NICMAR – SODE

PGP-CM-MODULE-14
ASSIGNMENT NO: 02
COURSE TITLE:

Special Construction Method

and Technology

COURSE CODE – PGCM44

DATE OF DISPATCH: 02/12/2021

LAST DATE OF RECEIPT:13/12/2021

PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY:

NAME: RAJAN KUMAR
REG NO: 28-12-14-6416-292
Special Construction
Method and
Technology

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 ASSIGNMENT

What is Soil stabilization? What are the various methods of stabilization?

Explain these briefly.prepare concrete formwork and concrete
reinforcement checklist?

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Answer :
What is Soil stabilization? What are the various
methods of stabilization? Explain these briefly.

Soil stabilization is any treatment applied to a soil to improve its strength

and vulnerability to water; if treated soil is able to withstand the stresses
imposed on it by traffic under all weather conditions without deformation,
then it is generally regarded as stable.
The main methods of soil stabilizations for road purposes are;
1. Mechanical stabilization
2. Cement stabilization
3. Lime stabilization
4. Bituminous stabilization

1. Mechanical stabilization:
Mechanical stabilization is accomplished by mixing or blending
soils of two or more gradations to obtain a material meeting the
required specification. The soil blending may take place at the
construction site, at a central plant, or at a borrow area. The blended
material is then spread and compacted to required densities by
conventional means.

Mechanical stabilization can be done in three kind of site installation

as described following.

On site mix of a granular – stabilized subbase shall first spreading

the required thickness of imported borrow soil in uniform depth, and
then admixing the dry constituent materials using conventional blade
graders to move them from one side of the road to other. Upon
completion of the blending process the dry- mixed materials is
spread in layer of uniform thickness and water is added via the spray
bar of a water tanker to bring it to the desired moisture content for
compaction to a uniform thickness.

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On Travelling plant construction, the process is similar to that
described above, except that a single pass of specialized moving
equipment is all that is necessary to dry mix the soils, admix water,
and spread the moist material to a uniform depth, prior to
compaction.

On stationary plant, the soil to be blended are brought to a central

location for supply, and specialized equipment is then used to
proportion and mix the materials and water, after which the moist
mixture shall be brought to the construction site by truck, spread to
a uniform depth by an aggregate spreader and compacted. Whilst
this construction process is more expensive than the two previously
described, it normally using in large scale works.

2. Cement Stabilization:

Cement stabilization is the most commonly used in subgrade

capping and/or subbase layers in major road pavements, and in
subbases and roadbeds of secondary type roads. It is never used in
surface courses because, as well as having poor resistance to
abrasion, it must be protected from moisture entry into the cracks
that will inevitably form the cement treated material.

The major factors of cement stabilization use widely are because of

following reasons;

- Easily availability of cement in all places

- Use of cement usually involves less care and control than

many other stabilizers.

- More technical information available of cement treated soil

mixture

than any other type of soil stabilization.

- Most type of soils can be stabilized with cement if

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 enough is used with the right amount of water and proper
compaction and curing.

Cement as a stabilizing medium can be very effective if used

properly. Appropriate particle size distribution, thorough mixing and
maintenance of optimum moisture levels will yield a successful mix
with maximum final set strength. A compromise in any of the above
will result in a reduction in strength of the finished product. However
final set strength is not the only requirement of cement, adequate
workability and adequate (if low) strength prior to curing are two
others. These other requirements often conflict with the
maximization of final strength – for example by calling for higher clay
content.

A suitable soil can be considered to be one that has no organic

material, has a clay content between 10% and 20% and has a fair
range of well distributed particle sizes up to a maximum of 20mm in
diameter. The moisture of the soil- cement mixture needs to be
carefully controlled. There needs to be sufficient moisture for the
cement to fully hydrate but no excess of water which would reduce
the final density, increase porosity and reduce final strength.

The dry soil is to be mixed with the cement and the required water
added. The mixture then needs to be formed and left in a 100%
humidity environment within 30 to 45 minutes of mixing the cement
and soil with the water. This is to ensure that the cement has
sufficient water to hydrate and also that the mixture is not
manipulated again after the critical time.

