THE IMAGO DEI: UNDERSTANDING HUMANITY AS CREATED IN THE IMAGE AND

LIKENESS OF GOD

A Synthesis Paper
Presented to
ELPIDIO F. BITON JR., PhD.
Religious Studies Faculty, School of Liberal Arts
Atene de Zamboanga University

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in
Vocation and Mission in the Christian and Islamic Tradition (C-VOCMIS)

By:

Zoezel Annleih T. Layong

BSMA 1

May 13, 2024

 Synthesis Paper on The Imago Dei: Understanding Humanity as Created in the
Image of God

Introduction:

“Loving the Lord Your God” we hear this phrase when we go to Church or encounter
someone who devotes their life to Jesus. We always find ourselves tangled with Genesis 1:26 yet
we may fully know but it is always unknown. This bible verse was already imprinted from
generation to generation yet humans as their nature, didn’t know what these words meant or
simply, they didn’t put their passion into understanding it. What does it mean to be created in
the image of God?

The Doctrine of the Imago Dei, that human beings are created in the “image and likeness
of God,” is central to Christian life and practice and touches, perhaps even helps to form, every
other doctrine of the Christian faith in one way or another. We do not think about God who
creates humanity in God’s image. The core belief of the Imago Dei, asserting that humans are
fashioned in the "image and likeness of God," is fundamental to Christian doctrine and informs
various aspects of Christian faith. Although the precise nature of this assertion remains largely
undefined in Hebrew and Christian Scriptures and is absent from creeds, it remains a subject of
ongoing contemplation among theologians, clergy, and believers. The exploration of what it truly
means for humans to bear the image and likeness of God is an enduring pursuit, shaping our
understanding of human identity and occupying a central position across various disciplines
beyond theology. (Bates, 2022)

Various interpretations of the concept of being created in the "image of God" exist,
ranging from emphasizing inherent human capacities to highlighting spiritual orientation or
stewardship responsibilities. Vladimir Lossky's examination of the Imago Dei in Church Fathers
demonstrates diverse applications, revealing insights into fundamental aspects of human nature.
These interpretations include dominion over nature, specific human attributes, qualities of the
soul, and the formal condition of free will. Lossky and other theologians grapple with language
limitations in conveying human nature and relationship with God.
 In this issue of Christian Bioethics, authors explore how differing interpretations of the
Imago Dei shape biomedical moral decision-making. Some, like John Kilner and Brad Mellon,
emphasize Christ as the moral standard, rejecting the equating of divine image with specific traits
or capacities. Mary Jo Iozzio highlights liberation theology's view on the preferential option for
the poor, informing the treatment of persons with disabilities. Bryan Pilkington examines the
bioethical implications for human dignity, while B. Andrew Lustig questions the independence
and specificity of faith-based claims regarding human dignity, ultimately affirming their potential
contribution to ethical debates. These contributions collectively map out the theological
significance of the Imago Dei and its relevance to Christian bioethics (Lossky, 1957; Lustig, 2017).

The shifting tides of how this doctrine has been developed over the years and how we
answer this question tell us as much about what we think about God as they do about what we
think about ourselves, of humanity and personhood in general, of those who share our faith, of
those of other faiths, and of those of no faith at all. This is because this doctrine touches the heart
of existence, communicating to us that at this heart is an indissoluble connection with God, the
one who created us.

Thesis Statement:

Exploring the concept of Imago Dei, which refers to humanity being created in the image
of God, reveals not only theological depth but also profound implications for human identity,
relationships, and ethical frameworks, making it a foundational pillar in Christian doctrine and
ethical discourse. From a Christian-philosophical standpoint, it is asserted that humans were
created in the image and likeness of God. The discussion proceeds by outlining various
perspectives: Firstly, there's a recognition that one's understanding of reality (ontology) and
human nature (anthropology) profoundly influences the interpretation of "imago Dei."

