers are only the ones who have believed in Allah
and His Messenger and then doubt not but strive with their
properties and their lives in the cause of Allah. It is those who
are the truthful. " [Surah 49:15]
40
3- Acceptance – A servant must accept it as the truth

َّ ُ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َٓ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ََ
ۡ ‫لۡذَٰل‬
ۡ‫ِكۡمِنك ۡمۡإِل ۡا‬ ۡ ‫نۡيفع‬
ۡ ‫ضۡفمۡاۡجزا ۡءۡم‬ ۡ ٖ ‫ونۡب ِ َبع‬
ۡ ‫بۡ َوتكف ُر‬ ۡ ِ ‫ونۡب ِ َبع‬
ِۡ َٰ‫ضۡٱلكِت‬ ۡ ‫ﵟأف ُتؤم ُِن‬
َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َّ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُّ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُّ
ۡ ٨٥ۡ‫اۡٱّللۡبِغَٰفِلۡع َّماۡتع َملون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ابۡوم‬ َ
ِۗ ِ ‫يۡف ِ ۡىۡٱلحَي َٰوۡة ِۡٱلدنياَۖۡويومۡٱلقِيَٰمةِۡي َردونۡإِل َٰٓۡىۡأشدِۡٱلعذ‬
ۡٞ ‫خِز‬
"So do you believe in part of the Scripture and disbelieve in part?
Then what is the recompense for those who do that among you
except disgrace in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they
will be sent back to the severest of punishment. And Allah is not
unaware of what you do."
[Surah 2:85]
4- Submission – A servant must submit to his lord

َ َ ُ َ َّ ُ ُ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ََ ُ َ َ ُ ََ
ۡ ٥٤ۡ‫نص ُرون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ۡوأسل ُِمواۡل ُهۥۡمِنۡقب ِلۡأنۡيأت ِيكمۡٱلعذابۡثمۡلاۡت‬‫ﵟوأن ِيب ٓواۡإِل َٰىۡربِكم‬
"And return [in repentance] to your Lord and submit to Him before
the punishment comes upon you; then you will not be helped"
[Surah 39:54]
5- Truthfulness – A servant must believe in it truly in their heart

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, “No one bears testimony to there
being no one worthy of worship save Allah, truthfully from his heart,
except that Allah makes the Hell-fire forbidden for him.” 14
6- Sincerity – A servant must be sincere in their worship

َ ‫ٱّللۡ ُمخل ِصۡاۡل َّ ُۡهۡٱلد‬
َّ َ َ َ َ َ ٓ َ َ ٓ َّ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ِين‬ َۡ ۡ‫قۡفٱع ُب ِۡد‬ ۡ َ َٰ‫كۡٱلكِت‬
ِۡ ‫بۡبِٱلح‬ ۡ ‫نزل َنۡاۡإِلي‬ ‫ﵟإِنۡاۡأ‬
" Indeed, We have sent down to you the Book, [O Muḥammad], in
truth. So worship Allah, [being] sincere to Him in religion." [Surah
39:2]
7- Love – A servant must have the highest level of love for Allah ‫ﷻ‬
َّ ُ ُّ َ َ ٓ ُ َ َ َ َّ َ َّ ُ َ ُ َ ُّ ُ َ َ َّ ُ ُ َّ َ َ َّ ۡ‫ِن‬ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ِِۡۗ‫اّۡلل‬
ِ ‫بۡٱّللَِۖۡوٱلذِينۡءامنواۡأشدۡحب‬
ِ ‫ونۡٱّلل ِۡأنداداۡيحِبونهمۡكح‬
ِ ‫نۡيتخِذۡمِنۡد‬
ۡ ‫اسۡم‬
ۡ ِ ‫ٱلن‬ َۡ ‫ﵟوم‬
"And [yet], among the people are those who take other than Allah as
equals [to Him]. They love them as they [should] love Allah. But
those who believe are stronger in love for Allah." [Surah 2:165]
14 Bukhari & Muslim
41
What is an act of worship in Islam?
Worship in Islam is anything Allah ‫ ﷻ‬loves and is pleased with from:

• Actions of the heart - such as hope, Tawakkul(Dependance upon
Allah ‫)ﷻ‬, love, fear etc
• Actions of the limbs – such as Prayer, Fasting, Hajj, etc
• Statements of the tongue – such as giving dawah, the
remembrance of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬etc
What is the reality of worship in Islam?
The reality of worship in Islam entails two pillars that make an action
of the heart, an action of the limbs or a statement of the tongue an act
of worship. These two pillars are:
1- The highest level of love
2- The highest level of humility and humbleness
Why did Allah ‫ ﷻ‬create us for worship if Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not in need of us
to worship him ?
This type of question would generally be asked by someone who has

not yet fully understood who Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is nothing like his
creation. The thought process of a person who would ask this type of
question would generally be that if person A commands person B to
do something then person A must have commanded person B to do
that specific thing because of a need person A has or for a benefit that
benefits person A. This thought process is incorrect when it comes to
understanding why Allah ‫ ﷻ‬commands his creation with certain
commands because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not like his creation, this thought
process stems from comparing Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to his creation.
When Allah ‫ ﷻ‬commands his creation Allah ‫ ﷻ‬does this based on his
perfect wisdom, the creation of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬cannot benefit Allah ‫ ﷻ‬nor is
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬in need of anything because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is perfect and free from
any need.
42
For you to comprehend the reason why Allah ‫ ﷻ‬created his creation
to worship him you must comprehend that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not like his
creation, you must understand that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not in need of anything
or anyone, nor can his creation benefit him, nor is there a need for us
human beings to know the wisdom behind everything Allah ‫ ﷻ‬does
and commands. It is enough for us to know that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is perfect in
all aspects. The commands and the actions of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬are always in
line with the perfect wisdom of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬. Once you have truly
understood this you will come to know that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬commanding his
creation to worship him does not necessitate that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is in need
of worship as Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not in need of anything or anyone.
The relationship between the creator and the creation is a relationship

of master and servant, the innate nature of human beings is to direct
worship, seek aid and show gratitude to a higher being. From the
rights that your lord has over you is that you direct your worship to
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬alone because Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the one who has blessed you with all
the blessings you experience in life.
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is perfect in his names, attributes, actions and perfect in all
aspects. Through the worship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬the effects of his perfection
can become manifest. The relationship between the creator and the
creation is a relationship of Master and servant, it’s a relationship that
necessitates the creation worshiping the creator. Through worshiping
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬the creation can be bestowed with his perfect mercy,
forgiveness, generosity, forbearance and so much more. The creation
being commanded to worship Allah ‫ ﷻ‬does not benefit Allah ‫ ﷻ‬but in
fact it benefits the creation.
43
Questions
1- What does belief in the lordship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬mean?
2- What does belief in the worship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬mean?
3- What are the conditions that have to be met for a servant of

Allah's ‫ ﷻ‬belief in the worship of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to be correct?
4- What is an act of worship in Islam ?'
5- How do you answer the question " Why did Allah ‫ ﷻ‬create
us for worship if Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not in need of us to worship
him?"
44
4- Belief in the names and attributes of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
Belief in the names and attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the fourth pillar of
belief in Allah ‫ﷻ‬. It is to believe in the perfect names and attributes of
Allah ‫ﷻ‬, to affirm them and believe in the apparent meanings of them
in a way that is suitable to Allah ‫ﷻ‬, to not distort the meanings they
entail, reject it or compare the attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to the attributes
of the creation.
To understand the names and attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬correctly, you

must accept the understanding of the companions of the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬of the names and attributes of Allah ‫ﷻ‬, as they were
the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬direct students. The companions of the
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬understanding of the names and attributes of
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can be summarized into a number of principles:
1- Every name of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬entails an attribute
2- All of the names and attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬are perfect
3- Affirm every name and attribute of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and

his Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬have affirmed for Allah ‫ﷺ‬, negate any
attributes that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and his Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬have negated
from Allah ‫ﷻ‬
4- Believe in the apparent meaning of these names and attributes

and do not distort it
5- Do not compare the attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to the attributes of

the creation of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
6- Do not delve into how the attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬are, stick to

what was mentioned in the Quran & Prophetic narrations.
45
Questions
1- What does belief in the names and attributes of Allah ‫ﷻ‬

mean?
2- Mention 6 principles that summarise how the companions of

the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬understood the names and
attributes of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
46
Belief in the Angels

Belief in the Angels is a pillar from the pillars of Iman, disbelieving in
the existence of the angels can take a person outside the fold of Islam.
Belief in the Angels in Islam entails three pillars:

1- Belief in the existence of Angels
2- Belief in the physical characteristics and attributes of the
Angels
3- Belief in the roles that the Angels fulfill
What are Angels and why did Allah ‫ ﷻ‬create them?
Angel in the Arabic language is derived from the word 'Alukah' which
means 'Message'.
As for the meaning of angel in the texts of the Quran and Prophetic
narrations, angels are a creation from the creations of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Allah
‫ ﷻ‬created them from light and they were created solely for the
obedience of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
47
Physical characteristics of the Angels
The physical characteristics of angels differ greatly from that of

humans, some of the main characteristics of the angels are:
- They were created from light

The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Angels were created from light15
- They are great in stature

Aa'ishah (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with her) said: "I asked the
Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬about these two verses. He said, "That is
Jibreel; I never saw him in the form in which Allah created him
except on these two occasions. I saw him descending from the
heavens, with his huge size filling the horizon between the heaven
and the earth." 16
- They have wings

َ َُ َ ُ ً َ َٰٓ َ َ َ َّ ۡ‫ّلل ِۡ ۡفَاط ِۡر‬
َّ
ۡ ِ‫ثۡ َو ُر َب َٰ َۡعۡيَز‬
ُۡ‫يد‬ ۡ َٰ ‫لئِك ۡةِۡ ُر ُسل ۡاۡأول ِ ٓۡىۡأجن َِح ۡةٖۡ َّمث َن َٰۡيۡ َوثل‬ ِۡ ‫ۡرضۡ َجاع‬
‫ِلۡٱلم‬ ِۡ َٰ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو‬
ۡ ِ ‫تۡ َوٱلأ‬ ِ ۡ ِ ۡ‫ﵟٱلحَم ُۡد‬
ٞ ‫ۡشيءٖۡقَد‬ َ ُ َٰ َ َ َ َّ َّ ُ ٓ َ َ َ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ِير‬ ‫قۡمۡاۡيشاءۡإِنۡٱّللۡعلىۡك ِل‬ ِۡ ‫ف ِ ۡىۡٱلخل‬
[All] praise is [due] to Allah, Creator of the heavens and the earth,
[who] made the angels Messengers having wings, two or three or
four. He increases in creation what He wills. Indeed, Allah is over all
things competent. " [Surah 35:1]
- They can shapeshift and take the form of human beings

The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said " by the One who sent Muhammad
with the truth, with guidance and glad tidings, I did not know him
more than any man among you. That was Jibril, peace be upon you,
who came down in the form of (the companion) Dihyah Al-Kalbi. "17
- They can fly

َ ‫ت‬ َ َٰ َّ ‫ﵟ َو‬
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ۡسبحا‬ ِ َٰ‫ٱلسبِح‬ ۡ
"And [by] those who glide smoothly" [Surah 79:3]
15 Muslim 2996
16 Muslim 337
17 An-Nasa'i 4991
48
- They don’t eat or drink

َ َ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ
ۡٞ‫مۡقوم‬ٞ َٰ ‫ۡسل‬ َۡ ‫ِيمۡٱل ُمك َرم‬
‫ۡإ ِ ۡذۡدخل ۡواۡعلي ۡهِۡفقالواۡۡسلماَۖۡقال‬٢٤ۡ‫ِين‬ َۡ ‫فۡإِب َرَٰه‬ۡ ِ ‫ِيثۡضي‬
ۡ ‫كۡحد‬ ۡ ‫لۡأتى‬ۡ ‫ﵟه‬
َ ُ َ َ َ َ ٓ َ َ َ
َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ
ۡ‫ۡفأو َج َس‬٢٧ۡ‫ۡفق َّر َب ُه ٓۥۡإِلي ِهمۡقالۡألاۡتأكلون‬٢٦ۡ‫ين‬ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ُّ
ٖ ‫ۡفراغۡإِل َٰٓىۡأهلِهِۦۡفجاءۡبِعِج ٖلۡس ِم‬٢٥ۡ‫منكرون‬
َ َ ُ ُ ُ َّ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ
‫ﵞ‬ ٖ ‫مِنهمۡخِيفةَۖۡقالواۡلاۡتخفَۖۡوبشروهۡبِغلَٰمۡعل‬
ۡ ‫ِيم‬
"Has there reached you the story of the honored guests of
Abraham? When they entered upon him and said, "[We greet you
with] peace." He answered, "[And upon you] peace; [you are] a
people unknown." Then he went to his family and came with a fat
[roasted] calf. And placed it near them; he said, "Will you not eat?"
And he felt from them apprehension. They said, "Fear not," and
gave him good tidings of a learned boy. " [Surah 51:24-28]
- They have a beautiful appearance

Allah ‫ ﷻ‬says :
ُ
َٰ ‫ﵟذ ۡوۡم َِّر ۡة ٖۡفَٱس َت َو‬
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ‫ى‬
"Free from any defect in body and mind), Fastawa [then he (Jibrael -
Gabriel) rose and became stable" [Surah 53:6] (Interpretation of Ibn
Abbas – May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him - )
- They don’t tire from the worship of Allah ‫ﷻ‬

َ ُ َ َ َ َ َّ َ َ َّ َ ُ َ ُ
ۡ ‫اۡيفت ُرون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ﵟيسبِحونۡٱليلۡوٱلنهارۡل‬
"They exalt [Him] night and day [and] do not slacken"
[Surah 21:20]
49
Mannerisms of the Angels
The mannerisms of the angels differ greatly from that of humans, they
are a creation that doesn't disobey Allah ‫ﷻ‬, therefore, making them
have the best mannerisms. From their mannerisms are they are:
- Noble and virtuous

َ َ
ۡ ٖ ‫ۡك َِرا ۡمۡبَ َر َرة‬١٥ٖۡ ‫يۡ َسف َر ۡة‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫ﵟبِأي ِد‬
"[Carried] by the hands of messenger-angels, Noble and dutiful."
[Surah 80:15-16]
- Humble to their lord

ََ َُ ُ َ َُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ‫ﵟإ َّنۡٱلَّذ‬
ۡ ‫ۥۡول ُهۥَۡۤنوُدُجۡسَي‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ۡربِكۡلاۡيَس َتكب ِ ُرونۡعنۡع َِبادتِهِۦۡويسبِحونه‬‫ِينۡعِند‬ ِ
"Indeed, those who are near your Lord [i.e., the angels] are not
prevented by arrogance from His worship, and they exalt Him,
and to Him they prostrate." [Surah 7:206]
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "When Allah ‫ ﷻ‬orders a matter

in the heaven, the angels beat their wings in humility and
submission to His Words" 18
- They are constantly worshipping Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and don’t tire from

the worship of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
َ ُ َ َ َ َّ َ َ َّ َ ُ َ ُ
ۡ ‫ارۡل ۡاۡ َيفت ُرون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫لۡوٱلنه‬
ۡ ‫ونۡٱلي‬
ۡ ‫ﵟيسبِح‬
"They exalt [Him] night and day [and] do not tire"
[Surah 21:20]
18 Bukhari 223
50
- They don't disobey Allah ‫ﷻ‬

ٞ َ ٌ َ َٰٓ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َّ َ ُ ُ َ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ ُ َّ َ َ
ۡ‫اسۡوٱلحِجارۡةۡعليهاۡملئِكةۡغِلاظ‬ ۡ ‫ِينۡ َء َام ُن ۡواۡق ٓواۡۡأنف َسكمۡۡ َوأهل ِيك ۡمۡنارۡاۡوقودهۡاۡٱلن‬
َۡ ‫ﵟيأ ُّي َهۡاۡٱلذ‬
َٰٓ
َ َ
َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ٓ َ َ َّ َ ُ َ َّ ٞ َ
ۡ ‫ۡماۡيُؤ َم ُرون‬
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫ون‬ ‫شِدادۡلاۡيعصونۡٱّللۡماۡأمرهمۡويفعل‬
"O you who have believed, protect yourselves and your families
from a Fire whose fuel is people and stones, over which are
[appointed] angels, harsh and severe; they do not disobey Allah in
what He commands them but do what they are commanded" [Surah
66:6]
Types of angels
There are many different types of angels and all of these different
types of angels fall into the following three categories
1. Angels that have been put in charge of affairs that relate to the
creation on earth, such as:
• Blowing the soul into the fetus in the womb

"The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: Verily the creation of each
one of you is brought together in his mother’s womb for forty
days in the form of a Nuftah (mixed drop of male and female
sexual discharge). Then he is an Alaq (clot of blood) for a like
period, then a Mudghah (morsel of flesh) for similar period,
then an angel is sent to him who blows his soul into him and
commanded with four matters: To write down his means of
livelihood, his life span, his actions, and whether his end is
good or bad"19
51
• Watching over and protecting mankind

َّ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ
ۡ ِِۗ‫ِنۡخلفِهِ ۡۦۡيحفظون ُهۥۡمِنۡأم ِرۡٱّلل‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫نۡيَ َدي ۡهِۡ َوم‬
ِۡ ‫نۡ َبي‬ ۡٞ َٰ‫ﵟل ُه ۡۥۡ ُم َعق َِب‬
َۡۢ ‫تۡ ِم‬
" For him (each person), there are angels in succession, before
and behind him. They guard him by the command of Allah.”
[Surah 13:10-11]
• Writing down the actions of humans, both good and evil

actions
َ ُ َ َ َ َُ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َّۡ ‫ﵟو‬
ۡ ‫ۡماۡتف َعلون‬
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫اۡكَٰتب‬
‫ۡيعلمون‬١١ۡ‫ين‬ِِ
َ ‫حَٰفظ‬
‫ۡك َِرام‬١٠ۡ‫ين‬ ِ ِ ‫ِإنۡعليك ۡمۡل‬ َ
"And indeed, [appointed] over you are keepers, noble and
recording; they know whatever you do" [Surah 82:10-12]
• Taking the souls at the time of death

َ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ َ َّ ُ َ ُ َّ ُ
ۡ ‫يۡ ُوك ِۡلۡبِك ۡمۡث َّۡمۡإِل َٰۡىۡ َربِك ۡمۡتر َج ُۡعون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫تۡٱل ِذ‬ ۡ ‫لۡ َي َت َوفىَٰك ۡمۡ َّۡمل‬
ِۡ ‫كۡٱل َمو‬ ۡ ‫ﵟق‬
"Say: "The Angel of Death who is charged with taking your
souls will take your souls; then you will be returned to your
Lord." [Surah 32:11]
• Responsible for the mountains

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said " I looked up and saw Gabriel
in it. He called me saying, 'Allah has heard your people's
saying to you, and what they have replied back to you, Allah
has sent the Angel of the Mountains to you so that you may
order him to do whatever you wish to these people.' The Angel
of the Mountains called and greeted me, and then said, "O
Muhammad! Order what you wish. If you like, I will let Al-Akh-
Shabain (i.e. two mountains) fall on them." The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
said, "No but I hope that Allah will let them beget children who
will worship Allah Alone, and will worship None besides
Him."20
20 Bukhari 3231
52
• Bringing down the revelation from Allah ‫ﷻ‬

