97909_04_ch04_p304-313.

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310 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

WRITING PROJECT THE ORIGINS OF L’HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’Hospital’s Rule was first published in 1696 in the Marquis de l’Hospital’s calculus textbook
Analyse des Infiniment Petits, but the rule was discovered in 1694 by the Swiss mathematician
John (Johann) Bernoulli. The explanation is that these two mathematicians had entered into a
curious business arrangement whereby the Marquis de l’Hospital bought the rights to Bernoulli’s
mathematical discoveries. The details, including a translation of l’Hospital’s letter to Bernoulli
proposing the arrangement, can be found in the book by Eves [1].
Write a report on the historical and mathematical origins of l’Hospital’s Rule. Start by pro-
viding brief biographical details of both men (the dictionary edited by Gillispie [2] is a good
source) and outline the business deal between them. Then give l’Hospital’s statement of his rule,
which is found in Struik’s sourcebook [4] and more briefly in the book of Katz [3]. Notice that
l’Hospital and Bernoulli formulated the rule geometrically and gave the answer in terms of dif-
ferentials. Compare their statement with the version of l’Hospital’s Rule given in Section 4.4 and
Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library

show that the two statements are essentially the same.

1. Howard Eves, In Mathematical Circles (Volume 2: Quadrants III and IV) (Boston: Prindle,
Weber and Schmidt, 1969), pp. 20–22.
2. C. C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York: Scribner’s, 1974). See the
article on Johann Bernoulli by E. A. Fellmann and J. O. Fleckenstein in Volume II and the
article on the Marquis de l’Hospital by Abraham Robinson in Volume VIII.
www.stewartcalculus.com 3. Victor Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction (New York: HarperCollins, 1993),
The Internet is another source of information for p. 484.
this project. Click on History of Mathematics for 4. D. J. Struik, ed., A Sourcebook in Mathematics, 1200–1800 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni-
a list of reliable websites. versity Press, 1969), pp. 315–316.

4.5 Summary of Curve Sketching

So far we have been concerned with some particular aspects of curve sketching: domain,
range, and symmetry in Chapter 1; limits, continuity, and asymptotes in Chapter 2; deriv-
30 y=8˛-21≈+18x+2 atives and tangents in Chapters 2 and 3; and extreme values, intervals of increase and
decrease, concavity, points of inflection, and l’Hospital’s Rule in this chapter. It is now
time to put all of this information together to sketch graphs that reveal the important fea-
tures of functions.
You might ask: Why don’t we just use a graphing calculator or computer to graph a
_2 4 curve? Why do we need to use calculus?
It’s true that modern technology is capable of producing very accurate graphs. But even
_10 the best graphing devices have to be used intelligently. We saw in Section 1.4 that it is
extremely important to choose an appropriate viewing rectangle to avoid getting a mis-
FIGURE 1
leading graph. (See especially Examples 1, 3, 4, and 5 in that section.) The use of calculus
enables us to discover the most interesting aspects of graphs and in many cases to calcu-
8
late maximum and minimum points and inflection points exactly instead of approximately.
For instance, Figure 1 shows the graph of f 共x兲 苷 8x 3 ⫺ 21x 2 ⫹ 18x ⫹ 2. At first
glance it seems reasonable: It has the same shape as cubic curves like y 苷 x 3, and it appears
to have no maximum or minimum point. But if you compute the derivative, you will see
that there is a maximum when x 苷 0.75 and a minimum when x 苷 1. Indeed, if we zoom
y=8˛-21≈+18x+2 in to this portion of the graph, we see that behavior exhibited in Figure 2. Without calcu-
0 2 lus, we could easily have overlooked it.
6
In the next section we will graph functions by using the interaction between calculus and
FIGURE 2 graphing devices. In this section we draw graphs by first considering the following

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SECTION 4.5 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 311

information. We don’t assume that you have a graphing device, but if you do have one you
should use it as a check on your work.