Curing of the mixture takes several weeks, but the green strength of
the material must be sufficient to remove the formed material, handle
it and perhaps even directly place it into a structure. Multi-stage
curing may be possible, but the re-application of moisture may cause
surface cracking and the extent of this needs to be further
investigated.

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3. Lime stabilization

Lime, either alone or in combination with other materials, can be

used to treat a range of soil types. The mineralogical properties of
the soils will determine their degree of reactivity with lime and the
ultimate strength that the stabilized layers will develop. In general,
fine-grained clay soils (with a minimum of 25 percent passing the
#200 sieve (74mm) and a Plasticity Index greater than 10) are
considered to be good candidates for stabilization. Soils containing
significant amounts of organic material (greater than about 1
percent) or sulfates (greater than 0.3 percent) may require additional
lime and/or special construction procedures.

When lime and water are added to a clay soil, chemical reactions
begin to occur almost immediately.

1. Drying: If quicklime is used, it immediately hydrates (i.e.,

chemically combines with water) and releases heat. Soils are
dried, because water present in the soil participates in this
reaction, and because the heat generated can evaporate
additional moisture. The hydrated lime produced by these initial
reactions will subsequently react with clay particles.

2. Modification: After initial mixing, the calcium ions (Ca++) from

hydrated lime migrate to the surface of the clay particles and
displace water and other ions. The soil becomes friable and
granular, making it easier to work and compact. At this stage the
Plasticity Index of the soil decreases dramatically, as does its
tendency to swell and shrink. The process, which is called
“flocculation and agglomeration," generally occurs in a matter of
hours.

3. Stabilization: When adequate quantities of lime and water are

added, the pH of the soil quickly increases to above 10.5, which
enables the clay particles to break down. The soil is transformed
from a sandy, granular material to a hard, relatively impermeable

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 layer with significant load bearing capacity. The process begins
within hours and can continue for years in a properly designed
system.

Lime-Pozzolan Mixtures for Soils with Low Amounts of Clay

Lime by itself can react with soils containing as little as 7 percent

clay and Plasticity Indices as low as 10. If the soil is not sufficiently
reactive, lime can be combined with an additional source of silica
and alumina. Such “pozzolans” include fly ash and ground blast
furnace slag. The additional silica and alumina from the pozzolan
react with the lime to form the strong cementitious matrix that
characterizes a lime-stabilized layer. Properly proportioned mixtures
of lime and pozzolans can modify or stabilize nearly any soil, but are
typically used for soils with low to medium plasticity.

Fly ash is the most commonly used pozzolan. It is the finely divided
residue that results from the combustion of pulverized coal in power
plant boilers, which is transported from the combustion chamber by
exhaust gases.

Construction steps:

The following construction recommendations apply to the use of

hydrated lime and quicklime in the stabilization or modification of
subgrade (subbase) and base courses.

1. Scarification and Initial Pulverization:

After the soil has been brought to line and grade, the subgrade
can be scarified to the specified depth and width and then partially
pulverized. It is desirable to remove non-soil materials larger than
75mm, such as stumps, roots, turf, and aggregates.

2. Lime Spreading:

i. Quicklime

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 There are two ways that dry quicklime can be applied.
First, self- unloading trucks or trailers can distribute
quicklime pneumatically or mechanically the full width of
the truck. Because granular and pebble quicklime flow is
more controllable than hydrated lime, it is a common
practice to use trucks with built in aggregate-type
spreaders.

ii. Dry Hydrated Lime

Hydrated lime should be uniformly spread at the specified

percentage from suitably equipped trucks. An approved
spreader is preferable for uniform distribution. The
application rate of dry hydrated lime can be measured
using the same method as described above for quicklime.

3. Slurry

In this application, the soil is generally scarified and the slurry is

applied by distributor trucks. Because lime in slurry form is much
less concentrated than dry lime, often two or more passes are
required to provide the specified amount of lime solids. To
prevent runoff and consequent non-uniform lime distribution, the
slurry is mixed into the soil immediately after each spreading
pass.

4. Preliminary Mixing and Watering

5. Preliminary mixing is required to distribute the lime throughout

the soil and to initially pulverize the soil to prepare for the addition
of water to initiate the chemical reaction for stabilization. This
mixing can begin with scarification. Scarification may not be
necessary for some modern mixers, however. During this
process or immediately after, water should be added.

