SALT ANALYSIS

SALT A NALYSIS
It deals with the identification of radicals present in the given salt
Cation derived from the base is termed as basic radical
Anion derived from acid is termed an acidic radical
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H₂O

SIMPLY CONCISE

Preliminary Test → Confirmatory test

TESTS FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
Acidic Radicals

SIMPLY CONCISE Group 1 Group 2

PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻

Class A Class B
CO₃²⁻, S²⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,
NO₂⁻, SO₃²⁻ NO₃²⁻
give volatile products give volatile products
with dil. acid with conc. acid
 TESTS FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
Acidic Radicals

SIMPLY CONCISE
Group 1 Group 2
PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻

for soluble salts - water extract

Class A Class B for insoluble salts - soda extract
CO₃²⁻, S²⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, Δ
MX + Na₂CO₃ NaX
NO₂⁻, SO₃²⁻ NO₃²⁻
soluble
give volatile products give volatile products
with dil. acid with conc. acid
 ACIDIC RADICALS
Preliminary test for CO₃²⁻, S²⁻, NO₂⁻, SO₃²⁻ :
the action of dilute sulphuric acid on the salt is noted at room temperature
and on warming. Study of the characteristics of the gases evolved gives
information about the anions.

Preliminary test for Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, NO₃²⁻ :

SIMPLY CONCISE
the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on the salt is noted at room
temperature and on warming. Study of the characteristics of the gases
evolved gives information about the anions.
 ACIDIC RADICALS - G1A
Test for CO₃²⁻ :
Preliminary test
Na₂CO₃ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + H₂O + CO₂ ↑ brisk effervescence

Confirmatory test
→ CaCO₃ + H₂O
SIMPLY CONCISE
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ lime water turns milky
CaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → Ca(HCO₃)₂ milkiness disappears

Test for S²⁻ :

Preliminary test
Na₂S + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + H₂S ↑ rotten egg like smell

Confirmatory test
(CH₃COO)₂Pb + H₂ S→ PbS + CH₃COOH black ppt of PbS
Na₂S + Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO] → Na₄[Fe(CN)₅NOS] violet coloured complex
sodium nitroprusside
 ACIDIC RADICALS - G1A
Test for SO₃²⁻ :
Preliminary test
Na₂SO₃ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + H₂O + SO₂ ↑ smell of burning sulphur

Confirmatory test
→ SO₄²⁻ + Cr³⁺
SIMPLY CONCISE
SO₂ + Cr₂O₇²⁻ K₂Cr₂O₇ paper turns green

Test for NO₂⁻ :

Preliminary test
NaNO₂ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + HNO₂
HNO₂ Δ NO
NO + O₂ → NO₂ ↑ reddish brown fumes

Confirmatory test
CH₃COOH KI
NO₂⁻ HNO₂ I₂
H⁺
I₂ + starch → blue complex starch solution turns blue
 ACIDIC RADICALS - G1B
Test for NO₃⁻ :
Preliminary test
NaNO₃ + H₂SO₄ → NaHSO₄ + H₂O + HNO₃
HNO₃ Δ NO₂ ↑ light brown fumes

SIMPLY CONCISE
Confirmatory test : Brown Ring test

+ →
brown ring at junction
salt + aq
conc. H₂SO₄ FeSO₄

NaNO₃ + H₂SO₄ → NaHSO₄ + H₂O + HNO₃

HNO₃ + FeSO₄ + H₂SO₄ → Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + H₂O + NO
NO + FeSO₄ → [Fe(H₂O) (NO)]SO₄
5
nitroso ferrous sulphate
 ACIDIC RADICALS - G1B
Test for Cl⁻ :
Preliminary test
NaCl + H₂SO₄ → NaHSO₄ + HCl ↑ pungent smell

Confirmatory test : Chromyl chloride test

→ KHSO₄ + CrO₂Cl₂ + NaHSO₄ + H₂O
SIM
→ PLY CONCISE
NaCl + K₂Cr₂O₇ + H₂SO₄
CrO₂Cl₂ + NaOH Na₂CrO₄ + NaCl + H₂O
→
Na₂CrO₄ + (CH₃COO)₂Pb PbCrO₄ + CH₃COONa yellow ppt of PbCrO₄

Test for Br⁻ :

Preliminary test
NaBr + H₂SO₄ → SO₂ + Na₂SO₄ +H₂O + Br₂ ↑ reddish brown fumes

Confirmatory test :
NaBr + H₂SO₄ + MnO₂ → MnSO₄ + Na₂SO₄ +H₂O + Br₂ ↑ fumes get intensify

NaBr + AgNO₃ → NaNO₃ + AgBr pale yellow ppt of AgBr

 ACIDIC RADICALS - G1B
Test for I⁻ :
Preliminary test
NaI + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + SO₂ + H₂O + I₂ ↑ deep violet vapours

Confirmatory test :
→ MnSO₄ + Na₂SO₄ + H₂O + I₂ ↑
S→ I M P L Y C O N C I S E
NaI + H₂SO₄ + MnO₂ vapours densify
I₂ + starch blue complex starch solution turns blue
TESTS FOR BASIC RADICAL
Tests
for prepare original sol.
H₂O > dil. HCl > conc. HCl >
dil. HNO₃ > aqua regia

