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UNIT VI : Reproduction in Plants
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Chapter
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Asexual and Sexual
Reproduction in Plants
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Chapter Snapshot
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1.1 Asexual Reproduction

1.2 Vegetative Reproduction
1.2.1 Natural methods
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1.2.2 Artificial Methods

1.3 Sexual Reproduction
1.4 Pre-fertilization Structure and Events
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1.4.1 Male Reproductive part - Androecium

1.4.2 Female reproductive part - Gynoecium
1.4.3 Pollination
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1.5 Fertilization
1.5.1 Double fertilization and triple fusion
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1.6 Post Fertilization Structure and Events

1.7 Apomixis
1.8 Polyembryony
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1.9 Parthenocarpy

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany
Concept Map
Chapter-1
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REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
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Asexual Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
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Androecium
Flowers
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Natural Methods Artificial Methods
Gynoecium
Root Conventional Modern

Self-
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methods methods
Pollination
Stem Pollination
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Micropropagation
Cross
Leaf Pollination
Fertilization
Cutting Grafting Layering
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Bud grafting Mound Seed

layering
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Approach
grafting Air layering
Tongue
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grafting
Crown
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grafting
Wedge
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grafting
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Must know definitions
Polyembryony : Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

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Amphimixis : Method of reproduction which involves fertilization.
Apomixis : Method of reproduction which does not involve fertilization.
Endosperm : A triploid nutritive tissue that nourishes the developing embryo.
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Microsporogenesis : Stages involved in formation of haploid microspores from diploid microspore
mother cells.
Embryo sac : Oval sac - like structure found in the nucellus of the ovule and acts as female
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gametophyte.
Megasporogenesis : The process of development of a megaspore from a megaspore mother cell.
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Pollination : Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
Self pollination : Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower.
Cross pollination : Transfer of pollen from anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower on the
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same plant or different plant of the same species.
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Double fertilization : One sperm fuses with the egg to form the diploid zygote and another sperm fuses
with the secondary nucleus to form primary endosperm nucleus which is triploid.
This is called double fertilization.
Triple fusion : Fusion of sperm with diploid secondary nucleus to form triploid endosperm
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nucleus.
Radicle : Embryonic root is called radicle.
Plumule : Embryonic shoot is called plumule.

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Apospory : The process of embryo sac formation from diploid cells of nucellus as a result of
mitosis.
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Budding : A method of asexual reproduction where small outgrowth (Bud) from a parent
cell are produced.
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Callus : Undifferentiated mass of cells obtained through tissue culture.
Clone : Genetically identical individuals.

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Endothecium : A single layer of hygroscopic, radially elongated cells found below the epidermis
of anther which helps in dehiscence of anther.
Fertilization : The act of fusion of male and female gamete
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Grafting : Conventional method of reproduction where stock and scion are joined to pro-
duce new plant.
Horticulture : Branch of plant science that deals with the art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers
and ornamental plants.
Chapter-1
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Nucellus : The diploid tissue found on the inner part of ovule next to the integuments.
Pollenkitt : A sticky covering found on the surface of the pollen that helps to attract insects.
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Regeneration : Ability of organisms to replace or restore the lost parts.
Sporopollenin : Pollen wall material derived from carotenoids and is resistant to physical and bi-
ological decomposition.
Tapetum
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: Nutritive tissue for the developing sporogenous tissue.
Transmitting tissue : A single layer of glandular canal cells lining the inner part of style.
Terminologies & examples

Conidia
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: Aspergillus and
Penicillium
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Offset : Pistia and Eicchornia
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Budding : Yeast and Hydrilla

Sucker : Chrysanthemum
Fragmentation : Spirogyra
Bulbil : Diascorea and Agave
Gemma : Marchantia
Epiphyllous bud : Bryophyllum
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Regeneration : Planaria
Root cutting : Malus
Binary Fission : Bacteria
Buds in Roots : Murraya, Dalbergia and Stem cutting : Hibiscus, Bougainvillea
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Millingtonia and Moringa

Leaf cutting : Begonia and Bryophyllum
Tuberous Roots : Ipomoea batatus and
Grafting : Citrus, Mango, Apple
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Dahlia
Rhizome : Musa paradisiaca, Layering : Ixora and Jasminum
Zingiber officinale and Pollinium : Calotropis
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curcuma longa Compound Pollen : Drosera and Drymis

Corm : Amorphophallus and grain
Colocasia
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Pollen-10 : Myosotis
Tuber : Solanum tuberosum micrometer
Bulb : Allium cepa and Lilium Pollen-200 : Cucurbitaceae and
micrometer Nyctaginaceae
Runner : Centella asiatica
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Orthotropous : Piperaceae and Epihydrophily : Vallisneria spiralis and

Ovule Polygonaceae Elodea
Anatropous Ovule : Dicot and Monocot Hypohydrophily : Zostera marina,

Ceratophyllum
Hemianatropous : Primulaceae

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Ovule Ornithophily : Erythrina, Bombax,
Syzygium, Bignonia and
Campylotropous : Leguminosae
Strelitzia
Ovule
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Amphitropous : Alismataceae Perianth (Fleshy : Jack fruit
Ovule and Edible)
Circinotropous : Cactaceae Funiculus - fleshy : Myristica and
Ovule structure Pithecellobium
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Monosporic : Polygonum Nuclear : Coccinia, Capsella and
megaspore Endosperm Arachis
Bisporic : Allium Cellular : Adoxa, Helianthus and
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Megaspore Endosperm Scoparia
Tetrasporic : Peperomia Helobial : Hydrilla and vallisneria
Megaspore Endosperm
Cleistogamous : Commelina, Viola and Ruminate : Myristica
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flowers Oxalis Endosperm
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Homogamy : Mirabilis jalaba, Endospermous : Wheat, Maize, Barley and

Catharanthus roseus Seed Sunflower
Monoecious : Coconut and Bitter Non- : Bean, Mango, and
flower gourd Endospermous Cucurbits.
Seed
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Dioecious flower : Borassus and Carica

Bulbil : Fritillaria imperialis
papaya
Protandry : Helianthus and Adventive : Citrus and Mangifera
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Clerodendrum Embryony
Protogyny : Scrophularia nodosa and Diplospory : Eupatorium and Aerva
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Aristolochia bracteata
Apospory : Hieracium and
Distyly : Primula Parthenium
Tristyly : Lythrum Parthenocarpic : Banana, Grapes and
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fruits Papaya
Self sterility : Abutilon and Passiflora
Anemophily : Grasses, Sugarcane, Genetic : Citrus and cucurbita
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Bamboo, Coconut, Palm parthenocarpy

and Maize Environmental : Pear
Hydrophily : Vallisneria and Hydrilla parthenocarpy
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Evaluation
Chapter-1
(a) I – iv II – i III – ii IV – iii
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1. Choose the correct statements from the
following. (b) I – iii II – iv III – i IV – ii
(a) Gametes are involved in asexual reproduction. (c) I – iii II – iv III – ii IV – i
(b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by budding. (d) I – iii II- i III – iv IV – ii
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(c) Conidia formation is a method of sexual [Ans. (b) I – iii, II – iv, III – i, IV – ii]
reproduction. 8. Arrange the layers of anther wall from locus
(d) Yeast reproduce by budding. to periphery
[Ans. (d) Yeast reproduce by budding] (a) Epidermis, middle layers, tapetum,
s.
2. An eminent Indian embryologist is endothecium.
(a) S. R. Kasyap (b) P. Maheshwari (b) Tapetum, middle layers, epidermis,
endothecium.
(c) M. S. Swaminathan (d) K. C. Mehta
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[Ans. (b) P. Maheshwari] (c) Endothecium, epidermis, middle layers,
tapetum.
3. Identify the correctly matched pair (d) Tapetum, middle layers endothecium,
(a) Tuber – Allium Cepa epidermis.
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(b) Sucker – Pistia [Ans. (d) Tapetum, middle layer, endothecium,
(c) Rhizome – Musa epidermis]
(d) Stolon – Zingiber
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9. Identify the incorrect pair.

[Ans. (c) Rhizome - Musa] (a) Sporopollenin – Exine of pollen grain
4. Pollen tube was discovered by (b) Tapetum – Nutritive tissue for
(a) J. G. Kolreuter (b) G. B. Amici developing microspores.
(c) Nucellus – Nutritive tissue for
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(c) E. Strasburger (d) E. Hanning

developing embryo.
[Ans. (b) G. B. Amici] (d) Obturator – directs the pollen tube
5. Size of pollen grains in Myosotis into micropyle
(a) 10 micrometer (b) 20 micrometer [Ans. (c) Nucellus – Nutritive tissue for
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developing embryo]
(c) 200 micrometer (d) 2000 micrometer
[Ans. (a) 10 micrometer] 10. Assertion : Sporopollenin preserves pollen
in fossil deposits.
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6. First cell of male gametophyte in angiosperm

Reason : Sporopollenin is resistant to
is
physical and biological decomposition.
(a) Microspore (b) Megapore
(a) assertion is true; reason is false
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(c) Nucleus
(b) assertion is false; reason is true
(d) Primary Endosperm Nucleus
(c) Both assertion and reason are not true
[Ans. (a) Microspore]
(d) Both assertion and reason are true
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7. Match the following [Ans. (d) Both assertion and reason are true]
I. External Fertilization – (i) Pollen grain
II. Androecium – (ii) anther wall
III. Male gametophyte – (iii) algae
IV. Primary parietal layer – (iv) Stamens
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11. Choose the correct statement(s) about 18. Coelorhiza is found in
tenuinucellate ovule (a) Paddy (b) Bean
(a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal
(c) Pea (d) Tridax
(b) Ovules have fairy large nucellus
(c) Sporogenous cell is epidermal [Ans. (a) Paddy]
(d) Ovules have single layer of nucellus tissue

19. Parthenocarpic fruits lack
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[Ans. (a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal & (a) Endocarp (b) Epicarp
(d) Ovules have single layer of nucellus tissue]
(c) Mesocarp (d) Seed
12. Which of the following represent [Ans. (d) Seed]
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megagametophyte?
(a) Ovule (b) Embryo sac 20. In majority of plants pollen is liberated at
(c) Nucellus (d) Endosperm (a) 1 celled stage (b) 2 celled stage
[Ans. (b) Embryo sac] (c) 3 celled stage (d) 4 celled stage
s.
13. In Haplopappus gracilis, number of [Ans. (b) 2 celled stage]
chromosomes in cells of nucellus is 4. What
21. What is reproduction?
will be the chromosome number in Primary
It is a process which helps an organism to
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endosperm cell? Ans. (i)
(a) 8 (b) 12 perpetuate its own species.
(c) 6 (d) 2 [Ans. (b) 12] (ii) It can be classified into a sexual and sexual
reproduction.
14. Transmitting tissue is found in
(a) Micropylar region of ovule 22. Mention the contribution of Hofmeister
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(b) Pollen tube wall towards Embryology.
(c) Stylar region of gynoecium Ans. In the year of 1848, Hofmeister described the
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(d) Integument structure of pollen tetrad.

[Ans. (c) Stylar region of gynoecium]
23. List out two sub-aerial stem modifications
15. The scar left by funiculus in the seed is
with example.
(a) tegmen (b) radicle
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(c) epicotyl (d) hilum Ans. (i) Runner – Centella asiatica

[Ans. (d) hilum] (ii) Stolon – Fragaria and Mentha.
16. A plant called X possesses small flower with 24. What is layering?
reduced perianth and versatile anther. The
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Ans. (i) It is a conventional method of plant

probable agent for pollination would be propagation.
(a) water (b) air (ii) The stem of a parent plant is allowed to
(c) butterflies (d) beetles
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develop roots while still intact.

[Ans. (b) air]
(iii) When the root develops, the rooted part is
17. Consider the following statement(s) cut and planted to grow as a new plant.
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(i) In Protandrous flowers pistil matures earlier. Example : Ixora and jasminum.
(ii) In Protogynous flowers pistil matures earlier.
25. What are clones?
(iii) Herkogamy is noticed in unisexual flower.
Ans. The individuals formed by asexual reproduction
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(iv) Distyly is present in Primula.

are morphologically and genetically identical
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct and are called clones.
(b) (ii) and (iv) are correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (i) and (iv) are correct
[Ans. (b) (ii) and (iv) are correct]
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26. A detached leaf of Bryophyllum produces new (iv) Plants which do not produce viable seeds
plants. How? and seeds that are difficult to germinate
Ans. Adventitious buds develop in notches in the can be propagated by tissue culture.
leaf margins. These are epiphyllous buds, from (v) Thus this method is ideal to propagate rare
Chapter-1
which the new plants develop. and endangered plants.
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(vi) Disease free plants can be produced by
27. Differentiate Grafting and Layering.
meristem culture.
Ans.
Grafting Layering 29. Distinguish mound layering and air layering.
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Ans.
1. Parts of two
The stem of the
different plants are
parent plant is Mound Layering Air Layering
joined so that theyallowed to develop 1. The lower branch The stem is girdled
continue to grow roots while still with leaves is bent at nodal region
s.
as one plant stock intact. When the to the ground and and hormones
is in contact with root develops, part of the stem are applied to
the soil scion is the
rooted part is cut is buried in the this region which
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grafted part. and planted to grow soil and tip of the promotes rooting.
as new plant branch is exposed
2. The plant will show Layering only above the soil.
characteristics of results in 2. This method is This method is
scion. propagation of applicable for applicable for all
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parent plant. plants with flexible types of plants.
branches. (flexible and non-
3. Ex. Citrus, Mango Ex. Ixora and
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and Apple. Jasminum. flexible branches)

3. Hormones are Hormones are
28. “Tissue culture is the best method for not required to applied to promote
propagating rare and endangered plant promote rooting rooting.
species”- Discuss.
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4. A cut is made in Branches are

Ans. The growth of plant tissue in special culture parent plant so removed from the
medium under suitable controlled conditions is that the buried part parent plant and
known as tissue culture. grow into a new grown in a separate
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Micropropagation: plant after root pot or ground after

(i) The regeneration of a whole plant from formation. root formation.
single cell, tissue or small pieces of
30. Explain the conventional methods adopted in
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vegetative structures through tissue culture

is called micropropagation. vegetative propagation of higher plants.
Ans. Conventional methods:
(ii) This is one of the modern methods used to
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propagate plants. The common methods of conventional

propagation are cutting, grafting and layering.
Advantages of modern methods:
(a) Cutting:
(i) Plants with desired characteristics can be
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multiplied rapidly in a short duration. (i) It is the method of producing a

newplant by cutting the plant parts
(ii) Plants produced are genetically identical.
such as root, stem and leaf from the
(iii) Tissue culture can be carried out in any
parent plant.
season to produce plants.
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(ii) The cut part is placed in a suitable 1848 - Hofmeister described the structure
medium for growth. of pollen tetrad.
(iii) It produces root and grows into a new 1870 - Hanstein described the development
plant. Depending upon the part used it of embryo in Capsella and Alisma
is called as root cutting (Malus), stem 1878 - E.Strasburger reported

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cutting (Hibiscus, Bougainvillea and polyembryony.
Moringa) and leaf cutting (Begonia, 1884 - E. Strasburger discovered the process
Bryophyllum). of Syngamy.
(iv) Stem cutting is widely used for 1898 - S.G. Nawaschin and L. Guignard
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propagation. independently discovered Double
(b) Grafting: fertilization.
(i) In this, parts of two different plants are 1904 - E. Hanning initiated embryo culture.
joined so that they continue to grow as 1950 - D.A. Johansen proposed classification
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one plant. for embryo development.
(ii) Of the two plants, the plant which 1964 - S. Guha and S.C. Maheswari raised
is in contact with the soil is called haploids from Datura pollen grains.
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stock and the plant used for grafting 1991 - E.S. Coen and E. M. Meyerowitz
is called scion. Examples are Citrus, proposed the ABC model to describe
Mango and Apple. There are different the genetics of initiation and
types of grafting based on the method development of floral parts.
of uniting the scion and stock.
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2015 - K.V. Krishnamurthy summarized
(iii) They are bud grafting, approach the molecular aspects of pre and
grafting, tongue grafting, crown post fertilization reproductive
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grafting and wedge grafting. development in flowering plants.

