TNPSC – MATHS IMPORTANT FORMULAS

Name of the Figure Area (Sq. Units) Perimetre (P)

S.No
figure (ngah;) (glk;) gug;gsT (r.myF) Rw;wsT

Triangle 1
1. xbxh AB + BC + CA
Kf;Nfhzk; 2

Right triangle 1 (base + height +

2. Nrq;Nfhz xbxh
Kf;Nfhzk; 2 hypotenuse)

Equilateral AB + BC + CA= 3A;

3 2
triangle a where Altitude ,
3. 4
rkgf;f 3
Kf;Nfhzk; ( 3 = 1.732) h= a units
2
Isosceles
4. triangle hx a2  h 2 2a + 2 a2  h 2
,U rkgf;f
Kf;Nfhzk;
Scalene
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c )
triangle AB + BC + CA
5. ab c
(mrkgf;f Where a = = (a + b + c)
Kf;Nfhzk;) 2

Quadrilateral 1
6. x d x (h1 + h2) AB + BC + CD + DA
(ehw;fuk;) 2

7. Parallelogram bxh 2 x (a + b)
(,izfuk;)
 Rectangle
8. lxb 2 x (l + b)
(nrt;tfk;)

Trapezium 1
9. x h x (a + b) AB + BC + CD + DA
(rhptfk;) 2

1
x d1 x d2 where
2
Rhombus
10. d1, d2 are 4a
(rha;rJuk;)
diagonals
(%iytpl;lk;)

11. Square a2 4a

Square (%iytpl;lk;) (d) (Diagonal length) = a 2

Surface
No. Name of the Total
figure area Volume
figure surface area
tisgug;G
Right circular
1. cylinder(Neh;tl;l 2πrh 2πr(h + r) πr2h
jpz;k cUis)
Right circular
hollow πR2h – πr2h =
2π(R + r)
2. cylinder(Neh;tl;l 2πh(R + r) πh(R2 – r2) =
(R – r + h)
cs;sPlw;w πh(R + r)(R – r)
cUis)
Right circular
1 2
3. cone (Neh;tl;l πrl πr(l + r) r h
3
jpzkf; $k;G)
Frustum of a
1
4. cone --------  h( R2  r 2  Rr )
--------- 3
(,ilf;fz;lk;)
 Solid sphere 4 3
5. 4πr2 ______ r
(jpz;kf;Nfhsk;) 3

Hollow Sphere
4
6. (cs;sPlw;w ______  ( R3  r 3 )
------- 3
Nfhsk;)
Solid
hemisphere 2πr2 2 3
7. 3πr2 r
(jpz;k 3
miuf;Nfhsk;)
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
Hollow cNyhfj;jpd;
2π(R2 + r2) 2π(R2 + r2) +
Hemisphere fd msT =
8. π(R2 - r2) =
(cs;sPlw;w 2
π(3R2 + r2)  ( R3  r 3 )
miuf;Nfhsk;)
3

9.
tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjp $k;ghf khw;wg;gLfpwJ
tisgug;G = tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; gug;G

 rl    r2
360
tpy;ypd; ePsk;( l ) = $k;gpd; mbr;Rw;wsT(2πr)
Volume of water flows out through a pipe = (Cross section area x Speed x Time)
10. Foha; topNa ghAk; jz;zPh; fd msT = (FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;G X
Ntfk; X Neuk;)
Volume of thesolid which ismelted
No. of new solids obtained by recasting =
Volume of onesolid which ismade
11. cUf;fp jahhpf;fg;gLk; Gjpa fd cUtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
cUffg; gll
; ; fd cUtj ;jpd ; fdmsT
=
cUthffg
; gll
; ; xU fd cUtj ;jpd ; fdmsT
Conversions:
12. 1 m3 = 1000 litres, 1 d.m3 = 1 litre, 1000 cm3 = 1 litre, 1000 litres = 1 kl
1 kP3 = 1000yp> 1nlrp kP3 = 1yp> 1000 nr.kP3 = 1yp> 1000yp = 1 fp.yp
 CUBE (fdr;rJuq;fs;)
Key concept:
 Volume of a cube (fd msT )= a cubic units
3

 The Total surface area of a cube (T.S.A) (nkhj;jg;gug;G)