Guidelines for Sketching a Curve

The following checklist is intended as a guide to sketching a curve y 苷 f 共x兲 by hand. Not
every item is relevant to every function. (For instance, a given curve might not have an
asymptote or possess symmetry.) But the guidelines provide all the information you need
to make a sketch that displays the most important aspects of the function.
A. Domain It’s often useful to start by determining the domain D of f , that is, the set of
values of x for which f 共x兲 is defined.
B. Intercepts The y-intercept is f 共0兲 and this tells us where the curve intersects the y-axis.
To find the x-intercepts, we set y 苷 0 and solve for x. (You can omit this step if the equa-
y tion is difficult to solve.)
C. Symmetry
( i) If f 共⫺x兲 苷 f 共x兲 for all x in D, that is, the equation of the curve is unchanged
when x is replaced by ⫺x, then f is an even function and the curve is symmetric about
0 x
the y-axis. This means that our work is cut in half. If we know what the curve looks like
for x 艌 0, then we need only reflect about the y-axis to obtain the complete curve [see
(a) Even function: reflectional symmetry
Figure 3(a)]. Here are some examples: y 苷 x 2, y 苷 x 4, y 苷 x , and y 苷 cos x. ⱍ ⱍ
( ii) If f 共⫺x兲 苷 ⫺f 共x兲 for all x in D, then f is an odd function and the curve is sym-
y metric about the origin. Again we can obtain the complete curve if we know what it looks
like for x 艌 0. [Rotate 180° about the origin; see Figure 3(b).] Some simple examples
of odd functions are y 苷 x, y 苷 x 3, y 苷 x 5, and y 苷 sin x.
x
( iii) If f 共x ⫹ p兲 苷 f 共x兲 for all x in D, where p is a positive constant, then f is called
0
a periodic function and the smallest such number p is called the period. For instance,
y 苷 sin x has period 2␲ and y 苷 tan x has period ␲. If we know what the graph looks
(b) Odd function: rotational symmetry
like in an interval of length p, then we can use translation to sketch the entire graph (see
FIGURE 3 Figure 4).

FIGURE 4
Periodic function: a-p 0 a a+p a+2p x
translational symmetry

D. Asymptotes
( i) Horizontal Asymptotes. Recall from Section 2.6 that if either lim x l ⬁ f 共x兲 苷 L
or lim x l⫺ ⬁ f 共x兲 苷 L, then the line y 苷 L is a horizontal asymptote of the curve y 苷 f 共x兲.
If it turns out that lim x l ⬁ f 共x兲 苷 ⬁ (or ⫺⬁), then we do not have an asymptote to the
right, but that is still useful information for sketching the curve.
( ii) Vertical Asymptotes. Recall from Section 2.2 that the line x 苷 a is a vertical
asymptote if at least one of the following statements is true:

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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312 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

(For rational functions you can locate the vertical asymptotes by equating the denomi-
nator to 0 after canceling any common factors. But for other functions this method does
not apply.) Furthermore, in sketching the curve it is very useful to know exactly which
of the statements in 1 is true. If f 共a兲 is not defined but a is an endpoint of the domain
of f , then you should compute lim x l a⫺ f 共x兲 or lim x l a⫹ f 共x兲, whether or not this limit is
infinite.
( iii) Slant Asymptotes. These are discussed at the end of this section.
E. Intervals of Increase or Decrease Use the I/D Test. Compute f ⬘共x兲 and find the intervals
on which f ⬘共x兲 is positive ( f is increasing) and the intervals on which f ⬘共x兲 is negative
( f is decreasing).
F. Local Maximum and Minimum Values Find the critical numbers of f [the numbers c where
f ⬘共c兲 苷 0 or f ⬘共c兲 does not exist]. Then use the First Derivative Test. If f ⬘ changes from
positive to negative at a critical number c, then f 共c兲 is a local maximum. If f ⬘ changes
from negative to positive at c, then f 共c兲 is a local minimum. Although it is usually prefer-
able to use the First Derivative Test, you can use the Second Derivative Test if f ⬘共c兲 苷 0
and f ⬙共c兲 苷 0. Then f ⬙共c兲 ⬎ 0 implies that f 共c兲 is a local minimum, whereas f ⬙共c兲 ⬍ 0
implies that f 共c兲 is a local maximum.
G. Concavity and Points of Inflection Compute f ⬙共x兲 and use the Concavity Test. The curve
is concave upward where f ⬙共x兲 ⬎ 0 and concave downward where f ⬙共x兲 ⬍ 0. Inflec-
tion points occur where the direction of concavity changes.
H. Sketch the Curve Using the information in items A–G, draw the graph. Sketch the
asymptotes as dashed lines. Plot the intercepts, maximum and minimum points, and
inflection points. Then make the curve pass through these points, rising and falling
according to E, with concavity according to G, and approaching the asymptotes. If
additional accuracy is desired near any point, you can compute the value of the derivative
there. The tangent indicates the direction in which the curve proceeds.