(c) Layering:
32. Discuss the importance of Modern methods in
(i) In this method, the stem of a parent
reproduction of plants.
plant is allowed to develop roots while
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Ans. Technology is being used for propagation to

still intact.
produce large number of plants in a short
(ii) When the root develops,the rooted
period of time. The methods are based on the
part is cut and planted to grow as a new property of Totipotency shown by plant cells.
plant. Examples: Ixora and Jasminum.
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Modern methods such as tissue culture and

(iii) Mound layering and Air layering are micropropagation play a significant role in
few types of layering. propagation of plants.
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31. Highlight the milestones from the history of Advantages of modern methods:
plant embryology. (i) Plants with desired characteristics can be
Ans. 1682 - Nehemiah Grew mentioned stamens multiplied rapidly in a short duration.
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as the male organ of a flower. (ii) Plants produced are genetically identical.
1694 - R.J. Camerarius described the (iii) Tissue culture can be carried out in any
structure of a flower, anther, pollen season to produce plants.
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and ovule. (iv) Plants which do not produce viable seeds

1761 - J.G. Kolreuter gave a detailed account and seeds that are difficult to germinate
on the importance of insects in can be propagated by tissue culture.
pollination. (v) Rare and endangered plants can be
1824 - G.B. Amici discovered the pollen propagated.
tube.
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(vi) Disease free plants can be produced by 36. ‘The endosperm of angiosperm is different
meristem culture. from gymnosperm’. Do you agree. Justify your
(vii) Cells can be genetically modified and answer.
transformed using tissue culture. Ans.
Chapter-1
The methods also have some disadvantages like Endosperm of Endosperm of
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high cost, skilled labour undesirable genetic Angiosperm Gymnosperm
changes etc.
1. It is formed ofter It is formed before
33. What is Cantharophily? fertilization. fertilization.
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Ans. The cross pollination of flowers by beetles is 2. It is a triploid tissue. It is a haploid tissue.
called cantharophily. The beetles feed the pollen 3. The function is It acts as the female
or on some of the juicy tissues of the flowers. to nourish the gametophyte and
developing embryo.later acts as nutritive
34. List any two strategy adopted by bisexual tissue.
s.
flowers to prevent self-pollination.
Thus the endosperm tissue is different in
Ans. Dichogamy: In bisexual flowers anthers and Angiosperms and gymnosperm.
stigmas mature at different times, thus checking
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self-pollination. It is of two types. 37. Define the term Diplospory.
(1) Protandry: Ans. A diploid embryo sac is formed from megaspore
The stamens mature earlier than the mother cell without a regular meiotic division.
stigmas of the flowers. Example: Eupatorium and Aerva. It is a type of
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Examples: Helianthus and Clerodendrum. apomixis.
(2) Protogyny:
38. What is polyembryony? How it can
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The stigmas mature earlier than the

commercially exploited.
stamens of the flower.
Ans. Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed
Examples: Scrophularia nodosa and
is called polyembryony.
Aristolochia bracteata.
(i) The seedlings formed from the nucellar
Self sterility/ Self- incompatibility:
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tissue in Citrus are found better clones for

In some plants, when the pollen grain of a flower Orchards.
reaches the stigma of the same, it is unable to
(ii) Embryos derived through polyembryony
germinate or prevented to germinate on its own
are found virus free.
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stigma.
Examples: Abutilon, Passiflora. It is a genetic 39. Why does the zygote divides only after the
mechanism. division of Primary endosperm cell?
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35. What is endothelium? Ans. (i) Zygote requires nourishment during its
Ans. (i) It is otherwise known as integumentary development.
tapetum. (ii) As mature, fertilized embryo sac offers
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(ii) In some species the inner layer of very little nourishment to the zygote, the
integument may become specialized primary endosperm cell (PEC) divides
to perform nutritive function for the and generates the endosperm tissue which
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embryosac and is called endothelium. nourishes the zygote.

Example : Asteraceae. (iii) Hence the zygote always divides after
division of PEC.
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40. What is mellitophily? 44. Distinguish tenuinucellate and crassinucellate
Ans. Pollination of flowers by bees is known as ovules.
mellitophily. Ans.
41. ‘Endothecium is associated with dehiscence of Tenuinucellate type Crassinucellate type

anther’ Justify the statement. Sporogenous cell is Ovules with

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Ans. (i) Endothecium is a single layer of radially hypodermal with a subhypodermal
elongated cells below the epidermis of single layer of nucellar sporogenous cell
anther wall. tissue around in the are described as
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(ii) The inner tangential wall develops bands
ovule. crassinucellate.
or thickenings of a cellulose. Note: These two types of ovules are differentiated
(iii) In the cells along the junction of two
based on the position of the sporogenous cell.
sporangia, the thickenings are absent and 45. ‘Pollination in Gymnosperms is different from
s.
this region is called stomium. Angiosperms’ – Give reasons.
(iv) This along with the hygroscopic nature of Ans.
endothecium helps in the dehiscence of
Gymnosperms - Angiosperms -
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anther at maturity.
Pollination Pollination
42. List out the functions of tapetum.
1. Direct pollination is Indirect pollination
Ans. (i) It supplies nutrition to the developing seen since pollen are is seen since pollens
microspores. directly deposited on are deposited on the
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(ii) It contributes sporopollenin through the exposed ovules. stigma of the pistil.
ubisch bodies thus plays an important role 2. Pollination is by Pollination can be
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in pollen wall formation. anemophilous mode. self pollination or

(iii) The pollenkitt material is contributed by cross pollination by
tapetal cells and is later transferred to the various agents like
pollen surface. air, water, Insects
(iv) Exine proteins responsible for ‘rejection etc.
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reaction’ of the stigma are present in the

46. Write short note on Heterostyly.
cavities of the exine. These proteins are
Ans. It is a contrivance of cross pollenation. Some
derived from tapetal cells.
plants produce two or three different forms
.s
43. Write short note on Pollen kitt. of flowers that are different in their length of
Ans. (i) It is a oily layer forming a thick viscous stamens and style. Pollination will take place
coating at the surface of the pollen. only between organs of the same length.(Figure)
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(ii) The pollenkitt material is contributed by (a) Distyly:

tapetal cells and made of carotenoids or (i) The plant produces two forms of
flavonoids. (Orange or Yellow). flowers, Pin or long style, long
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(iii) It attracts insects and protects damage stigmatic papillae, short stamens and
from UV radiation. small pollen grains; Thrum-eyed or
short style, small stigmatic papillae,
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long stamens and large pollen grains.

Example: Primula (Figure).
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(ii) The stigma of the Thrum-eyed flowers (ii) The last generation of sporogenous tissue
and the anther of the pin lie in same functions as microspore mother cells.
level to bring out pollination. (iii) Each microspore mother cell divides
(iii) Similarly the anther of Thrum-eyed meiotically to form a tetrad of four haploid
Chapter-1
and stigma of pin ones is found in microspores (microspore tetrad).
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same height. This helps in effective (iv) The microspore tetrad may be arranged in
pollination. a tetrahedral, decussate, linear, T shaped or
(b) Tristyly: isobilateral manner.
(i) The plant produces three kinds of (v) Microspores soon separate from one
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flowers, with respect to the length of another and remain free in the anther
the style and stamens. locule and develop into pollen grains.
(ii) Here,the pollen from flowers of one (vi) In some plants, all the microspores in a
type can pollinate only the other microsporangium remain held together
s.
two types but not their own type. called pollinium.
Example : Lythrum. Example: Calotropis. Compound pollen
grains are found in Drosera and Drymis.
47. Enumerate the characteristic features of
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Entomophilous flowers. 49. With a suitable diagram explain the structure
Ans. (i) Flowers are generally large or if small, they of an ovule.
are aggregated in dense inflorescence. Ans. (i) Ovule is also called megasporangium and
Examples: Asteraceae flowers. is protected by one or two covering called
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(ii) Flowers are brightly coloured. The adjacent integuments.
parts of the flowers may also be brightly (ii) A mature ovule consists of a stalk and a
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coloured to attract insects. body. The stalk or the funiculus is present

Examples: Poinsettia and Bougainvillea the at the base and it attaches the ovule to the
bracts become coloured. placenta.
(iii) Flowers are scented and produce nectar. (iii) The point of attachment of funicle to the
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(iv) Flowers in which there is no secretion of body of the ovule is known as hilum.
nectar, the pollen is either consumed as (iv) In an inverted ovule, the funicle is adnate
food or used in building up of its hive by to the body of the ovule forming a ridge
honey bees. Pollen and Nectar are the floral called raphe.
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rewards for the visitors. Chalazal end

(v) Flowers pollinated by flies and beetles
Integument
produce foul odour to attract insects.
Raphe
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(vi) In some flowers juicy cells are present Nucellus

which are pierced and the contents are
sucked by the insects. Embryo sac
Hilum
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48. Discuss the steps involved in

Micropyle
Microsporogenesis. Funicle
Ans. The stages involved in the formation of haploid Vascular supply
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microspores from diploid microspore mother cell Ovule structure - diagrammatic

through meiosis is called Microsporogenesis.
(i) The primary sporogeneous cells directly, (v) The body of the ovule is made up of a
or may undergo a few mitotic divisions to central mass of parenchymatous tissue
form sporogenous tissue. called nucellus which has large reserve
food materials.
12

(vi) The nucellus is enveloped by one or two (ii) Growth of pollen tube in the style.
protective coverings called integuments. (iii) Direction of pollen tube towards micropyle
(vii) Integument encloses the nucellus of ovule.
completely except at the top where it is free (iv) Entry of the pollen tube into embryo sac.
and forms a pore called micropyle. (v) Discharge of male gametes.

m
(viii) The ovule with one or two integuments are (vi) Syngamy.
said to be unitegmic or bitegmic ovules (vii) Triple fusion.
respectively.
Germination of pollen on stigma:
co
(ix) The basal region of the body of the ovule
(i) The events from pollen deposition on the
where the nucellus, the integument and the
stigma to entry of pollen tube into the
funicle meet or merge is called as chalaza.
ovule is called pollen pistil interaction.
(x) There is a large, oval, sac-like structure in This involves recognition of pollen and
the nucellus toward the micropylar end promotion / inhibition of germination and
s.
called embryo sac or female gametophyte. growth.
(xi) It develops from the functional megaspore (ii) If the pollen is compatible with the stigma it
formed within the nucellus. germinates to form a tube. This is facilitated
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(xii) In some species (unitegmic tenuinucellate) by fluid in wet stigma and pellicle in dry
the inner layer of the integument may stigma. The compatibility depends on
become specialized to perform the nutritive recognition-rejection protein reaction
function for the embryo sac and is called as between the pollen and stigma surface.
o
endothelium or integumentary tapetum All cytoplasmic contents move to the tip
Example : Asteraceae. of pollen tube which is hemispherical and
ab
(xiii)There are two types of ovule based on the transparent. This is called cap block.
position of the sporogenous cell. Growth of pollen tube in the style:
(a) If the sporogenous cell is hypodermal (i) The growth of the pollen tube through the
with a single layer of nucellar tissue style depends an the type of style.
around it is called tenuinucellate type. (ii) Styles may be hollow; solid or semi-solid.
ur
Normally tenuinucellate ovules have (iii) The style is lined internally by a single
very small nucellus. layer of glandular cells called Transmitting
(b) Ovules with subhypodermal tissue.
.s
sporogenous cell is called (iv) This provides nourishment for the pollen
crassinucellate type. These ovules have tube and also controls the incompatibility
fairly large nucellus. between style and pollen tube.
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(xiv) Group of cells found at the base of the ovule Entry of pollen tube into the ovule:
between the chalaza and embryo sac is The pollen tube enters the ovule through the
called hypostase and the thick -walled cells micropyle (Porogamy) or chalaza (Chalazogamy)
found above the micropylar end above the
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or integument (Mesogamy).
embryo sac is called epistase.
Entry of pollen tube into embryo sac:
50. Give a concise account on steps involved in (i) Pollen tube enters the embryo sac at the
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fertilization of an angiosperm plant. micropylar end only.

Ans. The fusion of male and female gamete is called (ii) A structure known as the obturator guides
fertilization. the pollen tube towards micropyle of the
Events of fertilization: ovule.
(i) Germination of pollen to form pollen tube
in the stigma.
13

(iii)After entering into the embryo sac, a pore and one sperm nucleus) and thus has 3n
is formed in the pollen tube wall behind number of chromosomes. It is a nutritive tissue
the apex. and regulatory structure that nourishes the
(iv) The content of the pollen tube (two male developing embryo.
Chapter-1
gametes, vegetative nucleus and cytoplasm) I. Depending upon the mode of development,
3 types of endosperm are recognized in
m
are discharged into the synergids into
which pollen tube enters. The tube nucleus angiosperms. They are:
disorganizes. Nuclear endosperm:
Pollen grain Ovule (i) Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides
co
into two without any wall formation.
Antipodal (n)
Secondary
nucleus (2n) (ii) The subsequent division of these two nuclei
Vegetative
tube nucleus (n)
Egg (n)
are free nuclear so that the endosperm
consists of only free nuclei and cytoplasm
s.
Male nuclei (n)
around them.
(iii) The nuclei may either remain free or may
become separate by walls in later stages.
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(n) (n) (n) (2n)
Example: Coccinia, Capsella and Arachis.
Zygote (2n) Cellular endosperm:
Endosperm(3n)
Embyo (i) The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN)
divides into 2 nuclei which are immediately
o
followed by a wall formation.
(ii) Subsequent divisions are also followed by
Seed
ab
Fertilization in Angiosperms walls.