‫ﵞ‬ ُ ‫وحۡٱل َأم‬
ۡ ‫ِين‬ ُّ ِۡ‫ﵟنَ َز َۡلۡب ۡه‬
ُۡ ‫ٱلر‬ ِ
"The Trustworthy Spirit (Gabriel) has brought it down"
[Surah 26:193]
• Responsible for the clouds, lightning and thunder

"The Jews came to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and said: 'O Abul-Qasim!
Inform us about the thunder, what is it?' He said: 'An angel
among the angels, who is responsible for the clouds. He has a
piece of fire wherever that he drives the clouds wherever Allah
wills.' They said: 'Then what is this noise we hear?' He said: 'It
is him, striking the clouds when he drives them on, until it goes
where it is ordered.' They said: 'You have told the truth.'21
• Attending the gatherings of knowledge and remembrance

of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, said, “Verily, Allah Almighty has
caravans of angels who have no other work but to follow
gatherings of remembrance. When they find such gatherings in
which there is remembrance, they sit with them and some of
them surround the others with their wings until the space
between them and the heavens is covered. When they
disperse, they ascend to the heavens and Allah Almighty asks
them, although He is best informed about them: From where
have you come? They say: We came from Your servants on
earth who were glorifying You, declaring Your greatness and
oneness, praising You and asking from You. Allah says: What
do they ask from Me? They say: They ask for Your Paradise.
Allah says: Have they seen My Paradise? They say no. Allah
says: What if they were to see My Paradise? They say: They
seek Your protection. Allah says: From what do they seek My
protection? They say: From Your Hellfire, our Lord. Allah says:
Have they seen My Hellfire? They say no. Allah says: What if
they were to see My Hellfire? They say: They ask for Your
forgiveness. Allah says: I will pardon them, give them what
they request, and grant them protection. They say: Our Lord,
there is one among them, a simple servant who happened to
21 At-Tirmidhi 3117
53
pass by and sit there alongside them. Allah says: I will also
grant him pardon, for whoever sits with these fellows will not
suffer misery.” 22
• Angels that protect Makkah and Madinah

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, "There will be no town which
Ad-Dajjal will not enter except Makkah and Medina, and there
will be no entrance (of both Makkah and Medina) but the
angels will be standing in rows guarding it against him, and
then Medina will shake with its inhabitants thrice (i.e. three
earth-quakes will take place) and Allah will expel all the non-
believers and the hypocrites from it."23
• Angels that attend the funeral prayers

The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said:" Some people riding on their
animals in a funeral (procession). He said: 'Do you not feel
ashamed that the angels of Allah are walking on foot and you
are riding? 24
2. Angels who have been put in charge of affairs that relate to the
hereafter such as the:
• Angels in charge of questioning the servants of Allah in their
graves and the punishment of the grave
The Messenger of Allah said ‫ ﷺ‬: "When the deceased - or he
said when one of you - is buried, two angels, black and blue
come to him. One of them is called Al-Munkar, and the other
An-Nakir." 25
• Gatekeepers of the Hellfire

َ ُ َّ ُ َّ َ َ َ ُّ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ََ
ۡ ‫الۡإِنك ۡمۡمَٰكِثون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫ك َۖۡق‬
ۡ ‫ضۡعلينۡاۡرب‬ ۡ ‫ﵟونادواۡۡي َٰ َمَٰل‬
ۡ ِ ‫ِكۡل َِيق‬
And they will call, "O Mālik, let your Lord put an end to us!" He
will say, "Indeed, you will remain." [Surah 43:77]

23 Bukhari 1881
24 Ibn Majah 1540
25 At-Tirmidhi 1071
54
• The Angel that has been put in charge of blowing the horn on
the day of judgment
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: "How can I feel at ease when
the Angel of the trumpet has put his lips to the trumpet and is
waiting for the order to blow it". The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬perceived as
if this had shocked his Companions, so he ‫ ﷺ‬told them to seek
comfort through reciting: 'Hasbunallah wa ni'mal-Wakil [Allah
(Alone) is Sufficient for us, and He is the Best Disposer of
affairs (for us)]".26
• Angels who will drag forth the hellfire on the day of

judgement
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: Hell will be brought forth on
that Day (of Resurrection) having seventy thousand bridles,
and with every handle will be seventy thousand angels
dragging it' 27
• Angels at the gate of Jannah

The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Verily, there is an angel at a
gate among the gates of Paradise, saying: Whoever offers a
good loan today will be rewarded tomorrow! And there is an
angel at another door, saying: O Allah, give repayment to one
who spends in charity, and give destruction to one who
withholds charity!”28
26 AtTirmidhi 2431
27 At-Tirmidhi 2573
28 Ibn Hibban 3333
55
3. Angels who have roles that don’t relate to the creation on earth or
the hereafter such as the:
• Angels that carry the throne of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
َ ‫ونۡل ِلَّذ‬
َ ُ َ ََ َ َ ‫ۡبحَم ِدۡ َربهم‬ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َّ
ۡ‫ۡء َام ُن َۖوا‬
َ ‫ِين‬ ‫ۡو ُيؤم ُِنونۡبِهِۦۡويستغفِر‬ ِِ ِ ‫ۡومنۡحول ُهۥۡيسبِحون‬ ‫ﵟٱلذِينۡيح ِملونۡٱلعرش‬
َ َ
َ ‫ۡوقِهمۡعذ‬
َ َ َ َ ُ َّ
َ َ ُ َ َ َّ َ َ َ َّ َ َّ ُ َ َ َ َّ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫حي ِم‬ ِ َ‫ۡٱلج‬
ۡ ‫اب‬ ِ ‫ربناۡوسِعتۡكلۡشيءٖۡرحمةۡوعِلماۡفٱغفِرۡل ِلذِينۡتابواۡوٱتبعواۡسبِيلك‬
"Those [angels] who carry the Throne and those around it

exalt [Allah] with praise of their Lord and believe in Him and
ask forgiveness for those who have believed, [saying], "Our
Lord, You have encompassed all things in mercy and
knowledge, so forgive those who have repented and
followed Your way and protect them from the punishment of
Hellfire." [Surah 40:7]
Benefits of believing in the angels
1. It causes a person to shy away from disobeying Allah ‫ﷻ‬,

knowing that not only Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can see him/her but the angels
can are also watching
2. It causes a person to be careful about what they say and do
because they know their actions both good and evil are being
written down by angels
3. It causes a person's heart to be at ease knowing that Allah ‫ﷻ‬
has put in place angels to protect him/her
56
Questions
1- What are Angels and why did Allah ‫ ﷻ‬create them?
2- What does belief in the Angels entail?
3- What are the three categories all the different types of

Angels fall into?
4- What are some of the roles the Angels fulfill?
5- What are some of the physical characteristics of the Angels?
6- What are some of the mannerisms of the Angels?
7- What are some of the benefits of belief in the Angels?
57
Belief in the divine books

Belief in the divine books that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬revealed to the Messengers
and Prophets throughout time is another pillar of Iman, disbelieving in
these divine books can take a person outside the fold of Islam. Belief
in these divine books entails four pillars:
1- To believe in all the divine books that were revealed by Allah
‫ ﷻ‬to all the Prophets and Messengers throughout time
2- To believe that they were all revelation from Allah ‫ﷻ‬
3- To believe that they were all the speech of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
4- To act upon the teachings of the divine books, except for what
was abrogated by the Quran
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬sent to every nation a Messenger or a Prophet, and Allah ‫ﷻ‬

revealed to many of those Messengers and Prophets a divine book.
‫ﵞ‬ ٖۖ ُ ‫ۡٱلن‬
ۡ ‫اسۡبِٱلقِس ِط‬ َّ ‫وم‬َ ‫انۡل َِي ُق‬
َ َ َ َ َٰ َ
‫اۡم َع ُه ُمۡٱلكِتبۡوٱل ِميز‬ َ َ‫ۡوأ‬
َ ‫نزل َن‬ َ ‫ت‬ َ َ َ ُ ‫ﵟلَ َقدۡأَر َسل َن‬
ِ َٰ‫اۡر ُسلناۡبِٱل َبيِن‬
"We have already sent Our Messengers with clear evidences
and sent down with them the Scripture and the balance that
the people may maintain [their affairs] in justice" [Surah
57:25]
How many books of revelation were revealed to the Messengers and

Prophets?
The amount of divine books that were revealed to the Messengers

and Prophets by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is unknown, the reason for this is Allah ‫ﷻ‬
sent to every nation a Messenger or a Prophet and many of them
received a divine scripture from Allah ‫ﷻ‬, but not all the Messengers
and Prophets that were sent by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬were mentioned in the Quran
and the Prophetic narrations.
58
The divine books mentioned in Quran & Prophetic narrations are:
1. Torah – revealed to Musa ‫ﷺ‬

2. Injeel – revealed to Esa ‫ﷺ‬
3. Scrolls of Ibrahim – revealed to Ibrahim ‫ﷺ‬
4. Zaboor – revealed to Dawud ‫ﷺ‬
5. Quran - revealed to Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
All of the divine books that were revealed to the Messengers and
Prophets by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬throughout time were all the speech of Allah ‫ﷻ‬,
none of them were written by the angels or the Messengers and
Prophets.
The way the divine books were revealed to the Messengers and
Prophets is through the following process:
Allah spoke these divine

words to the Angel Gibril
The Angel Gibril carried the divine message to

the Messengers and Prophets
The Angel Gibril revealed this divine

message to the Messengers and Prophets
59
The Quran is from Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and is not made up by the Prophet

Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
The Quran is full of miracles, these miracles come in many different

forms. Linguistic miracles, facts about the earth, mountains, the
development cycle of a child in the womb and so much more that
could not have been known at that time except through revelation.
When you read the Quran you come to realize that the Quran is a
linguistic miracle, pondering over it will make you rule out any
possibility of it being other than the word of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬in many
places in the Quran challenged the disbelievers to come up with
something like the Quran but time after time they have failed to do so.
The Arabs at the time of the revelation of the Quran were masters of
the Arabic language. That time period was considered to be a time
when the Arabic language was at its peak in eloquence yet they failed
to come up with something like the Quran.
There are no grammatical errors in the Quran
Principles of Arabic grammar were written many years after the Quran
was revealed, these principles are based on the Quran, Arabic poetry,
and the Arabic language spoken by the early Arabs. It's impossible for
there to be grammatical mistakes in the Quran for a few reasons:
1. The Quran is the speech of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and Allah ‫ ﷻ‬does not
make mistakes
2. The Quran is a source that which grammatical principles are
extracted, if the Quran had mistakes how could it be used as a
source to extract grammatical principles.
60
Scientific theories and the Quran
If a scientific theory opposes what is mentioned in the Quran does

that necessitate that the Quran is false?
No it doesn’t, the reason being is that scientific theories are based on

observations of limited data, the conclusions of these observations
can change if new data arises therefore necessitating a possibility that
this scientific theory could be incorrect. As for the Quran, it’s the
speech of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬who is all-knowing and all-wise. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the one
who created everything that is observed and has posses all-
encompassing knowledge of that which is observed to reach a
scientific conclusion, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is perfect in all aspects and doesn’t
make mistakes, therefore it is impossible for there to be scientific
mistakes in the Quran.
What happens when a conclusion based on the observation of the

creation of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬contradicts what is mentioned in the Quran is that
there appears to be a contradiction to the observer when in fact there
isn’t, what causes this is that the data that would prove there isn’t a
contradiction isn’t yet available to the observer nor does the observer
affirm that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the creator of all that which is being observed
and that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has knowledge the observer has not yet accessed or
may not have access to, therefore the observer believes the
conclusion he/she has reached is the ultimate truth and the Quran is
incorrect because it is not in line with the conclusion he/she reached.
61
Islam is not a bloodthirsty or barbaric religion
Islam is a religion that’s rulings are just, they are perfect and
appropriate for every time and place as they were legislated by Allah
‫ ﷻ‬who is perfect in his knowledge and justice. The rulings of Islam are
rulings that preserve and protect the five necessities of life. These five
necessities are the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and
wealth. The preservation of these necessities ensures individual and
social welfare in this life and the hereafter. Islam protects
these necessities by ensuring their establishment and then by
preserving them.
Labeling the rulings of Islam as being barbaric is incorrect and stems

from an incorrect understanding of the wisdom behind why these
rulings were legislated. The only possible reason why someone would
claim these rulings are barbaric is if they morally deem it to be
barbaric, meaning that the rulings of Islam are not in line with what
they morally deem to be just. The morals that they use to define what
is just and what isn’t just are made up by human beings, these morals
are feasible to change and history has proved this. A perfect example
of this is abortion, abortion was previously looked down upon in
society but now it has become a social norm. Killing a child is morally
fine according to them because a woman has a right to do what she
wants with her body, she has the right to kill a child as long as she
hasn’t given birth to it but yet they deem the rulings of Islam that
were legislated to keep society safe and protect it from corruption as
barbaric.
The issue at hand is where are your morals derived from, the morals
of a Muslim are set by the all-knowing and all-wise Allah ‫ﷻ‬, the one
who knows what is best for his creation because he is the creator of all
that is created. The morals of those that claim Islam is a barbaric
religion are manmade and are incomparable to the morals set by the
lord of all creation, therefore necessitating they are inadequate,
deficient and feasible to change.
62
What are the similarities and the differences between the Quran and
the other divine books that were revealed by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to the
Messengers and Prophets throughout time?
The similarities between the Quran and the other divine books that
were revealed by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to the Messengers and Prophets throughout
time are:
- The core message of all of these divine books was the same,
which is Tawheed. To single Allah ‫ ﷻ‬out in his lordship,
worship, names and attributes
- They were all the spoken word of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
- They were all revealed to guide people to what is beneficial

for them in this life and hereafter, and warn them from
everything harmful in this life and the hereafter
- All of the rulings within these divine books were just rulings
The differences between the Quran and other divine books that were
revealed by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to the Messengers and Prophets throughout time
are:
- Allah ‫ ﷻ‬allowed many of divine books to be changed and

distorted but the Quran was the only divine book preserved by
Allah ‫ﷻ‬, it is the only divine book that will remain until the
day of judgment.
- The way certain acts of worship are performed in the Quran

and the Prophetic narrations differ from the way they were
performed in other books of revelation. E.g.
• Fasting – Fasting in some of the scriptures of Bani Israeel
(children of Isreal) was performed by abstaining from
talking throughout the day, eating and drinking, as for
fasting in the Quran and the Prophetic narrations it's to
63
abstain from eating, drinking and sexual intercourse from

the time of Fajr till the time the sun sets.
- The previous divine books were revealed to specific nations

because Messengers and Prophets before the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷻ‬were sent to specific nations, as for the Quran,
it was sent as a guidance for the whole of mankind.
- Punishments for certain crimes in the Quran and the Prophetic

narrations differ from the punishments that were mentioned
in the previous books of revelation.
64
Questions
1- What does belief in the divine books entail?
2- How many divine books were revealed to the Prophets and

Messengers throughout time?
3- What are the divine books that are mentioned in the Quran?
4- How were the divine books revealed by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to the

Prophets and Messengers?
5- Why is it impossible for there to be any grammatical errors in

the Quran?
6- Why is it impossible for there to be any scientific errors in

the Quran?
7- Why is Islam not a barbaric religion?
8- What are the similarities and the differences between the

Quran and the other divine books that were revealed by
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to Messengers and Prophets throughout time?
65
Belief in the Messengers

and Prophets
Belief in the Messengers and Prophets is another pillar of Iman.
Believing in the Messengers and Prophets entails a person:
1- Believes in all the Messengers and Prophets that were sent by
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬throughout time
2- Accepts they were true Messengers and Prophets
3- Believes in the message they were all sent with
Disbelieving in just one of the Messengers or Prophets equates to

disbelieving in all the Messengers and Prophets that were sent by
Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬says in the Quran:
َ
َ ‫ﵟك َّذبَتۡقَو ُمۡنُوحۡٱل ُمر َسل‬
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ١٠٥ۡ‫ِين‬
"The people of Noah rejected the Messengers". Surah 26:105
The people of Noah ‫ ﷺ‬were declared by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬as disbelievers in the

Messengers and the Prophets that were sent by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬even though
Noah ‫ ﷺ‬was the first Messengers sent by Allah ‫ﷻ‬, the reason for this
is that rejecting and disbelieving in one Messenger necessitates
disbelief in all the Prophets and Messengers that were sent by Allah
‫ﷻ‬.
Conditions of being a Messenger a Prophet
To be a Messenger or a Prophet certain conditions have to be fulfilled,

these conditions are:
1. Male
2. A free man and not a slave
3. Trustworthy
4. Strong 29
29Taleqaat Wa Tanbehaat Ala' Al-Aqeedah As-Safaarinyah – Sheikh Muhammad Bin Salih Al-
Uthaymeen
66
Characteristics of the Messengers and Prophets
All of the Messengers and Prophets that were sent throughout time
shared common traits that made them stand out from amongst the
people in their societies at that time, these attributes were:
1. They were all truthful

2. They all had the best character
3. They were all human
4. They were all men
5. They all had the purest hearts
6. They were not people who partook in filthy acts before
Prophethood
Were all the Messengers and Prophets mentioned in the Quran and
the Prophetic narrations?
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬sent to every nation a Prophet or a Messenger, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬says

in the Quran:
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫ۡٱلطَٰ ُغ‬
ۡ َۖ ‫وت‬ َّ ‫ۡوٱج َتن ُِبوا‬ َ َّ ‫ۡر ُسولًاۡأَنۡٱع ُب ُدوا‬
َ ‫ۡٱّلل‬ َّ ٖ‫ىۡكلۡأُ َّمة‬
ُ َ ََ َََ
ِ ِ ِ ‫ﵟولقدۡبعثناۡف‬
" And verily, We have sent among every Ummah (nation) a
Messenger (proclaiming): "Worship Allah (Alone), and avoid (or keep
away from) Taghut (all false deities, etc. i.e. do not worship Taghut
besides Allah)". [Surah 16:36]
Not all of these Messengers and Prophets that were sent by Allah ‫ﷻ‬
were mentioned in the Quran and the Prophetic narrations, Allah ‫ﷻ‬
says in the Quran:
‫ﵞ‬
َ ََ
ۡ ِۗ ‫ۡعليك‬
َ َّ َّ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َّ ُ َ َ
‫مۡمنۡلمۡنق ُصص‬ ُ ‫ﵟولَ َقدۡأَر َسل َن‬
‫اۡر ُسلاۡمِنۡقبل ِكۡمِنهمۡمنۡقصصناۡعليكۡومِنه‬ َ
"And We have already sent Messengers before you. Among them are
those [whose stories] We have related to you, and among them are
those [whose stories] We have not related to you." [Surah 40:78]
67
What are some of the differences between the previous Messengers

and Prophets and the Prophet Muhammad ‫?ﷺ‬
1. The previous Messengers and Prophets were sent to specific

nations but the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was sent to the whole
of mankind.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Every Prophet was sent to his
nation only but I have been sent to all mankind.”30
2. The previous Messengers and Prophets would die and other

