Received 18 January 2023, accepted 8 February 2023, date of publication 13 February 2023, date of current version 25 May 2023.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3244242

Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method

for Mining 5G Communication System
LIYA ZHANG 1 , (Member, IEEE), WEI YANG 1, BONAN HAO2 ,
ZHIFANG YANG 2 , AND QING ZHAO2
1 School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2 China Coal Research Institute Company Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
Corresponding author: Liya Zhang (383916452@qq.com)
This work was supported in part by the National Science Fund Subsidized Project under Grant 62071032; and in part by the Special Fund
for Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Tiandi Technology Company Ltd., under Grant 2022-2-TD-ZD001 and
Grant 2022-TD-ZD001.

ABSTRACT In the actual production of coal mines, the transmission needs of existing underground
applications cannot be met due to a lack of strategies and customized equipment for underground
5G application scenarios, which causes increased underground data processing delay and low transmission
efficiency. To solve the problem above, the mobile edge computing (MEC) technology based on the
5G wireless base station is studied, and underground 5G communication capability is improved by edge
caching and dynamic resource allocation according to the actual situation of coal mines. The experimental
result shows that under the premise of maintaining the rated power and transmit power of the existing base
station, the average delay of executing tasks is 15 ms, which is 50% lower than the average delay of all
local execution methods. The average delay is 37.5% lower than all MEC execution methods. At the same
time, the uplink rate of a single base station can reach 1 Gbps and the downlink rate can reach 1.5 Gbps.
Our method can significantly improve the reliability of mining 5G communication systems and the rational
allocation of resources.

INDEX TERMS Mine 5G communication, mobile edge computing, deep learning, intelligent coal mine.

I. INTRODUCTION applications, and innovating applications and services [2],

Intelligent coal mining is a guarantee of high-quality devel-
opment of the coal industry. However, our country is still in
the primary stage of development of coal mine intelligence,
faced with the problems of difficult perception, the unreliable
synchronous transmission of multiple types of data, poor
real-time remote control, and low efficiency of intelligent
decision-making based on big data integration [1]. With its
advantages of large bandwidth, low delay, and wide connec-
tion, 5G technology opens up a channel for efficient informa-
tion interaction among different application scenarios, which
is conducive to reshaping the development of the traditional
coal industry, facilitating the digital transformation of the coal
industry, promoting the deep integration of cloud computing,
big data, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and mobile
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and
approving it for publication was Tiago Cruz . the application of coal mines. With the increasing demand for
[3], [4]. Therefore, applying 5G communication technology
to intelligent coal mining is the only way to develop coal
mining in the future. The process of intelligent coal mining
will be effectively promoted and the way of ‘‘network com-
munication’’ will be built to turn a new page of intelligent
coal mining.
Compared with 4G communication, the working power
and RF energy of the 5G base station in the mine have
greatly improved its application underground. The general
requirement for equipment is that total RF threshold power
shall be ≤ 6W . Therefore, for 5G technology in mine, not
only explosion-proof and indigenous safety design but also
the safety of RF threshold power should be ensured in prac-
tice. Normal MIMO technology and the high-gain antenna of
5G technology are not suitable for underground conditions,
so the advantages of 5G technology are not fully played in

