DESIGN III GENERAL ARRANGEMENT & SAFETY PLAN

DEPARTMENT OF MARINE ENGINEERING

Navigation Equipment & Lights

Arrangement
Doc. No. 08 – 5019231191 – NA

Prepared by Approved by
Rev. Date Remark
Moch. Ari Wibowo Sedjati Prof.Dr. I Made Ariana, S.T., M.T.
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I. INTRODUCTION
Navigation is the process or activity of controlling the ship from a point of
location to another location safely and fully controlled but still efficient. Efficient in time
and fuel consumption used by ships. Navigation process over time must used
experienced technological developments so that the navigation process more
accurate in determining the route, weather, ship position on the ocean.

Navigation lights in this chapter is regulated by the International Regulations

for preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG 1972).

II. OBJECTIVES
The things that we must understand about this document are :
1. Planning the navigation equipment
2. Planning the lights arrangement

III. REFERENCES
1. International Regulations for preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972
2. Design III Materials Marine Engineering Departments

IV. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Table 8.1 List of Abbreviations
No. Abbreviations Explanation
1. GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
2. ARPA Automatic Radar Plotting Aid
3. ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System
4. AIS Automatic Identification System
5. LRIT Long Range Identification Transfer
6. VDR Voyage Data Recorder
7. GPS Global Positioning System
8. SAR Search and Rescue
9. IMO International Maritime Organization
10. DSC Digital Selecting Calling
11. VHF Very High Frequency
12. GT Gross Tonnage
13. GRT Gross Registered Tonnage
14. COLREGS Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
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V. CHAPTER DESCRIPTION
A. Navigation Equipment
Navigational instruments refers to the instruments used by nautical
navigators and pilots as tools of their trade. The purpose of navigation is to
ascertain the present position and to determine the speed, direction etc. to arrive
at the port or point of destination. List of navigation equipment has been set on
SOLAS, dividing by sea area of vessel sailing.

Requirements of SOLAS Convention Although the conventional maritime

distress and safety communication system, mainly using Morse codes such as
SOS, TTT, has contributed to the safety of life at sea for a long time, some problems
have been pointed out. The conventional system is inadequate for long-distance
communication, and no distress signal is transmitted if a vessel is capsized
abruptly.

To solve these problems, International Maritime Organization (IMO) and

other related organizations have developed the Global Maritime Distress and
Safety System (GMDSS) using digital and satellite communications technologies.
GMDSS allows a vessel in distress in any sea area to make a quick and secure
request for rescue to maritime search and rescue (SAR) authorities and vessels
passing in the vicinity. In addition, the GMDSS allows the vessels in the vicinity to
obtain maritime safety information available from the shore at any time with high
accuracy using the automatic receiving system.

For the full coverage by the GMDSS, the sea areas in the world are divided
into four ship’s areas of operation as follows:
• Sea Area A1 – within range of shore-based VHF coast stations (about 25
nautical miles)
• Sea Area A2 – within range of shore-based MF coast stations (about 150
nautical miles)
• Sea Area A3 – within range of service by INMARSAT, which covers the
whole globe except polar regions
• Sea Area A4 – the remaining sea areas outside areas A1, A2 and A3

Full operation of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
is planned for February 1st 1999. Under IMO legislation, all passenger vessels had
to be fitted with the necessary equipment by 1995, and all vessels over 300grt to
be GMDSS equipped by the 1st February deadline. National administrations are
also being encouraged to provide the necessary shore based infrastructure in
sufficient time.
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Figure 8.1 GMDSS Concept

Source : www.icselectronics.co.uk

B. Navigation Lights
Navigation lights are used for lighting as well as light signs that serve as
signs or directions when there is interaction between ships. Navigation lights are
also positioned at several locations on the ship that require individual lighting.

Picture 8.2. Navigation Light

Source : http://air-formation.com
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VI. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Table 8.2 Design Requirements
No. References
1. International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 Chapter
11. Vessel Lights, Day Shapes and Sound Signals.

VII. SUMMARY EXPLANATION

Table 8.3 Summary Explanation
No. Key of Explanation Explanation
GMDSS is specifically designed to automate a ship’s
radio distress alerting function, and consequently,
1. GMDSS
remove the requirement for manual (human) watch-
keeping on distress channels
Gyro compasses are pre-eminently used in most ships
2. Gyro Compas in order to detect true north, steer, and find positions
and record courses
It is used to determine the distance of the ship from
3. Marine Radar
land, other ships, or any floating object out at sea
The magnetic compass work in conjunction with the
Magnetic
4. magnetic field of the earth. It is used to get planned
Compass
direction for the voyage.
It is a combination of hydraulic, mechanical, and
electrical system and is used to control the ship’s
5. Auto Pilot
steering system from a remote location (Navigation
bridge).
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid displays the position of a
6. ARPA
ship and other vessels nearby.
The device is used to measure the speed and the
Speed & Distance distance traveled by a ship from a set point. By
7.
Log Device calculating the same, ETA of the ship is adjusted or
given to the port authority and agent.
This instrument is used to measure the depth of the
8. Echo Sounder
water below the ship’s bottom using sound waves
is a development in the navigational chart system used
in naval vessels and ships. With the use of the
9. ECDIS electronic chart system, it has become easier for a
ship’s navigating crew to pinpoint locations, and
attaining directions are easier than before
is a system which helps to pinpoint the location and
other navigational statistics of ships. AIS uses VHF
10. AIS radio channels as transmitters and receivers to send
and receive messages between ships which endeavors
to fulfill a lot of responsibilities
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is an international tracking and identification system