= 6a 2 square units.
 The Lateral surface area of a cube (L.S.A) (gf;fg;gug;G)
= 4a 2 square units. diagonal = a 3
CUBIOD (fdr; nrt;tfk;)
 Volume of a cuboid
(fd msT )= l  b  h cubic units
 The Total surface area of a cuboid
(nkhj;jg; gug;G) = 2(lb  bh  lh) sq.units.
 The Lateral surface area of a cuboid
(gf;fg;gug;G) = 2(l  b)h sq.units.
 tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; tpy;ypd; ePsk;
 xU tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; ikaf;Nfhzk;  kw;Wk; Muk; r vdpy;>
tpy;ypd; ePsk; l    2 r myFfshFk;.
360
 tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; gug;gsT
 xU tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; ikaf;Nfhzk;  kw;Wk; Muk; r vdpy;>
tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; gug;gsT   r 2 rJu myFfshFk;.
360
lr
 tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; gug;gsT = rJu myFfs;
2
 tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; Rw;wsT
 tpy;ypd; ePsk; l, tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjpapd; Muk; r vdpy;> mjd; Rw;wsT
P=l + 2r myFfs;.
 Length of Arc
 If  is the central angle and r is the radius of a sector, then its arc length
is given by l    2 r units.
360
 Area of a Sector
 If  is the central angle and r is the radius of a sector, then the area of
the sector is   r 2 square units.
360
lr
 Area of sector = square units.
2
 Perimeter of a Sector
 If l is the arc length and r is the radius of a sector, then its perimeter P
is given by the formula P=l + 2r units.

a 2  b2  (a  b)(a  b) (a  b)2  a 2  b2  2ab

(a  b)2  a 2  b2  2ab (a  b)2  (a  b)2  4ab
(a3  b3 )  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 ) (a3  b3 )  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 )
(a  b)3  a3  b3  3a 2b  3ab2  a3  b3  3ab(a  b)
(a  b)3  a3  b3  3a 2b  3ab2  a3  b3  3ab(a  b)
(a  b  c)2  a 2  b2  c 2  2(ab  bc  ca)
a3  b3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b2  c 2  ab  bc  ca)
If a + b + c = 0 then a  b  c  3abc
3 3 3

( x  a)( x  b)  x 2  (a  b) x  ab
( x  a)( x  b)( x  c)  x3  (a  b  c) x 2  (ab  bc  ca) x  abc

2
n(n+1)  Last Number+1 
1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n = 1  3  5  ........  (2n  1)  n  
2

2  2
n(n  1)(2n  1) n(2n  1)(2n  1)
12  22  32  ......  n2  12  32  52......  (2n  1) 2 
6 3
 n  n  1 
2
-n(n+1)
13  23  33  .......  n3   
12  22  32  42  .........  up to 'n' terms =
 2 
2
2  n  n  1
2  4  6  .......  2n  2 1  2  3  .....  n   n  n  1
2

Logarithms Rule
i) Product rule:ngUf;fy; tpjp: loga (mn) = loga m + loga n
ii) Quotient rule:tFj;jy; tpjp: loga  m  = loga m - loga n.
n
iii) Power rule: gb tpjp: loga mn = nloga m.
iv) loga 1 = 0. & v) loga a = 1
 Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) [$l;Lj;njhlh; ]
 General form of an A.P. is a, a + d, a + 2d …with first term a, and
Common Difference = d
la
 The general term or the nth term of an A.P. is tn = a + (n – 1) d → n  1
d
n
 Sum to n terms of an A.P / Sn = 2  2a  (n  1)d 
 Sn = n
[a + a + (n-1)d] or Sn = n [a + l]
2 2
 Where l = tn = a + (n – 1) d = last term

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION[ngUf;Fj;njhlh; thpir]

 ngUf;Fj;njhlh; thpirapd; nghJ tbtk; a, ar, ar2, ar3, … a ≠ 0
 ngUf;Fj;njhlh; thpirapd; n - Mk; cWg;G tn = arn-1
 Sum of n terms of a G.P[xU ngUf;Fj;njhlhpd; n cWg;Gfspd; $Ljy;]
a(r n  1)
Sn =
r 1
 The sum of infinite geometric series[Kbtwh ngUf;Fj;njhlh; njhFg;gpd; $Ljy;]
a
S= 1  r

APPRECIATION AND DEPRECIATION [cah;T kw;Wk; tPo;rr

; p]
kf;fs; njhif cah;T> thfdq;fspd; kjpg;gL P Nghd;w gioa nghUl;fspd; tpiy
eph;zaj;jpid fPNo Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fhzyhk;.

