Modern Indian History

Revolutionary terrorism
Revolutionary terrorism
Revolutionary
Activities

Phase-I Phase-II
1900s 1920s
Q. Nature of Questions asked in prelims?
Fact Based Area of work India,
Name of a revolutionary leader Abroad

Organisation Publication Book,

Event related to it Conspiracy cases newspaper, magazine etc.
Revolutionary terrorism Reasons for Growth
Ye extermists bhi
1.growth of militant nationalism in India kuch nahi kar
sakenge..
2. Failure of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement Hum kya
chahte....Azadi..
younger nationalists impossible to disappear
into the background
looked for avenues to give expression to their
patriotic energies

disillusioned by the failure of the leadership, even

from the Extremists

We can get independence only when , the British must be expelled

physically
Revolutionaries
Activities
1902
1. Midnapore- Jnanendranath Basu
2. Calcutta the Anushilan Samiti
The Anushilan Samiti Leaders:
Promotha Mitter,
Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh
Barindra Kumar Ghosh
In 1906, started weekly Journal Yugantar
Bhupendranath Dutta
Yugantar
Force must be stopped by force."
Revolutionaries
Activities
1902
3.Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal Secret Society

Attack on Attack on
Viceroy Viceroy
Ghadar Ghadar
movement movement
Book
Associatied
Bandi Jiwan
with INA
Rashbehari Bose
Sachin Sanyal
Revolutionaries
Activities
1908
4. Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose
threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to be carrying a particularly
sadistic white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarnagar
Instead killed two British ladies is called as Alipore conspiracy case

Anushillan samiti members were arrested  the Ghosh brothers,

Aurobindo and Barindra also associated with the cospiracy
Revolutionaries
Activities
1912
Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal
bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge @ Delhi
Delhi Conspiracy Case

Rashbehari
Sachin
Bose
Sanyal
Revolutionaries
@Maharashtra
In 1879, Ramosi Peasant Force by
Vasudev Balwant Phadke

The Chapekar brothers

murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona, Rand, and one Lt. Ayerst
in 1897
Revolutionaries
Activities
1897
Savarkar and his brother

Mitra Mela
1899 merged with Abhinav Bharat
Revolutionaries
Activities
Abroad London

1905,Shyamji Krishnavarma
Set up 'India House'
a centre for Indian students, a scholarship scheme to bring radical
youth from India

journal The Sociologist

Revolutionaries
Activities
Abroad London
1909
Madanlal Dhingra
bureaucrat Curzon Wyllie was asssinated
by him

Germany, Berlin
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
also published newspaper talwar
Revolutionaries
Activities
Abroad Paris
Madam Bhikaji Cama
brought out Journal Bande Mataram

Geneva
Ajit Singh
Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh's uncle) organized the extremist Anjurnan-i-
Mohisban-i-Watan in Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata
 UPSC Prelims-1999
Q. ‘Abhinava Bharat’ a secret society of revolutionaries was organised
by:

A. Khudiram Bose
B. V.D. Savarkar
Answer: B
C. Prafulla Chaki
D. Bhagat Singh
 UPSC Prelims-1996
Q. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer:
List-I List-II
A. Abhinav Bharat Society 1. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh
B. Anushillan Samiti 2. Lala Hardayal
3. C.R. Das
C. Gadar Party
4. V.D. Savarkar
D. Swaraj Party
Codes:
(a) A-4;B-1;C-3;D-2
(b) A-1;B-4;C-3;D-2 Answer:D
(c) A-1;B-4;C-2;D-3
(d) A-4;B-1;C-2;D-3
In between
End of Swadeshi Movement
Vacuum Period
Scattered Revolutionary Activities

First World War 1914-1918

Maturing of Indian nationalism
Britain’s difficulty was India’s Opportunity
Background
Q. Nationalist response during war?
Hum bhi support Ek mauka aur
Loha garam hai...mar
karte hain....Swaraj diya
do hathoda
milega na...!

Effects can also be seen Scattered Revolts & Mutinies

Berlin Committee in Europe
Scattered Mutiny by Indian Soldiers Singapore
Ghadar Movement
The Ghadar Hindustan
Zindabad

Ghadar- Ek prem katha

The Ghadar
Background
Revolutionary Activity in North America
Ramdas Puri By 1911,
G.D. Kumar 'United India House' in Seattle
Taraknath Das
'Swadesh Sevak Home' at Vancouver
Sohan Singh bhakna
Lala Hardayal
The Ghadar

Finally in 1913 Taraknath Das

The Ghadar
revolutionary group organized around a weekly newspaper
headquarters at San Francisco
The Ghadar
Q. The Ghadar programme?
organize assassinations of officials

Publish revolutionary and anti-imperialist literature

work among Indian troops stationed abroad

procure arms and bring about a simultaneous revolt

in all British colonies

intended to bring about a revolt in India

The Ghadar Q. The Ghadar leadership?