Prophets and Messengers would come after them, but the
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is the final Prophet and Messenger.
ُ ُ َّ َ َ َ َ َّ َ َ َ َ َّ َ ُ َّ ََ ُ َ َ ٓ َ َ ُ َ َ َّ
ۡ‫ۡٱّللۡب ِ ۡك ِل‬‫ۡولَٰكِنۡرسولۡٱّلل ِۡوخاتمۡٱلنبِيِـۧنِۗۡوكان‬ ‫ﵟماۡكانۡمح َّم ٌدۡأبَاۡأ َح ٖدۡمِنۡرِجال ِكم‬
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫َشيء‬
ۡ ‫ۡعل ِيما‬
"Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he
is] the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is
Allah, of all things, Knowing." [Surah 33:40]
3. There were Prophets who called to Tawheed and no one

accepted their call to Tawheed, but the number of people who
accepted the call of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬to Tawheed
are vast in number, the nation of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬will
be the first nation that will enter paradise.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "We are the last nation from
the people of the world, but we will be the first of creation to
judged on the Day of Resurrection before the rest of creation"31
30
Bukhari 355
31
Muslim 856
68
Proof that Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was truly a Prophet sent by Allah

‫ﷻ‬
Many evidences prove that Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was a Prophet

sent by Allah ‫ﷻ‬, from among these many evidences are:
1. The life of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬shows how he was a truthful man

who never lied nor cheated anybody. Before the message of
Islam came to him he was known as "As-Sadiq Al-Amin" which
means the truthful and trustworthy one to the people of
Quraish, both Muslims and disbelievers throughout time have
testified to the truthfulness of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
‘Abdullah bin ‘Abbas narrated that Abu Sufyan bin Harb

informed him that Heraclius had sent for him while he was in a
camel-caravan (from Quraish). They were merchants doing
business in Al-Sham (area comprising preset-day Syria, Palestine,
Lebanon and Jordan), at the time when Allah’s Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had a
truce with Abu Sufyan and the disbelievers of Quraish. So they
went to Heraclius at Ilya (Jerusalem). Heraclius called them in the
court and he had Roman governors around him. Then he called
for them and his translator (translating Heraclius’ questions)
said:
“Whom amongst you is the most closely related to this man who
claims to be a Prophet ‫”?ﷺ‬
-Abu Sufyan replied, “I am the nearest relative to him (amongst

the group).”
Heraclius said, “Bring him (Abu Sufyan) close to me and let his
companions come forward and make them stand behind his
back.” He then told his translator, “Tell them (Abu Sufyan’s
companions) that I will ask him (Abu Sufyan) about this man (the
Prophet ‫ ) ﷺ‬so if he lies to me deny what he says.” Abu Sufyan
added, “By Allah! Had if I not been afraid of my companions
exposing my lies, I would have lied about him. The first question
he asked me was:
69
‘What is his family status amongst you?’
-I replied, ‘He belongs to a good (noble) family amongst us.’
Heraclius further asked: ‘Has anybody amongst you ever claimed

the same (i.e. to be a Prophet ‫ )ﷺ‬before him?’
-I replied, ‘No.’
He said, ‘Was anybody amongst his ancestors a king?’
Heraclius asked, ‘Do the nobles or the weak (and poor) follow
him?’
-I replied, ‘It is the weak who follow him.’
He said, ‘Are his followers increasing decreasing?’
-I replied, ‘They are increasing.’
He then asked, ‘Does anybody amongst those who embrace his

religion become displeased with the religion and renounce it?’
Heraclius said, ‘Have you ever accused him of telling lies before
his claim (to be a Prophet ‫’?)ﷺ‬
-I replied, ‘No. ‘
Heraclius said, ‘Does he betray (break his promises)?’
-I replied, ‘No. We are in a truce with him but we do not know

what he will do in it.’ I could not find opportunity to insert
anything (against the Prophet ‫ )ﷺ‬except that.
Heraclius asked, ‘Have you ever had a war with him?’
70
-I replied, ‘Yes.’
Then he said, ‘What was the outcome of the battles?’
-I replied, ‘Sometimes he was victorious and sometimes we.’
Heraclius said, ‘What does he order you to do?’
-I said, ‘He tells us to worship Allah alone and not to worship

anything along with Him, and to renounce all that our ancestors
had said. He orders us to pray, to speak the truth, to be chaste
and to keep up the ties with our relatives.’
Heraclius said to his translator:,
“Tell him, I asked you about his family and your reply was that he
belonged to a very noble family. In fact all the Prophets come
from noble families amongst their respective peoples.
I questioned you whether anybody else amongst you claimed

such a thing, your reply was in the negative. If the answer had
been in the affirmative, I would have thought that this man was
following the previous man’s statement.
Then I asked you whether anyone of his ancestors was a king.

Your reply was in the negative, and if it had been in the
affirmative, I would have thought that this man wanted to take
back his ancestral kingdom.
I further asked whether he was ever accused of telling lies before

he said what he said, and your reply was in the negative. So I
wondered how a person who does not tell a lie about others
could ever tell a lie about Allah.
I then asked you whether the noble people followed him or the
weak. You replied that it was the weak who followed him. And in
fact all the Prophets have been followed by this very class of
people.
71
Then I asked you whether his followers were increasing or

decreasing. You replied that they were increasing, and in fact
such is the way of true faith, until it is complete in all respects.
I further asked you whether there was anybody who, after

embracing his religion, became displeased with his religion and
discarded his religion. Your reply was in the negative, and in fact
this is (the sign of) true faith, when its delight enters the heart
and mixes with it completely.
I asked you whether he had ever betrayed. You replied in the

negative and likewise the Apostles never betray.
Then I asked you what he ordered you to do. You replied that he
ordered you to worship Allah and Allah alone and not to worship
any thing along with Him and forbade you to worship idols and
ordered you to pray, to speak the truth and to be chaste.
If what you have said is true, he will very soon occupy this place
underneath my feet and I knew (from the scriptures) that he was
going to appear but I did not expect that he would be from you
(your people), and if I knew I could reach him, I would go out of
my way to meet him and if I were with him, I would certainly
wash his feet.’
Heraclius then asked for the letter sent by Allah’s Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
which was delivered by Dihya to the Governor of Busra, who
forwarded it to Heraclius. He read the letter, which said:
‫ِبسم هللا الرمحن الرحيم‬

(In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially
Merciful).
From Muhammad, the slave of Allah and His Prophet, to

Heraclius the ruler of the Romans. Salaam (Peace) be upon
him, who follows guidance (to the right path). I invite you to
Islam, and if you become a Muslim you will be safe, and Allah
will double your reward, and if you reject this (invitation of
72
Islam) you will also carry the sin of (misguiding your) subjects.
And (Allah said in the Quran):
ُ َ َ َ َّ َّ َ ُ َ َّ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ٓ َ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ َٰٓ َ ُ
ۡ‫ۡول ۡاۡنش ِر َك‬‫بۡتعالواۡإِلىۡكل ِمةٖۡسواء ِۭۡبينناۡوبينكمۡألاۡنعبدۡإِلاۡٱّلل‬
ِ ‫ۡيأهلۡٱلكِت‬ ‫ﵟقل‬
َّ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ َّ َ َ َ َّ ُ َ َ ً َ َ ُ َ َ َّ َ َ َ َ
ۡ‫ونۡٱّلل ِۡفإِنۡتولواۡف ۡقولواۡٱشهدواۡبِأنا‬
ِ ‫بِهِۦۡشيـاۡولاۡيتخِذۡبعضناۡبعضاۡأرباباۡمِنۡد‬
َ
ۡ ‫ُمسل ُِمون‬
‫ﵞ‬
Say, “O People of the Scripture, come to a word that is

equitable between us and you – that we will not worship
except Allah and not associate anything with Him and not take
one another as lords instead of Allah.” But if they turn away,
then say, “Bear witness that we are Muslims’ [Surah 3:64]
Abu Sufyan then added, “When Heraclius had finished his speech and
had read the letter, there was a great hue and cry (in the Royal
Court) and people raised their voices and we were turned out of the
court. Then I told my companions: “The matter of Ibn Abi Kabsha (the
Prophet ‫ ) ﷺ‬has become so great that even the King of the sons of
Yellow (i.e. Romans) is afraid of him”. Then I remained sure that he
(the Prophet ‫ ) ﷺ‬would be the conqueror in the near future until I
embraced Islam (i.e. Allah guided me to it).” 32
2. The Quran that was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is

the greatest evidence that proves he was a Messenger sent by
Allah ‫ﷻ‬, it is full of miracles, linguistic miracles, and
information about the earth and the universe that could not
be known except through divine revelation and so much more.
32 Bukhari 7
73
3. Prophecies that were foretold by the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬

that came true, knowledge of these prophecies could not be
known except through divine revelation. The prophecies that
were foretold by the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬are many, from
among these many prophecies are:
• Islam will reach the whole world. The Prophet Muhamad ‫ﷺ‬
foretold this prophecy in the early years of prophethood
when the Muslims were few in number.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Indeed, Allah gathered up
the earth for me so that I saw its east and its west; and indeed
the dominion of my nation will reach what was gathered up
for me from it.” 33
• Umar and Uthamn (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with them) will
die as martyrs
The Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬once climbed the mountain of
Uhud with Abu Bakr, Ùmar and Ùthman. The mountain shook
with them. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said (to the mountain), "Be firm,
O Uhud! For on you there are no more than a Prophet, a Siddiq
and two martyrs.34
Both Uman and Uthman (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with them)
died as martyrs as they were both unlawfully assassinated
during their time as a Caliph.
• The conquering of a multitude of lands that were

specifically mentioned by name, these lands were:
Egypt - The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “You will
certainly conquer Egypt; a land in which [a currency] called
al-qīrâṭ is customary. When you conquer it, be gracious to
its people, for they are entitled to a covenant and [the
right of] family bonds. And when you see two men
disputing over the place of a brick, then leave".35
33 Muslim 2899
34 Bukhari 3675
35 Muslim 6658
74
The lands of the Romans, Persians and Yemen - Jābir ibn

‘Abdillāh (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) said that while
digging the trench outside Madinah to repel an approaching
army, a massive boulder obstructed them that no ax would
break. With time running out, and with people’s fears and
hunger eating away at them, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬walked over
and picked up the ax. He said, “Bismillah (In God’s name),”
and hammered the boulder, reducing a chunk of it to rubble.
He said, “Allāhu Akbar! I have been given the keys to Shām; I
can see its red palaces at this very moment.” Then he
shattered another chunk and said, “Allāhu Akbar! I have
been given the keys to Persia I can see Madain’s white
palace.” Then he shattered the last chunk and said, “Allāhu
Akbar ! I have been given the keys to Yemen. By Allah, I can
see the Gates of Sana‘a at this very moment from here”. 36
The collapse of the Roman and Persian empires in the middle

east - The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "When Khosrau perishes, there
will be no (more) Khosrau after him, and when Caesar
perishes, there will be no more Caesar after him. By Him in
Whose Hands Muhammad's life is, you will spend the
treasures of both of them in Allah's Cause." 37 The scholars of
Islam have explained this hadith to mean the collapse of the
Roman and Persian empires in the middle east. Both emperors
who were alive at the time of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
were the last emperors of the Roman and Persian empires in
the region of the middle east. Their reign came to an end at
the hands of the Muslims and there never rose an emperor of
the Roman or Persian empires to take back the lands that
were conquered by the Muslims in the middle east.
36 Aḥmad 14249, 18716, An-Nasai 3176, 8807

37 Bukhari 3618
75
• Peace and security in the lands of the Muslims and the

abundance of wealth - `
Adi bin Hatim said : " While I was in the city of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
a man came and complained to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬about
destitution and poverty. Then another man came and
complained about robbery (by highwaymen). The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
said, "Adi! Have you been to Al-Hira?" I said, "I haven't been to
it, but I was informed about it." He said, "If you should live for
a long time, you will certainly see that a lady in a Howdah
traveling from Al-Hira will (safely reach Mecca and) perform
the Tawaf of the Ka`ba, fearing none but Allah ‫ ﷻ‬I said to
myself, "What will happen to the robbers of the tribe of Tai
who have spread evil throughout the country?" The Prophet
‫ ﷺ‬further said. "If you should live long, the treasures of
Khosrau will be opened (and taken as spoils)." I asked, "You
mean Khosrau, son of Hurmuz?" He said, "Khosrau, son of
Hurmuz; and if you should live long, you will see that one will
carry a handful of gold or silver and go out looking for a person
to accept it from him, but will find none to accept it from him.
And all of you, when meeting Allah ‫ﷻ‬, will meet Him without
needing an interpreter between him and Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to interpret
for him, and Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will say to him: 'Didn't I send a
Messenger to teach you?' He will say: 'Yes.' Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will say:
'Didn't I give you wealth and do you favors?' He will say: 'Yes.'
Then he will look to his right and see nothing but Hell, and look
to his left and see nothing but Hell." Àdi further said: I heard
the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saying, "Save yourself from the (Hell) Fire even
with half a date (to be given in charity) and if you do not find a
half date, then with a good pleasant word." Àdi added: (later
on) I saw a lady in a Howdah traveling from Al-Hira till she
performed the Tawaf of the Ka`ba, fearing none but Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
And I was one of those who opened (conquered) the treasures
of Khosrau, son of Hurmuz. If you should live long, you will see
76
what the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Abu-l-Qasim had said: 'A person will

come out with a handful. of gold...etc. ' 38
It was confirmed by historians that the inability to find someone

deserving of accepting charity took place during the time of the
Umayyad caliph, ‘Umar b. ‘Abdil‘Azīz 91H.
4. Previous divine scriptures mention the coming of the Prophet

Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, including where he will rise from and what his
name will be. When the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬came to Madinah the
Jews of Madinah tested the Prophet Muhamad ‫ ﷺ‬to see if he
was truly a prophet and the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬answered
all their questions resulting in one of the scholars of the Jews
of Madinah Abdallah bin Salaam (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased
with him) becoming a Muslim, while the rest of the Jews
rejected the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬out of arrogance and
refused to accept him as a prophet because he was an Arab.
38 Bukhari 3595
77
A Muslim cannot reject the Prophetic narrations and only act upon
the Quran
Rejecting the narrations of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and only

acting upon the Quran is impossible as the Quran commands the
believers to follow the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and accept the
commandments and the prohibitions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬,
Allah ‫ ﷺ‬says:
َ ُ َٰ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ َّ ُ ُ َٰ َ َ ٓ َ َ
َ َ‫ۡعن ُهۡف‬
ۡ ‫ٱنت ُهوا‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ﵟوماۡءاتىكمۡٱلرسولۡفخذوهۡوماۡنهىكم‬
" And whatever the Messenger has given you - take; and what he has
forbidden you - refrain from" [Surah 59:7]
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬commands the believers to follow the Prophet Muhammad

‫ ﷺ‬if they truly love Allah ‫ ﷻ‬,
ُ َ ُ َّ َ ُ َ ُ ُ ُ َ ُ َّ ‫ك ُم‬
ُ ُ َّ َ َ َّ َ ُّ ُ ُ ُ ُ
ۡ ‫ۡرحِيم‬ٞ‫ٱّللۡغفور‬
‫ﵞ‬ ٞ َّ ‫ۡو َيغفِرۡلكمۡذنوبكمۡو‬
َ ‫ۡٱّلل‬ ‫ۡٱّللۡفٱتب ِ ُعونِىۡيحبِب‬ ‫ﵟقلۡإِنۡكنتمۡۡتحِبون‬
" Say, [O Muhammad], "If you should love Allah ‫ﷻ‬, then follow me,
[so] Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is
Forgiving and Merciful." [Surah 3:31]
Rejecting the narrations of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷻ‬necessitates

rejecting the teachings of the Quran. This is because Allah ‫ﷻ‬
commands the believers to act upon the teachings of the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, therefore causing a person to fall into an act of
disbelief because rejecting any of the commandments of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is an
act of disbelief.
78
Questions
1- What does belief in the Prophets and Messengers entail?
2- What are the conditions of being a Prophet or a Messenger?
3- What are some of the characteristics of Prophets and

Messengers?
4- What are some of the differences between the previous

Messengers and Prophets and Prophet Muhammad ‫?ﷺ‬
5- What is Proof that the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was truly a

Prophet sent by Allah ‫?ﷻ‬
6- Can A Muslim reject the Prophetic narrations and only act

upon the Quran, why?
79
Belief in the hereafter

Belief in the hereafter is another pillar from the pillars of belief in
Islam. Belief in the hereafter is not only specific to believing in what
will occur on the day of judgment, but it entails belief in:
1. Death and the events that occur when a person dies

2. Life in the grave
3. The day of judgment and all the events that will happen on the
day of judgment
4. Jannah (Paradise)
5. The Hellfire
Death
Death is the transitioning stage to the first stage of the stages of the
hereafter, the soul leaves the body and enters the first stage of the
hereafter which is life in the grave. Death does not mean that once the
soul leaves a person's body it will disappear and then reappear on the
day of judgment, but what it entails is the soul leaving the body and
exiting the life of this world to enter the first stage of the hereafter
which is life in the grave. How a person lived their life in this world will
determine how their soul will be extracted from their body.
The soul of a believer will be extracted from their body in a blessed

manner,
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Verily, when the
believing slave is about to depart this world and enter the
Hereafter, there come down to him angels from heaven
with white faces, as if their faces are the sun. They bring
with them one of the shrouds of Paradise and some of the
perfume of Paradise. They sit with him as far as the eye
can see. Then the Angel of Death comes to him and sits by
his head and says, ‘O pure soul, come out to the
forgiveness and pleasure of Allah.’ Then his soul comes
80
flowing out like a drop of water flowing from a cup. Then

he takes the soul, and no sooner does he seize it but they
take it and place it in that shroud and perfume. Then out of
it comes the most excellent fragrance of musk to be found
on the face of the earth. Then they ascend with it and they
do not pass by any group of angels but the angels ask,
‘Who is this pure soul?’ and they reply, ‘It is So and so the
son of So and so’ – using the best names by which he was
known on earth. Then they bring it to the lowest heaven
and ask for it to be opened, and it is opened for him. Those
who are of high rank in each heaven accompany it until
they approach the next heaven, and so it goes until it
reaches the seventh heaven. Then Allah, may He be
glorified and exalted, says: ‘Record the book of My slave in
‘Illiyoon (the highest heaven) and take him back to the
earth, for I created them from it, and I shall return them to
it, then I shall take them out from it again.’ Then his soul is
returned to his body and two angels come and make him
sit up”39
The soul of a disbeliever will be extracted from the body in the most
painful manner,
"And the disbelieving servant, if he is leaving this life and
journeying to the hereafter then angels will descend upon
him, their faces will be black, they have with them a coarse
woolen fabric (sackcloth)[ made of fire]. Then they will sit
within eye-shot of him. Then the angel of death will come
and sit at his head and will say "O you wicked soul; come
out to an anger from your Lord and a fury (from Him)". So
it will be distributed (spread out) throughout his body,
then it will be ripped away as a skewer is ripped out of
damp cotton [and in its way out it will tear and cut the
nerves and blood vessels] and then he will be cursed by all
the angels between the earth and the sky and by all the
angels in the sky, and the gates of heaven are closed.
There is no gate in the heaven but its people supplicate
that the wicked soul shall not be ascended to their side,
then he will take it (the soul), not leaving it in his hand for
39 Ahmad 17803
81
longer than a blink of an eye until they have placed it in

that sackcloth. And there will emanate from it a stench like
that of the most evil smelling corpse on the face of the
earth. Then they shall ascend with it, and they shall not
pass with it by a group of angels but they will say: What is
this wicked soul?. Then they shall say to them (he is)
"such" the son of "such" choosing the most hated of the
names he used to be called in this life. Until they reach the
lowest heaven(sky), then they shall ask permission to
enter, and they shall not be granted entry. Then the
Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬recited:
َ ‫لۡف‬ ُ َ َ َ َ َّ َ َ َّ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ ٓ َ َّ ُ َٰ َ َ ُ َ ُ َّ َ ُ َ
‫ﵞ‬ ِ ‫ىۡس ِمۡٱلخ َِي‬
ۡ ‫اط‬ ِ ۡ ‫ونۡٱلجن ۡةۡحت َٰۡيۡيل ِۡجۡٱلجم‬
ۡ ‫بۡٱلسما ِۡءۡول ۡاۡيدخل‬
ۡ ‫حۡله ۡمۡأبو‬
ۡ ‫ﵟل ۡاۡتفت‬
"The doors of the sky are not opened to them, nor shall they
enter heaven until the camel passes through the eye of the
needle" [Surah 7:40]
Then Allah, exalted and high, shall say: "write the book of my
servant in Sijjeen in the lowest earth". Then his soul shall be
taken away [from the sky] with a mighty hurl [until it is cast
into his body]. Then he (the Prophet Muhammad ‫ )ﷺ‬read:
َ َ َ َ َّ ُ ُ َ َ َ ٓ َ َّ َ َّ َ َ َّ َ َ َ َّ
ۡ‫ان‬ ُۡ ِ‫ۡٱلطي ُرۡأوۡتهوِيۡبِهِۡٱلر‬
ٖ ‫يحۡفِىۡمك‬ ‫ِنۡٱلسما ِۡءۡفتخطف ۡه‬
ۡ ‫ٱّلل ِۡفكأنمۡاۡخ ۡرۡم‬ ۡ ‫نۡيُش ِر‬
ۡ ِ ‫كۡب‬ ۡ ‫ﵟو َم‬
َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫يق‬ ِ ‫َس‬
ٖ ‫ح‬
"And those who associate partners with Allah, They are as
one who falls from the sky then is snatched by the birds or is
cast by the wind into a very low place [Surah 22:31]".
Then his soul will be returned into his body40
40 Ahmad 17803
82
Life in the grave