incorporated by the IMO under its SOLAS convention to
11. LRIT
ensure a thorough tracking system for ships across the
world
as the name indicates, provide the angle of the rudder.
Rudder angle
12. The display is provided on bridge to control the rate of
indicator
turn and rudder angle of the ship.
voyage data recorder is an instrument safely installed
13. VDR on a ship to continuously record vital information
related to the operation of a vessel
Rate of turn It indicates how fast the ship is turning at steady rate,
14.
indicator normally shown as number of degree turned
This system is required for a ship with fully enclosed
Sound Reception type bridge. It enables the navigating officer inside the
15.
System cabin to listen to the sound signals and fog horn from
other ships
A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver is a display
16.. GPS system used to show the ship’s location with the help
of Global positioning satellite in the earth’s orbit
Mast head is a lamp which has white lights placed on
17. Mast head Light
the centerline of the stern and the bow of the vessel
The lights are installed on the right side and left side of
18. Side Lights
the deck house
The sternlight definition is the white light that is as
19. Stern Lights
much as possible placed on the rear of the ship
On a ship that is using an anchor at night, must activate
20. Anchor Lights a white light with 360° radius angle to the horizontal
plane
21. Morse Lights Morse is one form of communication
Day shapes are mast head signals visually indicating
the status of a vessel to other vessels on navigable
22. Day Shapes
waters during daylight hours whether making-way,
anchored, or aground.

VIII. DETAIL EXPLANATION

1. GMDSS
The basic concept of GMDSS is that search and rescue authorities ashore,
as well as shipping in the immediate vicinity of the ship in distress, will be rapidly
alerted to a distress incident so that they can assist in a co-ordinated SAR
operation with the minimum delay. The system also provides for agency and safety
communications and the promulgation of Maritime Safety Information (MSI) -
navigational and meteorological warnings and forecasts and other urgent safety
information to ships. In other words, every ship is able, irrespective of the area in
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which it operates, to perform those communication functions which are essential

for the safety of the ship itself and of other ships operating in the same area.
GMDSS consists of several different safety systems based around different
communications technologies, these include DSC, NAVTEX and INMARSAT.
Requirements for ships that must have GMDSS equipment are passenger ships
that sail in international waters and freight boats above of 300 GT and ship sailing
in sea area 2. The following GMDSS equipment, as follows:
• VHF Radio, VHF radio installation capable of transmitting DSC on channel 70,
and radiotelephony on channels 16, 13 and 6
• SART, One SART if under 500 GRT, 2 SARTs if over 500 GRT.
• VHF Transceivers, Two portable VHF transceivers for use in survival craft if
under 500 GRT, three if over 500 GRT. ( of the approved type with lithium
batteries )
• NAVTEX, A NAVTEX receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area
where a NAVTEX service is provided. ( approved type )

Figure 8.3 NAVTEX

Source : agung.blog.st3telkom.ac.id

• Inmarsat C, An Inmarsat C EGC receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages

within Inmarsat coverage Areas ,and by NAVTEX or HF NBDP at Areas not
covered by Inmarsat A4

Figure 8.4 Covered Area by Inmarsat

Source : agung.blog.st3telkom.ac.id
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• EPIRB, A 406 MHz or 1.6 GHz EPIRB

Figure 8.5 EPIRB

Source : agung.blog.st3telkom.ac.id
• DSC, a DSC watchkeeping receiver operating on 2187.5 kHz

2. Gyro Compass
Gyro compasses are pre-eminently used in most ships in order to detect
true north, steer, and find positions and record courses. But due to the ship’s
course, speed and latitude, there could appear some steaming errors. It has been
found that on Northerly courses the Gyro compass north is slightly deflected to the
West of the true meridian whereas on Southerly courses it is deflected to the East.
Modern ships use a GPS system or other navigational aids feed data to
the Gyrocompass for correcting the error.

Figure 8.6 Gyro Compass

Source : Material Design III Class
3. Marine Radar
Tracking ship devices are compulsory as per COLREGS (International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea). COLREGS is a publication that is
published regularly by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to help make
marine travel safe.

Help of ship radar, accidents can be prevented in the oceanic area.