2x 2
v EXAMPLE 1 Use the guidelines to sketch the curve y 苷 .
x2 ⫺ 1
A. The domain is

兵x ⱍx 2
⫺ 1 苷 0其 苷 兵x ⱍ x 苷 ⫾1其 苷 共⫺⬁, ⫺1兲 傼 共⫺1, 1兲 傼 共1, ⬁兲
B. The x- and y-intercepts are both 0.
C. Since f 共⫺x兲 苷 f 共x兲, the function f is even. The curve is symmetric about the y-axis.

y
2x 2 2
D. lim 苷 lim 苷2
x l⫾⬁ x ⫺1
2 x l⫾⬁ 1 ⫺ 1兾x 2

y=2
Therefore the line y 苷 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
Since the denominator is 0 when x 苷 ⫾1, we compute the following limits:
0 x
2x 2 2x 2
lim⫹ 苷⬁ lim⫺ 苷 ⫺⬁
x=_1 x=1 x l1 x2 ⫺ 1 x l1 x2 ⫺ 1
FIGURE 5 2x 2 2x 2
lim⫹ 苷 ⫺⬁ lim⫺ 苷⬁
Preliminary sketch x l⫺1 x2 ⫺ 1 x l⫺1 x2 ⫺ 1
We have shown the curve approaching its
horizontal asymptote from above in Figure 5. Therefore the lines x 苷 1 and x 苷 ⫺1 are vertical asymptotes. This information about
This is confirmed by the intervals of increase and limits and asymptotes enables us to draw the preliminary sketch in Figure 5, showing
decrease. the parts of the curve near the asymptotes.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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SECTION 4.5 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 313

4x共x 2 ⫺ 1兲 ⫺ 2x 2 ⴢ 2x ⫺4x
E. f ⬘共x兲 苷 苷 2
共x ⫺ 1兲
2 2
共x ⫺ 1兲2

Since f ⬘共x兲 ⬎ 0 when x ⬍ 0 共x 苷 ⫺1兲 and f ⬘共x兲 ⬍ 0 when x ⬎ 0 共x 苷 1兲, f is

increasing on 共⫺⬁, ⫺1兲 and 共⫺1, 0兲 and decreasing on 共0, 1兲 and 共1, ⬁兲.
F. The only critical number is x 苷 0. Since f ⬘ changes from positive to negative at 0,
y f 共0兲 苷 0 is a local maximum by the First Derivative Test.
⫺4共x 2 ⫺ 1兲2 ⫹ 4x ⴢ 2共x 2 ⫺ 1兲2x 12x 2 ⫹ 4
G. f ⬙共x兲 苷 苷 2
共x ⫺ 1兲
2 4
共x ⫺ 1兲3
y=2
0 Since 12x 2 ⫹ 4 ⬎ 0 for all x, we have
x
f ⬙共x兲 ⬎ 0 &? x2 ⫺ 1 ⬎ 0 &? ⱍxⱍ ⬎ 1
x=_1 x=1 ⱍ ⱍ
and f ⬙共x兲 ⬍ 0 &? x ⬍ 1. Thus the curve is concave upward on the intervals
共⫺⬁, ⫺1兲 and 共1, ⬁兲 and concave downward on 共⫺1, 1兲. It has no point of inflection
FIGURE 6 since 1 and ⫺1 are not in the domain of f .
2≈
Finished sketch of y= H. Using the information in E–G, we finish the sketch in Figure 6.
≈-1

x2
EXAMPLE 2 Sketch the graph of f 共x兲 苷 .
sx ⫹ 1
A. Domain 苷 兵x x ⫹ 1 ⬎ 0其 苷 兵x ⱍ ⱍ x ⬎ ⫺1其 苷 共⫺1, ⬁兲
B. The x- and y-intercepts are both 0.
C. Symmetry: None
D. Since
x2
lim 苷⬁
xl⬁ sx ⫹ 1
there is no horizontal asymptote. Since sx ⫹ 1 l 0 as x l ⫺1⫹ and f 共x兲 is always
positive, we have
x2
lim⫹ 苷⬁
x l⫺1 sx ⫹ 1

and so the line x 苷 ⫺1 is a vertical asymptote.

2xsx ⫹ 1 ⫺ x 2 ⴢ 1兾(2sx ⫹ 1 ) x共3x ⫹ 4兲

E. f ⬘共x兲 苷 苷
x⫹1 2共x ⫹ 1兲3兾2

We see that f ⬘共x兲 苷 0 when x 苷 0 (notice that ⫺43 is not in the domain of f ), so the
only critical number is 0. Since f ⬘共x兲 ⬍ 0 when ⫺1 ⬍ x ⬍ 0 and f ⬘共x兲 ⬎ 0 when
x ⬎ 0, f is decreasing on 共⫺1, 0兲 and increasing on 共0, ⬁兲.
F. Since f ⬘共0兲 苷 0 and f ⬘ changes from negative to positive at 0, f 共0兲 苷 0 is a local (and
y
absolute) minimum by the First Derivative Test.