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49730 VOLUME 11, 2023
L. Zhang et al.: Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method for Mining 5G Communication System
5G communication technology in the intelligent construction
of coal mines, it is necessary to explore how to maximize
the bandwidth utilization rate of 5G communication base
stations in mines under the condition of limited resources,
so as to meet the requirements of low-delay, large-bandwidth
and high-speed communication for main system data in intel-
ligent coal mines [5].
As shown in Figure 1, the current 5G network deploy-
ment architecture diagram of coal mines shows that the core
network is installed in the ground central machine room,
with BBU, RHUB, and RRU installed underground. BBU
is connected to RHUB through an optical fiber, and RHUB
is connected to pRRU+ directional antenna through optical
cable to achieve 5G signal coverage [6], [7]. All 5G net-
work communication in underground coal mines relies on
small stations. In order to prevent gas explosions caused
by high-power wireless emission, the RF threshold power
(the product of effective output power of wireless emission
equipment and antenna gain) of wireless emission equipment
in underground coal mines shall not be greater than 6W.
Switching the upstream and downstream time slot ratio is
commonly used to increase the uplink bandwidth. After mod-
ification, the uplink rate can reach 450Mbps [8], [9], [10].
FIGURE 1. 5G network deployment architecture diagram of coal mines.
With the construction of intelligent coal mining, the
application scenarios of 5G network technology in coal
mines are increasing day by day. Chen et al. [11] devel-
oped a traffic-flow prediction algorithm which is based
on long short-term memory (LSTM) with an attention
mechanism to train mobile-traffic data in single-site mode.
Zhang et al. [12] designed an energy-efficient computation
offloading (EECO) scheme, which jointly optimizes offload-
ing and radio resource allocation to obtain the minimal energy
consumption under the latency constraints. Liu et al. [13] pro-
posed a new system design, where probabilistic and statistical
constraints were imposed on task queue lengths, by applying
VOLUME 11, 2023
extreme value theory, which make users reassociated to MEC
servers in order to offload tasks using higher rates or access-
ing proximal servers. However, no strategy or customized
equipment is suitable for these underground scenarios in
actual production. Even after adjusting the existing param-
eters, the advantages of 5G technology cannot be brought
into play and the transmission requirements of existing under-
ground applications cannot be met [14], [15]. At present,
the mine 5G system submitted for approval in safety cer-
tification does not have relevant technology for the special
needs, which carries out explosion-proof transformation on
the ground 5G flameproof products, with large volume and
weight. This raises the following questions:
• Contrary to the ground 5G products focusing on down-
link rate, the performance advantages of existing mine
5G system can not be fully played in the underground
application scenarios, resulting in a waste of most of
bandwidth and performance resources [16].
• At present, there is no optimization strategy for under-
ground application scenarios, such as dynamic resource
allocation strategy, underground edge computing, edge
cache, etc., which leads to the increase of under-
ground data processing delay and low transmission
efficiency [17], [18].
• The volume and weight of flameproof equipment are
too large to install conveniently, which cannot meet the
application requirements of all underground scenarios.
To solve the problems above, an edge computing resource
allocation method for the mining 5G communication system
is proposed. Based on the mobile edge computing (MEC)
technology of 5G wireless base station and the actual sit-
uation of coal mines, the underground 5G communication
capability is improved by edge caching and dynamic resource
allocation. Under the premise of maintaining the rated power
and transmitting power of the existing base station, the uplink
rate of a single base station can reach 1 Gbps and the downlink
rate can reach 10 Gbps by using edge caching and dynamic
resource allocation technology.
II. SYSTEM MODEL CONSTRUCTION
MEC technology is a way to reduce the delay of network
operation and service delivery, by providing an IT service
environment and cloud computing capability at the edge of
a mobile network, where the industrial control scenario with
ultra-low delay and the transmission demand of large band-
width are better met. The sensing, interaction, and control
between things are better realized [19], [20]. The overall
framework of the edge computing resource allocation method
of mining 5G communication system is shown in Figure 2.
A. TERMINAL MODEL
In the application scenario of multi-server users correspond-
ing to the MEC environment in the coal mine, assume that
there are M sets of mobile device terminals Di, and the set
is expressed as A = {1, 2, · · · , M }(i ∈ A). The mobile
49731
 L. Zhang et al.: Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method for Mining 5G Communication System

is Ti,t r (xi ) = BRi xi i , and the transmission power consumption

of mobile terminal Di is:

Ei,t r (xi ) = pi,t r Ti,t r (xi ) (5)

Considering that the edge server is directly powered by

the power grid and has sufficient electric energy in practical
applications, the energy consumption of the edge server will
not be considered. The execution time of the computing task
FIGURE 2. Framework of edge computing resource allocation method.
when the mobile terminal Di is unloaded to the edge server is
as follows:
qi Bi xi
Tes (xi ) = (6)
device Di has randomly distributed in 5G application scenario ki fes
in the coal mine. In the MEC environment underground,
where fes is the counting frequency (period) of the edge
the task unloading ratio of the mobile device terminal Di is
server, assuming that it is fixed in the process of data process-
xi ∈ [0, 1], and fi is the computing frequency of the mobile
ing. ki represents the computing resource allocation ratio of
terminal. Therefore, the local execution time when the task is
the mobile terminal Di. Considering that the task is executed
uninstalled is:
in parallel between the terminal and the edge server, the data
qi Bi (1 − xi ) transmission time of the mobile terminal should be combined
Ti,l (xi ) = (1)
fi with the processing time of the edge server. Thus the total
execution time of the terminal computing task on the edge
where Bi indicates the task data volume of the mobile device
server is:
terminal Di, and qi indicates the constant of the complexity
of the computing task. Let pi,l represents the power of the Ti,e s = Tes (xi ) + Ti,t r (xi ) (7)
mobile device terminal Di, then it can be expressed as:
C. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
pi,l = ki,l (fi )3 (2)
In the actual production of underground coal mines, there are
where ki,l is a constant determined by the terminal chip a lot of latency-sensitive applications, such as video-based
architecture, thus the corresponding product of energy con- target detection and pedestrian recognition. Therefore, the
sumption power of terminal and time is: problem of task processing delay minimization is proposed,
which optimizes spectrum resources, edge service computing
Ei,l (xi ) = pi,l Ti,l (xi ) = qi ki,l Bi (1 − xi ) (fi )2 (3) resources and terminal data offloading ratio. Decision vari-
ables xi , µi , ki ∈ [0, 1]. Since the task is parallel between the
B. COMMUNICATION MODEL terminal and the edge server, the total delay to complete a task
Generally speaking, in the process of mobile communication is:
transmission underground, the transmission speed of down-
Ti = m Tij , Ti,e s