Example: Adoxa, Helianthus and Scoparia.
Double fertilization and triple fusion: Helobial endosperm:
(i) Both the male gametes are involved in (i) The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN)
fertilization. moves towards the base of the embryo sac
ur
(ii) The phenomenon is called double and divides into two nuclei.
fertilization. (ii) These 2 nuclei are separated by a wall to
(iii) One male gametes fuses with the egg form a large micropylar chamber and a
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nucleus (syngamy) to form Zygote. small chalazal chamber.

(iv) The second male gamete fuses with the (iii) The nucleus of the micropylar chamber
polar nuclei (secondary nucleus) to form undergoes several free nuclear divisions
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primary endosperm nucleus. whereas that of the chalazal chamber may

(v) Since this involves fusion of three nuclei, or may not divide.
the phenomenon is known as triple fusion. Example: Hydrilla and Vallisneria.
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This results in formation of endosperm II. Endospermous and Non-endospermous

which is the nutritive tissue for the growing seeds:
embryo. The endosperms may either be completely
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51. What is endosperm? Explain the types. consumed by the developing embryo or it may
persist in the mature seeds.
Ans. The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN)
divides immediately after fertilization into an (i) Those seeds without endosperms are called
endosperm. The primary endosperm nucleus non- endospermous or ex- albuminous
is the result of triple fusion (two polar nuclei seeds. Examples: Pea, Groundnut and
Beans.
14

(ii) Those seeds with endosperms are called 8. The embryonic Root The radicle is
endospermous or albuminous seeds. and shoot are not protected by a sheath
The endosperms in these seeds supply covered by sheaths. called coleorhiza and
nutrition to the embryo during seed plumule is protected
germination. Example: Paddy, Coconut by coleoptile.
and Castor.

9. Cotyledons store The scutellum
m
III. Ruminate endosperm: food material, in supplies the growing
The endosperm with irregularity and unevenness non-endospermous embryo with food
seeds. In castor the material absorbed
in its surface forms ruminate endosperm.
co
endosperm stores from endosperm
Example: Areca catechu. food material, so with help of
cotyledons are thin. epithelium.
52. Differentiate the structure of Dicot and
Monocot seed. 53. Give a detailed account on parthenocarpy.
Add a note on its significance.
s.
Ans.
Dicot seed Monocot seed Ans. Parthenocarpy:
1. The seed developed The seed known (i) Fruit like structures may develop from the
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from the ovule is as the grain is ovary without the act of fertilization. Such
found inside the fruit. represented by the fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits.
single seeded fruit (ii) Many commercial fruits are made seedless.
known as caryopsis. Example: Banana, Grapes and Papaya.
2. The seed coat is The seed coat is (iii) Nitsch in 1963 classified parthenocarpy
o
distinct from the fruit fused with the into following types:
coat or pericarp pericarp.
(a) Genetic parthenocarpy:
ab
3. The seed encloses two The seed encloses

cotyledons. only a single Parthenocarpy arises due to hybridization
cotyledon which or mutation.
is known as the Example: Citrus and Cucurbita.
scutellum. (b) Environmental parthenocarpy:
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4. The seed coat is The seed coat is Environmental conditions like frost, fog,
differentiated into unilayered and is low temperature, high temperature etc.,
outer testa and inner inseparable from the induce parthenocarpy. For example,
tegma. pericarp.
low temperature for 3-19 hours induces
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5. The seeds may or Most of the monocot parthenocarpy in Pear.

may not possess members possess
endosperm. T hey are endospermic seeds. (c) Chemically induced parthenocarpy:
known respectively Application of growth promoting
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as the endospermic substances like Auxins and Gibberellins

or non-endospermic induces parthenocarpy.
seeds. Significance:
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6. The two cotyledons The embryo is found (i) The seedless fruits have great significance
enclose the in the cotyledon.
in horticulture.
embryonic axis in
between them. (ii) The seedless fruits have great commercial
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importance.
7. In the endospermic The endosperm
seed the endosperm is found above (iii) Seedless fruits are useful for the preparation
encloses the embryo. the embryo. The of jams, jellies, sauces, fruit drinks etc.
endosperm and the (iv) High proportion of edible part is available
embryo are separated in parthenocarpic fruits due to the absence
by the epithelium.
of seeds.
15
Botany Long Version Questions (for pure science Group)

Chapter-1
29. How do Dioscorea reproduce vegetatively?

Long Version Evaluation
m
Ans. Dioscorea reproduces vegetatively by means of
bulbils.
Q.No. 1 to 11 Refer Evaluation. 30. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 26
co
12. The correct order of haploid, diploid and triploid 31. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 24
structure is fertilized embryosac is
(a) Synergid, zygote and PEN 32. Write short notes on approach grafting.
(b) Synergid, antipodal and polar nuclei Ans. (i) In this ‘T’
method both the
shaped
s.
(c) Antipodal, synergid and PEN scion and stockBudremain
insertion
(Scion) S
(d) Synergid, polar nuclei and zygote rooted.

[Ans. (a) Synergid, zygote and PEN] (ii) The stock is grown in a pot
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and it is brought close to
13. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 12 the scion.
14. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 13 (iii) Both of Stock
them should have S
15. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 14 the same thickness. (ii) Approach (iii) Tong
(i) Bud grafting
(iv) A small slice is cut from
o
grafting grafting
16. Refer Evaluation Q.No.15
both and the cut surfaces
17. Refer Evaluation Q.No.16 are brought near and tied together and
ab
held by a tape.
18. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 17
(v) After 1-4 weeks the tip of the stock and
19. Ruminate endosperm is found in base of the scion are cut off and detached
(a) Cocos (b) Areca and grown in a separate pot.
ur
(c) Vallisneria (d) Arachis 33. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 28

[Ans. (b) Areca]
20. Refer Evaluation Q.No.18
.s
35. List down the advantages of conventional

21. Caruncle develops from methods.
(a) funicle (b) nucellus Ans. Advantages of conventional methods
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(c) integument (d) embryo sac (i) The plants produced are genetically
[Ans. (c) integument] uniform.
(ii) Many plants can be produced quickly by
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this method.
23. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 20 (iii) Some plants produce little or no seeds;
in others, the seeds produced do not
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germinate. In such cases, plants can be

25. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 22 produced in a short period by this method.
(iv) Some plants can be propagated more
economically by vegetative propagation.
27. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 24 Example: Solanum tuberosum.
16

(v) Two different plants with desirable (i) But Apomixis refers to formation of
characters such as disease resistant and seeds without fertilization. Whereas
high yield can be grafted and grown parthenocarpy refers to formation of fruits
as a new plant with the same desirable without fertilization.
characters. (ii) In Apomixis, the megaspore mother cell

m
36. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 30 does not indergo mieosis or cell from the
nucellus develops into the embryo.
37. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 31 In parthenocarpy, the ovary becomes a
fruit without fertilization and thus fruits
co
are seedless.
39. Differentiate secretory and invasive tapetum. Thus Apomixis and parthenocarpy are different
Ans. processes.
Secretory tapetum Invasive tapetum 48. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 39
s.
(parietal/glandular/ (periplasmodial)
cellular) 49. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 40
The tapetum retains The cells loose their 50. Give examples for Helobial endosperm.
ok
the original position inner tangential Ans. Hydrilla and Vallisneria.
and cellular integrity and radial walls
and nourishes and the protoplast 51. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 41
the developing of all tapetal cells 52. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 42
microspores. coalesces to form a
o
periplasmodium.
ab
40. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 33 55. Give short notes on types of ovules.
41. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 34 Ans. Types of Ovules:
(i) The ovules are classified into six main
42. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 35 types based on the orientation, form and
ur
43. Name the cell which divides to form male position of the micropyle with respect to
funicle and chalaza.
nuclei.
(ii) Most important ovule types are
Ans. Generative cells of Microspore.
orthotropous, anatropous, hemianatropous
.s
44. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 36 and campylotropous.

(iii) The types of ovule is given in Figure.
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47. Do you think parthenocarpy and apomixis are
different process. Justify?
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Ans. The formation of fruit from the ovary without

the act of fertilization is called parthenocarpy. (a) Orthotropous (b) Anatropous (c) Hemianatropous (d) Campylotro
A method of reproduction which does not
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involve union of male and female gemetes is

called apomixis.
Thus apomixis and parthenocarpy are asexual
modes of reproduction.
(a) Orthotropous (b) Anatropous (c) Hemianatropous (d) Campylotropous (e) Amphitropous (f) Circinotropous
17

Orthotropous: (v) When a bee visits a flower, it sits on the
The micropyle is at the distal end and the lower lip which acts as a platform.
micropyle the funicle and the chalaza lie in one (vi) It enters the flower to suck the nectar by
straight vertical line. pushing its head into the corolla.
Chapter-1
Examples: Piperaceae, Polygonaceae (vii) During the entry of the bee into the flower
m
Anatropous: the body strikes against the sterile end of
The body of the ovule becomes completely the connective.
inverted so that the micropyle and funiculus
come to lie very close to each other. This is the
Pistil
co
Anther Pollen gets dusted
on the body of
common type of ovules found in dicots and the insect
monocots. (i) (ii)
Hemianatropous:
Pollen gets
The body of the ovule is placed transversely and
s.
Stigma transferred
to the stigma
at right angles to the funicle.
Example: Primulaceae. (iii) (iv)
Campylotropous:
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Pollination in Salvia - Lever mechanism
The body of the ovule at the micropylar end
is curved and more or less bean shaped. The This makes the fertile part of the stamen to
(viii)
embryo sac is slightly curved. All the three, descend and strike at the back of the bee.
hilum, micropyle and chalaza are adjacent to one
(ix) The pollen gets deposited on the back of
o
another, with the micropyle oriented towards
the bee. When it visits another flower, the
the placenta. Example: Leguminosae.
pollen gets rubbed against the stigma and
In addition to the above main types there are
ab
completes the act of pollination in Salvia.

two more types of ovules they are,
Amphitropous: The distance between hilum 60. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 48
and chalaza is less. The curvature of the ovule
leads to horse-shoe shaped nucellus.
ur
Example: some Alismataceae. 62. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 50

Circinotropous: Funiculus is very long and 63. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 51
surrounds the ovule. Example: Cactaceae.
64. Explain the development of a Dicot embryo.
.s

Ans. Development of Dicot embryo:
57. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 46 Development of Dicot embryo (Capsella bursa-
58. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 47 pastoris) is of Onagrad or crucifer type. The
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embryo develops at micropylar end of embryo

59. Explain the pollination mechanism in Salvia.
sac.
Ans. Pollination in Salvia (Lever mechanism):
(i) The Zygote divides by a transverse division
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(i) The flower of Salvia is adapted for Bee forming upper or terminal cell and
pollination. lower or basal cell. The basal cell divides
(ii) The flower is protandrous and the corolla transversely and the terminal cell divides
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is bilabiate with 2 stamens. vertically to form a 4 celled proembryo.

(iii) A lever mechanism helps in pollination. (ii) A second vertical division right angle to
(iv) Each anther has an upper fertile lobe and the first one takes place in terminal cell
lower sterile lobe which is separated by a forming a 4 celled stage called quadrant.
long connective which helps the anthers to
swing freely.
18

(iii) Transverse division in the quadrant results (viii) The embryo at this stage become globular
in 8 cells arranged in 2 tiers of 4 each called and the suspensor helps to push the
octant stage. embryo deep into the endosperm.
(iv) Upper tier of 4 cells of the octant is called (ix) The uppermost cell of the suspensor enlarge
epibasal or anterior octant and the lower to form a haustorium. The lowermost cell

tier of four cells constitute hypobasal or of the suspensor is called hypophysis.
m
posterior octants. (x) A transverse division and two vertical
(v) A periclinal division in the octants results division right angle to each other of
in the formation of 16 celled stage with hypophysis results in the formation of 8
co
8 cells in the outer and eight in the inner. cells.
(vi) The outer 8 cells represent the dermatogen (xi) The eight cells are arranged in two tiers of
and undergoes anticlinal division to 4 cells each. The upper tier give rise to root
produce epidermis. cap and epidermis.
s.
(vii) The inner 8 cells divide by vertical and (xii) At this stage embryo proper appears heart
transverse division to form outer layer of shaped, cell divisions in the hypocotyl and
periblem which give rise to cortex and a cotyledon regions of the embryo proper
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central region of pleurome which forms results in elongation.
stele. During the development, the 2 cells of (xiii) Further development results in curved
the basal cell undergoes several transverse horse shoe shaped embryo in the embryo
division to form a 6 to 10 celled suspensor. sac. The mature embryo has a radicle,
hypocotyl, two cotyledons and a plumule.
o
Embryonal mass
ab
Hypophysis
Terminal cell
Suspensor Endosperm
Basal cell
ur
Embryonal mass
Hypophysis
Suspensor
(a) (b) (c) (d)

.s
Zygote 2- celled proembryo 4 celled proembryo Globular embryo (e)
Cotyledon
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Plumule
Embryonal mass
Hypophysis
Hypophysis Cotyledons
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Radicle
Suspensor Root cap Radicle
Suspensor Root cap

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(f) Heart shaped embryo (g) Mature embryo (h) Mature embryo in a seed
Development of Dicot embryo (Capsella bursa-pastoris)

19
Additional questions and answers

Chapter-1
Choose the Correct Answers 1 mark 8. Androecium is made up of _______.
m
(a) Megasporphyll (b) Pistil
(c) Sepals (d) Stamens
I. Choose the Correct Answer:
[Ans. (d) Stamens]
co
1. How do you call the fertilized ovule?
9. An example of protandry is _______.
(a) Embryo (b) Seed
(a) Helianthus and Borassus
(c) Endosperm (d) Nutritive tissue
[Ans. (a) Embryo] (b) Helianthus and Clerodendron
(c) Scrophularia and Aristolochia
s.
2. Which one of the following is converted into
endosperm after fertilization? (d) Scrophularia and Aristolochia
(a) Egg (b) Funicle [Ans. (b) Helianthus and Clerodendron]
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(c) Secondary Nucleus (d) Nucellus 10. Pollen deposits on another flower of same
[Ans. (c) Secondary Nucleus] individual plant is called _________.
(a) Geitonogamy (b) Xenogamy
3. Who initiated embryo culture?
(c) Homogamy (d) Cleistogamy
(a) D. A. Johansen (b) E. Hanning
o
(c) G. B. Amici (d) J. G. Kolrecuter [Ans. (a) Geitonogamy]
[Ans. (b) E. Hanning] 11. Find out the character which is not suitable for
ab
anemophilous plants ___________.