Life in the grave is the first stage of the stages of the hereafter. The
soul will reside in the grave until the day of judgment is established by
Allah‫ ﷻ‬. Life in the grave is completely different from life in this world,
this point is very important when it comes to understanding the
texts of the Quran and the Prophetic narrations that describe life in
the grave. How a person lived their life in this world will determine
what they will experience in the grave.
The life of a believer in the grave
As a believer whether you were righteous or not will be asked 3

questions in the grave:
1. Who is your lord
2. What is your religion
3. Who was your Prophet
Belief in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and his Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬will be a reason for a person
to be able to answer these questions correctly.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " Then two [severe] angels shall
come and [terrify him and] sit him up next to them and shall ask him:
"Who is your Lord?". He shall reply "My Lord is Allah". Then they
shall ask him: "What is your religion?". He shall answer them: "My
religion is Islam". Then they shall ask him "Who is this man who was
sent among you?". He will reply "He is the Messenger of Allah ‫" ﷺ‬.
Then they shall ask him "What have you done?". He shall reply: "I
read the book of Allah ‫ﷻ‬, then I believed in it and accepted it". [The
angel will terrify him and ask him "who is your Lord?", "what is your
religion?" "who is your Prophet?", and this will be the last trial on
earth for the believer, it is then when Allah says : "Allah will establish
in strength those who believe with the word that stands firm in this
world", so he will answer my Lord is Allah, my religion is Islam and
my Prophet is Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬. Then a caller will call from the sky:
"My slave has spoken the truth,"41
41 Ahmad 17803
83
The way you lived your life as a Muslim in this world will determine
what you will experience in the grave after you have answered the
questions asked to you by the angels correctly.
If you were a righteous Muslim in this life:

- You will be clothed with clothing from Jannah
- A doorway to Jannah will be opened so you can see it
- The fragrance of Jannah will enter your grave from that
doorway
- Your grave will be expanded as far as the eye can see
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " Then a caller will call from
the sky: "My slave has spoken the truth, so spread out for him
from heaven, and clothe him from heaven, and open a door for
him to heaven (within his grave)", so it's goodness and its smell
will come unto him, then his grave will be expanded for him as
far as he can see. Then a man will come to him. His face will be
handsome, his clothes will be handsome and his smell will be
sweet. Then he shall say to him: I bring you glad tidings of that
which will make you happy [Rejoice with a pleasure of Allah and
delights that endure]. This is the day that you were promised.
Then he will say "who are you? for your face is the face of
someone who comes with good news". He shall reply: "I am your
good deeds, by Allah ‫ﷻ‬, I did not know of you but that you were
quick to the obedience of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and slow to his disobedience,
so may Allah ‫ ﷻ‬reward you with good". A door to Paradise will
then be opened for him. A door to the fire will also be opened
and he will be told, “This is your place if you had disobeyed Allah
‫ﷻ‬, but Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has replaced it with this (Paradise). Then he shall
say: "My Lord establish the last hour so that I might return to my
family and my wealth" [it will be said to him "be tranquil"].42
42 Ahmad 17803
84
If a Muslim died in a state of sin or their sins were not forgiven by

Allah ‫ﷻ‬, they may be punished in the grave. There are many sins that
can cause a person to be punished in the grave, from amongst these
many sins are the following:
1. Spreading enmity and animosity between people

2. Not cleaning yourself properly from urine after you have
relieved yourself
3. Lying
4. Consuming wealth accumulated through riba (usury)
5. Consuming an orphan's wealth unjustly
6. Consuming impermissible wealth
7. Adultery and fornication
The punishment of the grave for a believer is a process of purification,

to purify the soul from the sins that it committed during its life in this
world. There are many ways Allah ‫ ﷻ‬purifies our souls from the sins
that we commit in this life, from them are:
1. The pains of death
2. The punishment of the grave
3. The punishment of the hellfire
4. The calamities that afflict us in this life
5. Acts of worship we do
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Nothing afflicts a Muslim of

hardship, nor illness, nor anxiety, nor sorrow, nor harm, nor
distress, nor even the pricking of a thorn, but that Allah will
expiate his sins by it.”43
The Prophet Muhammad ‫“ ﷺ‬The five prayers, Friday to Friday,

and Ramadan to Ramadan will expiate the sins committed
between them, as long as major sins are avoided.” 44

44 Muslim 233
85
The life of a disbeliever in the grave
Once a disbeliever is placed into the grave they will be asked three
questions:
1. Who is your lord

2. What is your religion
3. Who is your Prophet
Their disbelief will prevent them from answering these questions

correctly, this will cause them to be punished by the angels in their
graves.
- Their graves will become a ditch from the ditches of the
hellfire
- A doorway to the hellfire will be opened in their graves
- Their evil deeds will come to them in a form of a wretched-
looking person with a foul stench
- They will receive a tormenting punishment
- This punishment will carry on until the day of judgment is
established by Allah ‫ﷻ‬
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Then two harsh severe and
fearsome angels shall come and [terrify him and] sit him up and
shall ask him: "Who is your Lord?". He shall reply "Huh, Huh (this
is an expression of sorrow), I don't know". Then they shall ask
him: "What is your religion?". He shall answer them: "Huh, Huh, I
don't know". Then they shall ask him "Who is this man who was
sent among you?". He will reply "Huh, Huh, I don't know, I heard
people saying that!". He (the Prophet ‫ )ﷺ‬said "And then it will
be said to him don't ever know and don't ever recite".
Then a caller will call from the sky: "My slave has spoken falsely,
so spread out for him from the hellfire, and open a door for him
to the hellfire (within his grave)", so its heat and hot wind will
come unto him, then his grave will be contracted upon him until
his limbs are caught up among one another. Then a man will
come to him. His face will be ugly, his clothes will be ugly and his
smell will be vile. Then he shall say unto him: I bring you tidings
of that which will harm you. This is the day that you were
promised. Then he will say," May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬give you bad tiding,
who are you? for your face is the face of someone who comes
86
with evil". He shall reply: "I am your evil deeds, by Allah ‫ﷻ‬, I did
not know of you but that you were quick to the disobedience of
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and slow to His obedience, so May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬reward you
with bad, and then will be assigned to him a blind, deaf and
mute person who holds in his hand a hammer, if a mountain is
hit with it, it would disintegrate, and he will beat him with it until
he becomes dust, and then Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will render him to his initial
form, and he will beat him again, and he (the wicked) will cry of
sorrow and pain a cry that will be heard by all creatures except
humans and jinn, and a door of hell will be opened unto him
within his grave and will spread out for him sheets of hell fire]".
Then he shall say: "My Lord do not establish the hour".45
45 Ahmad 17803
87
The day of judgment and all the events that will happen on the
day of judgment
The day of judgment
The day of judgment is the day the whole of creation both humans
and jinn will be resurrected, they will be judged by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬based on
the actions they did in their worldly life. For some, it will be the most
frightening day of their lives, for others it will be a day where they will
rejoice and be grateful for what Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has blessed them with. On
that day their final abode will be decided and from there on their true
life will begin.
Before this day will occur there will be many signs that will appear to
show that the coming of this day is near, these many signs can be
categorized into minor signs of the day of judgment and major signs of
the day of judgment.
Minor signs of the day of judgment

The minor signs of the day of judgment are many in number and far
more than the major signs of the day of judgment, these minor signs
fall into one of three categories:
1- Signs that have already occurred, such as:

• The coming of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " I have been sent as close
to the Hour as these two,” and he held up his two fingers
together"46
88
• The Splitting of the moon
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬says,
ٞ ُ ُ ُ َ َّ َ َ ُ َ َّ َ
ۡ ‫رۡ ُّمس َت ِمر‬ٞۡ ‫نۡيَ َرواۡۡ َءايَ ۡةۡ ُيعرِضواۡۡ َو َيقول ۡواۡسِح‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫ۡ َوِإ‬١ۡ‫قۡٱلق َم ُۡر‬ ِۡ ‫ﵟٱقت َر َب‬
ۡ ‫تۡٱلساع ۡةۡوٱنش‬
"The Hour has drawn near, and the moon has been cleft asunder And
if they see a sign, they turn away and say: 'This is continuous
magic"[The people of Makkah requested Prophet Muhammad to
show them a miracle, so he showed them the splitting of the moon].
[Surah 54:1-2]
• The fire in Hijaz that illuminated the necks of the camel in

Busra
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "The Hour will not come until
fire comes out of the land of Hijaz and will illuminate the necks of
the camels in Busra. " 47
Ibn Kathir said " This happened in this year - 654 AH - as we have
mentioned. The chief Judge, Sadr ad-Deen 'Ali ibn Abil-Qaasim At-
Tameemi Al-Hanafi, the judge of Damascus, told me, whilst we
were discussing this hadith and this fire which happened in this
year, "I heard a bedouin telling my father in Busra about those
nights, when they saw the necks of their camels in the light of that
fire which had appeared in the land of Hijaz" 48
47 Bukhari 2902
48 Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah 13/187-192
89
2- Signs that have already occurred and are ongoing or may re-occur
in the future, such as:
• The conquest of many lands
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "You will attack the Arabian

Peninsula and Allah will enable you to conquer it, then Persia, and
Allah will enable you to conquer it, then you will attack Rome and
Allah will enable you to conquer it, then you will attack the
Dajjaal (PseudoChrist) and Allah will enable you to defeat him" 49
• The emergence of imposters who would claim Prophethood
nearly thirty liars (Dajjaals) have been sent, each of whom will
claim to be a messenger of Allah"50
• Trials and tribulations
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:" Before the Hour comes, there

will be tribulation like pieces of black night, when a man will
wake up as a believer but be a disbeliever by evening, or he will
be a believer in the evening but will be a disbeliever by morning.
And the one who is sitting will be better than the one who is
standing, and the one who is standing will be better than the one
who is walking, and the one who is walking will be better than
the one who is running. So break your bows, cut their strings and
strike your swords against rocks and if anyone enters upon
anyone of you, let him be like the better of the two sons of Adam.
(i.e. the one killed, not the killer).”51
49 Bukhari 3612
50 Bukhari 7121
51 Ibn Majah 3961
90
• Abundence of wealth and killing will be widespread
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:" The Hour will not begin until
wealth becomes abundant and tribulations appear, and Harj
increases.” They said: “What is Harj, O Messenger of Allah?” He
said: “Killing, killing, killing,” three times" 52
• Ignorance, promiscuity and drinking alcohol will be prevalent
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " "From among the signs of the
Hour are knowledge will be taken away (by the death of
Religious learned men) ignorance will prevail, drinking of
alcoholic drinks (will be very common) and there will be
prevalence of open illegal sexual intercourse"53
• The appointment of unqualified people to positions of

authority
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " "When honesty is lost, then

wait for the Hour." It was asked, "How will honesty be lost, O
Allah's Messenger ‫ "?ﷺ‬He said, "When authority is given to those
who do not deserve it, then wait for the Hour."54
• The nations of the world will call one another to attack the
Muslim Ummah (nation)
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Soon the nations will call one
another to attack you, as diners call one another to the platter."
Someone asked the Prophet, "Will that be because we will be few
in number those days?" He replied, "No, those days you will be
many, but you will be foam, like the foam of the sea. Allah will
remove fear and respect from the hearts of your enemies, and He
52 Ibn Majah 4047

53 Bukhrai 80
54 Bukhari 6496
91
will fill your hearts with wahn (weakness)." Someone inquired, "0'
Messenger of Allah, what is that wahn (weakness)?" He said,
"Love of this world and hatred of death. "55
3- Signs that have not yet occurred, such as:

• The Arabian peninsula will return to being full of gardens and
rivers
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " The Hour will not come until
wealth increases and becomes abundant, and until a man offers
the Zakat of his wealth but will not be able to find anyone to
accept it, and until the land of the Arabs becomes gardens and
rivers once more" 56
• The Euphrates Will Uncover a Mountain of Gold
the Euphrates uncovers a mountain of gold over which the people
will fight, and ninety-nine out of every hundred will be killed. Each
man among them will say, perhaps I will be the one who will
survive. "57
• The Earth Will Bring Forth its Hidden Treasures
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " The earth will spew forth its
hidden treasures like columns of gold and silver. The killer will
come and say, 'For this I killed!' The breaker of family ties will
come and say, 'For this I broke my ties of kinship!' The thief will
come and say, 'For this my hand was cut off!' Then they will leave
and will take nothing from it." 58
55 Abu Dawud 4297

56 Muslim 5440
57 Muslim 2894
58 Muslim 1013
92
Major signs of the day of judgment

The major signs of the day of judgment are few, some of the Prophetic
narrations mention what the first few signs will be and what the last
sign will be. There aren’t any verses in the Quran or any Prophetic
narrations that mention a specific order in which these signs will
appear from beginning to end, but once the first sign appears all the
other signs will appear after it consecutively. The following are the
major signs that will show the day of judgment is very near:
• The Smoke
" Hudhayfah ibn Usayd al-Ghifaari ( May Allah‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with
him) said: "The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Muhammad looked at us whilst we
were discussing something. He said, 'What are you talking
about?' They said, 'We are talking about the Hour.' He said, 'It will
not come until you see ten signs before of it.' He mentioned the
smoke" 59
• The appearance of the Mahdi
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Even if there were only one

day left for this world, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬would extend that day, until Allah
‫ ﷻ‬sent a man from me - or from among my family - whose name
will be like my name and whose father's name will be like my
father's name. He will fill the earth with justice just as it had been
filled with injustice and oppression" 60
• The appearance of the Dajjal and the trials and tribulations that
will follow
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "When Bayt al-Maqdis

(Jerusalem) will be flourishing, Yathrib will be in ruins. When
Yathrib will be in ruins, the fierce battle will take place. When the
fierce battle takes place, Constantinople will be conquered. When
Constantinople is conquered, the Dajjaal will emerge."61
59 Muslim 2901
60Saheeh Al-Jaami' As-Sagheer 5180
61 Abu Dawud 4294
93
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "O' people, there has never

been any tribulation on the face of the earth since Allah ‫ﷻ‬
created mankind, greater than the tribulation of the Dajjaal. Allah
‫ ﷻ‬has never sent any Prophet, but he warned his nation about
the Dajjaal. I am the last of the Prophets, and you are the last of
the nations. He will undoubtedly emerge amongst you."62
• The descending of Esa ibn Maryam ‫ ( ﷺ‬Jesus son of Mary)
the Romans camp in Al-A'amaaq or in Daabiq. An army will come
out from Madeenah to meet them, composed of the best people
on earth at that time. When they face one another, the Romans
will say, 'Do not stand between us and those whom you took
prisoner (and converted to Islam); let us fight them.' The Muslims
will say, 'No, by Allah ‫ﷻ‬, we will not stand aside and let you fight
our brothers.' So they will fight. One-third will flee, and Allah ‫ﷻ‬
will never accept their repentance; one-third will be killed, and
they will be the best of martyrs in the sight of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and one-
third will attain victory and will never be influenced by fitnah
(trials). They will conquer Constantinople, when they ( the
Muslims) will be sharing out the booty, their swords hung up on
the olive trees, the Shaytaan will shout, 'The Dajjaal has taken
your place amongst your families!' So they will rush and find that
this was not true. When they will reach Syria he (the Dajjaal) will
emerge. And when they will be preparing to fight or will be
forming rows, then the time for prayer will come. 'Eesa ‫( ﷺ‬Jesus)
ibn Maryam ‫ ﷺ‬will descend, he will lead them against the
Dajjaal. When the enemy of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬sees him, he will melt like
salt in water. If 'Eesa ‫ ﷺ‬were to leave him alone he would melt
away and die, but Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will kill him at his ('Eesa ‫ ) ﷺ‬hands,
and he will show them his (Dajjaal s) blood on his spear" 63
62 Saheeh Al-Jami' As-Sagheer, 6/273, no. 7752

63 Muslim 2897
94
• The appearance of Ya'jooj and Ma'jooj ( Gog and Magog)
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Then 'Eesa ibn Maryam ‫ ﷺ‬will

come to people whom Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has protected from him (i.e., from
the Dajjaal). He will wipe their faces and will tell them about their
status in Paradise. Whilst that will be happening, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will
reveal to him: 'I have sent out some slaves of mine, and no one
will be able to fight them. Take My slaves to safety in At-Toor
(Sinai).' Then Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will send Ya'jooj and Ma'jooj, who will
come pouring down from every high place. The first of them will
pass by the lake of Tabariyyah (Tiberias, a large freshwater lake
in Palestine), and will drink it all up. The last of them will pass by
it and will say, 'There was water here once.' The Prophet of Allah
‫' ﷻ‬Eesa ‫ ﷺ‬and his companions will be besieged (in At-Toor, and
will be so hard-pressed) that the head of a bull would be dearer to
any one of them than one hundred dinars is to any of you today.
The Prophet of Allah ‫' ﷻ‬Eesa ‫( ﷺ‬Jesus) and his companions will
beseech Allah ‫ﷻ‬, and Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will send upon them a worm in
their necks, and in the morning they will all perish as one. Then
the Prophet of Allah ‫' ﷻ‬Eesa and his companions will come down
and they will not find even a handspan of the earth, not filled
with their putrefaction and stench. The Prophet of Allah ‫' ﷻ‬Eesa
(Jesus) and his companions will beseech Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and He will send
birds with necks like those of bakht camels (camels with long
necks), which will carry them and throw them wherever Allah ‫ﷻ‬
wills. Then Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will send rain, which no house or tent will be
spared, and which will wash the earth until it leaves it like a
mirror" 64
64 Muslim 2937
95
• The disappearance of the Qur'an
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " Islam will wear out like the
adornment of a garment wears out, until no one will know what
fasting, prayer, sacrifice or charity are. The Book of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will
be taken away in one night, and not one aayah (verse) will be left
on earth. There will remain groups of people, old men and old
women, who will say, 'We heard our forefathers saying this word,
Laa ilaaha illallah, so we say it too " 65
• Mankind's return to ignorance and idol worship
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " There will remain the most
evil of people, who will be as careless as birds and with the minds
of wild beasts. They will not command any good or condemn any
evil. The Shaytaan will appear to them and say, "Will you not
respond?" They will say, "What do you command us to do?" He
will tell them to worship idols, but despite that they will have
abundant provision and comfortable life. Then the Trumpet will
be blown" 66
• The Destruction of the Ka'bah by an Abyssinian named Dhul-