(8)
link is much higher than that of uplink, and the transmission
volume of downlink data is often smaller than that of uplink Then the total delay of task processing in the MEC system
data. Therefore, ignoring the transmission time of downlink, can be described as:
the transmission speed of uplink data can be expressed as:
X Ti,l + Ti,s s Ti,l − Ti,s s
min Z= + (9)
pi,t r (di )−v |h|2
 
xi ,P(ui ,ki ) 2 2
Ri = Sµi W log2 1 + (4) i∈N
σ2
where 0 ≤ xi ≤ 1, 0 ≤ µi , N i=1 µi = 1, 0 ≤
P
where W represents the bandwidth of the mobile communi- PN
ki , i=1 ki = 1, 0 < pi ≤ pmax , 0 < f max , 0 < f ≤
i ≤ fi es
cation uplink; σ 2 represents the channel noise power; di i
fes,,max , Ei,l (xi ) + Ei,t r (xi ) ≤ Emax .
represents the distance between the mobile terminal Di and
the edge server; v represents the path loss index; h represents
D. RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHM
cyclic symmetric complex Gaussian random variable; pi,t r
represents the transmission power of mobile terminal Di, and After the task unloading ratio is given, the communication
the maximum transmission power of mobile terminal Di is spectrum resources and edge server computing resources are
defined as pmax , and S represents the number of channels, allocated for each terminal. The sub-problem of resource
i
where: 0 < pi,t r ≤ pmax allocation can be expressed as:
i,t r .µi represents the proportion of the
uplink bandwidth of mobile terminal Di, where N µ
P
N
i=1 i = 1. X Bi xi Ci xi
If the data with the size Bi xi of mobile terminal Di is unloaded P : min + (10)
pi,s (di )−v |h|2

µi ,ki ki fes
to the edge server for execution, the data transmission time Ti i=1 µi ∗ W log2 1 + σ2

49732 VOLUME 11, 2023

L. Zhang et al.: Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method for Mining 5G Communication System

where 0 ≤ µi , N
PN
i=1 µi = 1, 0 ≤ ki ,
P
i=1 ki = 1. MEC be calculated to represent the attributes of the subfile. For
resource allocation is a convex function of variable sum µi files in image format, each frame image or picture is assigned
and ki , so the Lagrangian function of MEC to deal with the the name of the image as a label to construct the feature
total delay problem can be expressed as: vector. For files in document format, IF-IDF method is used
to calculate the feature vector of the document file. Finally,
L (k, µ, β1 , β2 , θ1 , θ2 )
for each subfile ak in the file Fn , it is expressed in the way of
N N
!
X Bxi X attribute feature vector, that is ak = {c1 , c2 , c3 , . . . , cn }.
=  + β1 µi − 1
Shannon entropy, also known as information entropy,

g2 2
i=1 µ Hog 1 + 2 i=1
describes the relationship between information and proba-
N N N
!
X X cxi X bility mainly through mathematical formulas in informatics.
− β2i µi + + θ1 ki − 1 Its principle mapped to the resource cache is to calculate
kfs
i=1 i=1 i=1 the probability of the occurrence of each attribute value in
N
X the collection where the user has generated behaviors on the
− θ2i ki (11) file. If the probability value is high, it means the information
i=1 is very large. If the probability value is low, it means the
where θ1 , θ2 = [θ21 , θ22 · · · θ2n ]T , β1 , β2 = [β21 , β22 · · · β2n ]T information is small. By calculating the probability of the
are Lagrange multipliers. If this equation has an optimal solu- attribute value, we can judge the distinguishing ability of
tion ki∗ , µ∗i , it needs to meet the conditions that as follows: the attribute. The calculation formula of Shannon entropy is
described as:
∂L Bi x1
+ = − +2
 + β1 − β2i (12) n
∂µi