However, even while the ships are docked in the port, with the help of these radars,
the coast guard and the other authorities can use them to monitor the traffic in the
small radar range.
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4. Magnetic Compass
The magnetic compass work in conjunction with the magnetic field of the
earth. It is used to get planned direction for the voyage.

5. Auto Pilot
Auto Pilot is a combination of hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical system
and is used to control the ship’s steering system from a remote location
(Navigation bridge).

6. ARPA
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) displays the position of a ship and
other vessels nearby. The radar displays the position of the ships in the vicinity and
selects the course for the vessel by avoiding any kind of collision.

Figure 8.7 ARPA

Source : Design III PPT Materials

7. Speed and Distance Log Device

This device is used to measure the speed and the distance traveled by a
ship from a set point. By calculating the same, ETA of the ship is adjusted or given
to the port authority and agent.

8. Echo Sounder
This instrument is used to measure the depth of the water below the ship’s
bottom using sound waves.

9. ECDIS
ECDIS is a development in the navigational chart system used in naval
vessels and ships. With the use of the electronic chart system, it has become
easier for a ship’s navigating crew to pinpoint locations, and attaining directions
are easier than before

10. AIS
AIS is a system which helps to pinpoint the location and other navigational
statistics of ships. AIS uses VHF radio channels as transmitters and receivers to
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send and receive messages between ships which endeavors to fulfill a lot of
responsibilities.

11. LRIT
LRIT is an international tracking and identification system incorporated by
the IMO under its SOLAS convention to ensure a thorough tracking system for ships
across the world

12. Rudder Angle Indicator

Rudder angle indicator, as the name indicates, provide the angle of the
rudder. The display is provided on bridge to control the rate of turn and rudder
angle of the ship.

13. VDR
Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) is an instrument safely installed on a ship to
continuously record vital information related to the operation of a vessel. It
contains a voice recording system for a period of at least last 12 hours. This
recording is recovered and made use of for investigation in events of accidents.

14. Rate of Turn Indicator

It indicates how fast the ship is turning at steady rate, normally shown as
number of degree turned

15. Sound Reception System

This system is required for a ship with fully enclosed type bridge. It enables
the navigating officer inside the cabin to listen to the sound signals and fog horn
from other ships

16. GPS
One of the modern equipment for ship navigation is a Global Positioning
Satellite / GPS is a device that can determine the exact position coordinates of the
earth that can directly receive signals from satellites

17. Mast Head Light

Mast head is a lamp which has white lights placed on the centerline of the
stern and the bow of the vessel where the masthead light produces light at an
angle of 225 degrees without being obscured. The height of the lamp on the front
of the pole, shortest is 6 m and the highest is 12 m and on the pole lamp behind
is 4.5 m higher than the front pole lamp. The horizontal distance between the two
lamps, minimum s L / 2 and maximum 100 m.
Color : White
Visibility : 5 miles
Angle of light : 225° (horizontal)
Height :6m
Placement : Top deck
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18. Side Lights

The lights are installed on the right side and left side of the deck house.
Green for the right and red lights on the left. Angled 112.5° from the side of the
hull in the horizontal plane outward, and placed on the navigation deck and must
can be seen at least 2 miles in distance.
Color : Starboard: Green, Port: Red
Amount : 2; Starboard 1, Port 1
Visibility : 2 miles
Angle of light : 112,5° horizontal
Height : 3,5 m
Placement : Starboard and Port side on the Navigation Deck

19. Stern Lights

dhe sternlight definition is the white light that is as much as possible
placed on the rear of the ship and produces a glow of 135° without being blurred.
Color : White
Amount :1
Visibility : 2 miles
Angle of light : 135° horizontal
Height : 3,5 m
Placement : Stern

20. Anchor Lights

Anchor lights must activate a white light with 360° radius angle to the
horizontal plane. It is purposes to give information for other vessels that a ship is
unmovable and cannot temporarily maneuver. The height of the anchor light is
placed at least 6 m from the main deck. During daylight, the function of the lamp
can be replaced by raising the black ball to anchor lamp pole. This light must be
able to be seen with 3 miles distance.
Color : White
Amount :1
Visibility : 3 miles
Angle of light : 360° horizontal
Height :6m
Placement : Forecastle

21. Morse Lights

Morse is one form of communication. The way to give Morse code to others
is by the light. Morse light is a lamp which can be control the flash of it by human.
Morse lights are one form of communication or as signs when the weather with
low visibility / ship ran aground. The location of this lamp is directly above the
masthead or on the mast
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22. Day Shapes

Day shapes are mast head signals visually indicating the status of a vessel
to other vessels on navigable waters during daylight hours whether making-way,
anchored, or aground. These signals consist of a set of simple geometric shapes:
ball, cylinder, cone, and diamond that are displayed, hung from a mast, in a
prescribed manner to indicate a vessel's operational status.

IX. SPECIFICATION OF EQUIPMENTS

None
X. DRAWING OF ARRANGEMENTS
See attachment of Dwg, No. 01 – 5019231191 – GA