Suwayqatayn
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "The Ka 'bah will be destroyed

by Dhul-Suwayqatayn from Abyssinia. He will rob it of its
adornments and take away it's covering. It is as if l can see him,
bald and with distorted wrists and ankles, striking with his shovel
and pick-ax" 67
65Ibn Mahaj 4049

66 Muslim 2940
67 Silsilat al-Al-Ahadeeth As-Saheehah, 2/119, hadith no. 479
96
• The rising of the sun from the west
the sun rises from the west. When it rises and the people see it
they will all believe, but that will be the time when faith will not
benefit a person if he did not believe before, or did not derive any
good from his faith" 68
• The Emergence of the Beast
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “ When three signs appear, no

soul will benefit from its faith if it did not already believe or earn
good by its faith: the rising of the sun from the west, the False
Messiah, and the beast from the earth.” 69
Allah says ‫ﷻ‬:

َ َ َ ُ َ َ َّ َّ َ ُ ُ َ ُ َ َٓ َ َ ََ ُ َ َ ََ َ َ
ۡ‫اۡيُوق ُِنون‬
ۡ ‫اسۡكانواۡأَـِبيَٰت َِناۡل‬ ِ ‫ۡعلي ِهمۡأخ َرج َناۡل ُهمۡدابَّةۡم َِنۡٱلأ‬
‫ۡرضۡتكل ِمهمۡأنۡٱلن‬ ‫ﵟوِإذاۡوقعۡٱلقول‬
]82 :‫ﵞ [النمل‬
ۡ ۡ٨٢
"And when the Word is fulfilled against them, We We will bring

forth to them out of the earth a Beast, to speak to them because
mankind believed not with certainty in Our revelations"
[Surah 27:82]
Sheikh Abdurrahman Nasir As-Sa'dee commented on this verse,

"That is, when the time for the fulfillment of the warning comes,
which Allah has made inevitable and has ordained its time, [We will
bring forth to them out of the earth a Beast] or one of the beasts
of the earth, not of the heavens. This Beast [will tell them] that is,
it will speak to the people and tell them that the people did not
have certain faith in Our signs, the reason being that the people’s
knowledge and faith in the signs of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is becoming weak.
Therefore Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will cause this Beast to emerge as one of His
wondrous signs to prove to the people what they were doubting.
This Beast is the famous Beast that will emerge at the end of time,
68 Muslim 157
69 Muslim 158
97
and will be one of the signs of the Hour, as is mentioned in many

hadiths. There is no sound evidence to describe it or say what kind
of animal it will be; this verse only indicates that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will bring
it forth to the people and that its speaking will be something
extraordinary and will be one of the proofs of the truth of what
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬said in His Book. And Allah ‫ ﷻ‬knows best."70
• Landslides will occur in three places and the fire that will
gather people to their place of assembly
" Hudhayfah ibn Usayd al-Ghifaari ( May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with
him) said: "The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬looked at us whilst we were discussing
something. He said, 'What are you talking about?' They said, 'We
are talking about the Hour.' He said, 'It will not come until you see
ten signs before of it, he made a mention of the smoke, Dajjal, the
beast, the rising of the sun from the west, the descent of Jesus son
of Mary ‫ﷺ‬, the Gog and Magog, and land-sliding in three places,
one in the east, one in the west and one in Arabia at the end of
which fire would burn forth from Yemen, and would drive people
to the place of their assembly" 71
70 Tafseer As-Sa'dee – Surah 27:82

71 Muslim 2901
98
Events that will occur on the day of judgment

There will be many events that will occur on the day of judgment, the
following are some of the main events that will occur on that day:
1. The trumpet will be blown by the Angel Israfeel for the first time
and everything shall fall dead except for what Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has willed
to stay alive. Then the trumpet will be blown again by the angel
Israfeel and everyone will be resurrected and brought out of
their graves,
ُ َ ُ ُ ُ َّ َ ٓ َ َ َّ َ َ َۡ ‫ورۡفَ َصع‬ َ َُ
ۡ‫ى‬ ۡ ‫ٱّللَۖۡث َّۡمۡنف‬
َٰۡ ‫ِخۡفِي ۡهِۡأخ َر‬ ۡ ۡ‫نۡشا ۡء‬
ۡ ‫ۡرضۡإِل ۡاۡم‬
ۡ ِ ‫نۡف ِ ۡىۡٱلأ‬ ِۡ َٰ ‫ٱلس َم َٰ َو‬
ۡ ‫تۡ َو َم‬ َّ ۡ‫نۡف ۡى‬
ِ ۡ ‫ِقۡم‬
ُّ
ِۡ ‫ِخۡف ِ ۡىۡٱلص‬
ۡ ‫ﵟونف‬
َ ُ ُ َ َ
ۡ ‫ۡيَنظ ُرون‬ٞ‫ام‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫فإِذۡاۡه ۡمۡق َِي‬
"And the Horn will be blown, and whoever is in the heavens and
whoever is on the earth will fall dead except whom Allah wills.
Then it will be blown again, and at once they will be standing,
looking on". [Surah 39:68]
2. Mankind will come out in the form of flesh and bones, naked,
without shoes and uncircumcised. On that day the sun will be
brought close to them.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The people will be assembled

barefoot, naked, and uncircumcised.” I said, “O Messenger of
Allah, will the men and women look at each other?” The Prophet
said, “The matter will be too severe for them to notice.”72
Al-Miqdad, a Companion of the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said:

"I heard the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬saying: 'On the Day of
Judgement, the sun will be drawn near the servants until it has
come a mile or two (away)."73

73 At-Tirmidhi 2606
99
3. Those who were resurrected will be gathered together awaiting

their fate, they will be standing there waiting for a very long
time.
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫ين َۡأل َف‬
ۡ ٖ‫ۡس َنة‬ َ ‫س‬ َ َ َ َ ُ ُّ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ ُ َ
ِ ‫ٱلروحۡإِليهِۡفِىۡيَو ٖمۡكانۡمِق َد ُارهُۥۡخم‬ َٰٓ ‫ﵟتعرجۡٱلم‬
‫لئِكةۡو‬
"The angels and the Spirit [i.e., Gabriel] will ascend to Him during
a Day the extent of which is fifty thousand years." [Surah 70:4]
4. The believers will drink from the lake that was gifted to the
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬by Allah ‫ﷻ‬:
• The colour of the lake is whiter than milk
• It tastes sweeter than honey
• Its drinking vessels are as many as the stars in the sky
• The length and width of it is one month's journey on
horseback
• A drink from this lake will quench the thirst of the true
believers
• Innovators, apostates and disbelievers will be prevented
from drinking from this lake
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “My lake is (as big as) the
distance of a month’s (journey). Its length and width are
equal and its water is whiter than milk and its scent is better
than musk. Its drinking vessels are like the stars of the sky
and whoever drinks from it will never thirst again.”74
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was asked about its drink and he

said: “It is whiter than milk and sweeter than honey. Two
pipes feed into it from Paradise, one of gold and the other of
silver.” 75
Abu Haazim said: I heard Sahl say: I heard the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
say: “I will reach the lake ahead of you. Whoever comes to it
will drink and whoever drinks from it will never thirst again.
Some people will come to me whom I will recognize and they
will recognize me, but then a barrier will be placed between
me and them.” Abu Haazim said: al-Nu’maan ibn Abi
‘Ayyaash heard me narrating this hadeeth and said: “Is that
74 Bukhaari 6093 and Muslim 4244

75 Muslim 4256
100
how you heard Sahl say it?” I said, “Yes.” He said: “I bear
witness that I heard Abu Sa’eed al-Khudri add: and he
[meaning the Prophet ‫ ] ﷺ‬said: ‘They are from me.” And it
will be said; “You do not know what they did after you were
gone.” And I will say, “Away with those who changed after I
was gone!”’” 76
The scholars of Islam such as Al-Qurtubi (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬have mercy
on him) said:" Our scholars (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬have mercy on them)
said: Everyone who apostatizes from the religion of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬or
who introduces innovations with which Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not pleased and
did not give permission for is one of those who will be driven away
from the lake. Those who will be most forcibly driven away will be
those who differed from the majority of Muslims and split from
them, such as the Khaarijis and Raafidis of all stripes, and the
Mu’tazilis and anyone who followed their ways. The same applies
to the evildoers and oppressors who tried to extinguish the truth
and kill its followers and humiliate them, those who openly
committed major sins and took the matter of sin lightly and all
those who followed deviant whims and desires and innovation.77
5. The sins and good deeds will be presented to every single

person, both Muslim and disbeliever.
• The believers will be given their book of sins and good
deeds in their right hand and they will rejoice.
َُ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َُ َُُٓ ُ ََُ َ َُ َ ُ َ َّ َ َ
ۡ‫ىۡملَٰق‬ِ ‫ۡإِنِىۡظننتۡأن‬١٩ۡ‫ﵟفأماۡمنۡأوت ِ َىۡكِتَٰبهۥۡبِي ِمينِهِۦۡفيقولۡهاؤمۡٱقرءواۡكِتَٰبِيه‬
ۡ ‫ح َِساب ِ َيه‬
‫ﵞ‬
So as for he who is given his record in his right hand, he will
say, "Here, read my record! Indeed, I was certain that I
would be meeting my account." [Surah 69:19-20]
76 Bukhaari 6528, Muslim 4234

77 Al-Tadhkirah by al-Qurtubi, 306
101
The reckoning for the believers will differ depending on what

category of believers they fall into:
• A group of the believers will enter Jannah without them
being judged or punished by Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Seventy thousand of my
ummah will enter Paradise without being brought to
account; they are the ones who did not ask for ruqyah or
believe in omens or use cautery and they put their trust in
their Lord.” 78
• Another group of believers will be judged by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and

Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will give them an easy reckoning by presenting
to them the actions they carried out in their worldly life,
showing them the blessings Allah ‫ ﷻ‬bestowed upon
them, how Allah ‫ ﷻ‬hid their sins from the people and
will then forgive them for their sins.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “A believer will be brought
to his Almighty Lord on the Day of Resurrection until He
places His veil over him and makes him confess to his sins,
saying: Do you acknowledge your sins? The believer will say:
My Lord, I do acknowledge them. Allah will say: I concealed
them for you in the world and today I forgive you for them."
79
• Another group of believers will be judged by Allah ‫ﷻ‬,

Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will present to them the actions they did in their
worldly life and Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will discuss these actions with
them. Therefore leading them to be deserving of the
punishment of Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: Everyone who is reckoned
thoroughly is destroyed" 80
78Bukhari 6472, Muslim220

79Muslim 2768
80 Muslim 2876
102
As for the disbelievers they will be given their book of sins in

their left hand behind their back, they will cry out in sorrow
and regret as they have comprehended what their fate will be.
ۡ٢٦ۡ‫ۡماۡح َِساب ِ َيه‬ َ ‫ۡ َولَمۡأَدر‬٢٥ۡ‫وتۡك َِتَٰب َيه‬
َ ُ‫ول َۡيَٰلَيتَنيۡلَمۡأ‬
ُ ََُ َ ُ َ َّ َ َ
‫اۡمنۡأوت ِ َىۡكِتَٰ َب ُهۥۡبِشِ َمالِهِۦۡفيق‬ ‫ﵟوأم‬
ِ ِ ِ
َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َٓ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ
ۡ ‫ۡهلكۡعنِيۡسلطَٰن ِيه‬٢٨ۡ‫ۡماۡأغن َٰيۡعنِيۡمال َِي ۜۡه‬٢٧ۡ‫تۡٱلقاضِ ية‬
‫ﵞ‬ ِ ‫يَٰليتهاۡكان‬
"But as for he who is given his record in his left hand, he will say,
"Oh, I wish I had not been given my record. And had not known
what is my account. I wish it [i.e., my death] had been the
decisive one. My wealth has not availed me. Gone from me is my
authority." [Surah 69:25-29]
6. Many different types of Intercession will happen on that day,

from these many types are:
- The great intercession where the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
will intercede on behalf of his ummah (nation).
It was narrated that Anas ibn Maalik (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be
pleased with him) said: The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬told us: “When the
Day of Resurrection comes, the people will surge with each
other like waves. They will come to Adam and say, ‘Intercede
for us with your Lord.’ He will say, ‘I am not fit for that. Go to
Ibraaheem for he is the Close Friend of the Most Merciful.’ So
they will go to Ibraaheem, but he will say, ‘I am not fit for
that. Go to Moosa for he is the one to whom Allah spoke
directly.’ So they will go to Moosa but he will say, ‘I am not fit
for that. Go to ‘Eesa for he is a soul created by Allah and His
Word.’ So they will go to ‘Eesa but he will say, ‘I am not fit for
that. Go to Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.’ So they will come to me and I will
say, I am fit for that.’ Then I will ask my Lord for permission
and He will give me permission, and He will inspire me with
words of praise with which I will praise Him, words that I do
not know now. So I will praise Him with those words of praise
and I will fall down prostrate before Him. He will say, ‘O
Muhammad, raise your head. Speak and intercession will be
granted to you, ask and you will be given, intercede and your
intercession will be accepted.’ I will say, ‘O Lord, my ummah,
my ummah!’ He will say, ‘Go and bring forth everyone in
whose heart there is faith the weight of a barley-grain.’ So I
will go and do that. Then I will come back and praise Him with
103
those words of praise and I will fall down prostrate before

Him. He will say, ‘O Muhammad, raise your head. Speak and
intercession will be granted to you, ask and you will be given,
intercede and your intercession will be accepted.’ I will say, ‘O
Lord, my ummah, my ummah!’ He will say, ‘Go and bring
forth everyone in whose heart there is faith the weight of a
small ant or a mustard-seed.’ So I will go and do that. Then I
will come back and praise Him with those words of praise and
I will fall down prostrate before Him. He will say, ‘O
intercession will be accepted.’ I will say, ‘O Lord, my ummah,
my ummah!’ He will say, ‘Go and bring forth from the Fire
everyone in whose heart there is faith the weight of the
lightest, lightest grain of mustard-seed.’ So I will go and bring
them forth ”.
When we left Anas I [the narrator of the hadeeth] said to

some of our companions, “Why don’t we go to al-Hasan, who
is hiding in the house of Abu Khaleefah, and tell him what
Anas ibn Maalik has told us?” So we went to him, greeted him
with salaam and he gave us permission to enter. Then we
said, “O Abu Sa’eed, we have come to you from your brother
Anas ibn Maalik, and we have never heard anything like what
he narrated to us about intercession.” He said, “Tell me.” So
we narrated the hadeeth to him and we came to this point
and he said, “Keep going.” We said, “He did not tell us any
more.” He said, “He told me this hadeeth when he was a
young man, twenty years ago. I do not know if he forgot or if
he did not want to let you depend on what he might have
said. We said, “O Abu Sa’eed, tell us.” He smiled and said, “
Man was created hasty. I only mentioned that because I
wanted to inform you of it. Anas told me the same as he told
you, and said that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬added: “Then I will come
back a fourth time and praise Him with those words of praise
and I will fall down prostrate before Him. He will say, ‘O
intercession will be accepted.’ I will say, ‘O Lord, give me
permission (to bring forth) all those who said Laa ilaaha ill-
104
Allah.’ He will say, ‘By My Might, My Majesty, My Supremacy

and My Greatness, I will most certainly bring forth from it
those who said Laa ilaaha ill-Allah.’” 81
- The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬will intercede on behalf of his

uncle Abu Talib requesting from Allah ‫ ﷻ‬a decrease in the
severity of the punishment Abu Talib will receive.
Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported, his uncle Abu Talib was
mentioned to the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬He said: My
intercession may benefit him on the Day of Resurrection and
he may be placed in the shallow part of the Fire which would
reach his ankles and his brain would be boiling. 82
- The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬will intercede on behalf of

the people who deserve to enter Jannah ‫ ﷻ‬so they may
enter Jannah.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said " I will come to the gate of
paradise on the day of judgment and I will request for it to be
opened, the gatekeeper will say "Who are you" so I will
respond " I am Muhammad" the gatekeeper will say " I was
commanded to not open the doors for anyone before you". 83
- The intercession where the believers who we were

entered into the hellfire to be taken out of it and placed
into Jannah
The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “So the Prophets, the angels, the
believers will intercede and the Compeller (Allah ‫ ) ﷻ‬will say,
‘There remains My intercession.’ Then He will take a handful
from the Fire and bring forth some people whose bodies have
been burnt and throw them into a river at the entrance to
Paradise that is called the River of Life .
They will grow on its banks, as a seed carried by a flood

grows. You have seen how it grows beside a rock or beside a
tree, and how the side facing the sun is usually green while
the side facing the shade is white. They will come out like
pearls, and necklaces will be placed around their necks. Then
81-Bukhari 7510
82 Muslim 210
83 Muslim 333
105
they will enter Paradise, and the people of Paradise will say,
‘These are the people emancipated by the Most Merciful. He
has admitted them into Paradise without them having done
any good deeds and without them having sent forth any good
(for themselves).’ Then it will be said to them, ‘You will have
what you have seen and the equivalent thereof." 84
7. The scale that will weigh the actions of humankind and jinn. This
scale is:
• A scale that was created by Allah ‫ﷻ‬
• It has two spans, one to weigh good deeds and another to
weigh sins
• Only a Muslim will have their actions weighed because the
disbeliever has no good deeds
• If the good deeds outweigh the bad deeds, this person will
be entered into Jannah
• If the bad deeds outweigh the good deeds, this person will
be deserving of the Hellfire but he or she may still be saved
by the mercy of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
َّ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ ُ َٰ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ُّ َ َ َ ُۡ ‫ﵟوٱل َوز‬
ۡ‫ۡ َو َمنۡخفت‬٨ۡ‫ين ُهۥۡفأو َٰٓلئِكۡه ُمۡٱل ُمفل ُِحون‬ ِ‫نۡيومئ ِ ۡذۡٱلحقۡفمنۡثقلتۡموز‬
َ
َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َّ َ َٰٓ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َٰ َ َ
ۡ ‫ِينۡخ ِس ُر ٓواۡأنف َس ُهمۡب ِ َماۡكانواۡأَـِبيَٰت َِناۡ َيظل ُِمون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫موزِينهۥۡفأولئِكۡٱلذ‬
" And the weighing [of deeds] that Day will be the truth. So
those whose scales are heavy - it is they who will be
successful. And those whose scales are light - they are the
ones who will lose themselves for what injustice they were
doing toward Our verses." [Surah 7:8-9]
84 Bukhari 7440
106
• Three things will possibly be weighed on this scale:

1- The actions of the believer
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Nothing is heavier upon
the scale of a believer on the Day of Resurrection than his
good character. Verily, Allah hates the vulgar and obscene.”
85
2- The scrolls that recorded these actions

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Indeed Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will
distinguish a man from my Ummah before all of creation on
the Day of Judgement. Ninety-nine scrolls will be laid out for
him, each scroll is as far as the eye can see, then He will say:
'Do you deny any of this? Have those who recorded this
wronged you?' He will say: 'No, O Lord!' He will say: Do you
have an excuse?' He will say: 'No, O Lord!' So He will say:
'Rather you have a good deed with us, so you shall not be
wronged today." Then He will bring out a card (Bitaqah); on
it will be: "I testify to La Ilaha Illallah, and I testify that
Muhammad is His servant and Messenger." He will say:
'Bring your scales.' He will say: 'O Lord! What good is this
card next to these scrolls?' He will say: 'You shall not be
wronged.' He said: 'The scrolls will be put on a pan (of the
scale), and the card on (the other) pan: the scrolls will be
light, and the card will be heavy, nothing is heavier than the
Name of Allah ‫ﷻ‬.'"86
3- The believer who did these actions

Ibn Mas’ud reported: He was harvesting tooth sticks from an
Arak tree and he had tiny shins. The wind blew and made
him fall over, so people laughed at him. The Messenger of
Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said, “What are you laughing at?” They said, “O
Prophet of Allah, at his tiny shins.” The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “By
the one in whose hand is my soul, they will both be heavier
on the Scale than the mountain of Uhud.” 87
85 At-Tirmidhi 2002
86 At-Tirmidhi 2639
87 Aḥmad 3981
107
8. The Siraat – the path that will be placed over the hellfire:
• This path must be crossed to enter Jannah
• It is narrower than a hair and sharper than a sword
• It is a slippery bridge with clamps and thorns shaped like
hooks to grab those deserving of the hellfire and throw
them into it
• A believer's righteous actions in their worldly life will
determine how fast they cross this path:
- Some believers will pass over as fast as a blink of an
eye
- Some believers will pass over it as fast as lightening
- Some believers will pass over it as fast as the wind
- Some believers will pass over it as fast as a bird
- Some believers will pass over it as fast as a horse
- Some believers will pass over it running
- Some believers will pass over walking
- Some believers will pass over crawling
- Some believers will be snatched and thrown into the
hellfire
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " Then the bridge will be
laid across Hell." We, the companions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said,
"O Messenger of Allah ‫ !ﷺ‬What is the bridge'?
He said, "It is a slippery (bridge) on which there are clamps
and (Hooks like) a thorny seed that is wide at one side and
narrow at the other and has thorns with bent ends. Such a
thorny seed is found in Najd and is called As-Sa'dan. Some of
the believers will cross the bridge as quickly as the wink of an
eye, some others as quick as lightning, a strong wind, fast
horses or she-camels. So some will be safe without any harm;
some will be safe after receiving some scratches, and some
will fall into the HellFire. 88
Abu Sa’id (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) said, “I have
come to know that the bridge over Hell is thinner than a hair
and sharper than a sword.” 89
88 Muslim 353
89 Muslim 183
108
9. The Qantara – the Qantara is a station where a group of

believers who were saved from the Hellfire will be detained, this
group of believers are those who did not resolve their quarrels
with their fellow Muslim brothers and sisters before they died or
have animosity and hatred in their hearts because of what
occurred between them and their fellow Muslim brothers or
sisters. They must resolve their problems and be purified before
they can be allowed to enter Jannah.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, "when the believers cross the

Hellfire, they will be stopped at a small arched bridge (Qantarah)
before entering the paradise and will be given retribution for
injustices between them until they become purified". 90
Jannah is a place of abode for believers whose hearts are pure and
free from envy, animosity and hate for their fellow Muslim
brothers and sisters.
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫ۡم َت َقَٰبل‬
ۡ ‫ِين‬ ُ ‫ىۡص ُدورهِمۡمِنۡغِلۡإخ َوَٰنًاۡعَل َ َٰى‬
ُّ ‫ۡس ُرر‬ َ ‫ﵟونَ َزع َن‬
ُ ‫اۡماۡف‬ َ
ِ ٖ ِ ِ ِ
"And we shall have removed whatever grudge they had in
their hearts, (thus making them) brothers, sitting on couches,
face to face" [Surah 15:47]
90 Bukhari 2440
109
Jannah ( Paradise)
Jannah – is the place where the believers will reside forever. It is full of
blessings and pleasures that no person has ever set their eyes on or
ever imagined
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Allah ‫ ﷻ‬said, "I have prepared
for My righteous slaves (such excellent things) as no eye has ever
seen, nor an ear has ever heard nor a human heart can ever think
of.' 91
Who will enter Jannah (Paradise) and how many levels are there?
Only a believer will be allowed to enter and reside in Jannah. It has

many levels, the greatest of all these levels is a level known as Firdaws
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ٧٢ٖۡ‫ار‬ َ َ‫ينۡمِنۡۡأ‬
ۡ ‫نص‬
َّ
َۡ ‫ار َۖۡ َو َمۡاۡل ِلظَٰل ِ ِم‬ َّ ۡ‫ٱّللۡ َعلَي ۡهِۡٱلجَ َّن َۡةۡ َو َمأ َوى َٰ ُۡه‬
ُۡ ‫ٱلن‬
َّ َ َ َّ َّ
ۡ ِ ‫ﵟإِن ُه ۡۥۡ َمنۡيُش ِركۡۡب‬
ُۡ ۡ‫ٱّلل ِۡفق ۡدۡ َح َّر َۡم‬
"Indeed, he who associates others with Allah - Allah has
forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire. And there are
not for the wrongdoers any helpers. [Surah 5:72]
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said " Paradise has one hundred

levels and between each two levels is a distance like that between
the heavens and earth. Al-Firdaws is its highest level, from which
four rivers of Paradise flow and above which is the Throne. When
you ask from Allah, ask for Al-Firdaws.” 92
91 Bukhari 7498
92 Ahmad 22232
110
The gates of Jannah (Paradise)
Jannah has 8 gates and each gate is related to an act of worship.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:" 'Whoever performs Wudu' and

does it well, then says: "Ashhadu an la ilaha ill-Allah was ashhadu
anna Muhammadan 'abduhu wa rasuluh (I bear witness that
there is none worthy of worship except Allah, and I bear witness
that Muhammad is his slave and Messenger)," eight gates of
Paradise will be opened for him, and he may enter through
whichever one he wishes." 93
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Whoever gives a pair of

anything for the sake of Allah will be called from the gate of
Paradise: ‘O slave of Allah, this is good.’ Whoever was one of the
people of prayer will be called from the gate of prayer. Whoever
was one of the people of jihad will be called from the gate of
jihad. Whoever was one of the people of fasting will be called
from the gate of al-Rayyaan. Whoever was one of the people of
charity will be called from the gate of charity.” Abu Bakr as-
Siddeeq said: May my father and mother be sacrificed for you, O
Messenger of Allah. There is no need for anyone to be called from
all of these gates, but will anyone be called from all of them? He
said: “Yes, and I hope that you will be one of them.”94
93 An-Nasai 148
111
The food and drink of the people of Jannah (Paradise)
The inhabitants of Jannah will enjoy food and drink they have never
seen the likes of, they will drink from rivers of milk, honey and wine
َ ‫نۡلَّۡب َنۡلَّم َۡي َت َغ َّير‬
ۡ‫ۡطع ُم ُهۥ‬ ٞ َ َ َ ۡ ‫نۡ َّما ٓ ۡءۡ َغي ۡرۡ َءاس‬ َ ٓ َ َ ُ َّ ُ َ ُ َّ َّ
ۡ ‫رۡ ِم‬ٞۡ َٰ ‫ِيهۡاۡأن َه‬ ۡ ‫لۡٱلجَن ۡةِۡٱلت ِ ۡيۡوع ِۡدۡٱلمتق‬
ُ َ َّ
ٖ ۡ ‫ِنۡوأنه َٰ ۡرۡ ِم‬
ٖ ِ ‫ونَۖۡف‬ ۡ ‫ﵟمث‬
ٞ
ۡ‫تۡ َو َمغف َِرةۡمِن‬ َ َّ ُ َ ‫ۡول َ ُهمۡف‬
َ ‫ۡم َصفى‬ ُّ ‫ۡع َسل‬ َ ‫رۡمِن‬ٞ َٰ ‫ۡو َأن َه‬ َ ‫ِلشرب‬ َّ َّ َّ َ ٞ َ ََ
ِ َٰ ‫ِيهاۡمِنۡك ِلۡٱلث َمر‬ ٖۖ ٖ
َ ‫ين‬
ِ ِ َٰ ‫وأنهَٰرۡمِنۡخم ٖرۡلذة ٖۡل‬
‫ﵞ‬ۡ َۖ‫َّرب ِ ِهم‬
"The description of Paradise, which the righteous are promised,
wherein are rivers of water unaltered, rivers of milk the taste of
which never changes, rivers of wine delicious to those who drink,
and rivers of purified honey, in which they will have from all
[kinds of] fruits and forgiveness from their Lord" [Surah 47:15]
َ َ ‫ۡ َولَح ِم‬٢٠ۡ‫ون‬
ۡ ٢١ۡ‫ۡطي ٖرۡم َِّماۡيَش َت ُهون‬
‫ﵞ‬
َ ُ َّ َ َ َ َّ َ َٰ َ َ
‫ﵟوفكِهةٖۡمِماۡيتخير‬
"They will also be served˺ any fruit they choose. And meat from
any bird they desire" [Surah 56:20-21]
َ َ َ
ۡ ٧١ۡ‫ِيهاۡخَٰل ُِدون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ُ َ‫َۖۡوأ‬
‫نتمۡف‬ َ ‫ۡوتَل َ ُّذۡٱل َأعي ُ ُن‬ ُ َ
َ ‫نف ُس‬ َ َ َ َ
‫اۡماۡتش َت ِهيهِۡٱلأ‬ ‫ﵟوفِيه‬
""There will be whatever the souls desire and the eyes delight in.
And you will be there forever" [Surah 43:71]
112
The clothes of the people of Jannah (Paradise)
The inhabitants of Jannah will be clothed with silk garments and

bracelets of gold and pearls
َ ُ َ ََ َ َ َ َ َّ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ َٰ َّ َ ُ َ َ َٰٓ َ ُ
ۡ‫ون‬
ۡ ‫بۡويلبس‬ ۡ ‫ِنۡأ َساوِ َۡرۡ ِم‬
ٖۡ ‫نۡذه‬ َ ‫نۡف‬
ۡ ‫ِيهۡاۡم‬ ۡ ‫نۡتحت ِ ِه ُۡمۡٱلأن َه َٰ ُۡرۡيحلو‬
ۡ ‫يۡ ِم‬ۡ ‫نۡتج ِر‬ٖۡ ‫تۡعد‬
ۡ ‫كۡله ۡمۡجن‬ ۡ ِ ‫ﵟۡأولئ‬ ۡ
َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ َّ َ ٓ َ ََ َ َ ُّ ‫ۡوِإستَب َرق‬ ُ ً َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ۡمرت ۡفقا‬ ‫كۡن ِعمۡٱلثوابۡوحسنت‬ ِ ِ ‫ِيهاۡعلىۡٱلأ َرائ‬ ‫ۡم َّتكِـِينۡف‬ ٖ
ُ ‫ِنۡس‬
َ ‫ند ٖس‬ ُ ‫اۡخضراۡم‬ ‫ث ِياب‬
They shall dwell in the Gardens of Eternity, beneath which
streams flow. There they will be adorned with bracelets of gold,
will be arrayed in green garments of silk and rich brocade, and
will recline on raised couches. How excellent is their reward, and
how nice their resting-place!" [Surah 18:31]
َ َ َ ُ ُ َٰ َ َ ُ َ
َ ‫ۡيحَ َّلو َنۡف‬ َ َّ َ ُ َ َ َٰٓ َ ُ
ٖۡ ‫ِيهاۡمِنۡأ َساوِ َرۡمِنۡذه‬
ۡ‫بۡ َۡو‬ ‫تۡ َعد ٖنۡتجرِيۡمِنۡتحت ِ ِهمۡٱلأنهر‬
ُۡ َٰ‫ۡجن‬ ‫ﵟأولئِكۡلهم‬
َ ُ َ َ ُ َ َّ َ ََٓ ََ َ َ َّ ُّ َ َ َ ُ ُ ُ ً َ َ ُ َ َ
ۡ‫كۡن ِعمۡٱلثوابۡوحس ۡنت‬ ِ ِ ‫يلبسونۡث ِياباۡخضراۡمِنۡسند ٖسۡوِإستبر ٖقۡمتك ِِـينۡفِيهاۡعلىۡٱلأرائ‬
ََ
ۡ ٣١ۡ‫ُمرتفقا‬
‫ﵞ‬
"It is they who will have the Gardens of Eternity, with rivers
flowing under their feet. There they will be adorned with
bracelets of gold, and wear green garments of fine silk and rich
brocade, reclining there on ˹canopied˺ couches. What a
marvelous reward! And what a fabulous place to rest!"
[Surah 18:31]
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said "Whoever enters Paradise is

blessed and will never be miserable, his clothes will never wear
out and his youth will never fade away"95
95 Muslim 2836
113
The buildings in Jannah (Paradise)
The buildings in Jannah are made of bricks of gold and silver, the
stones you will find on the ground are rubies and pearls
Abu Hurayrah (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) said: “We
asked, ‘O’ Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, tell us about paradise, from
what is Paradise built?’ He said, ‘Bricks of gold and silver and
mortar of fragrant musk; its pebbles are pearls and rubies, and its
soil is saffron. Whoever enters it is blessed with joy and will never
be miserable; he will remain there forever and will never die; his
clothes will never wear out and his youth will never fade away.96
The greatest reward the people of Jannah (Paradise) will receive
The greatest pleasure the inhabitants of Jannah will experience is

seeing the face of Allah‫ﷻ‬
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said "When the inhabitants of
Jannah enter Jannah, Allah, the Glorious and Exalted, will say to
them: 'Do you wish me to give you anything more?' They will
reply: 'Have You not made our faces bright? Have You not
brought us into Jannah and delivered us from the Hell?' And Allah
will remove the Veil. The (dwellers of Jannah) will feel that they
have not been awarded anything dearer to them than looking at
their lord." 97
96 Ahmad 8030
97 Muslim 163
114
Hellfire
Hellfire is the place where the disobedient believers who deserve to

be punished by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬will reside for a period of time and the
disbelievers will reside forever.
The different types of punishment in the Hellfire
It is a horrid place full of many different types of punishment that no

eye has seen before or person has ever imagined.
ُ َ َ َ
ۡ ‫ﵟج َه َّن َمۡيَصلون َهاۡفبِئ َسۡٱل ِم َهاد‬
‫ﵞ‬ َ
"Hell, which they will [enter to] burn, and wretched is the resting
place" [Surah 38:57]
The fire of the Hellfire is 70 times hotter than the fire of this world
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " “Your (ordinary) fire is one of 70
parts of the (Hell) Fire.” Someone asked, “O Allah’s Messenger this
(ordinary) fire would have been sufficient (to torture the
unbelievers),” the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, “The (Hell) Fire has
69 parts more than the ordinary (worldly) fire, each part is as hot as
this (worldly) fire.”98
Not all the punishments in the Hellfire are punishments that entail
being punished by fire, there is a punishment known as Az-Zamhareer.
The punishment is so cold that it will shatter and penetrate the bones,
so severe that the inhabitants of the Hellfire will ask for them to be
returned to the fire.
Ibn 'Abbas (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) said: "The inhabitants
of Hell will beg to be rescued from its heat, and they will be answered
with a wind which is so cold that it will cause their bones to break.
They will then ask for the heat to be returned." 99
98 Bukhari 487
99 Ibn Abi Dunya - Description of the Hellfire -152
115
They will be chained up in many different types of chains:

o Chains that will chain their hands to their neck
o Chains that will chain one hand to their neck
o Chains that will enter their mouths and come out
from their behinds, where they will be grilled in
groups all attached to this chain on the fire
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ِيرا‬ َ ‫ۡوأَغ َلَٰل‬
ً ‫اۡو َسع‬ َ ‫ۡس َلَٰسِلَا‬
َ ‫ين‬ َ َ َ َ ٓ َّ
َ ‫كَٰفِر‬ ‫ﵟإِناۡأعتدناۡل ِل‬
ِ
" Indeed, We have prepared for the disbeliever's chains and
shackles and a blaze" [Surah 76:4]
Death will appear to them everywhere they go, but they will never die
ٞ َ ٌ َ َ ٓ ُ َ ُ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ابۡغل ِيظ‬ ٖۡ ِ ‫انۡ َو َمۡاۡه َۡوۡب ِ َمي‬
ۡ ‫تٖۖۡ َومِنۡ َو َرائِهِ ۡۦۡعذ‬ ٖۡ ‫لۡ َمك‬
ِۡ ‫نۡك‬ ُۡ ‫ﵟو َيأت ِي ۡهِۡٱل َمو‬
ۡ ‫تۡ ِم‬ َ
"And death will come to him from everywhere, but he is not to die.
And before him is a great punishment" [Surah 14:17]
They will call out for mercy and their punishment to end, but for the
disbelievers that is their final abode.
َ ُ َّ ُ َّ َ َ َ ُّ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ََ
ۡ ‫الۡإِنك ۡمۡمَٰكِثون‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫ك َۖۡق‬
ۡ ‫ضۡعلينۡاۡرب‬ ۡ ‫ﵟونادواۡۡي َٰ َمَٰل‬
ۡ ِ ‫ِكۡل َِيق‬
"And they will call, "O Mālik (The gatekeeper of the Hellfire), let your
Lord put an end to us!" He will say, "Indeed, you will remain " [Surah
43:77]
116
The different levels of the Hellfire and its depth

It has many levels, the lower the level the worse the punishments
experienced will be. The lowest of these levels is the place of abode
for the hypocrites
ً ‫نۡ َتج َۡدۡل َ ُه ۡمۡنَ ِص‬َ َ َّ َ َ َ َّ ۡ‫ِينۡف ۡى‬
َ َ ُ َّۡ ‫ﵟإ‬
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫يرا‬ ِ ۡ ‫ارِۡول‬
ۡ ‫ِنۡٱلن‬
ۡ ‫لۡم‬
ِۡ ‫ٱلدركِۡۡٱلأسف‬ ِ ۡ ‫نۡٱلمنَٰ ِفق‬ ِ
"Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire -
and never will you find for them a helper" [Surah 4:145]
The hellfire is very deep, if an object were to be dropped into it, it

would take 70 years to reach the bottom of the Hellfire
Abu Huraira ( May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) reported: We
were in the company Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬then we heard a
terrible sound. Thereupon the Messenger of Allah said:" Do you
know what (sound) is this? We said: Allah and His Messenger know
best. Thereupon he said: That is a stone which was thrown seventy
years before in Hell and it has been constantly falling and now it
has reached its base." 100
The gates of the Hellfire and its gatekeepers

The Hellfire has 7 gates its gatekeeps are angels who have no mercy
for the inhabitants of the Hellfire
ٞ َ ٌ َ َٰٓ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َّ َ ُ ُ َ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ ُ َّ َ َ
ۡ‫اظ‬
ۡ ‫اسۡوٱلحِجارۡةۡعليهۡاۡملئِك ۡةۡغِل‬ ۡ ‫ِينۡ َء َام ُن ۡواۡق ٓواۡۡأنف َسكمۡۡ َوأهل ِيك ۡمۡنارۡاۡوقودهۡاۡٱلن‬
َۡ ‫ﵟيأ ُّي َهۡاۡٱلذ‬
َٰٓ
َ ُ َ ٓ
َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َّ َ ُ َ ٞ َ َّ
ۡ ‫ۡماۡيُؤ َم ُرون‬
‫ﵞ‬ َ ‫ون‬ ‫ونۡٱّللۡماۡأمرهمۡويفعل‬
ۡ ‫ادۡل ۡاۡيعص‬ ۡ ‫شِد‬
"O you who have believed, protect yourselves and your families
from a Fire whose fuel is people and stones, over which are
[appointed] angels, harsh and severe; they do not disobey Allah in
what He commands them but do what they are commanded"
[Surah 66:6]
100 Muslim 6813
117
ُ َ ُ َ
‫ﵞ‬ ٌۡ ‫ۡ َّمق ُس‬ٞ ‫ابۡمِن ُه ۡمۡ ُجز ۡء‬
ۡ ٤٤ۡ‫وم‬ ٖۡ َ‫لۡب‬ ٖۡ َٰ ‫ﵟۡل َهۡاۡ َسب َع ۡةۡأب َو‬
ِۡ ‫بۡل ِك‬ ۡ
" It has seven gates; for every gate is of them [i.e., The Devils
followers] a portion designated". [Surah 15:44]
The doors are sealed shut and reinforced with iron pillars from the
hellfire stretching wide and far.
َ ُّ َ َ ٞ َ َّ
ۡ ِۭ ‫ۡم َم َّددة‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ۡفِىۡعم ٖد‬٨ۡ‫ﵟإِن َهۡاۡ َعلي ِه ۡمۡ ُّمؤ َص َدة‬
" Indeed, it [i.e., Hellfire] will be closed down upon them. In pillars
widely extended" [Surah 104:8-9]
The clothing of the people of the Hellfire
They will be clothed by the fire and liquid pitch.

