Nation & State

What is the difference between Nation & State?

What is a Nation?
What is Nationality?
term nationality is derived from the Latin word natus Reborn
nationality means belonging to the same racial stock or being related by
birth or having blood relationship

Q. But is it right to define like this?

No It is Misleading
Every nation has people of mixed racial background
psychological phenomenon neither political nor racial
Distinction between Nation and Nationality
both the terms are derived from the same word
Nation Nationality
cultural term
nation is a people organised; a
people united psychological
generated in a group of
people having geographical
Nation gives an idea of an unity and who belong to a
organisation; nationality gives an common race, common
idea of sentiment history, religion, customs and
traditions, economic interests
and common hopes and
aspirations
Nationality
Common Race/Ethnicity

Common language

Common religion

Common political framework

& aspirations

Economic factor

Common Geography
Factors causing growth of Nationalism
1. Impact of British Rule
Dose of Modernisation
Peasant, Land Revenue Settlement,
Colonial Consciousness

2. Inspiration from West

Impact of Modern Ideas

3. Modern Education
It help channelled modern ideas
English Opened the flood gates of liberal education
Nationalistic literature & History writing under oriental Influence
Role of Press English & Vernacular
4. Modern Means of Transport & Communication
Postal System Circulation of Ideas, Literature
Railways
Roads

5.British Necessity of Administrative & Economic Convenience

Political & Administrative Integration
Centralisation of Power Indian Civil Services
IPC, CrPC, Unified Set up of Judiciary
Economic Integration
 British are exploiting us
6.Emergence of New Social Classes
Rise of Middle Class, Peasants, Workers New Consciousness
Rise of Intelligentsia Provided Leadership

7. Role of Political Parties

Shaped up the national Consciousness
National Leaders
Revolutionaries

8. Socio Religious Reform Movements

Society on Democratic lines Equality, Liberalism
History Pan Indian Feeling
9. Specific Acts & Measures taken by Colonial Government
Development after 1857 revolt
Reactionary policies of viceroys Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act
Illbert Bill Partition of Bengal
10. Economic Critique of Colonialism
Drain of Wealth
Home Charges
12. World Events Contemporary Events
Crimean War, Russia Vs. Japan
Ethopia Vs. Italy, World Wars
Liberation Movements & Rise of new states in South America

13. Racial Discrimination Insult & Humiliation

Development of Nationalism Kuch Karna
Padega

Politics of Association

Formation of Congress
Politics of Association
Early half of the nineteenth century
Politics Dominated by wealthy and aristocratic elements

Local or regional in character

Sent long petitions to the British Parliament
Demand

Administrative reforms
Association of Indians
with the administration

Education reforms
Political Associations
1. The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha
Mere Mitron
formed in 1836 by associates of Raja Rammohan Roy ne Banayi thi
ye sabha

2. 1838,The Zamindari Association

The 'Landholders Society'
Aim: to safeguard the interests of the landlords
Marked the beginning of an organized political activity Dwarkanath Tagore
Political Associations
3. 1843,The Bengal British India Society
Aim: collection and dissemination of information relating to the actual
condition of the people of British India
to secure the welfare, extend the just rights and advance the interests of
all classes of our fellow subjects
1851, both the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India
Society merged into the British Indian Association
Political Associations
4. The British Indian Association
Sent a petition to the British Parliament
establishment of a separate legislature
separation of executive from judicial functions
reduction in salaries of higher officers
abolition of salt duty, abkari and stamp duties

5. The East India Association 1866

organized by Dadabhai Naoroji @ London
to promote Indian welfare
Political Associations
6.The Indian League 1875
Sisir Kumar Ghosh
stimulating the sense of nationalism amongst the people
Also related to Amrita Bazaar Patrika

7.The Indian Association 1876

Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose
create a strong public opinion on political questions
unify Indian people on a common political programme
Raised issue of ICS reforms- Age & Exam Centre
SN Banerjee-1st Journalist to be jailed on charges related to Press Act
Branches of the association were opened in other towns

Merged with Congress in 1886

Political Associations
8.The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1867
Mahadev Govind Ranade

MG Ranade
B. Tayabji
9. The Bombay Presidency Association 1885
Badruddin Tayabji, Pherozshah Mehta, KT Telang

10. The Madras Mahajan Sabha 1884

M. Viraraghavchari
G. Subramaniya Aiyar
P. Ananda Charlu
Question UPSC Pre 2002
Q. Which one of the following submitted in 1875 a petition to the House
of Commons demanding India’s direct representation in the British
Parliament
(a) The Deccan Association (c) The Madras Mahajan Sabha
(bThe Indian Association (d) The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Development of Nationalism Humko ek
hona padega