4. Who discovered the pollen tube?
(a) Spike infloresence (b) Perianth is absent
(a) G. B. Amici (b) E. Strasburger
(c) Flowers are small
(c) Hanstein (d) D. A. Johansen
(d) Scented flowers [Ans. (d) Scented flowers]
[Ans. (a) G. B. Amici]
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12. Pollination by slugs and snails is called _____.

5. Name the sac-like structure in the nucellus.
(a) Ornithophily (b) Entomophily
(a) Embryo sac (b) Endothelium
(c) Malacophily (d) Myrmecophily
(c) Tapetum (d) Chalaza
[Ans. (c) Malacophily ]
.s
[Ans. (a) Embryo sac]

13. Who proposed double fertilization?
6. New plants formed by asexual reproduction
(a) S. G. Nawaschin and L. Guignard in 1898.
method are morphologically and genetically
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uniform and called as _________. (b) Carolus Linnaeus in 1753

(a) spores (b) buds (c) Bentham & Hooker in 1895
(c) clones (d) gemma (d) Engler & Prantl in 1859
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[Ans. (c) Clones] [Ans. (a) S. G. Nawaschin and L. Guignard

in 1898]
7. Sexual reproduction of higher plants include
_________ stages. 14. PEN is referred as ________.
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(a) Primary Endo Nutritive tissue.

(a) 2 (b) 4
(b) Primary Endosperm Nucleus.
(c) 3 (d) 5 [Ans. (c) 3]
(c) Primary Entry of Nucleus.
(d) Post Entry of Nucleus.
[Ans. (b) Primary Endosperm Nucleus]
20

15. An example of environmental parthenocarpy 24. In adansonia digitata, Pollination is carried out
is _____. by __________.
(a) Citrus (b) Cucurbita (a) Ant (b) Bat
(c) Pear (d) Apple (c) Water (d) Wind
[Ans. (c) Pear] [Ans. (b) Bat]

m
16. Who classified parthenocarpy? 25. The second gamete migrates to the central cell
(a) Nitsch, 1963 (b) Maheswari, 1950 and fuses with the __________.
(c) Winkler, 1908 (d) Guignard, 1898 (a) polar nuclei (b) zygote
co
[Ans. (a) Nitsch, 1963] (c) obturator (d) corpusculum
[Ans. (a) polar nuclei]
17. The funiculus disappears and leaves a scar
called _______. 26. Hollow style is also called as _______.
(a) Micropyle (b) Tegmen (a) closed style (b) solid style
s.
(c) Testa (d) Hilum (c) open style (d) semi-solid style
[Ans. (d) Hilum] [Ans. (c) open style]
27. ________ discovered the process of syngamy.
18. Megaspore arises from _________.
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(a) E. Strasburger (b) E. Hanning
(a) Integument (b) Nucellus
(c) G. B. Amici (d) Hanstein
(c) Placenta (d) Raphe
[Ans. (a) E. Strasburger]
[Ans. (b) Nucellus]
28. Adventitious buds on roots are seen in ______.
19. An example for herkogamy _______.
o
(a) Ipomoea (b) Pistia
(a) Aristolochia (b) Gloriosa
(c) Strawberry (d) Agave
(c) primula (d) Lythrum
ab
[Ans. (a) Ipomea]

[Ans. (b) Gloriosa]
29. _______ is an example for sucker.
20. Pollination by an ant is called ________. (a) Dioscorea (b) Chrysanthemum
(a) Malacophily (b) Entomophily (c) Bryophyllum (d) Murraya
(c) Myrmecophily (d) Chiropterophily.
ur
[Ans. (b) Chrysanthemum]

[Ans. (c) Myrmecophily]
30. Tunicated bulb is seen is _______.
21. Piston mechanism of pollination is found in (a) Scilla (b) Solanum
_____. (c) Allium (d) Zingiber
.s
(a) Aristolochia (b) Arum [Ans. (c) Allium]

(c) Asclepiadaceae (d) Papilionaceae
[Ans. (d) Papilionaceae] 31. Layering is practised in _______.
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(a) Hibiscus (b) Rose

22. Apospory is seen in ________. (c) Jasminum (d) Citrus
(a) Citrus (b) Aerva [Ans. (c) Jasminum]
(c) Parthenium (d) Eupatorium
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32. The ________ of anther may have polyploid

[Ans. (c) Parthenium]
cells.
23. Vallisneria Spiralis is _____. (a) microspore (b) tapetum
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(a) Polygamous (b) Monoecious (c) epidermis (d) nucellus

(c) Dioecious (d) Prisexual [Ans. (b) tapetum]
[Ans. (c) Dioecious]
21

II. Match the following : A B C D
(a) iv i ii iii
1. A Gemma (i) Hydra
(b) ii i iii iv
B Budding (ii) Aspergillus
(c) iii i iv ii
Chapter-1
C Conidia (iii) Marchantia

(d) i iii ii iv
m
D Binary fission (iv) Bacteria
[Ans. (c) A-iii, B-i, C – iv, D –ii]
A B C D
(a) iii i ii iv 5. A Zostera marina (i) Strelitzia
co
(b) ii i iii iv B Ornithophily (ii) Psychophily
(c) iii ii iv i C Bat pollination (iii) Sea grass
(d) i iii ii iv
[Ans. (a) A – iii, B – i, C – ii, D – iv] D Butterflies (iv) Zoophily
s.
A B C D
2. A Parietal (i) Pollen wall
(a) iii i iv ii
tapetum formation
(b) ii i iii iv
B Periplasmodial (ii) Secretory
ok
tapetum tapetum (c) iii i iv ii
(d) i iii ii iv
C Ubisch bodies (iii) Exine proteins
D Rejection (iv) Invasive tapetum [Ans. (a) A-iii, B-i, C – iv, D –ii]
reaction
o
6. A Rhizome (i) Colocasia
A B C D B Corm (ii) Curcuma longa
(a) i ii iii iv
ab
C Bulb (iii) Centella asiatica

(b) ii i iii iv
(c) ii iv i iii D Runner (iv) Allium cepa
(d) i iii ii iv A B C D
[Ans. (c) A-ii, B – iv, C-i, D-iii ] (a) iii i iv ii
ur
(b) ii i iii iv
3. A Endothelium (i) Polygonaceae
(c) iii i iv ii
B Orthotropous (ii) Alismataceae
(d) ii i iv iii
C Amphitropous (iii) Cactaceae
.s
[Ans. (d) A-ii, B-i, C – iv, D –iii]

D Circinotropous (iv) Asteraceae
A B C D
III. Choose the correct statements:
w
(a) iv i ii iii
1. (I) An example for root cutting is Hibiscus.
(b) ii i iii iv
(II) Scilla is bulbous plant grows in rocky soils.
(c) ii iv i iii
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(d) i iii ii iv (III) Solanum tuberosum is the example of corm

(IV) Adventitious roots store food in Ipomea
[Ans. (a) A –(iv) ; B- (i) C – (ii) D (iii)] batatus.
w
4. A Tristyly (i) Primula (a) I, II correct II, IV wrong

B Distyly (ii) Vallisneria (b) I, II wrong III, IV correct
(c) I, II,III correct IV wrong
C Anemophily (iii) Lythrum
(d) IV only[Ans. (d) IV only]
D Hydrophily (iv) Eichhornia
bamboo
22

2. (I) In 60% of the Angiosperms pollen is 3. (I) Mound layering is applied for the plants
liberated in 3 celled stage. having flexible branches.
(II) The pollen on reaching the stigma absorbs (II) Part of the stem is buried in the soil.
moisture and swells.
(III) Two different plants are joined.
(III) Exine grows as pollen tube.
(IV) It is the method of producing a new plant
(IV) Microspore is a diploid cell.

m
by cutting the plant.
(a) III and IV only
(b) I, III and IV only (a) I and III only (b) II and IV only
(c) I, II, III and IV (c) III and IV only (d) I and II only
co
(d) II and III only [Ans. (d) II and III only] [Ans. (c) III and IV only]
3. (I) Ovule is also called microsporangium. 4. “Hydrophily”

(II) Stalk of mature ovule is called integument. (a) Pollination by wind.
(b) Pollination by water.
(III) Body of an ovule is made up of nucellus
s.
(c) Epihydrophily is a type of hydrophily.
(IV) Nucellus is enveloped by one or two
coverings called integuments (d) Pollen grains can float.
(a) I and II only (b) I and III only [Ans. (a) Pollination by wind]
ok
(c) I and II only (d) III and IV only 5. “Vegetative reproduction”
[Ans. (d) III and IV only] (a) A male and female parent is required for
propagation.
IV. Choose the incorrect statements: (b) New individual plants produced are
o
genetically identical.
1. (a) The body of the ovule becomes completely
inverted in anatropous. (c) Used to harvest plants in large scale.
ab
(b) The body of the ovule is placed transversely (d) Helps to preserve its own species.
in Hemianatropous. [Ans. (a) A male and female parent is
(c) The body of the ovule becomes inverted in required for propagation]
amphitropous. 6. “Ovule”
(d) The curvature of the ovule leads to horse-
ur
(a) Integument encloses ovule completely.

shoe shape in campylotropous. (b) The body is made up of nucellus.
[Ans. (b) The body of the ovule placed (c) Tenuinucellate ovules has very large
transversely placed in Hemianatropous] nucellus.
.s
2. (I) Embryosac is otherwise known as female (d) Mature ovule consists of stalk.
gametophyte. [Ans. (c) Tenuinucellate ovules has very
(II) The body of the ovule between the chalaza large nucellus]
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and embryo sac is called hypostase.

(III) Tenuinucellate ovules have very small
V. Assertion and reason:
nucellus. Directions:
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(IV) The ovule with one integument is said to be (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
monosporic. Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) I and II only (b) II and III only (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true
w
(c) II and IV only (d) I and IV only but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.
[Ans. (c) II and IV only]
(c) Assertion is true; Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
23

1. Assertion (A) : Only one parent is required 3. (a) Vegetative - Begonia
for natural vegetative propagation. reproduction
Reason (R) : New individual plants
(b) Asexual - Dalbergia
produced are genetically identical.
reproduction
Chapter-1
[Ans. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are

(c) Layering - Crown grafting
true and Reason is correct explanation of
m
Assertion] (d) Grafting - Mound layering
[Ans. (a) Vegetative reproduction – Begonia]
2. Assertion (A) : Pollenkitt is contributed by
co
the tapetum.
Reason (R) : It is chiefly made of 4. (a) Root cutting - Moringa
xanthophylls and phycobilin. (b) Stem cutting - Hibiscus
[Ans. (c) Assertion is true; Reason is false] (c) Leaf cutting - Begonia
s.
3. Assertion (A) : Ruminate endosperm has (d) Grafting - Citrus
irregular surface. [Ans. (b) Stem cutting – Hibiscus]
Reason (R) : The best example of this is 5. (a) Monoecious - Date palm
ok
Areca Catechu.
(b) Dioecious - Coconut
[Ans. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
true but reason is not correct explanation (c) Protandry - Helianthus
of Assertion] (d) Protogyny - Clerodendrum
[Ans. (c) Protandry – Helianthus]
o
4. Assertion (A) : Parthenocarpy which
arises due to mutation is called genetic
parthenocarpy. VII. Choose the incorrect pair:
ab
Reason (R) : Seedless fruits are useful for

the preparation of jams. 1. (a) Dioecious - Borassus
[Ans. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are (b) Self sterility - Passiflora
true but reason is not correct explanation (c) Heterostyly - Hibiscus
ur
of Assertion]
(d) Protogyny - Aristolochia
[Ans. (c) Heterostyly - Hibiscus]
VI. Choose the correct pair :
.s
2. (a) Translator - Calotropis

1. (a) E. Strasburger - Syngamy
(b) Pit fall - Arum
(b) G. B. Amici - Polyembryo
(c) Trap - Aristolochia
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(c) Nehemiah - Embryo culture

(d) Piston - Asclepiadaceae
(d) D.A. Johansen - Pollen tetrad
[Ans. (a) E. Strasburger – Syngamy] [Ans. (d) Piston – Asclepiadaceae]
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3. (a) Self-Pollination - Allogamy

2. (a) Conidia - Spirogyra (b) Monocliny - Bisexuality
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(b) Budding - Yeast and Hydra

(c) Cicer - Dicot
(c) Fragmentation - Aspergillus
(d) Maize - Scutellum
(d) Gemma - Penicillium [Ans. (a) Self-Pollination - Allogamy]
[Ans. (b) Budding – Yeast and Hydra]
24

4. (a) Egg - Zygote Answer in one word*
(b) Nucellus - Perisperm
(c) Ovary - Seed 1. Scientist who reported polyembryony _______.
[Ans. E. Strasburger]
(d) Funicle - Stalk

m
[Ans. (c) Ovary – Seed] 2. Asexual method of reproduction in Aspergillus /
Penicillium ________. [Ans. conidia]
5. (a) Anemophily - Maize 3. Organism which reproduces by budding _____.
(b) Entomophily - Salvia
co
[Ans. Yeast / Hydra]
(c) Myrmecophily - Adansonia
4. Asexual mode of reproduction in marchantia
(d) Ornithophily - Sterlitzia _______. [Ans. Gemma]
[Ans. (c) Myrmecophily – Adansonia] 5. Morphologically and genetically similar
s.
organisms _____. [Ans. clones]
VII. Choose the odd-man out & give 6. Another name for Reproductive propagules
Reason: ________. [Ans. diaspores]
1. (a) Tongue grafting
(c) Mound layering
[Ans. (c) Mound layering]
(b) Wedge grafting
(d) Crown grafting
o
Reason: It is a type of layering whereas other are
ok
7.
8.
A plant which produces vegetative or
adventitious buds on roots _________.
[Ans. Millingtonia / Murraya / Dalbergia]
A weed popularly known as Terror of Bengal
types of grafting. _______.
ab
2. (a) Integuments (b) Funiculus [Ans. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)]

(c) Hilum (d) Exine 9. Plants producing tuberous adventitious roots
[Ans. (d) Exine] ______. [Ans. Dahlia / Ipomoea batatus]
Reason: Exine is a part of pollen grain whereas 10. Plants producing a rhizome _______.
ur
others are part of ovule. [Ans. Musa paradisiaca, Zingiber officinale /

3. (a) Dermatogen (b) Pleurome Curcuma longa]
(c) Periblem (d) Endosperm 11. Example of corm __________.
.s
[Ans. (d) Endosperm] [Ans. Amorphophallus and Colocasia]

Reason: It is a part of the seed whereas others
12. Example of tuber _______.
are parts of embryo.
[Ans. Solanum tuberosum]
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4. Choose the odd man out.

13. Example of bulb _________.
(a) Runner (b) Rhizome
[Ans. Allium cepa and Lillium]
(c) Corm (d) Bulb
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[Ans. (a) Runner] 14. Example of runner ________.