َ ُ ُ َٰ َ َ َ َ َ
َّ ۡ‫وه ُه ُۡم‬ ُ َ
‫ﵞ‬ ُ ‫ٱلن‬
ۡ ‫ار‬ ‫انۡوتغش ۡيۡوج‬ ۡ ‫ﵟس َرابِيل ُه ۡمۡ ِم‬
ٖۡ ‫نۡق ِطر‬
" Their garments of liquid pitch and their faces covered by the Fire"
[Surah 14:50]
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said "Wailing is one of the affairs of the

Days of Ignorance, and if the woman who wails dies without having
repented, Allah will cut a garment of pitch (tar) for her and a shirt of
flaming fire" 101
101 Sunan Ibn Majah 1581
118
The food and drink of the people of the Hellfire
When they ask for water to quench their thirst they will be given the
blood, pus and bodily fluids of the inhabitants of the hellfire. They will
be fed food and drink that will stop at their throats like a thorn, unable
to swallow it.
َّ ٌ َ َ َ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ۡ‫ِين‬
ٖ ‫ﵟولاۡطعامۡإِلاۡمِنۡغِسل‬
"Nor any food except oozing pus" [Surah 69:36]
ُ ٓ َ ََ َ َٓ ُ َُ
ۡ ‫ۡما ًءۡحمِيماۡفق َّط َعۡأم َعا َءهم‬
‫ﵞ‬ ‫ﵟوسقوا‬
"And they will be given to drink boiling water that will tear apart
their insides" [Surah 47:15]
The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said "Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has promised the one who
drinks intoxicants that He will give him to drink from the mud of
Khibal." They said: "O Messenger of Allah, what is the mud of
Khibal?" He said: "The sweat of the people of Hell," or he said: "The
juice of the people of Hell." 102
َ َ َ َّ ُ َ َ َ َ
ۡ ‫ۡو َعذابًاۡأل ِيما‬
‫ﵞ‬ ٖ‫ﵟوطعاماۡذاۡغصة‬
"And food that chokes and a painful punishment"
[Surah 73:13]
ُ ُ َ َ ُ َ ََ ٓ َ ٓ
ۡ ِ‫ادۡيُسِيغ ُه ۡۥۡ َو َيأت ِيه‬
‫ﵞ‬ ۡ ‫ج َّرع ُه ۡۥۡ َول ۡاۡيَك‬‫ۡيت‬١٦ۡ‫نۡ َو َرائِهِ ۡۦۡ َج َه َّن ُۡمۡ َو ُيسق َٰۡىۡمِنۡ َّما ٖۡءۡ َصدِي ٖۡد‬
ۡ ‫ﵟم‬
ِ
"Before him is Hell, and he will be given a drink of purulent water (
i.e That which oozes from the skins of Hell's inhabitants). He will
gulp it but will hardly [be able to] swallow it"[ Surah 14:16-17]
102 An-Nasa'i 5709
119
They will also be fed from a tree known as Az-Zaqqum, which grows
within the hellfire. They will be forced to fill their bellies with its fruits,
once consumed it will boil inside them like hot boiling water
َ َ ٞ َ َ َ َّ َّ َ َ َٰ َ َ َ َّ ُّ َّ ُ َ َ َ َ ً ُ ُّ ٞ َ َ َٰ َ َ
ۡ‫ج َرةۡتخ ُر ُجۡف ِ ٓىۡأص ِل‬ َ ‫ِلظَٰلِم‬
‫ۡإِنهاۡش‬٦٣ۡ‫ين‬ ِ ‫ۡإِنۡاۡجعلنهاۡف ِتنةۡل‬٦٢ۡ‫وم‬ ِۡ ‫ٱلزق‬ ۡ‫ِكۡخي ۡرۡنزل ۡاۡأ ۡمۡشجرۡة‬
ۡ ‫ﵟأذل‬
َّ َّ ُ َ ُُ َ َ ُ ََ َ َ ُ َُّ َ َ َّ ُ ُُ ُ َّ َ َ َُ َ
ۡ‫ۡثمۡإِن‬٦٦ۡ‫ۡفإِنهمۡٓأَلك ِلونۡمِنهاۡفمال ِـونۡمِنهۡاۡٱلبطون‬٦٥ۡ‫ين‬ ِ ‫ۡطلعهاۡكأنهۥۡرءوسۡٱلشيَٰ ِط‬٦٤ۡ‫حي ِم‬ ِ َ‫ٱلج‬
َ َ َ َ َ َ َُ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫ِيم‬
ٖ ‫لهمۡعليهاۡلشوباۡمِنۡحم‬
" Is that [i.e., Paradise] a better accommodation or the tree of
zaqqūm? Indeed, We have made it a torment for the wrongdoers.
Indeed, it is a tree that grows from the bottom of the Hellfire. Its
emerging fruit as if it was the heads of the devils. And indeed, they
will eat from it and fill with it their bellies. Then indeed, they will
have after it a mixture of scalding water." [Surah 37:62-67]
ُ ُ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ُّ َ َّ
ِۡ ‫لۡ َيغلِيۡفِىۡۡٱل ُب ُط‬
ُۡ‫ۡخذوه‬٤٦ۡ‫ۡكغل ِيۡۡٱلحَ ِمي ِۡم‬٤٥ۡ‫ون‬ ِۡ ‫ۡ ۡكۡٱل ُمه‬٤٤ۡ‫امۡۡٱلأث ِي ِۡم‬ ‫ۡطع‬٤٣ۡ‫وم‬ ِۡ ‫ج َر َتۡۡٱ َّلزق‬
َ ‫ۡش‬‫إِن‬
َ َ َ َ َ ُّ ُ َّ ُ ٓ َ
َ ‫وهُۡإل َٰى‬ ُ َ
‫ابۡۡٱلحَ ِمي ِۡم‬
ِ ‫ۡثمۡصبواۡفوقۡرأ ِس ۡهِ ۡۦۡمِنۡعذ‬٤٧ۡ‫حي ِۡم‬ ِ َ‫ۡس َوا ِءۡۡٱلج‬ ِ ۡ ‫ۡفۡٱعت ِل‬
"Surely ˹the fruit of˺ the tree of Zaqqûm. will be the food of the
evildoer. "Like molten metal, it will boil in the bellies. like the
boiling of hot water. ˹It will be said,˺ Seize them and drag them into
the depths of the Hellfire. Then pour over their heads the torment
of boiling water " [Surah 44:45]
120
Belief in the Divine

Decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
Belief in the Divine decree of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the final pillar of Iman. The
knowledge that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has given us access to concerning the divine
decree of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is limited, no servant of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬can completely
comprehend the intricate details of the divine decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬, but
what is obligatory upon us is to believe in everything that has been
mentioned in the texts of the Quran and the Prophet narrations
about this divine decree.
Belief in the divine decree of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬entails four pillars:
1st pillar: To believe in the all-encompassing knowledge of

Allah ‫ﷻ‬, nothing escapes the knowledge of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Allah ‫ﷻ‬
knows what happened in the past and what will happen in the
future. The Knowledge of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬encompasses everything,
even events that haven’t occured, if they were to occur Allah
‫ ﷻ‬knows how these events would have occurred including all
the intricate details that relate to them.
2nd pillar: To believe that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬wrote all the actions his
servants will do including all the events that will happen up
until the day of judgment in the preserved tablet ( Al-Law'h Al-
Mah'foodh).
121
3rd pillar: To Believe in the divine will of Allah ‫ﷻ‬, and that your will
cannot go outside the bounds of the will of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has
given his servants free will to do what they want but this free will
is still within the bounds of the will of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. For example, you
have the free will to try and conceive a child but if Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has not
willed for that child to come into existence you cannot bring it into
existence.
4th pillar: To believe that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the creator of All things,
including the actions of his servants.
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has knowledge of all the actions his servants will do,
including all the events that will occur up until the day of
Judgment and recorded it in the preserved tablet, does that
mean that the servants of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬are forced by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to do
the actions they do?
No, Allah ‫ ﷻ‬writing down all this information before creating his
creation does not necessitate that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬forced his servants to
do the actions they do. The reason for this is that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬wrote
down this information based on his All-encompassing knowledge
of what will occur in the future, these actions that were written
are based on the choices a servant will make with the free will that
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has bestowed them with. An example of this is if a woman
had a son and on Monday that mother wrote in a notebook that
her son will buy a bottle of orange juice after the Friday prayer this
week. So when Friday came around she gave her son some money
without instructing him to buy anything, when he came home
after the prayer he had with him a bottle of orange juice that he
bought from the store after the Friday prayer. The mother writing
down that this event will occur before it occurred earlier in the
week did not force the son to do this specific action on that
specific day, the mother predicted this based on what she know
about her son.
122
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and the existence of evil in the world
The existence of evil in the world does not necessarily rule out the
existence of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the most perfect in his justice and
wisdom, from his justice is that he gives the creation free will to
choose right from wrong. They will be judged by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬based on the
choices they made.
What may seem evil to you may in fact be quite the opposite. As
humans, our knowledge of why certain things happen in the world is
restricted because we are not all-knowing like Allah ‫ﷻ‬. Everything that
happens in this world happens for a reason and there is a wisdom
behind it, just because you may be unable to comprehend the
wisdom behind it doesn't necessarily mean there isn’t a wisdom
behind it, nor does it contradict the notion that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the most
merciful and necessitate Allah ‫ ﷻ‬does not exist.
From the universal laws that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has placed is the existence of
trials and tribulations, any trial or tribulation that occurs only occurs
based on the perfect wisdom of Allah ‫ﷻ‬, you as a human being may
not be able to comprehend that wisdom so you may see it to be evil
when in fact it may be the complete opposite. A clear example of this
is mentioned in the Quran, the story of Prophet Musa ‫ ﷺ‬and Khidr.
Prophet Musa ‫ ﷺ‬accompanied Khidr on a journey, throughout the
journey Khidr did many things that seemed evil to Musa ‫ﷺ‬, when the
journey ended Khidr explained to him the wisdom behind his actions,
therefore changing the perspective of Prophet Musa ‫ ﷺ‬on the events
that occurred throughout their journey.
The idea that the existence of evil in the world is proof that Allah ‫ﷻ‬
doesnt exist is false and contradictory because if the existence of evil
in the world is proof that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬doesn’t exist then surely the
existence of good in the world is proof that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬exists.
123
Questions
1 - Give a brief explanation of belief in the divine decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬
2 - What are the 4 pillars of belief in the divine decree of Allah ‫? ﷻ‬
3 - Does Allah writing down the actions his servants will do, including
all the events that will occur up until the day of Judgment mean that
the servants of Allah are forced by Allah to do the actions they do?
4 – Explain why the existence of what we perceive to be evil does

not necessitate that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬doesn’t exist
124
Iman (Belief)
Iman (belief) is the Arabic word for belief, belief in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and his
Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬is a belief that consists of three elements, it increases
with righteous deeds and decreases with sins. If one of the three
elements are not present then belief in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and his Messenger ‫ﷺ‬
will be nonexistent. The three elements are:
1. To utter it by your tongue

2. To practice it with your limbs
3. To believe it in your heart
The level of Iman (belief) of the believers differs and fluctuates

depending on their righteousness. Iman (belief) increases by doing
righteous actions such as prayer, fasting, giving in charity, etc. It
decreases when sins are committed such as lying, stealing, consuming
alcohol, etc.
ۡ‫ام ُن ۡوا‬
َ ‫ۡء‬ َ ‫يمَٰناۡفَأَ َّماۡٱلَّذ‬
َ ‫ِين‬ َ ُ َ َ ُ ُّ َ ُ ُ َ َّ ُ َ ٞ َ ُ َ ُ ٓ َ َ َ
َ ‫ۡهَٰذه ِٓۦۡإ‬
ِ ِ ‫نزلتۡسورةۡف ِمنهمۡمنۡيقولۡأيكمۡزادته‬ ِ ‫ﵟوِإذاۡماۡأ‬
َ ُ َ َ ُ َ َٰ َ ُ َ َ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ۡ ‫فزادتهمۡإِيمناۡوهمۡيستب ِشرون‬
" And whenever a sūrah is revealed, there are among them [i.e., the
hypocrites] those who say, "Which of you has this increased in
faith?" As for those who believed, it has increased them in faith,
while they are rejoicing". [Surah 9:124]
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said “The adulterer is not a believer

while he is committing adultery. The drinker of wine is not a believer
while he is drinking wine. The thief is not a believer while he is
stealing" 103
This Prophetic narration clarifies that the level of Iman (belief) of a
believer will decrease if they sin, the negation of belief in this
Prophetic narration does not mean if a person commits any of the sins
mentioned they will leave the fold of Islam, but it's a negation that
125
entails that the level of Iman (belief) of a Muslim will decrease from
being a complete believer to a level below the level of a complete
believer because of committing sins.
Sins
A sin in Islam is any action that has been declared as an act of

disobedience in the texts of the Quran or the Prophetic narrations.
These sins are of two types, major sins and minor sins. Both of these
types of sins do not take a person outside the fold of Islam, but they
cause the level of Iman (belief) of a believer to decrease.
1. Major sins – are sins that have a specific corporal punishment for
the person who commits them, a specific punishment that awaits
that person in the hereafter or brings about the curse and anger of
Allah ‫ﷻ‬. E.g.
▪ Drinking alcohol
▪ Adultery
▪ Stealing
▪ Gambling
▪ Lying
▪ Backbiting
This type of sin requires a person to repent to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬so they can be
forgiven. A believer cannot rely on their righteous actions to try and
wipe out these major sins.
Conditions for repentance to be accepted by Allah ‫ﷻ‬
• To leave off the sin straight away

• To feel regret in your heart
• To be determined to never return to that sin in the future
• To turn to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and ask for forgiveness
126
2. Minor sins – are sins that don't have a specific corporal

punishment for the person who commits them, a specific
punishment that awaits that person in the hereafter or brings
about the curse and anger of Allah ‫ﷻ‬. E.g.
▪ Not lowering your gaze
This type of sin can be forgiven by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬through two different

ways:
1. If a person repents to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬from these minor sins

2. If a person does righteous actions such as praying the five
daily prayers, performing umrah, fasting etc.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "The five prayers, Friday to Friday,

and Ramadan to Ramadan will expiate the sins committed between
them, as long as major sins are avoided.” 104
104 Muslim 233
127
Questions
1- What does Belief in Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and his Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬consist of?
2- The level of Iman of the believers differs and fluctuates depending

on what?
3- What is a sin in Islam?
4- What are the two types of sins?
5- What is required for major sins to be forgiven?
6- What is required for minor sins to be forgiven?
128
The Companions Of The

Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
The companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬are the greatest and
most virtuous people after the Prophets and Messengers. A Muslim
must love the companions of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, honor them, respect
them and value their understanding of the texts of the Quran and the
Prophetic narrations. This is because they gave their lives to
supporting the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in both times of hardship and ease. They
gave their whole lives to spreading this religion, they were the most
beloved to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬so they must be the most beloved to us.
Who is regarded as a companion of the Prophet Muhammad ‫?ﷺ‬
A companion of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is anyone who met the

Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬as a Muslim and died as a Muslim
When we look at the lives of the companions of the Prophet

Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, they were not all on the same level, some were more
virtuous than others.
All of the companions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬fall into the following three
categories:
The family of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬

As a Muslim you must love the companions from the family of the
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, venerate them and honor them. The companions
from the family of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬include:
• His uncles such as Hamza, Abbas etc (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased
with them)
• His aunties such as Saffiyyah (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with
them)
• His cousins such as Ali, Ja'far etc (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased
with them)
129
• His children such as Fatima etc (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with
them)
• His wives such as Aisha, Safiyyah etc (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased
with them)
An easy way to memorise the names of the wives of the Prophet

Muhammad ‫( ﷺ‬May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with them) is to
remember the following Arabic phrase:
- ‫ خس مع جزر صحه‬-
Every letter represents the first letter of one of the names of the
wives of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
• ‫ خ‬- 1. Khadeejah
• ‫– س‬2. Sawdah
• ‫ – م‬3. Maymunah
• ‫ – ع‬4. Aisha
• ‫ – ج‬5. Juwairiyah
• ‫ – ز‬6. Zainab Bint Jah'sh + 7. Zainab Bint Khuzaymah
• ‫ – ر‬8. Ramlah (Umm Habibah)
• ‫ – ص‬9. Safiyyah
• ‫ – ح‬10. Hafsah
• ‫ – ه‬11. Hind (Umm Salamah)
2. Al-Muhaajiroon - The companions who migrated to Madinah
3. Al-Ansaar – The companions who accepted Islam but did not

migrate from Makkah to Madinah but were residents in Madinah
130
The most virtuous companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬had many companions and they differed

in rank depending on how virtuous they were, the order of the most
virtuous companions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬is :
The ten companions that were promised Jannah (Paradise) and

named by the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
The most virtuous of those ten were the four rightly guided Caliphs:
1-Abu Bakr – Abdullah bin Uthman (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
2-Umar ibn Khattab (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
3-Uthman ibn Affan (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
4-Ali Bin ibn Talib (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
The rest of the 10 who were promised Jannah
Talhatu Ibn Ubaydillah (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)

Az-Zubair ibn Al-Awaam (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
Sa'ad Ibn Abi Waqqas (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
Saeed ibn Zayd (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
Abdurrahman Ibn Awf (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
Abu Ubaydah Aamir Ibn Al-Jarrah' (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him)
The companions who took part in the battle of badr
The companions who took part in the battle of Uhud
131
The companions who took the pledge under the tree know as Bay'at
Ar-Ridwaan
The correct order of succession of the Caliphate
The order of the succession of the caliphate was decided by the

companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬according to the Prophetic
narrations, by putting forward the most deserving for that role. The
order of the succession was the following:
1 Abu Bakr 11 Hijri – 13 Hijri 2 years

3 Months
10 Days
2 Umar Ibn Al-Khattab 13 Hijri - 23 Hijri 10 years

6 Months
8 days
3 Uthman Ibn Affan 23 Hijri – 35 Hijri 11 years

11 months
9 Days
4 Ali Ibn Abi Talib 35 Hijri – 40 Hijri 4 years

9 months
7 days
This is the order of succession is correct and in line with the teachings
of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬. Anyone who believes that this order of
succession is incorrect has opposed the guidance of the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬. The most deserving of taking up the position of
132
rulership after the death of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was Abu Bakr
(May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him), he was the most beloved
companion to the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
‘Amr ibn Al-‘As reported: I said, “Which person is most beloved to

you?” The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Aisha.” I said, “I mean among the men.”
The Prophet said, “Her father.” I said, “Then who?” The Prophet said,
“Umar ibn al-Khattab,” and he mentioned some other men.105
When the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was unable to lead the

congregation in prayer which is one of the greatest acts of worship in
Islam Abu Bakr ‫( ﷺ‬May Allah be pleased with him) led the Muslims in
prayer.
Abu Musa (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) said "The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
became sick and when his disease became aggravated, he said, "Tell
Abu Bakr to lead the prayer" 106
The agreement of all the companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬

on a religious matter
If all the companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬agree on a

religious matter and give it a specific ruling, this agreement must be
accepted by all Muslims.