The growth or Appreciation (A): After ‘n’ years

n
r 
 kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp (m) tpiyNaw;wk; n Mz;LfSf;F gpwF A  p   1  
 100 
n
 r 
 After ‘n’ years Depreciation tPo;r;rp D  p1  
 100 

The growth or Appreciation (A): Before ‘n’ years or ‘n’ years ago
p
 kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp (m) tpiyNaw;wk; n Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G A  n
1 r 
 
 100 
p
 Before ‘n’ years or ‘n’ years ago Depreciation tPo;r;rp n Mz;LfSf;F Kd; D  n
1 r 
 
 100 
 MATHS FORMULAS
For the system of equations
a1 x  b1 y  C1  0
a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
where a  b  0, a  b  0
2
1 1
2 2
2
2
2

a1 b1
 If a1b2  b1a2  0 or  then the system of equations has a unique solution
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
 If   then the system of equations has infinitely many solutions
a2 b2 c2
a b c
 If 1  1  1 then the system of equations has no solution
a2 b2 c2
a1 x  b1 y  C1  0
a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
,q;F a  b  0, a  b  0
2
1 1
2 2
2
2
2
Mfpa rkd;ghLfspd; njhFg;gpw;F
a1 b1
 a1b2  b1a2  0 mjhtJ  vdpy; xNunahU jPh;T (unique solution) cz;L
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
   vdpy; Kbtpyp vz;zpf;ifapy; jPh;Tfs; (infinitely many solutions)
a2 b2 c2
cz;L
a1 b1 c1
   vdpy; jPh;T VJkpy;iy (no solution)
a2 b2 c2

The Basic relationship between the zeros and the coefficients of p( x)  ax2  bx  c
b coefficient of x
 sum of zeros: a      
a coefficient of x 2
c constant term
 product of zeros a  
a coefficient of x 2
p( x)  ax 2  bx  c -d; nfOf;fSf;Fk;> g+r;rpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd mbg;gilj;
njhFg;G
x  d; nfO b
 G+r;rpaq;fspd; $Ljy;> a      
x 2  d; nfO
a
c khwpyp cWg; G
G+r;rpaq;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd; a   2
 a x  d; nfO

Nature of roots of a quadratic equation

b  b 2  4ac
The roots of the equation ax2  bx  c  0 are given by x 
2a
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
 If b2  4ac  0 we get two distinct real roots x  ; & x
2a 2a
b
 If b2  4ac  0 , then the equation has two equal roots x 
2a

 If b2  4ac  0 , then b2  4ac is not a real number. Therefore there is no real root
 for the given quadratic equation.

,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd; jd;ik

b  b 2  4ac
ax2  bx  c  0 vDk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs; x  vd mwpNthk;
2a

 b2  4ac  0 vdpy; ,U ntt;Ntwhd nka;naz; %yq;fs; cs;sd. mitfs;>

b  b  4ac
2
b  b 2  4ac
x kw;Wk; x 
2a 2a
 b  4ac  0 vdpy; rkd;ghl;bw;F ,U rkkhd nka;naz; %yq;fs; cs;sd. rk
2

b
%yk; x  MFk;
2a
 b2  4ac  0 vdpy; b2  4ac xU nka;naz; my;y. Mifahy;> ,Ugbr;
rkd;ghl;bw;F nka;naz; %yq;fs; ,y;iy

Therefore, if a,  are the roots of ax2  bx  c  0 then

b
 the sum of the roots a    
a
c
 the product of roots, a 
a
ax2  bx  c  0 -d; %yq;fs; a,  vdpy;
b
 %yq;fspd; $Ljy;> a    
a
c
 %yq;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd;> a 
a