6. Mellowing Period

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 The lime-soil mixture should mellow sufficiently to allow the
chemical reaction to change (break down) the material. The
duration of this mellowing period should be based on engineering
judgment and is dependent on soil type. The mellowing period is
typically 1 to 7 days. After mellowing, the soil should be remixed
before compaction. For low Plasticity Index soils, or when drying
or modification is the goal, mellowing is often not necessary.

7. Final Mixing and Pulverization

To accomplish complete stabilization, adequate final

pulverization of the clay fraction and thorough distribution of the
lime throughout the soil are essential. Mixing and pulverization
should continue until 100 percent of non-stone material passes
the 1-inch sieve and at least 60 percent of non- stone material
passes the number 4 sieve.

8. Compaction

The lime-soil mixture should be compacted to the density

required by specification, typically at least 95 percent of the
maximum density obtained Standard test.

Equipment: To ensure adequate compaction, the equipment

should be matched to the depth of the lift. Compaction can be
accomplished in one lift using heavy pneumatic or vibratory
padfoot rollers or a combination of the sheepsfoot and light
pneumatic vibratory padfoot rollers or tamping

foot rollers. Typically, the final surface compaction is completed

using a steel wheel roller.

9. Final Curing

Before placing the next layer of subbase (or base course), the
compacted subgrade (or subbase) should be allowed to harden
until loaded dump trucks can operate without rutting the surface.

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 During this time, the surface of the lime treated soil should be
kept moist to aid in strength gain. This is called “curing” and can
be done in two ways: (a) moist curing, which consists of
maintaining the surface in a moist condition by light sprinkling
and rolling when necessary, and (b) membrane curing, which
involves sealing the compacted layer with a bituminous prime
coat emulsion.

4. Bituminous stabilization

In Bituminous stabilization method bituminous materials are

thoroughly mixing into a soil or soil aggregate mixture to construct
the base course, and surface course, capable to carry traffic load
under normal conditions of moisture and traffic.

Depending on the granulometric composition and physical

properties of the soil, there are four types of bitumen-stabilized
products, as follows;

1. Soil bitumen: waterproofed cohesive soil. Best results are

obtained with soils with grain size such that, a) maximum size is
not greater than approx. one-third of the compacted thickness or
the same as thickness of compacted base course.

2. Sand bitumen: Loose sand particles cemented with bitumen. The sad
can

be beach or river sand. existing roadway material, substantially

free from organic matters, lumps, or adherent fills of clay are also
included in this category.

3. Waterproofed granular stabilization: A good gradation of soil

particles,

from coarse to fine and having a high potential density, is

waterproofed by addition of 1 to 2 percent bitumen.

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 4. Oiled earth: A soil surface consisting of silt-clay materials is
stabilized by spraying slow or medium curing bitumen cutbacks
or emulsions. The main purpose of oiled earth is to produce a
water and abrasion resistant surface.

These are the four major kind of soil stabilization on road works, there are
many other kind of soil stabilization methods are in practice for building
construction sectors.

Answer :

Prepare concrete formwork and concrete reinforcement checklist?

1) CHECKLIST - FORMWORK

Safety in Formwork is twofold; safe working conditions for workmen, plus

adequate design and construction to ensure safety of structure. It required
knowledge of formwork and understanding of safe formwork removal and
reshoring.

Following checklist indicated sufficient information on safety limit of formwork.

Checklist - Overall Safety

✓ Safe working areas and safe passageways provided to and from the
work areas— this means: safe working scaffolds, ladders, runways,
ramps and crossings.

✓ Continuous good housekeeping maintained to keep the work areas

and passages safe.

✓ All exposed perimeter edges and all floor openings guarded.

✓ Amount of work space for each worker checked for adequacy without
crowding.

✓ Safety training provided for foremen and sub-foremen, and safety

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 orientation for unskilled workers or new employees.

✓ Safety practices of skilled workers or longtime employees re-examined.

✓ Provisions made to keep new or unskilled workmen away from

potential danger spots.

✓ Adequate personal safety equipment provided for all workers.

✓ Safe power tools provided, and safety features rechecked as part of

routine maintenance.

✓ Safe temporary electrical power cables and outlets installed in

accordance with OSHA and local requirements.