Reason: It is a sub aerial stem modification [Ans. Centella asiatica]
whereas others are underground stem
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15. Example of stolon ______.

modifications. [Ans. Mentha and Fragaria]
16. Example of offset ______.
[Ans. Pistia and Eichhornia]
* Only for quick revision not in pattern
25

17. Example of sucker ______. 35. Name the first cell of male gametophyte of a
[Ans. Chrysanthemum] flowering plant _______.
[Ans. pollengrain / microspore]
18. Example of bulbils ______.
[Ans. Dioscorea and Agave] 36. In which stage are the pollen liberated from the
Chapter-1
anther _______. [Ans. 2 celled stage]

19. Plant producing adventitious buds on leaves
m
_____. [Ans. Bryophyllum] 37. Cavity in the ovary which bears the ovules
______. [Ans. locule]
20. Plant producing epiphyllous buds ______.
38. Another name for megasporangium in a
co
[Ans. Scilla]
flowering plant __________. [Ans. ovule]
21. Plant whose root cutting can be used for
vegetative propagation _______. [Ans. Malus] 39. Stalk of the ovule _______. [Ans. funiculus]
22. Artificial method of propagation where two 40. Tissue found in the ovule ________.
s.
different plants are joined together _______. [Ans. nucellus]
[Ans. grafting] 41. Protective coverings of a ovule _________.
23. Regeneration of a whole plant from single cell or [Ans. integuments]
ok
tissues _______. [Ans. Micropropagation]
42. Female gametophyte in a flowering plant _____.
24. Property of a single plant cell to form a whole [Ans. embryo sac]
plant _______. [Ans. Totipotency]
43. An ovule which bears horse shoe shaped nucellus
[Ans. Amphitropous]
o
25. Mass of undifferentiated cells formed in tissue _______.
culture ________. [Ans. callus]
44. Common type of ovule found in majority of the
ab
26. Pollen grains held together, after formation plants ______. [Ans. Anatropous]
_______. [Ans. pollinium]
45. Number of cells and nuclei found in a embryo
27. Example of a plant with pollinium ________. sac ______. [Ans. 7 celled and 8 nucleated]
[Ans. Calotropis] 46. Pollination which occurs without opening of
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28. Example of a plant with compound pollen grains flowers _______. [Ans. cleistogamy]
__________. [Ans. Drosera]
47. Maturation of anther and stigma at different
29. The region of a anther wall where dehiscence times __________. [Ans. Dichogamy]
.s
occurs _______. [Ans. stomium]

48. Pollination by birds ________.
30. Layer of anther wall which nourishes the pollen [Ans. Ornithophily]
________. [Ans. tapetum]
49. Pollination by wind ________.
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31. Substance found in exine but absent in germ [Ans. Anemophily]

pores ______. [Ans. sporopollenin]
50. Pollination by animals ________.
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32. Science which deals with study of pollen grains [Ans. Zoophily]
_______. [Ans. palynology]
51. Pollination by water ________.
33. Substance of pollen wall which preserves the [Ans. Hydrophily]
w
pollen during fertilization ________.

[Ans. sporopollenin] 52. Pollination by bats ________.
[Ans. cheiropterophily]
34. An oily layer found on pollen surface ______.
[Ans. pollenkitt] 53. Another name for cross pollination _______.
[Ans. Xenogamy or Allogamy]
26

54. Pollination by insects ________. 73. Type of endosperm in coconut water ______.
[Ans. Entomophily] [Ans. free nuclear endosperm]
55. Pollination by snails _________. 74. Type of development of dicot embryo ______.
[Ans. Malacophily] [Ans. onagrad or crucifer type]
[Ans. seed]

56. Pollination by ants _________. 75. Fertilized ovule ________.
m
[Ans. myrmecophily] 76. Seed coats ______. [Ans. testa and tegmen]
57. Plant showing pollination by lever mechanism 77. Embryonic root _______. [Ans. radicle]
[Ans. Salvia]
co
_________.
78. Embryonic shoot ______. [Ans. plumule]
58. Example of pollination by Trap mechanism.
________. [Ans. Aristolochia] 79. Shield shaped cotyledon found in maize ______.
[Ans. scutellum]
59. Example of pollination by pit fall mechanism
80. Type of fruit is maize _____. [Ans. caryopsis]
s.
_______. [Ans. Arum]
81. Protective sheath covering the radicle _______.
60. Example of pollination by clip or translator
mechanism ______. [Ans. Asclepiadaceae] [Ans. coleorhiza]
ok
82. Protective sheath covering the plumule ______.
61. Example of pollination by piston mechanism
_______. [Ans. Papilionaceae] [Ans. coleoptile]
83. Tissue which forms bulk of maize grain ______.
62. Name of structure formed by union of stigma
and androecium ______. [Ans. gynostegium] [Ans. endosperm]
o
84. Reproduction taking place without fusion of
63. Relationship between Yucca and moth ______.
gametes _______. [Ans. apomixis]
ab
[Ans. obligate mutualism]

85. Reproduction taking place by fusion of gametes
64. Name given for tip of pollen tube _______. _______. [Ans. amphimixis]
[Ans. cap block]
86. Embryo formation without a gametophytic
65. Structure which guides the pollen tube towards phase ________. [Ans. adventive embryony]
ur
micropyle of ovule _______. [Ans. obturator]

87. Occurrence of more than one embryo is a seed
66. Fusion of sperm and egg nucleus _______. _________. [Ans. polyembryony]
[Ans. syngamy]
88. Seedless fruits _____.
.s
67. Triploid tissue _______. [Ans. endosperm] [Ans. parthenocarpic fruits]

68. Example of caruncle ______. 89. Formation of embryos without meiosis and
syngamy ______. [Ans. agamospermy]
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[Ans. Ricinus communis]

69. Example of fruit with fleshy receptacle ______. 90. Example of plant showing cleavage
[Ans. Pyrus malus (apple)] polyembryony ______. [Ans. orchids]
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70. Remnants of Nucellar tissue in seed _______. 91. Formation of embryo sac from nucellar cell after
degradation of megaspores. [Ans. apospory]
[Ans. perisperm]
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71. Specialised tissue found in endosperm of cereals Very Short Answers 2 Marks
which secretes enzymes _______.
[Ans. Aleurone tissue] 1. What are diaspores?
72. Example for Ruminate endosperm ________. Ans. The unit of reproductive structure used in
[Ans. Areca catechu] propagation is called reproductive propagules
or diaspores.
27

2. What is asexual reproduction? 10. What is the function of funiculus?
Ans. The method of reproduction which helps Ans. A mature ovule consists of a stalk and a body.
to perpetuate its own species without the The stalk or the funiculus (also called funicle)
involvement of gametes is referred to as asexual is present at the base and it attaches the ovule to
Chapter-1
reproduction. the placenta.
m
3. What is an epiphyllous bud? 11. What is hilum?
Ans. In Bryophyllum, the leaf is succulent and notched Ans. The point of attachment of funicle to the body of
on its margin. Adventious buds develop at these the ovule is known as hilum.
co
notches and are called epiphyllous buds. It is a 12. What is megasporogenesis?
method of vegetative propagation.
Ans. The process of development of a megaspore
4. What is a stock? from a megaspore mother cell is called
Ans. The plant which is in contact with the soil is megasporogenesis and takes place inside the
s.
called stock in the process of grafting. ovule.
5. What is scion? 13. What is meant by chasmogamy?
Ans. The plant part used for grafting is called scion. It Ans. In majority of angiosperms, the flower opens
ok
is fixed to the stock which is attached to the soil. and exposes its mature anthers and stigma
for pollination. Such flowers are called
6. Write down the disadvantages of conventional
method of propagation of plants. chasmogamous and the phenomenon is called
chasmogamy.
Ans. (i) Use of virus infected plants as parents
o
produces viral infected new plants. 14. What is meant by xenogamy?
(ii) Vegetative structures used for propagation Ans. When the pollen (genetically different) deposits
ab
are bulky and so they are difficult to handle on another flower of a different plant of the same
and store. species , it is called as xenogamy. It is a type of
cross pollination.
7. What is palynology?
Ans. (i) Palynology is the study of pollen grains. 15. What is meant by anemophily?
ur
(ii) It helps to identify the distribution of coal Ans. Pollination by wind is called anemophily.
and to locate oil fields. Example : Bamboo.
(iii) Pollen grains reflect the vegetation of an 16. What is malacophily?
area. Ans. Pollination of flowers by slugs and snails is called
.s
8. What is carrot grass? malacophily.

Ans. (i) Parthenium hysterophorus is commonly Example: Lemna.
w
called Carrot grass and is a native of 17. Define pollination.

tropical America. Ans. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the
(ii) It was introduced into India as a stigma of a flower is called pollination.
w
contaminant along with wheat.

18. What do you mean by cleistogamy?
(iii) The pollen of this plant cause allergy.
Ans. Flowers never open and expose the reproductive
9. What are integuments? organs. Pollination is carried out within the
w
Ans. Ovule is also called megasporangium and closed flowers. Hence self pollination is ensured.
is protected by one or two coverings called Example: Commelina,Viola and Oxalis.
integuments.
28

19. Name two abiotic agents involved in 26. Find the parts of the embryo sac.
pollination. A
Ans. (i) Anemophily – Pollination by wind B
C
(ii) Hydrophily – Pollination by water
20. Differentiate monoecious and dioecious. D

m
Ans.
Monoecious Dioecious
Male and female flowers Male and female flowers E
co
are produced on the are produced in different Ans. A - Filiform Structure of Embryo
apparatus B - sac
Synergids
same plant. plants. C - Egg D - Polar nucleus
Ex. Coconut Ex. Borassus and Carica. E - Antipodal cell
21. Define self sterility / self incompatablity.
s.
27. Identify the parts of L.S. of seed. Name it.
Ans. In some plants, when the pollen grains of a
flower reaches the stigma of the same flower, It is A
unable to germinate on it. It is a contrivance for
ok
cross pollination. B
C
Example: Abutilon. D
E
22. Differentiate epihydrophily and
hypohydrophily L.s. of fruit
o
Monocot seed - Oryza sativa
Ans.
Ans. Monocot seed (L.S)
Epihydrophily Hypohydrophily A - Endosperm B - Scutellum
ab
Pollination occurs at Pollination occurs inside C - Coleoptile D - Shoot apex

the water level. the water. E - Radicle
Ex: Elodea, vallisneria Ex: Zostera,
ceratophyllum 28. Draw and label the parts of polyembryony –
ur
embryo sac.
23. What is psychophily?
Ans.
Ans. Pollination carried out by biotic agents such as
butterflies is called psychophily. Zygotic embryo
.s
24. Name the types of endosperm based on

development.
Endosperm
Ans. (i) Nuclear endosperm
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(ii) Cellular endosperm

(iii) Helobial endosperm. Antipodal embryo
25. What are the different types of parthenocarpy?

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Polyembryony – Embryo sac

Ans. (i) Genetic parthenocarpy. of Ulmus glabra
(ii) Environmental parthenocarpy.
29. Differentiate dichogamy and herkogamy.
w
(iii) Chemically induced parthenocarpy.

Ans. Dichogamy and herkogamy are contrivances for
cross pollination.
29

Dichogamy Herkogamy 36. Describe the wall layers of a pollen grain.
1. In bisexual flowers, I n bisexual flowers, Ans. The outer layer called exine is thick and made
anthers and stigma the essential of cellulose, sporopollenin and pollenkitt. The
mature at different organs, the stamens inner layer intine is thin, uniform and made of
Chapter-1
times, thus preventing and stigmas are pectin.
m
self pollination Types. arranged in such 37. What are germ pores?
a way that self-
Ans. In a pollen grain, the exine is not uniform and
pollination becomes thin in certain areas. When these areas are small
co
impossible. and round, they are called germ pores. Pollen
2. Ex: Ex: Gloriosa superba tube grown through the germ pores.
Protandry: Helianthus
38. What is pollen calendar?
Protogyny: Aristolocia
Ans. (i) Pollen calendar shows the production of
s.
30. Name two plants which are propagated by pollen by plants during different seasons.
roots. (ii) This benefits the allergic persons.
Ans. Dahlia, Dalbergia. (iii) Pollen grains cause allergic reactions like
ok
asthma, bronchitis, hay fever, allergic
31. Define Totipotency.
rhinitis etc.,
Ans. (i) The genetic ability of a plant cell to produce
the entire plant under suitable conditions is 39. What is cap block?
said to be totipotency. Ans. (i) During germination of pollen grain on the
o
(ii) This characteristic feature of a cell is utilized stigma all the cytoplasmic contents of the
in horticulture, forestry and industries to pollen move to the tip of the pollen tube.
ab
propagate plants. (ii) The tip appears to be hemispherical,

transparent and is called the cap block.
32. Define tissue culture.
(iii) It is cut off from the rest of the pollen by
Ans. The growth of plant tissue in special culture a vacuole.
medium under suitable controlled conditions
ur
is known as tissue culture. It is based on the Short Answers 3 Marks

property of plant cells called ‘Totipotency’.
1. Write the advantages of natural vegetative
33. What is a pollinium?
.s
reproduction.
Ans. In some plants, all the microspores in a
Ans. (i) Only one parent is required for propagation.
microsporangium remain held together called
(ii) The new individual plants produced are
pollinium. Example: Calotropis.
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genetically identical.
34. What is stomium? (iii) In some plants, this enables to spread
Ans. (i) In a anther, cells along the junction of the rapidly. Example: Spinifex.
w
two sporangia of an anther lobe lack the (iv) Horticulturists and farmers utilize these
endothecium and thickenings. organs of natural vegetative reproduction
(ii) This region is called stomium and helps in for cultivation and to harvest plants in
w
dehiscence of anther at maturity. large scale.