Moreover, this is exemplified by older essentiality viewpoints which likened the image of
God in humanity analogically, emphasizing both similarities and differences between divine and
human natures. Subsequently, it is acknowledged that more recent relational perspectives on
the image of God also fail to capture its full complexity. The subsequent section delves into how
certain reformational philosophers interpreted this enigmatic Biblical concept regarding
humanity. It is suggested that their perspective on human nature can rectify numerous
misunderstandings surrounding the "Imago et Similitudo Dei" and potentially unveil broader
perspectives.

Organization and Structure:

The concept of the Imago Dei in Christianity is explored, focusing on its theological and
philosophical dimensions. The significance of understanding not just humanity as created in the
image and likeness of God but also further understanding the concept of self as it is involved in
societal norms.

Integration of Sources/Analysis and Interpretation

Exploring the Imago Dei, or the notion of humanity being fashioned in the image of God,
involves a nuanced examination of religious and philosophical viewpoints. Nath (2015) suggests
that the genesis of religion remains an enigmatic subject, with scholars proposing various
theories on its origins and development.

This universal aspect of religious belief, as underscored by Pyysiaine & Hauser (2009),
transcends cultural and temporal boundaries, reflecting an innate aspect of human nature. In
categorizing religious systems, Anon (2018) distinguishes between polytheistic, pantheistic, and
monotheistic beliefs, each with its unique historical context and implications. Assmann (2004)
further delineates the contrast between polytheistic and monotheistic worldviews, highlighting
the latter's assertion of identity in opposition to the former.

The definition of religion, as proposed by Martineau (cited by Harrison, 2006),

encompasses belief in an ever-living God, while Harrison (2006) challenges essentialist
definitions, advocating for a conceptual framework based on "family resemblances" among
religions. Durkheim's (1986) definition of religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices that
foster community cohesion provides additional insight into the complexities of religious
discourse. In the context of the Imago Dei, these diverse perspectives contribute to a deeper
understanding of humanity's divine connection, influencing notions of human identity, ethical
frameworks, and theological discourse.
Analysis and Interpretation/Critical Thinking

In exploring the concept of the Imago Dei, it becomes evident that humanity's significance
and identity are deeply intertwined with its relationship to God. The Psalmist's query, "What is
man that You take thought of him?" encapsulates a longstanding philosophical and theological
inquiry into human nature and purpose (Psalms 8:4, NASB).

Throughout history, various philosophical and religious perspectives have shaped

humanity's understanding of its relationship with the divine. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's reflection
on human self-perception as mirrored in the divine underscores the intricate interplay between
humanistic thought and theological understanding (Rousseau, 2015).

Stanley Grenz's assertion that acknowledging God as Creator forms the basis for human
identity underscores the theological significance of the Imago Dei (Grenz, 1998). The biblical
narrative of creation in Genesis portrays humanity as bearing the image and likeness of God,
signifying a relational and ontological connection with the divine (Genesis 1:26).While
interpretations vary regarding the precise meaning of "image" and "likeness," scholars like Jack
Cottrell emphasize the inherent spiritual nature of humanity's resemblance to God (Cottrell,
2002). Moreover, theological reflections on God's transcendence, omniscience, and sovereignty
provide a framework for understanding humanity's intellectual, moral, and relational capacities
as reflections of the divine image (Tertullian, 2011).

Quintus Tertullian's elucidation of the soul's rational consciousness underscores

humanity's unique ability for self-awareness and moral discernment (Tertullian, 2011).
Furthermore, the cultural mandate outlined in Genesis 1:28 highlights humanity's role as
stewards of creation, endowed with the responsibility to exercise dominion and cultivate the
earth (Genesis 1:28). Karl Barth's distinction between dominium as a consequence rather than
the essence of the divine image emphasizes humanity's relational and moral dimensions
(Berkouwer, 1962).