2共x ⫹ 1兲3兾2共6x ⫹ 4兲 ⫺ 共3x 2 ⫹ 4x兲3共x ⫹ 1兲1兾2 3x 2 ⫹ 8x ⫹ 8

G. f ⬙共x兲 苷 苷
4共x ⫹ 1兲 3
4共x ⫹ 1兲5兾2

≈ Note that the denominator is always positive. The numerator is the quadratic
y=
œ„„„„
x+1 3x 2 ⫹ 8x ⫹ 8, which is always positive because its discriminant is b 2 ⫺ 4ac 苷 ⫺32,
which is negative, and the coefficient of x 2 is positive. Thus f ⬙共x兲 ⬎ 0 for all x in the
x=_1
0 x domain of f , which means that f is concave upward on 共⫺1, ⬁兲 and there is no point
of inflection.
FIGURE 7 H. The curve is sketched in Figure 7.

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314 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

v EXAMPLE 3 Sketch the graph of f 共x兲 苷 xe x.

A. The domain is ⺢.
B. The x- and y-intercepts are both 0.
C. Symmetry: None
D. Because both x and e x become large as x l , we have lim x l xe x 苷 . As x l  ,
however, e x l 0 and so we have an indeterminate product that requires the use of
l’Hospital’s Rule:
x 1
lim xe x 苷 lim 苷 lim 苷 lim 共e x 兲 苷 0
x l x l ex x l ex x l

Thus the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.

y E. f 共x兲 苷 xe x  e x 苷 共x  1兲e x
y=x´
Since e x is always positive, we see that f 共x兲  0 when x  1  0, and f 共x兲  0 when
x  1  0. So f is increasing on 共1, 兲 and decreasing on 共 , 1兲.
F. Because f 共1兲 苷 0 and f changes from negative to positive at x 苷 1,
1 f 共1兲 苷 e1 is a local (and absolute) minimum.
_2 _1 G. f 共x兲 苷 共x  1兲e x  e x 苷 共x  2兲e x
x
(_1, _1/e) Since f 共x兲  0 if x  2 and f 共x兲  0 if x  2, f is concave upward on 共2, 兲
and concave downward on 共 , 2兲. The inflection point is 共2, 2e2 兲.
FIGURE 8 H. We use this information to sketch the curve in Figure 8.

cos x
EXAMPLE 4 Sketch the graph of f 共x兲 苷 .
2  sin x
A. The domain is ⺢.
B. The y -intercept is f 共0兲 苷 2 . The x -intercepts occur when cos x 苷 0, that is,
1

x 苷 共2n  1兲兾2, where n is an integer.

C. f is neither even nor odd, but f 共x  2兲 苷 f 共x兲 for all x and so f is periodic and
has period 2. Thus, in what follows, we need to consider only 0 x 2 and then
extend the curve by translation in part H.
D. Asymptotes: None

共2  sin x兲共sin x兲  cos x 共cos x兲 2 sin x  1

E. f 共x兲 苷 苷
共2  sin x兲 2 共2  sin x兲 2

Thus f 共x兲  0 when 2 sin x  1  0 &? sin x   12 &?

7兾6  x  11兾6. So f is increasing on 共7兾6, 11兾6兲 and decreasing on 共0, 7兾6兲
and 共11兾6, 2兲.
F. From part E and the First Derivative Test, we see that the local minimum value
is f 共7兾6兲 苷 1兾s3 and the local maximum value is f 共11兾6兲 苷 1兾s3 .
G. If we use the Quotient Rule again and simplify, we get

2 cos x 共1  sin x兲
f 共x兲 苷 
共2  sin x兲 3

Because 共2  sin x兲 3  0 and 1  sin x  0 for all x , we know that f 共x兲  0 when
cos x  0, that is, 兾2  x  3兾2. So f is concave upward on 共兾2, 3兾2兲 and
concave downward on 共0, 兾2兲 and 共3兾2, 2兲. The inflection points are 共兾2, 0兲
and 共3兾2, 0兲.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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SECTION 4.5 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 315

H. The graph of the function restricted to 0 x 2 is shown in Figure 9. Then we

extend it, using periodicity, to the complete graph in Figure 10.

y y
11π 1
1 ” 6 , œ„3 ’
1
2 2

π π 3π 2π x _π π 2π 3π x
2 2

” 7π 1
- ’
6 , œ„3
FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10

EXAMPLE 5 Sketch the graph of y 苷 ln共4  x 2 兲.