35. Tapetum is dual in origin justify. 2. Write the types of grafting?
Ans. It is derived partly from the peripheral wall Ans. (i) Bud grafting,
layer and partly from the connective tissue of (ii) Approach grafting,
the anther lining the anther locule. Thus, the (iii) Tongue grafting,
tapetum is dual in origin.
30

(iv) Crown grafting and 7. Explain about the cutting method of vegetative
(v) Wedge grafting propagation.
Ans. (i) It is the method of producing new plant by
3. What is the process of micropropagation? cutting the plant parts such as root, stem,
Ans. (i) The regeneration of a whole plant from and leaf from the parent plant.
single cell, tissue or small pieces of (ii) The cut part is placed in a suitable medium

m
vegetative structures through tissue culture for growth. It produces root and grows
is called micropropagation. into a new plant.
(ii) This is one of the modern methods used to Root Cutting – Malus
co
propagate plants. Stem cutting – Hibiscus, Bougainvillea
and Moringa.
4. Name the technique used to store pollen
Leaf cutting – Begonia and
grains.
Bryophyllum.
Ans. (i) Liquid nitrogen (–196°C) is used to
s.
preserve pollen in viable condition for 8. Give an account of endothecium of anther
prolonged duration. wall.
(ii) This technique is called cryopreservation
Ans. (i) It is generally a single layer of radially
elongated cells found below the epidermis.
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and is used to store pollen grains (pollen
(ii) The inner tangential walls develop bands.
banks) of economically important crops
The cells are hygroscopic.
for breeding programmes.
(iii) In the anthers of aquatic plants,
5. What are the benefits of eating beepollen? saprophytes, cleistogamous flowers
o
Ans. (i) Bee pollen is a natural substance and and extreme parasites endothecial
differentiation is absent.
contains high protein, carbohydrate, trace
(iv) The cells along the junction of the two
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amount of minerals and vitamins.

sporangia of an anther lobe lack these
(ii) Therefore, it is used as dietary supplement
thickenings. This region is called stomium
and is sold as pollen tablets and syrups. and breaks during dehiscence.
(iii) Further, it increases the performance of
athletes, race horses and also heals the 9. Define cross pollination and explain its types.
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wounds caused by burns. Ans. Cross pollination is the transfer of pollens on the
(iv) The study of honey pollen is called stigma of another flower. It is of two types.
Mellitopalynology. (i) Geitonogamy :
.s
6. Write the significance of pollination. When the pollen deposits on another

flower of same individual plant, it is
Ans. (i) Pollination is a pre-requisite for the process
called geitonogamy. It occurs in plants of
of fertilisation. Fertilisation helps in the
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monoecious plants.
formation of fruits and seeds.
(ii) Xenogamy :
(ii) It brings the male and female gametes
closer for the process of fertilisation. When the pollen deposits on another flower
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(iii) Cross-pollination introduces variations in

of a different plant of same species.
plants due to the mixing up of different 10. Mention the advantages of self-pollination.
genes. These variations help the plants to Ans. (i) Pollination is almost certain in bisexual
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adapt to the environment and results in flowers.

speciation. (ii) When the members of the species are
uncommon and are separated by large
distances, the plant has to depend on self
pollination.
31

(iii) If all the chances of cross – pollination fails, 16. Outline the classification of recurrent
self pollination still takes place and prevent apomixis.
the extinction of the species. Ans.
Recurrent Apomixis
11. Comment on pollination in ophyrus.
Chapter-1
Ans. (i) In Bee orchid (Ophyrus) the morphology
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of the flower mimics that of female wasp
(Colpa). Vegetative Agamospermy
(ii) The male wasp mistakes the flowers for a Reproduction
Adventive embryony
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female wasp and tries to copulate.
(iii) This act of pseudocopulation helps in Diplospory
pollination. Apospory
12. Explain the types of entry of pollen tube into 17. Write down the significances of parthenocarpy.
s.
the ovule.
Ans. (i) Seedless fruits have great significance in
Ans. (i) Porogamy: Pollen tube enters through
horticulture.
micropyle.
(ii) The seedless fruits have great commercial
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(ii) Chalazogamy: Pollen tube enters through
value.
chalaza.
(iii) Seedless fruits are useful for the preparation
(iii) Mesogamy: Pollen tube enters through the
of jams, jellies, savces, fruit drinks etc.
integument
18. Comment on terror of Bengal.
o
13. What is perisperm?
Ans. The nucellar tissue is either absorbed completely
Ans. (i) Water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipies) is an
invasive need on water bodies like ponds,
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by developing embryo sac and embryo or small

lakes and reservoirs .
portion may remain as storage tissue. This
(ii) It is popularly called “Terror of Bengal”
remnant of nucellar tissue in the seed is called
perisperm. It spreads rapidly through offset all over
the water body and depletes the dissolved
Example: Black pepper and Beetroot.
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oxygen and causes death of other aquatic

14. Tabulate any 4 post fertilization changes in a organisms.
flower.
19. Explain the types of embryosac developments.
Ans.
.s
Ans. There are 3 types of embryosac development

Parts before After fertilization
fertilization (i) Monosporic
1. Ovary Fruit (ii) Bisporic
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2. Ovule Seed (iii) Tetrasporic

3. Egg Zygote (i) Of the four megaspores formed, usually the
chalazal one is functional and other three
4. Funicle Stalk of seed
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megaspores degenerate. The functional

15. What are the functions of endosperm? megaspore forms the female gametophyte
or embryo sac. This type of development is
Ans. (i) It is the nutritive tissue for developing
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called monosporic development.

embryo.
Example: Polygonum.
(ii) In majority of angiosperms zygote divides
only after the development of endosperm. (ii) Of the four megaspores formed if two are
(iii) Endosperm regulates the precise mode of involved in Embryo sac formation the
embryo development. development is called bisporic.
Example: Allium.
32

(iii) If all the four megaspores are involved in 24. What is Ornithophily?
Embryo sac formation the development is Ans. Pollination by birds is called Ornithophily.
called tetrasporic. Example: Erythrina, Bombax, Syzygium,
Example: Peperomia. Bignonia, Sterlitzia etc., Humming birds, sun
birds, and honey eaters are some of the birds
20. Comment on Aleurone tissue.

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which regularly visit flowers and bring about
Ans. (i) Aleurone Tissue consists of highly pollination.
specialised cells of one or few layers which
are found around the endosperm of cereals 25. Mention some adaptations of ornithophilous
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(Barley and Maize) flowers.
(ii) Aleurone grain contain spherosomes. Ans. (i) The flowers are usually large in size.
(iii) During seed germination cells secrete (ii) The flowers are tubular, cup shaped or
certain hydrolytic enzymes like amylases. urn- shaped.
(iv) Proteases which digest reserve food (iii) The flowers are brightly coloured, red,
s.
material are present in endosperm cells. scarlet, pink, orange, blue and yellow
which attracts the birds.
21. Describe about the endosperm haustoria?
(iv) The flowers are scentless and produce
ok
Ans. (i) Interesting feature of endosperm is the nectar in large quantities. Pollen and
presence of haustoria.
nectar form the floral rewards for the birds
(ii) In the case of helobial endosperm the chalazal
visiting the flowers.
chamber itself acts as a haustorial structure.
(v) The floral parts are tough and leathery
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(iii) In cellular and nuclear endosperm
to withstand the powerful impact of the
special structures are produced towards
visitors.
micropylar and chalazal ends.
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(iv) These absorb nutrients from other outer 26. What is Cheiropterophily?
tissue or from ovary tissue and supply Ans. (i) Pollination carried out by bats is called
them to the growing embryo. cheiropterophily.
Example : Plants like Kigelia africana,
22. What is sporopollenin?
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Adansonia digitata, etc., Bats are nocturnal

Ans. (i) It is a substance present is exine of pollen and are attracted by the odour of the flowers
grain and contributed by both pollen that open at or after dusk.
cytoplasm and tapetum. It is derived from
(ii) The cheiropterophilous plants have flowers
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carotenoids.
borne singly or in clusters quite away from
(ii) It helps to withstand high temperature
the leaves and branches either on the long
and is resistant to strong acid, alkali and peduncle or on the trunk or branches.
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enzyme action.
(iii) The flowers produce large quantities of
(iii) It preserves the pollen for long periods in
nectar.
fossil deposits, and it also protects pollen
27. What is gynostegium?
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during its journey from anther to stigma.

Ans. (i) The union of stigma with the androecium
23. What is the significance of synergids?
is called gynostegium.
Ans. (i) The secrete chemotropic substances that
(ii) In flowers of Asclepiadaceae the 5 stamens
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help to attract the pollen tube. unite with stigma and form a large 5-angled
(ii) The special cellular thickening called stigma which is receptive on the underside.
filiform apparatus of synergids help in the (iii) This is a special adaptation to effect
absorption, conduction of nutrients from pollination by translator mechanism.
the nucellus to embryo sac.
(iii) It also guides the pollen tube into the egg.
33

28. What is a Translator? (iii)These serve as nutrition for growing pollen
Ans. (i) The pollen in each anther lobe unites into a tubes and also control incompatibility
mass forming pollinium which is attached reaction between style and pollen tube.
to the sticky clip like structure called (iv) The substances contain lipids,
Chapter-1
corpusculum. carbohydrate, compatibility controlling
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(ii) The filamentous part arising from each proteins etc.
pollinium is called retinaculum. 34. What is an obturator?
(iii) The whole structure looks like inverted
Ans. (i) The pollen tube after traversing the style
letter ‘Y’ and is called translator.
co
enters into the locule of the ovary.
(iv) This is a special adaptation to effect (ii) It is guided to the micropyle of the ovule
pollination. Example : Calotropis. by a structure called obturator.
29. Why do insects visit flowers? (iii) This may originate form the placenta,
Funiculus, Style etc.
s.
Ans. (i) Flowers supply nectar and pollen which is
the food for insects. Example: Euphorbiaceae (from Placenta)
(ii) The flowers also provide microclimate, site 35. What is double fertilization?
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and shelter for egg laying insects.
Ans. (i) During fertilization in angiosperms one
30. What are pollen robbers / nectar robbers? male gamete fuses with the egg (syngamy)
Ans. Many insects consume pollen and nectar from to form a diploid Zygote.
the flowers but do not help in pollination. They (ii) The male gamete fuses with the diploid
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are called pollen / nectar robbers. secondary nucleus to form a triploid
primary endosperm nucleus which forms
31. What is special about pollination is Yucca?
the endosperm tissue.
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Ans. (i) The relationship between Yucca and moth

(iii) This is called double fertilization.
is an example for obligate mutualism.
(ii) The moth uses the flower for laying eggs 36. What is triple fusion?
and also helps in pollination by pushing Ans. (i) During fertilization in angiosperms, the
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the pollen into the stigma. second male gamete fuses with the diploid
(iii) The Larvae of the moth feed on some of secondary nucleus to form the primary
developing seeds. endosperm nucleus.
(iv) The moth cannot survive without Yucca (ii) Since this involves the fusion of three
.s
and the latter fails to reproduce if the moth nuclei, this phenomenon is called triple
is not available. fusion.
(iii) This develops into the endosperm which
32. What is pollen pistil interaction?
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gives nutrition to the developing embryo.

Ans. (i) The events from pollen deposition on the
stigma to the entry of pollen tube in to the 37. What is aril?
ovule is called pollen- pistil interaction. Ans. The funiculus of the ovule develops into a
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(ii) It is a dynamic process which involves fleshy structure and is often very colourful after
recognition of pollen and to promote or fertilization. This is called aril.
inhibit its germination and growth. Example: Myristica.
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33. What is transmitting tissue? 38. What is caruncle?

Ans. (i) The canal of the style in gynoecium is lined Ans. The cells present at the tip of the outer
by a single layer of glandular canal cells integument around the micropyle develop into
called as transmitting tissue. a fleshy structure called caruncle.
(ii) They secrete mucilaginous substances. Example: Ricinus communis.
34

39. What is the kind of endosperm found in 46. Differentiate Apomixis and Amphimixis.
coconut? Ans.
Ans. Coconut water from tender coconut is an Apomixis Amphimixis
example of free-nuclear endosperm and the
white kernel part is the cellular layer. Reproduction When reproduction
involving fertilization does not involve

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40. Define a seed. in flowering plants is union of male and
Ans. The fertilized ovule is called seed and possesses called amphimixis female gametes is
an embryo, endosperm and a protective coat. called apomixis.
Seeds may be endospermous (Ex: Wheat) or
co
non endospermous (Ex: Bean). 47. Draw a Tunicated bulb and label any 4 parts.
41. Name the seed coats. Ans.
Ans. (i) Each seed has a thick outer covering called

seed coat.
s.
(ii) The seed coat is developed from Fleshy scale leaf
integuments of the ovule. Axillary bud
(iii) The outer coat is called testa and is hard Reduced Stem
ok
whereas the inner coat is thin, membranous Adventitious roots
and is called tegmen. Allium cepa
42. What is coleoptile and coleorhiza? 48. Draw a diagram to show rhizome and label
Ans. In a monocot seed, the embryonic root or radicle any 2 parts.
o
is surrounded by a protective sheath called Ans.
coleorhiza. The embryonic shoot or plumule is Terminal bud
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covered by a sheath called coleoptile.

43. What is scutellum? Node
Internode
Ans. In a monocot seed, there is a shield- shaped
cotyledon called scutellum present towards
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lateral side of embryonal axis. It supplies the

growing embryo with food material absorbed Rhizome – Zingiber officinale
from the endosperm
49. Find the parts of the flower.
44. What is sporophytic budding?
.s
A
Ans. In adventive embryony an Embryo arises B
directly from the diploid sporophytic cells either C
from nucellus or integument. It is also called D
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sporophytic budding because gametophytic

phase is completely absent. Adventive embryos E
F
are found in Citrus and Mangifera. G
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45. What is apospory / somatic apospory? H
Ans. (i) Megaspore mother cell undergoes the

Ans. A - Stigma B- Style
normal meiosis and four megaspores
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formed gradually disappear. C - Stamen D- Petal

(ii) A nucellar cell becomes activated and E - Sepal F - Ovary
develops into a diploid embryo sac. G - Ovule H- Pedicel
(iii) This type of apospory is also called somatic
apospory.
Examples: Hieracium and Parthenium.
35

50. Draw a anther lobe and label the wall layers. (vii) In some plants anthers burst violently
Ans. andrelease the pollen into the air.
Connective Example: Urtica.
Epidermis (viii) Stigmas are comparatively large,
Chapter-1
Endothecium protruding, sometimes branched and

Middle layer
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feathery, adapted to catch the pollen grains.
Pollen grain
Stomium
Generally single ovule is present.
(ix) Plant produces flowers before the new
Tapetum
leaves appear, so the pollen can be carried
co
without hindrance of leaves.
Pollen grain stage 2. Write down the advantages and disadvantages
51. (a) Identify the plant. of cross-pollination.
(b) Name the modification. Ans. Advantages of cross-pollination:
s.
(b)
(i) It always results in bringing out much
healthier off springs.
(ii) Germination capacity is much better.
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(iii) New varieties may be produced.
(iv) The adaptability of the plants to their
(a) environment is better.
Ans. (a) Pistia stratiotes
(b) Offset Disadvantages of cross-pollination:
o
(i) Depend on external agencies for the
pollination and the process is uncertain.
ab
Long Answers 5 Marks (ii) Various devices have to be adopted to

attract pollinating agents.
1. What are the characteristics of anemophilous
flowers? 3. Write the advantages and disadvantages of
self-pollination.
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Ans. (i) The flowers are produced in pendulous,

Ans. Advantages of self-pollination:
catkin-like or spike inflorescence.
(i) Pollination is almost certain in bisexual
(ii) The axis of inflorescence elongates so that
flowers.
the flowers are brought well above the
.s
(ii) When the members of the species are

leaves.
uncommon and are separated by large
(iii) The perianth is absent or highly reduced.
distances, the plant has to depend on self-
(iv) The flowers are small, inconspicuous,
pollination.
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colourless, not scented, do not secrete

(iii) If all the chances of cross-pollination fails,
nectar.
self-pollination will take place and prevent
(v) The stamens are numerous, filaments are
the extinction of the species.
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long, exerted and versatile.