SIMPLY CONCISE
Dry tests Wet tests
confirmatory
test

Flame test Borax bead test

Preliminary tests
 oxidising flame
FLAME TEST
reducing flame

colour basic radical

Pt wire
blue green Cu²⁺
crimson red Sr²⁺

SIMPLY CONCISE
apple green Ba²⁺
brick red Ca²⁺
violet K⁺
test salt
golden yellow Na⁺
blue Cs⁺

Be²⁺ and Mg²⁺ do not impart red Li⁺

colour in flame test due to high IE pale violet Rb⁺
 BORAX BEAD TEST
Pt wire

Δ
Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O Na₂B₄O₇ + 10H₂O
Na ₂B₄ O₇ 740° C
Na BO ₂ + B₂O ₃
borax

SIMPLY CONCISE
transparent
test salt glassy bead

in oxidising flame in reducing flame

in cold in hot in cold in hot basic radical
blue green red colourless Cu²⁺
red brown violet grey grey Ni²⁺
light violet light violet colourless colourless Mn²⁺
yellow yellow green green green Fe³⁺
blue blue blue blue Co²⁺
green green green green Cr²⁺
 WET TEST
SIMPLY CONCISE
for prepare original sol.
H₂O > dil. HCl > conc. HCl > dil. HNO₃ > aqua regia
 WET TEST
Original solution group 0
dil. HCl NH₄⁺

ppt no ppt
pass H₂S gas
group I

SIMPLY CONCISE
Pb²⁺, Ag⁺ , Hg⁺
ppt no ppt heat OS with HNO₃, cool & add
NH₄OH +NH₄Cl sol. in excess
group II
Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, As³⁺
ppt no ppt
pass H₂S gas
group III
Fe³⁺, Al³⁺
ppt no ppt take OS & add NH₄OH
+ solid (NH₄)₂CO₃
group IV
Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺
ppt no ppt take OS & test for
group VI
group V
Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ca²⁺
Mg²⁺
 WET TEST - GI
Test for Pb²⁺ :
dil. HCl
OS AgCl, PbCl₂, Hg₂Cl₂
ppt KI
PbI₂ soluble in boiling H₂O
hot water yellow

SIMPLY CONCISE
insoluble
AgCl, Hg₂Cl₂
soluble
PbCl₂
K₂Cr₂O₄
PbCrO₄
yellow
soluble in NaOH

H₂SO₄
PbSO₄ soluble in CH₃COONH₄
white
 WET TEST - GII
Test for Cu²⁺ & Pb²⁺ :
dil. HCl
OS PbS, Cu S, As₂S₃, SnS
H₂S
ppt
YAS

SIMPLY CONCISE
soluble insoluble
II B As₂S₃, SnS II A PbS, Cu S, HgS
HNO₃
chocolate brown ppt
HgS Pb(NO₃)₂, Cu (NO₃)₂ Cu₂[Fe(CN)₆]
H₂SO₄
K₄[Fe(CN)₆]

PbSO₄ Cu(NO₃)₂ CuSO₄

KI
yellow PbI₂ CH₃COONH₄ aq. NH₃ CH₃COOH
excess
(NH₄)₂[Pb(OAc)₄] Cu(OH)₂.CuSO₄ [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄
NH₄OH
K₂CrO₄ deep blue
yellow PbCrO₄
 WET TEST - GIII
Test for Fe³⁺ & Al³⁺ :
OS Fe(OH)₃, Al(OH)₃ white
ppt gelatinous ppt
dil. NaOH
Al(OH)₃ HCl
AlCl₃ Al(OH)₃

SIMPLY CONCISE
excess
K₄[Fe(CN)₆] NaOH
Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃
prussian blue NaAlO₂
Fe(OH)₃ ppt soluble
dil. HCl
K₄[Fe(CN)₆]
FeCl₃ excess
KFe[Fe(CN)₆]
prussian blue dil. blue red
sol. Al(OH)₃ HCl
AlCl₃ colouration
litmus
excess
KSCN NaOH
Fe[SCN]²⁺ lake test
blood red Al(OH)₃
forms blue absorption
complex named lake
 WET TEST - GIV
Test for Zn²⁺ & Ni²⁺ :
OS ZnS, MnS, NiS, CoS
ppt

NiS
ZnS

SIMPLY CONCISE
aqua
K₄[Fe(CN)₆] regia
dil. HCl Zn₂[Fe(CN)₆]
bluish white ppt DMG
ZnCl₂ NiCl₂ Ni(DMG)₂
rosy red ppt
NaOH
Zn(OH)₂
excess
NaOH

Na₂ZnO₂
soluble
 WET TEST - GV
Test for Ba²⁺ & Ca²⁺ :
OS CaCO₃, BaCO₃
ppt
Flame test salt + conc HCl
CH₃COOH
paste of ppt

SIMPLY CONCISE
Pt wire

(CH₃COO)₂Ca, (CH₃COO)₂Ba

grassy green Ba²⁺

(NH₄)₂C₂O₄ K₂CrO₄
brick red Ca²⁺
CaC₂O₄ BaCrO₄
white yellow
 WET TEST - GVI
Test for Mg²⁺ :
NH₄Cl
Mg²⁺ Na₂HPO₄
Mg(NH₄)PO₄
white ppt

SIMPLY CONCISE
 WET TEST - G 0
Test for NH₄⁺ :
(NH₄)₂SO₄ + NaOH Na₂SO₄ + NH₃ + H₂O
K₂HgI₄
NH₃ KOH
H₂N - HgO - HgI
brown ppt
Nessler’s

SIMPLY CONCISE
reagent iodide of millon’s base