gipp
X
µi W log 1 + σ2
H =− Pi × log Pi (19)
∂L ci xi i=1
= − ∗ + θ1 − θ2i (13) In the subfile ak , calculate its probability of all attributes
∂ki∗ ki fss
N
! occurring:
|num (cn )|
X
β1 µi − 1 = 0
∗
(14)
pn = (20)
i=1 m
N
X where, pn denotes the occurrence probability of the attribute
β2i µ∗i = 0 (15) value cn , and num( cn ) denotes the total number of subfiles
i=1 in the attribute set whose attribute value is cn , and m denotes
N
!
X the total number of files.
θ1 ki∗ −1 =0 (16) By calculating the Shannon entropy of each attribute in the
i=1 file, the Shannon entropy of the subfile ak can be obtained by
N
X the following formula:
θ2i ki∗ = 0. (17) n
i=1
X
H (ak ) = − Pi × log Pi (21)
By solving the equation above, the optimal configuration i=1
of spectrum and computing resources can be obtained as The size of the Shannon entropy represents the prevalence
follows: of the subfile. The larger the Shannon entropy is, the higher
√ √
Bi xi Ci xi the popularity will be. The first n subfiles of each file F
µi = PN √
+
, ki = PN √
∗
(18)
i=1 Bi xi i=1 Ci xi
are selected according to the Shannon entropy and stored in
each cache node according to random rules. When users and
III. CACHE ALLOCATION terminal devices obtain file information, they are sent through
If there is an information file in the underground storage each node in parallel, which relieves the pressure on cache
node in the current situation, definite the file as F = nodes and improves the transmission speed.
{a1 , a2 , a3 · · · ak }, where ak is the subfile of each part of the
file. The information in the overall information file F needs to IV. BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION
be sent to different devices and users, so the file needs to be Due to the limitations of the special networking mode and
divided into sub-files and stored in different cache nodes. Not base station design in coal mines, the transmission bandwidth
all the information in the file is needed by the underground allocation between storage nodes and devices is more strict
users and terminals, so it is necessary to divide the popularity and complex. A user-based collaborative filtering algorithm
and interest degree of each subfile, and the Shannon entropy is adopted. User-based collaborative filtering algorithm is
method [21] is used to calculate the popularity division [22]. a recommendation algorithm. The content that a user is
Currently, there are n information files {F1 , F2 , F3 , · · · Fn }, interested in will be recommended to another one based on
and each file is divided into k subfiles. That is Fn = the user‘s similarity. Through the user-based collaborative
{a1 , a2 , a3 · · · ak }. For any subfile ak , its feature vector should filtering algorithm, the underground bandwidth is reasonably

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 L. Zhang et al.: Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method for Mining 5G Communication System

allocated to ensure communication and stability between the

underground cache node and the equipment.
In the user-based collaborative filtering algorithm, the
underground equipment is taken as the user and the band-
width is taken as the item. In the aspect of calculating the
similarity between the equipment, it is mainly necessary to
extract the features of each device to form the feature vector
for similarity calculation. The characteristics of the devices
are divided into five categories, namely device type, data
type, transmission bandwidth requirement, operation state,
and device location. The five feature vectors of the device are
constituted into the device feature matrix. Specific examples
are described in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1. Features of Five Devices.

FIGURE 3. The neural network framework in deep learning.

where L(v), L(u) is the bandwidth required by the device u

Next, the features in the table are quantified and the
devices are marked with numbers instead. The corre-
sponding quantitative results of the table above are shown
in Table 2. For one device, its form of feature vec-
tor should be:Qu (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 ).For example, Device 1:
Qu (1, 1, 4, 1, 7). p in the formula represents the feature type
of device u. The bandwidth for device u is recommended by
calculating the similarity between device u and device v. The
similarity calculation formula is as follows:
Pn min Qiu ,Qiv

i=1 max (Qiu ,Qiv )
sin (u1 , v) =
(22)
n
where min Qiu , Qiv is the one whose eigenvalue