Disadvantages of self-pollination:
(vi) Anthers produce enormous quantities
(i) Continuous self-pollination, generation
of pollen grains compared to number of
after generation results in weaker progeny.
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ovules available for pollination. They are

(ii) Chances of producing new species and
minute,light and dry so that they can be
carried to long distances by wind. varieties are meager.
36

4. Explain the different methods of grafting. ‘T’
shaped Bud (Scion) Scion
Ans. It is a conventional method of vegetative insertion Stock
propagation.
Grafting: In this, parts of two different plants are
joined so that they continue to grow as oneplant.

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Of the two plants, the plant which is incontact
with the soil is called stock and theplant used for Stock
Stock Scion
grafting is called scion (Figure).
(ii) Approach (iii) Tongue
(i) Bud grafting (iv) Cro
Examples are Citrus, Mango and Apple. There
co
grafting grafting
‘T’
are different types of grafting based on the
shaped method of uniting the scion and stock. They
Bud (Scion) Scion
insertion Stock Scion
are bud grafting, approach grafting, tongue
grafting,crown grafting and wedge grafting.
s.
(i) Bud grafting: A T- shaped incision is
made in the stock and the bark is lifted.
The scion bud with little wood is placed in
ok
Stock the incision beneath the bark and properly Stock
Stock Scion
bandaged with a tape.
(ii) Approach (iii) Tongue
(i) Bud Approach grafting:
(ii) grafting In this method both (iv) Crown grafting (v) Wedge grafting
grafting grafting
the scion and stock remain rooted. The
stock is grown in a pot and it is brought a) Types of Grafting
o
close to the scion. Both of them should Artificial methods of vegetative reproduction
have the same thickness. A small slice is cut in plants
ab
from both and the cut surfaces are brought 5. Write a note on Contrivances of cross
near and tied together and held by a tape. pollination.
After 1-4 weeks the tip of the stock and
Ans. Contrivances of cross-pollination:
base of the scion are cut off and detached
The flowers of the plants have mechanisms
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and grown in a separate pot.

that promote cross-pollination which are also
(iii) Tongue grafting: called contrivances of cross-pollination or out
A scion and stock having the same thickness breeding devices. It includes the following.
is cut obliquely and the scion is fit into the 1. Dicliny or Unisexuality:
.s
stock and bound with a tape.

When the flowers are unisexual only cross-
(iv) Crown grafting: pollination is possible. There are two types.
When the stock is large in size scions are
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(i) Monoecious: Male and female flowers on

cut into wedge shape and are inserted on
the same plant. Coconut, Bitter gourd. In
the slits or clefts of the stock and fixed in
plants like castor and maize, autogamy is
position using graft wax.
prevented but geitonogamy takes place.
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(v) Wedge grafting:

(ii) Dioecious : Male and female flowers on
In this method a slit is made in the stock or different plants. Borassus, Carica papaya
the bark is cut. A twig of scion is inserted and date palm. Here both autogamy and
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and tightly bound so that the cambium of geitonogamy are prevented.

the two is joined.
37

2. Monocliny or Bisexuality: the pollen from flowers of one type
Flowers are bisexual and the special can pollinate only the other two types
adaptation of the flowers prevents self- but not their own type.
pollination. Example : Lythrum.
Chapter-1
(i) Dichogamy: (iv) Self sterility/ Self- incompatibility:
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In bisexual flowers anthers and stigmas In some plants, when the pollen grain of
mature at different times, thus checking a flower reaches the stigma of the same,
self-pollination. It is of two types. it is unable to germinate or prevented to
(a) Protandry: The stamens mature germinate on its own stigma.
co
earlier than the stigmas of the flowers. Examples: Abutilon, Passiflora. It is a
Examples: Helianthus, Clerodendrum. genetic mechanism.
(b) Protogyny: The stigmas mature 6. Describe the translator mechanism of cross
earlier than the stamens of the flower. pollination.
s.
Examples: Scrophularia nodosa and
Ans. Pollination in Calotropis:
Aristolochia bracteata.
(i) This mechanism is found in members of
(ii) Herkogamy:
Asclepiadaceae.
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In bisexual flowers the essential organs,
the stamens and stigmas, are arranged in
such a way that self-pollination becomes
impossible. For example in Gloriosa
superba, the style is reflexed away from The flowers are bisexual with 5 stamens
o
(ii)
the stamens and in Hibiscus the stigmas forming gynostegium (union of stigma
project far above the stamens with the androecium).
ab
(iii) Heterostyly: Some plants produce two (iii) The stigma is large and 5 – angled and is
or three different forms of flowers that receptive on the underside.
are different in their length of stamens (iv) Each stamen at its back possesses a brightly
and style. Pollination will take place only coloured hood like outgrowth enclosing
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between organs of the same length. horn shaped nectar.

(a) Distyly: The plant produces two forms (v) The pollen in each anther lobe of a stamen
of flowers, Pin or long style, long unites into a mass, forming a pollinium.
stigmatic papillae, short stamens and Pollinia are attached to a clamp or clip like
.s
(vi)
small pollen grains; Thrum-eyed or sticky structure called corpusculum.
short style, small stigmatic papillae, (vii) The filamentous or thread like part arising
long stamens and large pollen grains. from each pollinium is called retinaculum.
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Example: Primula. The stigma of the

(viii) The whole structure looks like inverted
Thrum-eyed flowers and the anther of
letter ‘Y’ and is called translator.
the pin lie in same level to bring out
When the insect visits the flower for nectar,
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(ix)
pollination. Similarly the anther of
Thrum-eyed and stigma of pin ones the translator gets attached to the proboscis
is found in same height. This helps in or leg of the visitor.
(x) During the visit to the next flower the
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effective pollination.
(b) Tristyly: The plant produces three
pollinia come in contact with the receptive
kinds of flowers, with respect to the stigma carrying out pollination.
length of the style and stamens. Here,
•••
38
Unit Test
[Time : 1 hr] [Marks: 25]
I. Choose the Correct Answer. 10 × 1 = 10 5. Which of the following represents

m
megagametophyte?
1. Choose the correct statements from the
(a) Ovule (b) Embryo sac
following.
(c) Nucellus (d) Endosperm
(a) Gametes are involved in asexual reproduction.
co
(b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by budding. 6. Identify the correctly matched pair
(c) Conidia formation is a method of sexual (a) Tuber – Allium Cepa
reproduction. (b) Sucker – Pistia
(d) Yeast reproduce by budding. (c) Rhizome – Musa
s.
2. Identify the incorrect pair. (d) Stolon – Zingiber
(a) Sporopollenun – Exine of pollen grain 7. Sexual reproduction of higher plants include
(b) Tapetum – Nutritive tissue for _________ stages.
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developing microspores. (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) Nucellus – Nutritive tissue for
(c) 3 (d) 5
developing embryo.
(d) Obturator – directs the pollen tube 8. Match the following.
into micropyle
o
A Tristyly (i) Primula
3. Choose the correct statement(s) B Distyly (ii) Vallisneria
ab
(I) An example for root cutting is Hibiscus. C Anemophily (iii) Lythrum

(II) Scilla is bulbous plant and grows in rocky D Hydrophily (iv) Eichhornia
soils.
bamboo
(III) Solanum tuberosum is an example of corm
A B C D
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(IV) Adventitious roots store food in Ipomea

batatus. (a) iv i ii iii
(a) I, II correct II, IV wrong (b) ii i iii iv
(b) I, II wrong III, IV correct (c) iii i iv ii
.s
(c) I, II,III correct IV wrong (d) i iii ii iv

(d) IV only
9. An eminent Indian embryologist ________.
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4. Assertion (A) : Ruminate endosperm has (a) S. R. Kasyap

irregular surface. (b) P. Maheshwari
Reason (R) : The best example of this is (c) M. S. Swaminathan
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Areca Catechu. (d) K. C. Mehta

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
10. Find the odd man out and given reason.
Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) Integuments
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(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true

(b) Funiculus
but reason is not correct explanation of
(c) Hilum
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true; Reason is false. (d) Exine
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
39

II. Very Short Answer 2×2=4 2. What is polyembryony? How can it be
1. Explain ‘ornithophily’. commercially exploited.
IV. Long Answer 1×5=5
2. What is cap block?
Chapter-1
1. Give a concise account on steps involved in

III. Short Answer 2×3=6
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fertilization in an angiosperm.
1. Find the parts of embryo sac.
A
B
co
C
s.
E
Structure of Embryo sac
o
•••
ok
ab
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.s
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w
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40
UNIT VII : Genetics
Chapter 2
m
co
Classical Genetics
s.
Chapter Snapshot
2.1 Heredity and Variation
o ok 2.4 Monohybrid, Dihybrid, Trihybrid
cross, Backcross and Testcross.
2.2 Mendelism
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2.4.1. Incomplete Dominance – No

2.2.1 Father of Genetics – Gregor
Blending of Genes
Johann Mendel (1822 – 1884)
2.4.2. Codominance (1 : 2 : 1)
2.2.2 Mendel’s Experiments on Pea
Plant 2.4.3. Lethal genes
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2.2.3 Terminology Related to 2.4.4. Pleiotropy – A single gene

Mendelism Affects Multiple Traits
2.2.4 Mendelian Inheritance – 2.5 Interaction of Genes -Intragenic and
.s
Mendel’s Laws of Heredity Intergenic Incomplete Dominance,

Lethal Genes, Epistasis
2.3 Laws of Mendelian Inheritance
2.6 Polygenic inheritance in Wheat
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2.3.1 Mendel’s Analytical and

kernel Colour, Pleiotropy – Pisum
Empirical Approach
Sativum
2.3.2 Test Cross
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2.7 Extra Chromosomal Inheritance-

2.3.3 Back Cross Cytoplasmic Inheritance in
2.3.4 Dihybrid Cross Mitochondria and Chloroplast.
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2.3.5 The Dihybrid Test Cross

2.3.6. Trihybrid Cross
2.3.7 Extensions of Mendelian
Genetics
41

w Chapter-2
42
w Concept Map
Sura’s
w Genetics
orders@surabooks.com
.s
➠ XII Std - Botany
Transmission Genetics Molecular Genetics Population Genetics Quantitative Genetics

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Heredity Variations
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Continuous Discontinuous
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Mendalism Gene Interaction Extra chromosomal inheritance
Laws of Mendal
Chloroplast Mitochondrial
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Intragenic Intergenic
Monohybrid cross inheritance inheritance
Incomplete Dominant
Dihybrid cross Dominance Epistasis
s.
Co dominance Polygenic
Inheritance
Lethality
PH: 9600175757 / 8124201000 / 8124301000

co
Pleiotropy
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Must know definitions
Alleles : Alternative forms of a gene.

Back Cross : Crosses between F1 off-springs with either of the two parents (hybrid) are known as
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back cross.
F1 / First Filial
Generation : The second stage of Mendel’s experiment is called F1 generation.
co
Classical Genetics
Gene : The determinant of a characteristic of an organism (Mendelian factor).
Genetic Code : The set of 64 triplets of bases (codons) corresponding to the twenty amino acids in
proteins and the signals for initiation and termination of polypeptide synthesis.
s.
Genotype : The types of alleles in a single individual is called genotype.
Genome : The total complement of genes contained in a cell.
Heterozygous : Diploid organisms that have two different allels at a specific gene locus are said to be
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heterozygous.
Homozygous : A diploid organism in which both alleles are the same at a given gene locus is said to be
homozygous.
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Hybrid Vigour
or Heterosis : The superiority of hybrid over either of its parents in one or more traits.
ab
Locus : The site or position of a particular gene on a chromosome.

Phenotype : The physical expression of an individuals gene. The physical observable characteristics
of an organism.
Punnett Square /
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Checkerboard : A sort of cross-multiplication matrix used in the prediction of the outcome of a genetic
cross, in which male and female gametes and their frequencies are arranged along the
edges.
.s
Lethal genes : An allele which has the potential to cause the death of an organism.
Extra nuclear
inheritance : Traits are governed either by the chloroplast or mitochondrial genes.
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Pleiotropy : A single gene affecting multiple traits and thus alters the phenotype of an organism.
Codominance : A type of intragenic interaction in which simultaneous expression of both alleles occurs
in the heterozygote.
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Incomplete
dominance : One allele is not completely dominant over another alleles and the phenotype is a
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blend of expression of both alleles. Also called blending inheritance.

Gene interaction : A single phenotype is controlled by more than one set of genes, each of which has
two or more alleles. This phenomenon is called gene interaction.
43
Terminologies & examples

Monohybrid cross : Mendel – Pisum Dihybrid test cross : 1:1:1:1
Chapter-2
sativum - 3 : 1 Trihybrid cross : 27 : 9 : 9 : 9 : 3 : 3 :
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Dihybrid cross : Mendel – Pisum 3:1
sativum – 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 Incomplete : (eg) Mirabilis Jalapa –
Dominant Epistasis : Sinnot – summer dominance 1:2:1
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squash – 12 : 3 : 1 Carl Correns
Gregor Johann : Father of Genetics Codominance : (eg) Camellia,
Mendel Gossypium,
ABO Blood group
Mendel’s paper : Experiments on Plant
s.
Hybridisation Lethal gene : 1907 – E. Baur –
(eg) Snapdragon
Emasculation : Removal of Anthers
Polygenic Inheritance : (eg) Kernel colour in
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Genotype : Gene constitution of wheat
an organism H. Nilson – Ehle
Phenotype : Observable character (1909)
of an organism Ratio 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
o
Chloroplast : Mirabilis jalapa
Homozygous : Genes are alike inheritance
ab
[TT, tt] Mitochondrial : Hordeum vulgare

Inheritance
Heterozygous : Genes are dissimilar
[Tt] Atavism : Hieracium pilosella
Allele : Gene exists in

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alternative forms
called alleles.
.s
w
w
w
44
Evaluation
1. Extra nuclear inheritance is a consequence of 6. Test cross involves
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presence of genes in (a) Crossing between two genotypes with
(a) Mitochondria and chloroplasts recessive trait
(b) Endospermic reticulum and mitochondria (b) Crossing between two F1 hybrids
(c) Ribosomes and chloroplast
co
(c) Crossing the F1 hybrid with a double
Classical Genetics
(d) Lysosomes and ribosomes
recessive genotype
[Ans. (a) Mitochondria and chloroplasts]
(d) Crossing between two genotypes with
2. In order to find out the different types of dominant trait
gametes produced by a pea plant having the
s.
[Ans. (c) Crossing the F1 hybrid with double
genotype AaBb, it should be crossed to a plant
recessive genotype]
with the genotype
(a) aaBB (b) AaBB 7. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to
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(c) AABB (d) aabb green. If a heterozygous yellow seed pant is
[Ans. (d) aabb] crossed with a green seeded plant, what ratio
of yellow and green seeded plants would you
3. How many different types of gametes will
be produced by a plant having the genotype expect in F1 generation?
o
AABbCC? (a) 9 : 1 (b) 1 : 3
(a) Three (b) Four (c) 3 : 1 (d) 50 : 50
ab
(c) Nine (d) Two [Ans. (d) 50 : 50]

[Ans. (b) Four]
8. The genotype of a plant showing the dominant
4. Which one of the following is an example for phenotype can be determined by
polygenic inheritance?
(a) Back cross
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(a) Flower color in Mirabilis jalaba

(b) Test cross
(b) Production of male honey bee
(c) Pod shape in garden pea (c) Dihybrid cross
(d) Skin color in humans (d) Pedigree analysis[Ans. (b) Test cross]
.s
[Ans. (d) Skin color in humans] 9. Select the correct statements from the ones
5. In Mendel’s experiments with garden pea, round given below with respect to dihybrid cross
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seed shape (RR) was dominant over wrinkled (a) Tightly linked genes on the same
seeds (rr), yellow cotyledon(YY) was dominant chromosomes show very few combinations.
over green cotyledon(yy). What are the expected
(b) Tightly linked genes on the same
phenotypes in the F2 generation of the cross
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RRYY × rryy? chromosomes show higher combinations.