Politics of Association

Formation of Congress
Congress Formation of Congress
Aaj Kuch Toofani MitronYaad Rakhna...I
karte hain was the 1st President of
Congress

AO Hume- ICS ( Retd) WC Bonerji

Founded Congress
Congress
Formation of Congress
Two sessions of the Indian National Conference 1883,1885

December 1885 Bombay

Final shape to this idea was given by a retired English civil servant, A.O.
Hume
Attended by 72 delegates and presided over by Wyomesh Chandra
Bonnerjee

1890, Kadambiny Ganguly the first woman graduate of Calcutta

University addressed the Congress session
Congress
Formation of Congress- The Myth

Safety Valve Theory

To provide a safe, mild, peaceful and constitutional outlet or safety valve
for rising discontent among the masses, which was inevitably leading
towards a popular & violent revolution
Congress
Formation of Congress- The Myth Safety Valve Theory
The British are Formation of
Congress Angrezo ki using Congress Congress is a
Representative hai as a tool Myth
Congress Safety Valve Theory
Your Excellency, I can What you talking
smell something about
Congress Safety Valve Theory
There are secret Revolt...is it so...We
reports of some need to do
kind of revolt something
Congress MythSafety Valve Theory
Yes Sir, We need to pacify
Okay, then Go ahead
the people by providing
with your plan &
them some kind of
keep me informed
political platform

So, in this background

Congress was formed
by AO Hume

It was thought that AO

Hume used Congress as
a tool till India became
Independent

Post Independence India Q. Who gave these reports to AO Hume?

Congress Safety Valve Theory

I have read 7 volumes of

Secret Report in Shimla
(1878)

Q. Who gave these Secret reports to AO

Hume?

3 Hypothesis
Congress MythSafety Valve Theory
How did Hume got these
Secret Reports??

CID Reports Official Capacity Mysterious Baba- Koot

Homi lal Singh
 MythSafety Valve Theory
Congress
AO Hume(ICS) Secretary
Revenue, Commerce &
Agriculture

CID Reports Official Capacity Mysterious Baba- Koot

Homi lal Singh
Congress
Formation of Congress- The Reality
Part  Whole
All regional political organisations leaders became the part of the
Congress
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee, S.N.
Banerjee
Q. Does that means, they felt into trap laid by Hume & Dufferin
No, they cooperated with Hume because they did not wanted to arouse
official hostility of leadership at such an early stage of their works

Rather than AO Hume using congress leaders as Safety Valve, it were the
Congress leaders who hoped to use AO Hume as lightning conductor
Question UPSC Pre 2008
Q. Where was the First session of the Indian National Congress held in
December,1885?

(a) Ahmedabad (c) Calcutta

(b) Bombay (d) Delhi
Congress
Aims & Objectives
1.Nation Building
Rotation of Sessions
President not from home state
No overwhelming majority resolution
2.Create all India leadership
3.Taking up issues/problems which are common in relation to all
4.Modern Politics Train People in Politics
Political Education & Agitation

5.Indigenisation of Political Democracy

Congress MeaningAssembly /Movement of People
North American Model Congress
Congress
Aims & Objectives
found a democratic, nationalist movement
politicise and politically educate people
promote friendly relations among nationalist political workers from
different parts of the country
develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology

formulate and present popular demands before the Government with a

view to unifying the people over a common economic and political
programme
develop and consolidate a feeling of national unity among people
irrespective of religion, caste or province
carefully promote and nurture Indian nationhood
Congress
Early Nationalists Moderates (1885-1905)
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee, S.N.
Banerjee
Staunch believers in 'liberalism' and 'moderate‘ politics

Constitutional agitation within the confines of law

Believed that the British basically wanted to be

just to the Indians but were not aware of the
real conditions

Demand through resolutions, petitions, meetings, etc

Congress
Early Nationalists Moderates
Demands

Demands

Economic Political
Congress
Early Nationalists Moderates
Economic Demands
Revenue Reduction Concession,
Remission, Relief in time of natural calamity
Cutting expenditure on administrative &
military areas
Larger allocation of budget in agriculture
areas
Raised voices for Indian Workers,
working in British industries
Demanded favourable exchange ratio for
Indian currency
Reforms in Trade Policy
Abolishing Unilateral free trade policy
Congress
Early Nationalists Moderates
Political Demands
Political Reforms on Democratic Lines
Representation @ various levels
Legislative Councils Central & Provincial
Curtailment of Powers
Appointment of Indians in Administration
Judiciary Power of Indian Judges to be increased
Indian judges given power to try European citizens
Abolishing discrimination against Indians
Trial by Jury
Civil Rights Freedom of Speech, Press etc.
Congress
Q. Official/Government’s Attitude towards Congress?
Initially Welcomed the decision in a neutral way
1887- started becoming hostile
Lord Dufferin a microscopic minority of
people
Lord Curzon Congress is tottering to its
fall & one of my great ambitions while in
India, is to assist it to a peaceful demise