A. The domain is

兵x ⱍ 4x 2
 0其 苷 兵x ⱍx 2
 4其 苷 兵x ⱍ ⱍ x ⱍ  2其 苷 共2, 2兲
B. The y-intercept is f 共0兲 苷 ln 4. To find the x-intercept we set

y 苷 ln共4  x 2 兲 苷 0

We know that ln 1 苷 0, so we have 4  x 2 苷 1 ? x 2 苷 3 and therefore the

x-intercepts are s3 .
C. Since f 共x兲 苷 f 共x兲, f is even and the curve is symmetric about the y-axis.
D. We look for vertical asymptotes at the endpoints of the domain. Since 4  x 2 l 0  as
x l 2  and also as x l 2, we have
lim ln共4  x 2 兲 苷  lim ln共4  x 2 兲 苷 
x l2 x l2

Thus the lines x 苷 2 and x 苷 2 are vertical asymptotes.

2x
E. f 共x兲 苷
4  x2
y
(0, ln 4) Since f 共x兲  0 when 2  x  0 and f 共x兲  0 when 0  x  2, f is ncreasing i
x=_2 x=2
on 共2, 0兲 and decreasing on 共0, 2兲.
F. The only critical number is x 苷 0. Since f changes from positive to negative at 0,
f 共0兲 苷 ln 4 is a local maximum by the First Derivative Test.
0 x
{_ œ„3, 0} {œ„3, 0}
共4  x 2 兲共2兲  2x共2x兲 8  2x 2
G. f 共x兲 苷 苷
共4  x 2 兲2 共4  x 2 兲2

Since f 共x兲  0 for all x, the curve is concave downward on 共2, 2兲 and has no
FIGURE 11 inflection point.
y=ln(4 -≈) H. Using this information, we sketch the curve in Figure 11.

Slant Asymptotes
Some curves have asymptotes that are oblique, that is, neither horizontal nor vertical. If

lim 关 f 共x兲  共mx  b兲兴 苷 0

xl

then the line y 苷 mx  b is called a slant asymptote because the vertical distance

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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316 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

y between the curve y 苷 f 共x兲 and the line y 苷 mx  b approaches 0, as in Figure 12. (A
y=ƒ similar situation exists if we let x l  .) For rational functions, slant asymptotes occur
when the degree of the numerator is one more than the degree of the denominator. In such
ƒ-(mx+b)
a case the equation of the slant asymptote can be found by long division as in the follow-
ing example.
y=mx+b
x3
v EXAMPLE 6 Sketch the graph of f 共x兲 苷 .
0 x x 1
2

A. The domain is ⺢ 苷 共 , 兲.
FIGURE 12 B. The x- and y-intercepts are both 0.
C. Since f 共x兲 苷 f 共x兲, f is odd and its graph is symmetric about the origin.
D. Since x 2  1 is never 0, there is no vertical asymptote. Since f 共x兲 l as x l and
f 共x兲 l  as x l  , there is no horizontal asymptote. But long division gives

x3 x
f 共x兲 苷 苷x 2
x 1
2
x 1
1
x x
f 共x兲  x 苷  苷 l 0 as xl
x2  1 1
1 2
x

So the line y 苷 x is a slant asymptote.

3x 2共x 2  1兲  x 3 ⴢ 2x x 2共x 2  3兲
E. f 共x兲 苷 苷
共x  1兲
2 2
共x 2  1兲2

Since f 共x兲  0 for all x (except 0), f is increasing on 共 , 兲.

F. Although f 共0兲 苷 0, f does not change sign at 0, so there is no local maximum or
minimum.

共4x 3  6x兲共x 2  1兲2  共x 4  3x 2 兲 ⴢ 2共x 2  1兲2x 2x共3  x 2 兲

G. f 共x兲 苷 苷
共x 2  1兲4 共x 2  1兲3

y ˛ Since f 共x兲 苷 0 when x 苷 0 or x 苷 s3 , we set up the following chart:

y=
≈+1

Interval x 3  x2 共x 2  1兲3 f 共x兲 f

”œ„3,
3œ„3
’ x  s3     CU on ( , s3 )
4
0 s3  x  0     CD on (s3 , 0)
x 0  x  s3     CU on (0, s3 )
3œ„
3
”_œ„3, _ 4 ’
inflection x  s3     CD on (s3 , )
points

y=x
The points of inflection are (s3 ,  34 s3 ), 共0, 0兲, and (s3 , 34 s3 ).
FIGURE 13 H. The graph of f is sketched in Figure 13.