Area of a quadrilateral ehw;fuj;jpd; gug;G

1
 {( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y4  x4 y1 )  ( x2 y1  x3 y2  x4 y3  x1 y4 )} sq.units / r. myFfs;
2
Area of Triangle Kf;Nfhzj;jpy; gug;G
 If A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of a ABC then the area of the
1
ABC is {x1 ( y2  y3 )  x2 ( y3  y1 )  x3 ( y1  y2 )} sq.units
2
 A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) kw;Wk; C ( x3 , y3 ) Mfpatw;iw Kidfshff; nfhz;l ABC -d;
1
gug;G {x1 ( y2  y3 )  x2 ( y3  y1 )  x3 ( y1  y2 )} r. myFfs;
2
The distance between P( x1 , y1 ), Q( x2 , y2 ) is ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
P( x1 , y1 ), Q( x2 , y2 ) Mfpa Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s njhiyT ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
 Equation of straight lines (Neh;f;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghLfs;)
Straight Line Equation
x – axis y=0
y – axis x=0
Parallel to x - axis y=k
Parallel to y – axis x=k
Parallel to ax + by + c = 0 ax + by + k = 0
Perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 bx – ay + k = 0
Given Equation
Passing through the origin y  mx
Slope m, y-intercept c y  mx  c
Slope m a point ( x1 , y1 ) y  y1  m( x  x1 )
Passing through two points ( x1 , y1 ),( x2 , y2 ) y  y1 x  x1

y2  y1 x2  x1
x- intercept a and y-intercept b x y
 1
a b
Neh;f;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghLfs;
Neh;f;NfhL rkd;ghL
x – mr;R y=0
y – mr;R x=0
x – mr;rpw;F ,iz y=k
y – mr;rpw;F ,iz x=k
ax + by + c = 0 f;F ,iz ax + by + k = 0
ax + by + c = 0 f;F nrq;Fj;J bx – ay + k = 0
nfhLf;fg;gl;lit rkd;ghL
Mjp topr; nry;Yk; Neh;f;NfhL y  mx
rha;T m kw;Wk; y-ntl;Lj;Jz;L c y  mx  c
rha;T m kw;Wk; xUGs;sp ( x1 , y1 ) y  y1  m( x  x1 )
( x1 , y1 ),( x2 , y2 ) Mfpa ,U Gs;spfs; topr; y  y1 x  x1

nry;Yk; Neh;f;NfhL y2  y1 x2  x1
x- ntl;Lj;Jz;L a kw;Wk; y-ntl;Lj;Jz;L b x y
 1
a b
 ,g;nghOJ (x1, y1) kw;Wk; (x2, y2) Mfpa ,UGs;spfis ,izf;Fk;
Nfhl;Lj;Jz;bid m : n vd;w nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpfpjj;jpy; cl;Gwkhfg;
gphpf;Fk; Gs;spapd; Maj;njhiyTj; J}uq;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.
 To find the coordinates of the point which divides internally the line
segment joining two given points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the given ratio m : n
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 
 mn , mn 
 
  I ntspg;Gwkhf m : n (m > n) vd;fpw tpfpjj;jpy; gphpf;Fk; Gs;sp D
AB
,d; Maj;njhiyTj;J}uk;
 Hence the point which divides AB externally in the ratio m : n (m > n) is
given by
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 
 mn , mn 
 

Middle Point Formula (or) Mid – Point Formula

ikag;Gs;sp #j;jpuk; my;yJ eLg;Gs;sp #j;jpuk;
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
 2 , 2 
 

 ( x1 , y1 ),( x2 , y2 ) kw;Wk; ( x3 , y3 ) Mfpa

cr;rpg; Gs;spfisf; nfhz;l Kf;Nfhzj;jpd;
eLf;Nfhl;L ikak; fhz;Nghk;.
 xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpw;F %d;W eLf;NfhLfs; cz;L. mit G vd;fpw
Gs;spapy; re;jpf;Fk;. me;jg;Gs;sp, xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; eLf;Nfhl;L
ikak; (Centroid) vdg;gLk;.
 We are now able to find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle
whose vertices are the given points ( x , y ),( x , y ) and ( x3 , y3 ) .
1 1 2 2

 There are three medians of a triangle and they are concurrent at a point
G, called the centroid of the triangle.
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 
 , 
 3 3 
LCM & HCF
LCM of numerotors
 LCM of fractions =
HCF of deno min ators
njhFjpapYs; s vz; fspd; kP.rp.k
 gpd; d vz; fspd; k.Prp.k =
gFjpapYs; s vz; fspd; kP.ng.t
HCF of numerotors
 HCF of fractions = LCMof deno min ators
njhFjpapYs; s vz; fspd; kP.ng.t
gpd; d vz; fspd; k.Png.t =
gFjpapYs; s vz; fspd; kP.rp.k