✓ Formwork rigging inserts or connections checked to be sure they

are correctly installed, and rigging periodically reexamined for wear
and correct positioning.

✓ All loose hanging forms removed during stripping operations.

✓ All loose material stored on open upper floors tied down or otherwise
secured.

✓ Exposed nails from all stripped lumber removed or bent.

✓ Exposed form ties projecting into the work area bent or removed.

✓ Toward the end of the day, additional inspection and supervision of

work performed, to counteract carelessness due to fatigue.

✓ Watch maintained at all times for fires in formwork, but especially at

the close of the work day.

✓ Above all inspection to see that the forming system is complete in

all details before placing concrete.

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Checklist - Wall Form Safety

✓ Lateral bracing provided as shown on the drawing s, firmly attached

to the forms and to points of support.

✓Blackouts braced to resist vertical and lateral loads; bulkheads braced to

resist lateral pressure and spreading of walls.

✓ Offsets, pilasters, edge forms and single-faced forms checked to see

that they are adequately tied and braced.

✓ Exterior corners of forms tied to pre vent spreading.

✓ All wall ties checked for proper strength, spacing and length.

✓ Resistance provided against uplift for top forms with sloping faces.

✓ Wales checked for proper spacing, with joints staggered from one tier to the
next.

✓ In double-member wales, one member left continuous across form ties at

splices.

✓ Adequate lap provided between forms and previous construction, and

any connecting hardware carefully secured.

✓ Rate of pour not to exceed that shown on working drawings.

✓ Experienced form watchers at work during the concrete placement.

✓ Care in vibrating when penetrating an earlier lift.

Checklist - Supported Forms And Shoring

✓ Suitability of mud sill sizes for shore loads and bearing value of soil;
working drawings checked for guidance.

✓ Soil firmly compacted under mud sills and proper drainage provided to
prevent ponding of water in the area.

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✓ Soil, if unstable, removed and replaced with stabilized material under
the sills; mudsills not supported on frozen ground.

✓ Ground level slab completed wherever possible before shoring is

erected for supported slabs.

✓ Individual shores laced both ways with continuous runners, and shoring
system braced laterally.

✓ Timber shoring checked to see that it is sound, properly sized, plumb

and not butt spliced; hardwood wedges checked to see that they are
tight and safety nailed to pre vent slippage from vibration.

✓ Provision of patented clamps on adjustable wood shores; clamps

firmly locked into place and safety nailed; direction of splice alternated
for greater stability.

✓ Freedom from damage of tubular welded frame shoring; pins installed

and fully braced.

✓ Special bracing provided for tall tubular welded frame shoring.

✓ Proper bearing provided for stringers and joists at points of support.

✓ Ledgers or stringers either firmly attached to shores or bridged to pre

vent overturning from lateral forces.

✓ Deep joists laterally braced to prevent overturning.

✓ On sloping slab or beam forms, extra bracing added to resist lateral forces.

✓ On supported forms, localized concentrated loads prevented unless

forms were specifically designed for such loads.

✓ Columns poured at least one day ahead of slabs for added lateral stability

✓ Pour sequence schedule shown on formwork drawings followed to

prevent eccentric loadings.

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 ✓ High drops from concrete buckets prevented, and ponding of concrete
on supported forms prohibited.

✓ Sudden starts or stops with powered concrete buggies avoided.

✓ Concrete slabs allowed adequate time to develop strength before

removal of shores or restores (Temperature and admixtures also have
an important effect on strength development.)

✓ Restores fitted firmly in accordance with working drawings, but not

wedged so tight as to preload the floor.

✓ No construction loads placed on new construction while reshoring is in

progress.

2) CHECKLIST - REINFROCEMENT

✓ Check steel are placed as per drawing.

✓ Check rebars are straight.

✓ Check the dia of rebar.

✓ Check spacing of rebar.

✓ Check hooks and bends are placed as specified by structural designer.

✓ Check the lap length is accurate.

✓ Check the clear cover.

✓ Check cover blocks are enough.

✓ Check the rebars are rust free.

✓ Check the rebars are crack free.

✓ Check minimum 1 inch clear distance is maintained between two bars.

✓ Check the rods are tied properly with binding wire.

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Bibliography / References
 Text book of NICMAR Construction Technology.
 Websites.

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