Barkatullah Sohan Singh

Bhagwan Singh Lala Hardayal Bhakna

Other Leaders
Ramchandra,
Bhai Parmanand,

Kartar Singh Sarabha intended to bring about a revolt in India

The Ghadar
Revolutionaries were encouraged by two events in 1914
1.The Komagata maru incident

2.The outbreak of the First

World War
The Ghadar
The Komagata maru incident
Name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and
Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from Yokohama(Japan)-
Hongkong-Singapore -Vancouver

Were turned back by Canadian

authorities after two months of
privation and uncertainty

British Interference in Canadian

affairs
The Ghadar The Komagata maru incident
In between, Start of WWI
British order for ship to return to India

Ship finally anchored at Calcutta in September

1914

Inmates refused to board the Punjab-bound

train

Police Action22 got killed

Ghadarites got infuriated, time

to take on the British
The Ghadar
GhadaritesUrged fighters to go to India
Kartar Singh Saraba. and Raghubar Dayal Gupta left for India
21 Feb 1915 decided as date of revolt
British Intelligence CID
Major leaders were arrested
Later on, Rashbehari Bose and Sachin
Sanyal were asked to lead the
movement
The Defence of India Act passed, in
March 1915
End of Ghadar Movement
Ras Behari Bose Japan
 Q. Assessment of Ghadar??
The Ghadar
Positive
Achievement Ideology level
Enriched militant nationalism with a completely secular approach

Militarily, it failed Q.Why?

lacked an organized and sustained leadership
Lala Hardayal Unsuitable
preparation required at every level—organisational, ideological,
financial and tactical strategic

Now, Home rule Movement

 UPSC Prelims-1998
Q. Who was the leader of the Ghadar Party?

A. Bhagat Singh

B. Lala Hardayal

C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Answer: B
D. V.D. Savarkar
 UPSC Prelims-2005
Where were the Ghadar revolutionaries , who became active during the
outbreak of the World War I based?
A. Central America B. North America
C. West America D. South America

Answer: B
Home Rule Movement

Ireland in the Making

BackgroundHome Rule Movement
Swaraj.....
July 1908 Tilak goes to Jail on Sedition Charges
Itna sannata
kyun hai
June 1914 Tilak Comes out of Jail bhai..!

Different political situation while going & coming

Congress...
Swadeshi movement Nationalism on its peak

Tries to enter congress, but was stopped by the

moderate faction

Simultaneously, new leadership was

emerging
BackgroundHome Rule Movement Include Tilak
in congress
Annie Besant

Came to India as volunteer for

Theosophical society of India

Later on started political work by

propagating ‘Home Rule’ on Irish
Home rule league Madam Balvatsky & Colonel Olcott

She advocated to the moderates

to revive their decision & allow
Tilak to be a member
Home Rule Movement
Dec 1914 Congress session @ Madras
No entry for Tilak into congress due to opposition from Pherozshah
Mehta & other leaders
Constructive work done by both Tilak & Besant in the background
Jab tak jodenge nahi tab
Include Tilak Not tak chodenge
in congress possible...! nahi....Congress...
Home Rule Movement
Dec 1915 Session @ Bombay
Entry of Tilak, Annie Besant into congress

But the demand for home rule was not accepted by congress initially

It was decided that congress would pass a resolution on home rule in a

stipulated time

If that is not passed on time, then Tilak & Annie besant can start the
home rule movement on their own

The Congress does not endorses the resolution on Home rule as a result,
Tilak and Annie Besant started their Home rule leagues.
Home Rule Movement Complete Swaraj nahi
chaiye....bas Ireland wala
chalega bhai...!
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Home rule league set up in April 1916
Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city),
Karnataka, Central Provinces and
Berar

Demands included

Swarajya

Formation of linguistic states

education in the vernacular languages

Home Rule Movement Home rule
Annie Besant
launched a campaign to demand self government
for India after the war on the lines of white colonies
Campaigned through her newspapers
New India
Common Weal
public meetings and conferences

Sept 1916 Set up Home Rule league by George Arundale in Madras

Province
Area- Bombay & Rest of India (Other than Tilak’s)
Home Rule Movement
Q. What was the method?
aimed to convey to the common man the message of Home Rule as
self-government

How to achieve this aim?

by promoting political education and discussion through
public meetings holding conferences

organising libraries and reading rooms containing books on national

politics
propaganda through newspapers, pamphlets, posters, illustrated post-
cards, plays, religious songs
Home Rule Movement
Q. Other leaders who joined this movement?