 First number  second number = LCM x HCF

 ,uz;L vz;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd; = LCM x HCF
 RATIO AND PROPORTION
 In a Proportion: Product of Extremes = Product of Means
 (tpfpjrkj;jpy; <w;nwz;fspd; ngUf;Fj;njhif = ,il vz;fspd;
ngUf;Fj;njhif)
 Mean Proportional: (,il tpfpj vz;)
 Mean proportional between a and b = a  b
 Third Proportional: (%d;whtJ tpfpj vz;izf; fhz)
 If a : b = b : c, then c is called the third proportional to a and b.
 Fourth Proportional: (ehd;fhtJ tpfpj vz;izf; fhz)
 If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b and c.
 Compounded Ratio: ($l;Ltpfpj vz;izf; fhz)
 The compounded ratio of the ratios (a: b ), (c : d), (e : f) is ace : bcf
 For a ratio a: b,
 Duplicate ratio = a2 : b2 & Sub-duplicate ratio = a: b
1 1
3
 Triplicate ratio = a3 : b3 & Sub-triplicate ratio = a : 3 b or a :b
3 3

STATISTICS
Range and Coefficient of Range
Range (tPr;R) = L – S
LS
Coefficient of Range (tPr;R nfO) =
LS
Quartiles deviation (Q.D.)and Coefficient of Quartile deviation
Quartiles deviation (fhy;khd tpyf;fk;) = Q3  Q1
2
Q3  Q1
Coefficient of Quartile deviation (fhy;khd tpyf;ff;nfO)
Q3  Q1
Mean deviation and Coefficient of Mean deviation
Mean deviation (ruhrhp tpyf;fk;) =  D
n
Mean deviation
Coefficient (ruhrhp tpyf;ff;nfO) =
Mean or Median or Mode
Standard deviation (jpl;ltpyf;fk;)
= d 2

d=x- x
n
Variance (khWghL) = 2

Remarks:
 It is quite interesting to note the following:
 The S.D. of any n successive terms of an A.P. with common difference d is,
n 2 1
 d Thus,
12
n 2 1
 S.D. i, i+1, i+2, ….., i+n is   , i
12
n 2 1
 S.D. of any n consecutive even integers, is given by   2 ,n
12
n 2 1
 S.D. of any n consecutive odd integers, is given by   2 ,n
12
Mutually exclusive events: (xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs;)
 P( A B)  P( A)  P(B)
Not Mutually exclusive events: (xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;fh epfo;r;rpfs;)
 P( A B)  P( A)  P(B)  P( A B)
Dimensional Diagrams [tpsf;fg; glq;fspd; tiffs;;]
 One-dimensional diagrams [xU ghpkhd tpsf;fg; glq;fs;]
 Line Diagram [Nfhl;L tpsf;fg;glk;]
 Simple Diagram [rhjhuz gl;il tpsf;fg;glk;]
 Multiple Bar Diagram [gy; mq;fg; gl;il tpsf;fg;glk;]
 Sub-divided Bar Diagram [$W gl;il tpsf;fg;glk; (gFjp gl;il)]
 Percentage Bar Diagram [rjtPj gl;il tpsf;fg; glk;]
 Two-dimensional diagrams [,U ghpkhd tpsf;fg;g glq;fs;]
 Rectangles [nrt;tfq;fs;]
 Squares [rJuq;fs;]
 Pie-diagrams [tl;l tpsf;fg; glq;fs;]
 Three-dimensional diagrams [Kg;ghpkhd tpsf;fg; glq;fs;]
 Cubes, Cylinders, Spheres, Prisms, Pyramids, etc…,
 Graphs: [tiuglq;fs;]
 Histogram [guty; nrt;tfg; glk;] – To find Mode
 Frequency Polygon [epfo;ntz; gy Nfhz tbtk;]
 Frequency Curve [epfo;ntz; tisNfhL]
 Ogive [tsh; epfo; tistiufs; (xift;)] - To find Median
 Lorenz Curve [yhud;]; tistiu] – Study about dispersion(Variability)