Thus, humanity's bearing of the Imago Dei entails not only a likeness to God's attributes
but also a vocation to reflect God's character through moral responsibility and relational
integrity. Through a critical synthesis of biblical, theological, and philosophical perspectives, one
can discern the profound implications of the Imago Dei for understanding human nature,
identity, and purpose within the context of divine creation.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The concept of the Imago Dei, or the Image of God, has long been a focal point in
theological and philosophical discourse regarding human identity. Rooted in religious texts such
as Genesis, this notion posits that humanity bears a unique resemblance to the divine. This essay
aims to explore the multifaceted nature of understanding humanity through the lens of the
Imago Dei, considering its advantages and disadvantages in shaping ethical frameworks,
relational dynamics, and philosophical perspectives.

The Imago Dei affirms the inherent worth and dignity of every human being, transcending
external attributes or societal status. This perspective fosters respect for human life and serves
as a foundation for promoting equality, justice, and human rights. Understanding humanity as
bearing the Image of God provides a robust ethical framework, guiding moral decision-making
based on compassion, kindness, and integrity. It serves as a moral compass, promoting actions
that uphold the sanctity of life and contribute to the common good. The Imago Dei underscores
the relational nature of human identity, emphasizing empathy, compassion, and mutual respect
in interpersonal relationships. This perspective encourages solidarity and shared responsibility
for the well-being of others within communities and societies. Belief in the Imago Dei imbues
human existence with purpose and meaning, emphasizing humanity's role as co-creators and
stewards of God's creation. It encourages individuals to live purposefully, contributing to the
betterment of society and nurturing the world around them.

On the other hand, in contrast to the advantages, the Imago Dei may be susceptible to
exclusivist interpretations, fostering attitudes of superiority or exclusivity among certain groups
or individuals. This mindset can lead to discrimination, prejudice, and social divisions,
undermining the principle of human equality. The notion of humanity's dominion over creation,
derived from the Imago Dei, has been misused to justify exploitation, environmental degradation,
and abuse of power. This misuse reflects a distorted understanding of humanity's role as
stewards of God's creation, resulting in harm to both the environment and marginalized
communities. Different theological interpretations of the Imago Dei may lead to doctrinal
disputes and divisions within religious communities.

Variations in understanding can give rise to theological debates, hindering unity and
cooperation among believers. In conclusion, the Imago Dei perspective offers valuable insights
into the nature and significance of human identity, guiding ethical conduct, relational dynamics,
and philosophical reflection. However, it also presents challenges such as exclusivism, misuse of
power, and psychological pressure, which must be critically examined and addressed. By
navigating the advantages and disadvantages of the Imago Dei perspective with sensitivity and
discernment, we can cultivate a deeper understanding of human identity and strive toward a
more inclusive, compassionate, and just society.
Conclusion:

The study of humanity's essence and meaning, as seen through diverse religious and
philosophical lenses, offers a deep and nuanced understanding. From Aquinas' theological
treatises to modern writings like Volf and Pope Francis, one recurring idea emerges: humanity's
intrinsic value originates from its creation in the image of God.

This divine imprint includes characteristics like reason, moral consciousness, and
relational potential, which elevate humanity above simple material existence. However, this
elevated position includes obligations and problems. Humans, given free will and moral agency,
must manage the ethical quandaries presented by their ability to transcend themselves and
relate to others.

Those regenerated in the image of God are promised a magnificent future, with new
heavens and earth where righteousness lives. God's purpose of redemption in Christ would be
significantly shortened if it simply included the "spiritual" salvation of those who believe in Jesus.
Biblical eschatology predicts the restoration of all three relationships in a future where God's
people can enjoy uninterrupted communion with him. Since Abraham, God's people have longed
for the day when life in all its dimensions may be lived fully for God's glory. This wonderful biblical
ideal should inspire Christians who now reflect God's likeness in imperfect but improving ways.
References

The Imago Dei. (n.d.). Google Books.

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