Motilal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru
Bhulabhai Desai
Tej Bahadur Sapru

Chittaranjan Das
Madan Mohan Malaviya
Mohammad Ali jinnah
Lala Lajpat Rai
Home Rule Movement Lathi
charge...!!

Q. Government Attitude?
Severe repression
Students were prohibited from attending political
meetings
Case was instituted against Tilak on his birthday Aaj se...sir..
Ka title nahi
June 1917, Annie Besant and her associates, B.P.
Wadia and George Arundale, were arrested

Sir S. Subramaniya Aiyar renounced his knighthood

Huge public movement....!!!!!

Home Rule Movement
Government Attitude
June 1917, Annie Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George
Arundale, were arrested

Government released Besant in September 1917

Becomes Congress President in December 1917

By 1919, the movement witnesses end

Lord Montagu
Home Rule Movement
Q. Why the Agitation Faded Out by 1919?
lack of effective organisation Tilak Passive Resistance

Moderates Pacified by talk of reforms (Montagu's statement of

August 1917)
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms which became known in July 1918 further
divided the nationalist ranks
Ab mein kya Passive Resistance Chalu
karu....! No more rakho
andolan....
Home Rule Movement
Q. Why the Agitation Faded Out by 1919?

Tilak had to go abroad (September 1918) in connection with a case

Ab mein kya karu....! Aata hoon...thod kaam
hain....England mein

Annie Besant vacillated over her response to the reforms and the
techniques of passive resistance
The movement was left leaderless
Government of India Act of 1919
Also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

1. Demarcation of the central and

provincial subjects

Central Legislature Central List

Provincial Legislature Provincial List

Government of India Act of 1919
Dual scheme of governance started ‘Dyarchy in Provinces

Provincial subjects

Transferred Reserved

Who makes laws?

Transferred subjects  Governor with the aid of ministers responsible
to the legislative Council

Reserved subjects, Governor and his executive council without being

responsible to the legislative Council
Government of India Act of 1919
3.Bicameralism and direct elections in the country
Indian Legislative Council Welcome..
Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative to the
Assembly) gang

4. 3/6 of the Viceroy’s executive Council Indian

Communal representation Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and

Europeans
Government of India Act of 1919
Communal representation Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and
Europeans
Separate Electorates Only Muslims can vote for Muslims, Introduced
through Morley Minto Reforms (1909)

Samiullah- Candidate
from Dacca
Government of India Act of 1919
5.Office of the High Commissioner for India in London
Establishment of a public service commission

Appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its

working after ten years of its coming into force
10 years ke baad ek
commission bhenge
Home Rule Movement
Q. Assessment?
Positives
1.Established link between the town the country

2.Shifitng of movement
Initially, Only Educated classes were participating
Now, masses were participating

3.This mass of people got trained for Gandhian style of politics

4. Lucknow Pact
 UPSC Prelims-2013
Q. Annie Besant was
1. Responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement
2. The founder of the Theosophical Society
Balvatsky & Olcott

3. The president of the Indian National Congress

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 Answer: C
(c) Both 1 and 3
(d) All of these
Home Rule Movement
Lucknow Session of Congress 1916
Q. What is the importance of this session?

readmitted the Extremists led by Tilak to the Congress fold

Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League

Mr. Jinnah...u are Ab shoes mat phenkna...!!

ambassador of Hindu-
Muslim unity
Home Rule Movement
Lucnow Pact
The Muslim League + Congress= joint constitutional demands

The Congress accepted the Muslim League's

position on separate electorate
We accept separate
electorates

AC Mazumdar
Home Rule Movement
Q. Assesment-Lucnow Pact?
Negative Fallout?? Did congress committed a mistake?

The acceptance of the principle of separate electorates

Implied Muslim league & Congress are two separate political entitites

Hence,Two-Nation theory

Hindu-Muslim Unity???
Not much steps taken
Home Rule Movement
Positive
No more fear for Minorities that Hindu’s would rule over them.
Increase in People’s zeal....