106 Bukhari 678
133
What is the ruling on cursing and insulting the companions of the

Prophet Muhammad ‫?ﷺ‬
Cursing and insulting the companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is

a grave sin, no true believer who loves Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and his Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
would curse the companions of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
The ruling on cursing the companions differs depending on the

intention behind cursing them:
1. Cursing and insulting the companions of the Prophet Muhammad

‫ ﷺ‬is an act of disbelief (Major Kufr) if a person accuses most of
them or all of them of disbelieving in Islam or being transgressors
and sinners. This because it entails disbelief in the many texts of
the Quran and Prophetic narrations that praised them.
َ ُ َّ ‫َ َٰ َّ َي‬ ُ َّ َ َّ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ َّ َ َ ُ َٰ َّ ‫ﵟو‬
ۡ‫ۡٱّللۡعن ُۡهم‬ ِ ‫ِينۡٱت َب ُعوهمۡبِإِحس ٖنۡر‬
‫ض‬ ‫جرِينۡوٱلأنصارِۡوٱلذ‬ ِ َٰ ‫ٱلسبِقونۡٱلأولونۡمِنۡٱلمه‬
َ
َ َ َ َ َٓ َ َ َ َ َ َّ َ ُ َ َّ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ
‫ﵞ‬ ُ ‫ظ‬
ۡ ۡ‫يم‬ ِۡ ‫ِيهاۡأبَداۡذَٰل ِكۡٱلفو ُزۡٱل َع‬ ‫تۡتج ِريۡتح َت َهاۡٱلأن َه َٰ ُرۡخَٰلِدِينۡف‬
ٖ َٰ‫ۡورضواۡعنهۡوأعدۡلهمۡجن‬
"And the first forerunners [in the faith] among the Muhājireen
and the Anṣār and those who followed them with good conduct -
Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him, and
He has prepared for them gardens beneath which rivers flow,
wherein they will abide forever. That is the great
attainment"[Surah 9:100]
2. Cursing and insulting the companions of the Prophet Muhammad

‫ ﷺ‬is a major sin in situations such as the following:
- Making fun of their physical features
- Accusing them of dishonorable character traits such as
laziness, greed, cowardness etc.107
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Do not insult my

companions. If one of you were to spend the likes of mount
Uhud in gold, it would not reach a small portion of theirs or
even half of that.” 108
107 Sharh Luma'tul I'tiqaad – Sheikh Muhammad bin Salih Al-Uthaymeen ‫رمحه هللا تعاىل‬
108 Muslim 2540
134
Questions
1- Who is regarded as a companion of the Prophet Muhammad ‫?ﷺ‬
2- What are the three categories all of the companions of the

Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬fall into?
3- Who are The most virtuous companions of the Prophet

Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬in order?
4- What is the correct order of succession of the Caliphate?
5- What is the ruling on cursing and insulting the companions of the

Prophet Muhammad ‫?ﷺ‬
135
Innovation (Bida'h)
What is an innovation in Islam (Bida'h)?
An innovation is any action, statement or belief that is portrayed to be

from Islam and has no basis in the texts of the Quran, Prophetic
narrations or the consensus of the scholars of Islam:
- Action – such as celebrating the birthday of the Prophet

Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
- Statement – such as saying " Ash hadu ana Aliyan Wali-Yullah "
"I bear witness Ali is the representative of Allah ‫ " ﷻ‬during the
call to prayer (Athan)
- Belief – such as believing that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is everywhere
Islam is a perfect religion, the only true religion accepted by Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
Islam was completed during the life of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
and all the revelation that rulings are extracted from were revealed
during the life of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and stopped at his
death. Therefore innovating something into the religion of Islam infers
that the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬did not fulfill his role as a Prophet
properly and left something out that should have been mentioned and
clarified. This type of belief contradicts the texts of the Quran and the
Prophetic narrations, as the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬did not die until
he completed his role and fulfilled what he was commanded by Allah
‫ ﷻ‬to do.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Whoever innovates into this

matter of ours that which does not belong to it, it will be rejected.”
109
136
Innovations in Islam are two types:
1. Innovations that are Major disbelief – such as believing that

Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is everywhere, supplicating to the dead etc
2. Innovations that are major sins but are not acts of disbelief –
such as celebrating the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad
‫ﷺ‬
Steps to determine if an action, statement or belief is an innovation

(Bida'h) or not
Is it portrayed to be
from Islam
No
It's not an
innovovation -
(Bida'h(
Yes
Is there an evidence from the Quran,

Prophetic narrations, or consensus of the
scholars of Islam to prove it is from Islam
No Yes
Is there an evidence from the It is not an

actions or statements of the innovation
companions of the Prophet )Bida'h)
Muhammed ‫ ﷺ‬to prove it's
from Islam
Yes No
It is not an It is an innovation
innovation (Bida'h) (Bida'h)
137
The people of innovation
The people of innovation are two types:
1. The first type - A person of innovation who spreads, teaches and

directs people to the innovation they're upon, such as a person
who only believes in some of the attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and rejects
or misinterprets all the other attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬and spreads
this misguided belief.
A Muslim who follows the Quran & the Prophetic narrations in

accordance to the understanding of the companions of the Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬shouldn’t:
- Seek Islamic knowledge from this type of person and sit in their
gatherings
- Befriend this type of person
- Encourage other Muslims to seek Islamic knowledge from this
type of person
A Muslim who follows the Quran & the Prophetic narrations in

Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬should:
- Ask Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to guide this type of person to the truth
- Deal with them justly
- Deal with them in a manner that is better than they would deal
with a disbeliever
- Pray the funeral prayer over them once they die
- Advise them and guide them to the truth if they have enough
knowledge to correct their misunderstanding of the texts of the
Quran & Prophetic narrations
- Aid and assist them if they come to you seeking your aid and
assistance regarding worldly matters because they are your
Muslim brothers and sisters
- Fulfill the rights they have over you as a Muslim, as long as it
doesn’t entail anything that can jeopardise your religion, such as
if they invited you to a gathering that could be an opportunity
for them to misguide you
138
2. The second type - An ignorant person of innovation who does not

spread, teach and direct people to the innovation they're upon,
such as a person who believes that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is not above the
creation but exists everywhere, and only believes in some of the
attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬while rejecting or misinterpreting all the
other attributes of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬because this is what they were taught.
A Muslim who follows the Quran and the Prophetic narrations in

Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬should:
- Ask Allah ‫ ﷻ‬to guide this type of person to the truth

- Deal with them justly and in a good manner
- Deal with them in a manner that is better than you would deal
with a disbeliever
- Pray the funeral prayer over them once they die
- Advise them and guide them to the truth if you have enough
knowledge to correct their misunderstanding of the texts of the
Quran & the Prophetic narrations
- Aid and assist him/her if they come to you seeking your aid and
assistance regarding worldly matters, as they are still your
Muslim brothers and sisters
- Fulfill the rights they have over you as a Muslim, as long as it
doesn’t entail anything that can jeopardise your religion, such as
if they invited you to a gathering that could be an opportunity
for them to misguide you

Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬shouldn't:
- Take this type of person as a close friend if they insist on being
upon innovation after you have advised them many times,
presented the evidences that prove the correct way to
understand the texts of the Quran and Prophetic narrations and
exhausted your efforts in trying to guide this person to the truth.
139
Questions
1- What is an innovation in Islam?
2- Why are innovations in Islam bad?
3- What are some examples of innovation in Islam?
4- What are the two types of innovation in Islam?
5- What are the two types of people of Innovation?
6- How should you deal with the two different types of people of
innovation?
140
Rebellion against the

Muslim leader
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬must believe it is impermissible to:
• rebel against a Muslim leader
• aid in rebelling against a Muslim leader
whether that leader is a just Muslim leader or an oppressive Muslim
leader.
َ َُ َ ُ ُ ‫ۡوأَط‬ ُ ‫ۡء َام ُن ٓواۡأَط‬ َ َ
‫ﵞ‬
ُ
ۡ َۖ‫ۡوأولِىۡٱلأم ِرۡمِنكم‬ َّ ‫ِيعوا‬
‫ۡٱلرسول‬ َ َّ ‫ِيعوا‬
َ ‫ۡٱّلل‬ َ ‫ﵟيأ ُّي َهاۡٱلَّذ‬
َ ‫ِين‬ َٰٓ
"O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and
those in authority among you" [Surah 4:59]
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: " Rulers after me will come who do
not follow my guidance and my tradition (sunnah). Some of their
men will have the hearts of devils in a human body. You should listen
and obey them even if the ruler strikes your back and takes your
wealth, even still listen and obey".110
‘Ubādah ibn As-Sāmit (May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased with him) reported:
"We pledged allegiance to the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬to listen and
obey at times of hardship and ease, energy and coercion, and to
endure if prejudice is held against us, and not to fight for power
those in authority, unless you see blatant disbelief concerning which
you have a clear proof from Allah, the Almighty, and to say the truth
wherever we are without fearing anyone's reproach"111
110 Muslim 1847

111 Bukhari 7055
141
Salamah Ibn Yazeed Al-Ju’fee asked Allah’s Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬: “O

Prophet of Allah, what do we do if we have rulers over us who
demand their rights yet they withhold our rights?” He replied: “Listen
to them and obey them [regardless]. Upon them is their burden and
on you will be your burden.”112
Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal said: “It is not permissible for anyone among
the people to fight the ruler and nor to rise up against him. And
whosoever does that is an innovator, upon other than the Sunnah and
upon other than the Straight Path.” 113
Imam An-Nawawi transmits the consensus of the scholars on this

issue:
"As for rebelling against the ruler and fighting him, it is forbidden by
consensus of the Muslims even if he is sinful and oppressive. I have
mentioned many narrations with this meaning. The people of the
Sunnah have agreed that the ruler should not be removed due to his
sinfulness. As for the view mentioned in the books of jurisprudence
from some of our companions that he should be removed, which is also
the opinion of the Mu’tazilites, then it is a serious mistake from them
and is in opposition to the consensus. The scholars have said the
reason his removal and rebellion against him is forbidden is because of
what that entails of tribulations, bloodshed, and corruption, for the
harm in removing the ruler is greater than letting him remain".114
112 Muslim 4551

113 Sharhu Usūlil-I’tiqād of Al-Lālikā’ee (1/161)
114 Explanation of Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1840
142
How to deal with doubts

about Islam that aim to
make you doubt Islam is
the truth
1- Verify the authenticity of the claim being made
When people try to prove Islam isn't the truth they make many claims
to try and turn people away from Islam. Many of these claims are
either false or are based on a misinterpretation of the divine Islamic
texts. Such as the claim that "Abu Hurairah who was one of the most
famous narrators of Prophetic narrations from the Prophet was not
trustworthy because the companion Umar accused him of being a
thief. Therefore any Prophetic narration narrated by Abu Hurairah
cannot be accepted because he is not trustworthy."
This claim is a fabrication and has no basis at all, it is a complete lie

against the virtuous companion Abu Hurairah May Allah ‫ ﷻ‬be pleased
with him.
143
2- If you are unable to answer the doubt that is presented to

you, ask someone who is knowledgeable about Islam and
can answer the doubt that is being presented.
e.g. The claim that one of the scientific mistakes in the Quran is that it
says the sun sets in a muddy spring.
Allah ‫ ﷻ‬says in the Quran:

‫ﵞ‬
َ َ َ َ َ
ۡ ٖۡ‫ۡو َج َدهاۡتغ ُر ُبۡفِىۡعينۡحم َِئة‬
َّ َ ‫ﵟح َّت َٰٓيۡإ َذاۡبَلَ َغ‬
‫ۡمغ ِر َبۡٱلشم ِس‬ َ
ِ
"Until, when he reached the setting of the sun, he found it set in a
spring of murky water" [Surah 18:86"]
This claim is incorrect as none of the scholars of Islam explained it to

mean the Sun had set in a spring of murky water literally, but they
explained that it meant from the perspective of the one who was
looking at the Sun from that direction it looked as if the Sun had set in
the direction of the spring of the murky water.
3- Know that most of the reasons and doubts the disbelievers

present to try and prove why Islam is not the truth directly
relate to their morals and what they morally believe to be
wrong.
e.g. The claim that Islam oppresses women
This claim is false and is a claim that is based on what disbelievers

deem to be morally incorrect. The general definition of oppression is
"prolonged cruel unjust treatment or exercise of authority". Labeling
something as oppressive or just can only be determined morally,
therefore what morals should a person use to determine if something
is oppressive or just.
The morals of a Muslim are set by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬in the Quran and the
Prophetic narrations, Muslims use this standard to determine if
something is oppressive or just. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the creator of everything
created therefore necessitating that Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the most
knowledgeable of what is right and what is wrong. Allah ‫ ﷻ‬is the only
144
one who can truly determine what is oppressive and what is just.
Whatever that been labeled by Allah ‫ ﷻ‬in the divine texts of the
Quran and the Prophetic narrations as being oppressive is in reality
oppressive and whatever Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has labeled as being just is in reality
just. Therefore any claim that Islam oppresses women is a baseless
claim that stems from morals that are man-made and inadequate as
those responsible for laying down those morals are deficient in
comparison to Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
When these claims of oppression are put under the microscope, the
observer will see that the examples of Islamic practices that are
presented as proof for these claims are either misunderstood by the
disbelievers making these claims or these Islamic practices actually
oppose the claim being made. A detailed study of the claims they
make will shed light on the inadequacy and inconsistency found within
the morals of the disbelievers, it will reveal many contradictions that
further disprove the inadequacy of the morals they use to define what
is right and wrong in today's world.
A perfect example of this is the Hijab, many disbelievers claim that the
hijab oppresses women as it suppresses their beauty and suppresses
their freedom. Yet if one was to observe the many wisdoms behind
why the Hijab was legislated and how it in fact empowers a woman,
allowing a woman to be judged for who she really is and not based on
what she looks like. It allows her to have full control over her
femininity and liberates her from a system that demeans the woman's
body, a system that treats the woman's body like a commodity and
promotes provocativeness and promiscuity. The disbelievers based on
their inadequate morals promote the idea of "freedom" yet when a
Muslim woman chooses to wear the hijab they deem it be oppression
even though she chose to wear it and was not forced, this is a clear
example of the contradictive nature of their inadequate morals.
145
146

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The True Creed Of A

َ َ‫ّلِل َمن ُشروَر أَنح ُف َسنَا وَمن سيَئ‬ َ َ َ ََ

The True Creed of a Muslim is a book I wrote to be taught as part of

1st Pillar: Submit to Allah ‫ ﷻ‬by Tawheed. Tawheed is to single

o Worship – All acts of worship must be directed to Allah ‫ﷻ‬

3rd Pillar: To disassociate yourself from polytheism (Shirk) and

Islam is the only true religion accepted by Allah ‫ﷻ‬

• The teachings of Islam are in line with the natural disposition

Islam and "freedom"

Some may say "the word 'freedom' is opposite to the word

Islam and the idea of freedom do not necessarily contradict each

The reality of total freedom is chaos, as it allows people to do

If a person's idea of freedom is to believe in whatever they want and

Islam gives a person a level of freedom, but that freedom is restricted

If what they're doing doesn’t harm anyone then why is it wrong?

If a person chooses to do something such as homosexuality which they

1. What is the meaning of Islam?

2. What are the 3 pillars of submission to Allah ‫?ﷻ‬

3. What are the main attributes of lordship?

4. How must you understand the names and attributes of

5. Why is Islam the only true religion accepted by Allah‫?ﷻ‬

6. Is the idea of total freedom as great as people make it

7. Does Islam take away a person's freedom and why?

1. Belief in Allah ‫ﷻ‬

Why is learning the correct Aqeedah (creed) so important?

• The Aqeedah (creed) of a Muslim is the foundation upon

• The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬spent 13 years in Makkah calling

teaching people the correct Aqeedah (creed)? This shows the

• When the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬sent his companion Muadh

"You are going to a nation from the people of the Scripture,

If learning the correct Aqeedah (creed) was not important

Foundational principles in Aqeedah (creed)

1. Islam is the only true religion

2. The Quran and the Prophetic Narrations are both sources of

3. The only way to understand the meanings of the texts of the

1. What does Aqeedah mean?

2. What are the 6 pillars of belief in Islam?

3. Why is learning the correct Aqeedah so important?

4. Mention 4 foundational principles in Aqeedah

1. Belief in Allah ‫ﷻ‬

2. Belief in the Angels

3. Belief in the Messengers

4. Belief in the divine books

5. Belief in the hereafter

6. Belief in the divine decree of Allah ‫ﷻ‬

1. Belief in the existence of Allah ‫ﷻ‬

1- Belief in the existence of Allah ‫ﷻ‬

Logical evidences - such as the logical evidence mentioned in Surah

"Were they created out of nothing? Or were they themselves the

1. The creation was created from nothing

The Fitrah (The Natural Disposition) - Within every person, there is

Manifest Evidences - These evidences are evidences that can be

Science and the existence of Allah ‫ ﷻ‬2

Many scientists who are disbelievers claim that something cannot be

A future observation may produce new conclusions that contradict the

Science cannot determine moral values, because the result of a

Just because a scientific theory has proved it works doesn’t

It's not true that only Science leads to certainty