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97909_04_ch04_p314-323.qk:97909_04_ch04_p314-323 9/21/10 11:03 AM Page 317

SECTION 4.5 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 317

4.5 Exercises
1–54 Use the guidelines of this section to sketch the curve.
1. y 苷 x 3  12x 2  36x 2. y 苷 2  3x 2  x 3
53. y 苷 e 3x  e2x 54. y 苷 tan1 冉 冊 x1
x1
3. y 苷 x 4  4x 4. y 苷 x 4  8x 2  8
5. y 苷 x共x  4兲3 6. y 苷 x 5  5x 55. In the theory of relativity, the mass of a particle is
7. y 苷 5 x 5  3 x 3  16x 8. y 苷 共4  x 2 兲 5
1 8
m0
m苷
x x 4 2 s1 v 2兾c 2

9. y 苷 10. y 苷
x1 x 2  2x where m 0 is the rest mass of the particle, m is the mass when
x  x2 x the particle moves with speed v relative to the observer, and c
11. y 苷 12. y 苷 2 is the speed of light. Sketch the graph of m as a function of v.
2  3x  x 2 x 9
1 x2 56. In the theory of relativity, the energy of a particle is
13. y 苷 14. y 苷
x 92
x 9 2
E 苷 sm 02 c 4  h 2 c 2兾 2

x 1 1
15. y 苷 2 16. y 苷 1   2 where m 0 is the rest mass of the particle, is its wave length,
x 9 x x
and h is Planck’s constant. Sketch the graph of E as a function
x1 x
17. y 苷 18. y 苷 of . What does the graph say about the energy?
x2 x3  1
57. A model for the spread of a rumor is given by the equation
x2 x3
19. y 苷 2 20. y 苷 1
x 3 x2 p共t兲 苷
1  aekt
21. y 苷 共x  3兲sx 22. y 苷 2sx  x where p共t兲 is the proportion of the population that knows the
rumor at time t and a and k are positive constants.
23. y 苷 sx 2  x  2 24. y 苷 sx 2  x  x (a) When will half the population have heard the rumor?
x (b) When is the rate of spread of the rumor greatest?
25. y 苷 26. y 苷 x s2  x 2 (c) Sketch the graph of p.
sx  1 2

58. A model for the concentration at time t of a drug injected into

s1  x 2 x the bloodstream is
27. y 苷 28. y 苷
x sx 2  1
C共t兲 苷 K共eat  ebt 兲
29. y 苷 x  3x 1兾3 30. y 苷 x 5兾3  5x 2兾3
where a, b, and K are positive constants and b  a. Sketch the
31. y 苷 sx  1 3 2
32. y 苷 sx  1 3 3 graph of the concentration function. What does the graph tell
us about how the concentration varies as time passes?
33. y 苷 sin x 3
34. y 苷 x  cos x
59. The figure shows a beam of length L embedded in concrete
35. y 苷 x tan x, 兾2  x  兾2 walls. If a constant load W is distributed evenly along its
36. y 苷 2x  tan x, 兾2  x  兾2 length, the beam takes the shape of the deflection curve
37. y 苷 2 x  sin x,
1
0  x  3 W WL 3 WL 2 2
y苷 x4  x  x
38. y 苷 sec x  tan x, 0  x  兾2 24EI 12EI 24EI
sin x sin x
39. y 苷 40. y 苷 where E and I are positive constants. (E is Young’s modulus of
1  cos x 2  cos x elasticity and I is the moment of inertia of a cross-section of
41. y 苷 arctan共e x 兲 42. y 苷 共1  x兲e x the beam.) Sketch the graph of the deflection curve.
43. y 苷 1兾共1  e x
兲 44. y 苷 ex sin x, 0 x 2
y W
45. y 苷 x  ln x 46. y 苷 e 2x
e x

47. y 苷 共1  e x 兲2 48. y 苷 e x兾x 2

0
49. y 苷 ln共sin x兲 50. y 苷 ln共x 2  3x  2兲
L
ln x
51. y 苷 xe1兾x 52. y 苷
x2
1. Homework Hints available at stewartcalculus.com
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.