is smaller
than that of user u and user v. max Qiu , Qiv is the one whose


eigenvalue is larger. Sim(u, v) is a value between 0 and 1.
By calculating the similarity of two devices, the bandwidth
required by unknown devices can be estimated and allocated.
The allocation mechanism meets the following formula:
L(v) = µ[Sim(u, v) × L(u)] (23)
TABLE 2. Quantitative Results of Five Devices.
and v in current state. µ is the compensation factor.
By the neural network framework in deep learning, the
operation state of the underground Device is predicted and
corrected, and the optimal solution of compensation factor µ
is trained to improve the accuracy of bandwidth allocation of
underground equipment [23], [24].
The model is modified by deep Q-network (DQN). The
structure of DQN consists of a full-connected layer and a
convolution layer. Each convolution layer is followed by a
non-linear activation function. After multi-layer convolution
and full-connected layer, the input data can get the Q value
of all the actions in the front state as the output. CNN is
used to obtain the interrelationship between (s, a) and value
function Q(s, a). s, and a is the vector of state and action,
respectively. Q(s, a). s means cumulative discount rewards
when performing action a under state s.
Q(s, a) = r s, a, s′ + λQ s′ , a′



(24)
where λ represents discounted parameter, r s, a, s′ indicates


the rewards obtained by performing the action a. The offline
structure requires the accumulation of sufficient value esti-
mation for the sample (s, a), and memory is played back to
make the training process smooth. The offline DNN (Deep
Neural Networks) needs to construct a sufficient value of the
sample and (s, a) to make the DNN accurate enough. The
CNN is mainly composed of the input layer, hidden layer, and
output layer. The input layer is responsible for receiving the
original high-dimensional data. The hidden layer contains the
convolution layer, the pooling layer, and the full-connected
layer. The convolution layer is responsible for extracting the
features from the input data, and then the generated feature
diagram is passed on to the next pooling layer. After complet-
ing the feature selection and information filtering The feature
diagram is extended to the vector from the full-connected

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L. Zhang et al.: Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method for Mining 5G Communication System
layer and passed to the next layer. After the full-connected
layer, the output layer is responsible for all the outputs of a.
The status s is obtained from the environment, and is as
the input to the current Q network at the same time. In the
current Q network, the Q value of all the actions that should be
calculated and selected the argmaxa Q(s, a; θ) of the biggest
Q value. Then the action is executed in the environment, and
the action is a, the status s, the next state s′ and the reward
r are stored together in the memory pool as a set of state
conversion. When the number of samples in the memory
pool reaches
a certain number, a batch of status conversion
s, a, r, s′ will be sampled from the memory pool. the loss
function will be calculated, and the current Q network will
be updated based on the loss function. and then the target
Q network will be updated every time. The DQN will keep
training until it reaches the state of convergence.
V. EXPERIMENTS
A. EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS
The experiments were conducted at our mining laboratory.
Our laboratory has an analog coal mine underground envi-
ronment, and MATLAB is used as the experimental tool. The
resource scheduling of the MEC will be affected by many
factors, such as the deployment method, user quantity, and
the physical environment of the base station. In order to
facilitate verification experimental effects, we assume that
other conditions are the same when adjusting the size of the
user and the number of base stations. The users of bandwidth
are shown in the table 3 including intelligent patrol system,
security monitoring system, positioning system, broadcasting
system, etc.
TABLE 3. Common types of user system.
B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM CONVERGENCE
In the system convergence analysis experiment, the optimal
solution of the system method is determined mainly by the
number of convergence in this paper, as shown in Figure 4.
In the experiment, the total number of iterations of the edge
computing resource allocation system is 200, and the initial
delay is about 7.9s. With the increase in the number of
iterations, the total delay decreases gradually. Finally, when
the number of iterations is about 80, the total delay is at
VOLUME 11, 2023
FIGURE 4. Analysis of system convergence.
about 6.6s and tends to be stable. The global optimal solution
of the number of iterations of the system is obtained, and the
optimal model of the system is determined.
C. SYSTEM DELAY TEST
After the optimal system model is determined, the time delay
changes of tasks by all local operation, all MEC operation
and the method proposed on different amount of terminals
are verified. The test result is shown in Figure 5. The test
devices increase from 10 to 50, and the average time delay of
all locally executed tasks is 30ms when the number of devices
reaches 50. The average latency of all MEC tasks is 24ms
which is still on the rise, while the average latency of the tasks
executed by the method is 15ms. When the number of devices
reaches 50, the average delay of the method is reduced by
50% compared with that of the method executed locally and
by 37.5% compared with that of all MEC execution methods.
Therefore, the task execution delay of the method proposed in
this paper has significantly improved effect and lower delay
than the other two ways. And with the increase of the number
of devices, increment of delay of the method is also the least
of all, which proves the superiority of the proposed method.
FIGURE 5. System delay under different terminal numbers.
D. SYSTEM RATE TEST
The stability of the proposed method in network transmis-
sion is verified by testing the uplink and downlink rates on
different equipment in coal mines, as shown in Figure 6.
In order to guarantee the effectiveness of the experiment,
49735
 L. Zhang et al.: Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method for Mining 5G Communication System
FIGURE 6. Devices and its uplink and downlink speed.
13 different devices were tested in this experiment, and the
uplink and downlink rates of each different device were
calculated respectively. Through repeated verification of a
large amount of data, it can be seen that the uplink rate of
the 13 devices ranges from 0.92-1.07 Gbps, and the average
uplink bandwidth is 1 Gbps. The downlink rate ranges from
1.44 to 1.55 Gbps, and the average downlink rate is 1.5 Gbps.
Therefore, the edge caching and dynamic resource allocation
technologies proposed to enable the uplink rate of a single
base station to reach 1 Gbps and the downlink rate to reach
1.5 Gbps, which can meet the actual production needs in coal
mines effectively.
VI. CONCLUSION
To solve the problems existing in the practical application of
mining 5G technology, the resource allocation method based
on edge computing is proposed. On the basis of the demand
for underground large-bandwidth data transmission, the MEC
edge computing technology based on the 5G wireless base
station side is studied. Edge caching and dynamic resource
allocation are carried out according to the actual situation
of coal mines to improve the 5G communication capability
underground. Under the premise of maintaining the rated
power and transmitting power of the existing base station,
the average time delay of tasks executed by the method
is 15ms when the number of coal-mine devices reaches 50,
with the utilization of edge caching and dynamic resource
allocation technology, which is 50% lower than that of the
local method and 37.5% lower than that of all MEC execution
methods. In terms of transmission, the uplink rate of a single
base station can reach 1 Gbps and the downlink rate can
reach 1.5 Gbps. The simulation result shows that, compared
with the sub-optimal algorithm, the proposed method owned
obvious advantages in improving the reliability of mining
5G communication system, reducing the energy consumption
of users during task unloading, and improving the algorithm
performance under multi-mobile-device conditions.
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VOLUME 11, 2023
L. Zhang et al.: Edge Computing Resource Allocation Method for Mining 5G Communication System

