NETWORKING

BASICS
 Prepared by
Vijay

Networking

 What is Computer Networking?

Computer networking is the network that connecting two or more devices in order to
share the data. It allows to communicate between inside the connected network.

Types of Networking

o Personal Area Network (PAN)

o Local Area Network (LAN)
o Campus Area Network (CAN)
o Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
o Wide Area Network (WAN)
Network Topologies

What is Network topologies?

Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected
to each other.
o Types of Topologies
 BUS
 STAR
 RING
 TREE
 MESH
 HYBRID
Networking Devices

Networking devices are used connect various nodes that are used in the network. We can
use various devices in computer networking that are mentioned below.
  Modem

 Router

 Gateway

 Switch

 Bridge

 Hub

 Repeater

 NIC (Network Interface Card)

Modem
Modem is combination of modulator and demodulator. It modulates digital signal to
transmission medium and demodulates transmission medium to digital signal.

Types of Modems:
  Telephone Modem
 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Modem
 Cable Modem

Router
o Router is the internetworking device that is used to connect our internet network into
international network (outside network).
o It also used as a gateway of the internet traffic in LAN & WAN network.
o Router is Transport (third) layer device in OSI Model.
o It examnines IP addresses and communicate through data packets.

Types of Routers:

 Wired routers
 Wireless routers
 Core routers
 Edge routers
 Virtual routers

Gateway
o A Gateway is a network bridge for data transmission that connects LAN network into
outside network.
o It is usually inbuild in router and it makes data transmission easier and it is also work in
network layer of OSI model but it can be deployed in any of the OSI layer.
o Standalone or virtual gateways may be placed anywhere in a network where translation is
needed. They can be unidirectional (allowing data to flow in only one direction) or
bidirectional (allowing data to flow both in and out of a network)
 o As an entry or exit point for data, a gateway can be used in a variety of security processes,
such as a firewall to scan and filter data or a proxy server to maintain restricted access to
certain applications or assets.

Switches
o A network switch is a small device that centralizes communications among several
connected devices in one local area network (LAN).
o It is Data Link (second) layer device of OSI model
o It examines MAC address of the device communicate through data frames.
o It is supports unicast (one-to-one), multicast (one-to-many) and broadcast (one-to-all)
communications.

Types of Switches:

o Managed switch
o Unmanaged switch
o PoE (Power over ethernet) switch
o Modular switch
o Fixed switch
o Smart switch

Bridge
o A bridge is the that connects multiple LAN network to a large LAN network
o The bridge is a physical or hardware device but operates at the OSI model’s data link layer
and is also known as a layer of two switches.
o The primary responsibility of a switch is to examine the incoming traffic and determine
whether to filter or forward it.
o A bridge in computer networks is used to divide network connections into sections.
Types of Bridges:

o Transparent bridge
o Source routing bridge
o Translational bridge

Hub
o A Hub is the network device that is used to connect multiple devices in the network. It is used
as a broadcast (Multicast) device in the network.
o It is used in physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.

Types of Hubs:

o Active Hub
 o Passive Hub
o Intelligent Hub

Repeater
o A Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model that amplify or
regenerate an incoming signal before retransmitting it.
o They are incorporated in networks to expand its coverage area. They are also known as signal
boosters.

Types of Repeaters:

o Based in LAN
 Local Repeater
 Remote Repeater
o Based in Connectivity
o Wired Repeater
o Wireless Repeater
o Based in Signals
o Analog Repeater
o Digital Repeater

Network Interface Card (NIC)

o Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that is present on the computer.
o It is used to connect different networking devices such as computers and servers to share data
over the connected network.
o It provides functionality such as support for I/O interrupt, Direct Memory Access (DMA)
interfaces, partitioning, and data transmission.