Policy of Divide & Rule

1887-88Encouraged Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Raja Shiv Prasad of Benaras
etc. to start an anti congress movement
United Indians Patriotic Association
Congress
Q. Assessment of the Moderates?
British treated them with contempt
Failed to acquire any roots among the common people & even those
who joined congress with hopes was feeling more & more disillusioned
Failed to keep pace with yearning & aspirations of the people
Muslims stayed away from them

But still, they achieved a lot under difficult circumstances

Congress
But still, they achieved a lot under difficult circumstances
Made a decisive shift in Indian Politics
Made the people of India conscious of the bonds of common political,
economic, & cultural interest
Also the existence of a common enemy & thus helped to weld them into
a common nationality
Popularised the idea of democracy & civil liberty
Exposed the true character of British imperialism in India
Some success in political arena was seen
Indian Council Act 1892
Laid the foundation for future leaders & path
Indian Councils Act of 1861
Viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his
expanded council
1862, Lord Canning, the then viceroy, nominated three Indians to his
legislative council—the Raja of Benaras, the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir
Dinkar Rao

‘restoring the legislative powers to the

Process of decentralisation
Bombay and Madras Presidencies’

Establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, North-Western

Frontier Province (NWFP) and Punjab

empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances

Indian Councils Act of 1892
Increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the
Central and Provincial legislative councils
Increased the functions of legislative councils
Power of discussing the budget and addressing questions to the
executive
Nomination of some non-official members
1.Central Legislative Council the Viceroy
On the recommendation of the provincial legislative councils and the
Bengal chamber of commerce

2.Provincial legislative councils the Governors

on the recommendation of the district boards, municipalities,
universities, trade associations, zamindars and chambers
Indian Response Modern
Indian National Movement (1885-1947)
Andolan Shuru ho
1.Indian National Congress chuka hai

1.1.Pre Gandhian Phase

1.1.1Moderates

1.1.2Extremists

Hum keh ke lenge

Humko thode rights

de do mai baap
Azadi....Hum keh ke
lenge

Rise of Extremism
Background
Emergence of new & younger group

Critical of Ideology & old leadership

Angry young man adopted Swaraj as congress goal

Dissatisfied with the congress working

Bikram Chandra Chaterjee

Place hunting politicians
Causes behind the rise of Extremism
1. Recognition of the True Nature of British Rule
economic miseries
famines killed 90 lakh persons between 1896 and 1900
plague riots
Leaders imprisoned on charges of sedition
1904 Official Secrets Act curbed freedom of press
Indian Universities Act ensured greater government control over
universities

2. Growth of Confidence and Self-Respect

feeling started that only the masses were capable of making the
immense sacrifices needed to win freedom
Causes behind the rise of Extremism
3. Growth of Education
rise in unemployment and underemployment
attention to poverty

4. Reaction to Increasing Westernisation

excessive westernisation and sensed colonial
designs to submerge the Indian culture

5. Dissatisfaction with Achievements of Moderates

strongly critical of the methods of peaceful and constitutional agitation
Causes behind the rise of Extremism
6. Reactionary Policies of Curzon
Curzon's seven-year rule
spoke derogatorily
the Official Secrets Act, the Indian Universities Act etc.
Partition of Bengal

7.International Influences
defeat of the Italian army by Ethiopians (1896)
the Boer wars (1899-1902) where the British faced reverses
Japan's victory over Russia (1905)
demolished myths of European invincibility
nationalist movements worldwide—in Ireland, Russia, Egypt, Turkey,
Persia and China
Causes behind the rise of Extremism
8.Existence of a Militant School of Thought
Militant approach to political work
Ashwini Kumar Datta, Aurobindo Ghosh; Vishnu Shastri,Chiplunkar and
Tilak
Swaraj to be the goal of national movement
For this Direct political action required
Personal sacrifices required and a true nationalist to be always ready
for it
 Extremist Leaders
Extremists
Lala Lajpat Rai Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Lal, Bal,Pal & Ghose

Aurobindo Ghose Bipin Chandra Pal