LIYA ZHANG (Member, IEEE) received the M.S.
degree from the China University of Mining and
Technology, Beijing, in 2012. He is currently
pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the School of
Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing
Jiaotong University. He is also working as the
Chief Expert (second-level) at CCTEG China Coal
Research Institute, China, and the Director of the
Smart Mining Institute. His current research inter-
ests include coal mine 5G communication, coal
mine safety monitoring systems, and emergency rescue communication.
ZHIFANG YANG was born in Luoyang, Henan,
China, in 1994. He received the master’s degree
from the School of Automation, University
of Science and Technology Beijing, China,
in 2022. He is currently working with CCTEG
China Coal Research Institute, studying in the
fields of control science and engineering, deep
learning, mining, and industrial intelligence.
He has published an EI conference as the
first author and participated in the publication
of four SCI papers.

WEI YANG received the B.E. and M.E. degrees

in electrical engineering from Liaoning Techni-
cal University, in 1986 and 1988, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from the China University of Mining and Tech-
nology, in 2000. From February 2000 to January
2002, he was a Postdoctoral Research Follow with
the National Mobile Communications Research
Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Since February 2002, he has been with Beijing
Jiaotong University, China, where he is currently a Professor with the School
of Electronics and Information Engineering. His main research interests
include wireless communication systems, semantic computer vision, simul-
taneous localization, and mapping.

BONAN HAO was born in Tangshan, Hebei,
China, in 1993. He received the master’s degree
from the China University of Mining and Tech-
nology, Beijing, in 2019. He is currently working
as a Research Assistant with CCTEG China Coal
Research Institute. His research interests include
mine artificial intelligence, including research
and technology development in mining machine
vision, big data, deep learning, and other fields.
QING ZHAO was born in Tangshan, Hebei, China,
in 1992. She received the master’s degree from
the Renmin University of China, in 2016. She
is currently working as an Intermediate Engineer
with CCTEG China Coal Research Institute. Her
research interests include mine artificial intelli-
gence, including research and technology devel-
opment in mining machine vision, big data, deep
learning, and other fields.

VOLUME 11, 2023 49737