(a) Only round seeds with green cotyledons (c) Genes far apart on the same chromosomes
(b) Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons show very few recombinations
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(c) Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons (d) Genes loosely linked on the same
(d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons and chromosome show similar recombination
wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons as the tightly linked ones
[Ans. (d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons [Ans. (a) Tightly linked genes on the
an wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons] same chromosomes show very few
combinations]
45

10. Which Mendelian idea is depicted by a cross 15. The genes controlling the seven pea characters
in which F1 generation resembles both the studied by Mendel are known to be located on
parents. how many different chromosomes?
(a) Incomplete dominance (a) Seven (b) Six
Chapter-2
(b) Law of dominance (c) Five (d) Four
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(c) Inheritance of one gene [Ans. (a) Seven]
(d) Co-dominance 16. Which of the following explains how progeny
[Ans. (d) Co-dominance] can possess the combinations of traits that
co
11. Fruit color in squash is an example for none of the parent possessed?
(a) Recessive epistasis (a) Law of segregation
(b) Dominant epistasis (b) Chromosome theory
(c) Complementary genes (c) Law of Independent assortment
(d) Polygenic inheritance
s.
(d) Inhibitory gene
[Ans. (b) Dominant epistasis] [Ans. (c) Law of Independent assortment]
12. In his classic experiments on Pea plants, 17. “Gametes are never hybrid”. This is a statement
ok
Mendel did not use of
(a) Law of dominance
(a) Flowering position (b) Seed color
(b) Law of independent assortment
(c) Pod length (d) Seed shape (c) Law of segregation
[Ans. (c) Pod length] (d) Law of random fertilization
o
13. The epistatic effect, in which the dihybrid cross [Ans. (c) Law of segregation]
9:3:3:1 between AaBb Aabb is modified as 18. Gene which suppresses other genes activity
ab
(a) Dominance of one allele on another allele of but does not lie on the same locus is called as
both loci. (a) Epistatic (b) supplement only
(b) Interaction between two alleles of different (c) Hypostatic (d) Codominant
loci. [Ans. (a) Epistatic]
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(c) Dominance of one allele to another allele of

same loci. 19. Pure tall plants are crossed with pure dwarf
(d) Interaction between two alleles of some loci. plants. In the F1 generation, all plants were tall.
These tall plants of F1 generation were selfed
[Ans. (b) Interaction between two alleles of
and the ratio of tall to dwarf plants obtained
.s
different loci]
was 3:1. This is called
14. In a test cross involving F1 dihybrid flies, more (a) Dominance (b) Inheritance
parental type offspring were produced than the (c) Codominance (d) Heredity
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recombination type off spring. This indicates [Ans. (a) Dominance]

(a) The two genes are located on two different
chromosomes. 20. The dominant epistatis ratio is
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(b) Chromosomes are failed to separate during (a) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (b) 12 : 3 : 1

meiosis. (c) 9 : 3 : 4 (d) 9 : 6 : 1
(c) The two genes are linked and present on the [Ans. (b) 12 : 3 : 1]
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same chromosome. 21. Select the period for Mendel’s hybridization

(d) Both of the characters are controlled by experiments
more than one gene. (a) 1856-1863 (b) 1850-1870
[Ans. (c) The two genes are linked and present (c) 1857-1869 (d) 1870-1877
on the same chromosome]
[Ans. (a) 1856-1863]
46

22. Among the following characters which 28. What are multiple Alleles?
one was not considered by Mendel in his Ans. Three or more allelic forms of a gene occupy
experimentation pea? the same locus in a given pair of homologous
(a) Stem-Tall or dwarf chromosomes.
(b) Trichomal glandular or non – glandular
29. What are the reasons for Mendel’s successes in
(c) Seed – Green or yellow
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his breeding experiments?
(d) Pod – Inflated or constricted
Ans. (i) He applied mathematics and statistical
[Ans. (b) Trichomal glandular or
methods to biology and laws of probability
non – glandular]
co
to his breeding experiments.
Classical Genetics
23. Name the seven contrasting traits of Mendel. (ii) He followed scientific methods and kept
Ans. 1. Stem length Tall Dwarf accurate and detailed records that include
2. Pod shape Inflated Constricted quantitative data of the outcome of his
crosses.
3. Seed shape Round Wrinkled
s.
4. Seed colour Yellow Green (iii) His experiments were carefully planned
5. Flower position Axial Terminal and he used large samples.
6. Flower Color Purple White (iv) The pairs of contrasting characters which
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7. Pod color Green Yellow were controlled by factor (genes) were
present on separate chromosomes.
24. What is meant by true breeding or (v) The parents selected by Mendel were pure
purebreeding lines / strain? breed lines and the purity was tested by self
crossing the progeny for many generations.
o
Ans. A true breeding line means it has undergone
continuous self pollination having stable trait
30. Explain the law of dominance in monohybrid
inheritance from parent to offspring.
ab
cross.
25. Give the names of the scientists who Ans. (i) These characters are controlled by discrete
rediscovered Mendelism. units called factors which occurs in pairs.
Ans. (i) Hugo de Vries – Holland (ii) In a dissimilar pair of factors one member
(ii) Carl Correns – Germany of two pair is dominant and the other is
ur
(iii) Erich von Tschermak – Austria recessive.

26. What is back cross? (iii) This law gives an explanation to the
Ans. (i) Back cross is a cross of F1 hybrid with one monohybrid cross (a) the expression of
.s
of the parental genotypes. The back cross is only one of the parental characters in
of two types; they are dominant back cross F1 generation and (b) the expression of
and recessive back cross. both in F2 generation.
(iv) It is also explains the proportion of
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(ii) It involves the cross between the F1 off

spring with either of the two parents. 3 : 1 obtained at the F2.
(iii) The recessive back cross helps to identify
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the heterozygosity of the hybrid.

27. Define Genetics.
Ans. Genetics is the branch of biological science
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which deals with mechanism of transmission of

characters from parents to offsprings.
47

31. Differentiate incomplete dominance and phenomenon is known as extra nuclear
codominance. inheritance. It is a kind of Non-Mendelian
Ans. inheritance.
Incomplete (iv) Since it involves cytoplasmic organelles
Chapter-2
Codominance such as chloroplast and mitochondrion

dominance
m
that act as inheritance vectors, it is also
1. Incomplete Codominance is the
dominance is the appearance of both called Cytoplasmic inheritance.
appearance of a third parental phenotypes (v) It is based on independent, self-replicating
phenotype, which together in the off extra chromosomal unit called plasmogene
co
is a combination of spring when a cross located in the cytoplasmic organelles,
both parental alleles is done between chloroplast and mitochondrion.
when a cross is done individuals with two
33. Describe dominant epistasis with an example.
between individuals different phenotypes.
Ans. Dominant Epistasis:
s.
with two different
phenotypes. (i) It is a gene interaction in which two alleles
2. The effect of both The effect of one of a gene at one locus interfere and suppress
or mask the phenotypic expression of a
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alleles are equally of the two parental
conspicuous. alleles is more different pair of alleles of another gene at
conspicuous. another locus.
3. Both parental The two parental (ii) The gene that suppresses or masks the
phenotypes are alleles are not mixed phenotypic expression of a gene at another
o
mixed together together. locus is known as epistatic.
to form a third (iii) The gene whose expression is interfered
ab
phenotype. by non-allelic genes and prevents from

4. Both parental alleles Effect of the two exhibiting its character is known as
produce their effect parental alleles is hypostatic.
independently. intermediate on the (iv) When both the genes are present together,
offspring. the phenotype is determined by the epistatic
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5. Both parental alleles Neither parental gene and not by the hypostatic gene.
can be observed in alleles can be (v) In the summer squash the fruit colour
the off spring. observed in the locus has a dominant allele ‘W’ for white
.s
offspring. colour and a recessive allele ‘w’ for coloured

6. Qualitative Quantitative approach fruit. ‘W’ allele is dominant that masks the
approach of the gene of both incompletely expression of any colour.
expression. dominant alleles.
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(vi) In another locus hypostatic allele ‘G’ is for

7. Ex. 4 O'Clock plant Ex. Red and white yellow fruit and its recessive allele ‘g’ for
(Mirabilis Jalpa). flowers of Camellia green fruit. In the first locus the white is
inheritance of sickle dominant to colour where as in the second
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cell haemoglobin, locus yellow is dominant to green.

ABO blood group.
(vii) When the white fruit with genotype
WWgg is crossed with yellow fruit with
w
32. What is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance?

genotype wwGG, the F1 plants have white
Ans. (i) DNA is the universal genetic material.
fruit and are heterozygous (WwGg). When
(ii) Genes located in nuclear chromosomes
F1 heterozygous plants are crossed they
follow, mendelian inheritance.
give rise to F2 with the phenotypic ratio of
(iii) But certain traits are governed either by the 12 white : 3 yellow : 1 green.
chloroplast or mitochondrial genes. This
48

Since W is epistatic to the alleles ‘G’ and
(viii) (vii) In the F1 generation medium red were
‘g’, the white which is dominant, masks the obtained with the genotype R1r1R2r2. F1
effect of yellow or green. wheat plant produces four types of gametes
(ix) Homozygous recessive ww genotypes only R1R2, R1r2, r1R2, r1r2.
can give the coloured fruits (4/16). Double (viii) The intensity of the red colour is
determined by the number of R genes in
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recessive ‘wwgg’ will give green fruit (1/16).
(x) The Plants having only ‘G’ in its genotype the F2 generation.
(wwGg or wwGG) will give the yellow Four R genes: A dark red kernel colour is obtained.
fruit(3/16). Three R genes: Medium - dark red kernel colour
co
is obtained.
Classical Genetics
Parent White fruit Yellow fruit
generation WW gg X ww GG Two R genes: Medium-red kernel colour is
obtained.
One R gene: Light red kernel colour is obtained.
X
s.
Gametes Wg wG Absence of R gene: Results in White kernel
White fruit
colour. The R gene in a additive manner
F1 (selfed)
WwGg produces red kernel colour.
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WG Wg wG wg
F2 35. Differentiate continuous variation with
WG
WWGG WWGg WwGG WwGg discontinuous variation.
White White White White
Ans.
WWGg WWgg WwGg Wwgg
Wg
White White White White Continuous Variation Discontinuous
WwGG WwGg wwGG wwGg Variation
o
wG
White White Yellow Yellow
1. The variations A mean or average is
WwGg Wwgg wwGg wwgg
wg fluctuate around an absent in discontinuous
ab
White White Yellow Green

Phenotypes
average or mean of variation
White fruit Yellow fruit Green fruit species
Phenotypic 12 : 3 : 1
ratio 2. Directions of Direction of
continuous variations discontinuous
Dominant epistasis in summer squash
is predictable variations is
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34. Explain polygenic inheritance with an example. unpredictable

Ans. Polygenic Inheritance: 3. Formed due to Formed by change in
(i) Polygenic inheritance - Several genes chance segregation of genome or genes.
combine to affect a single trait. genes during gamete
.s
(ii) A group of genes that together determine formation, crossing

(contribute) a characteristic of an organism over and chance
is called polygenic inheritance. combination during
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(iii) It gives explanations to the inheritance of

fertilization.
continuous traits. 4. Continuous Discontinuous
(iv) The first experiment on polygenic variations also variations also
known as quantitative called as quantitative
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inheritance was demonstrated by Swedish

Geneticist H. Nilsson - Ehle (1909) in inheritance inheritance.
wheat kernels. 5. The variation may be These variation are
(v) Kernel colour is controlled by two genes due to the combined genetically determined
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each with two alleles. One with red kernel effects of many genetic by inheritance factors.
colour was dominant to white. and environmental
factors.
(vi) He crossed the two pure breeding wheat
varieties dark red and a white. Dark red Ex. Human height Ex. Style length in
genotypes R1R1R2R2 and white genotypes and Skin colour primula plant height of
are r1r1r2r2. garden pea.
49

36. Explain with an example how single genes (ii) It is a kind of Non-Mendelian inheritance.
affect multiple traits and alleles, the phenotype Since it involves cytoplasmic organelles
of an organism. such as chloroplast that act as inheritance
vectors, it is also called Cytoplasmic
Ans. Pleiotropy – A single gene affects multiple
Chapter-2
inheritance.
traits:
m
(iii) It is based on independent, self-replicating
(i) In Pleiotropy, the single gene affects
extra chromosomal unit called plasmogene
multiple traits and alter the phenotype of
located in the chloroplast.
the organism.
(iv) It is found in 4 O’ Clock plant (Mirabilis
co
(ii) The Pleiotropic gene influences a number
jalapa).
of characters simultaneously and such
genes are called pleiotropic gene. (v) Two types of variegated leaves namely
(i) Dark green leaved plants (ii) Pale green
(iii) Mendel noticed pleiotropy while
leaved plants.
performing breeding experiment with peas
s.
(Pisum sativum). (vi) When the pollen of dark green leaved plant
(male) is transferred to the stigma of pale
(iv) Peas with purple flowers, brown seeds and
green leaved plant (female) and pollen of
dark spot on the axils of the leaves were
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pale green leaved plant is transferred to
crossed with a variety of peas having white
the stigma of dark green leaved plant, the
flowers, light coloured seeds and no spot
F1 generation of both the crosses must be
on the axils of the leaves. The three traits
identical as per Mendelian inheritance.
for flower colour, seed colour and a leaf axil
(vii) But in the reciprocal cross the F1 plant
o
spot all were inherited together as a single
unit. differs from each other.
(viii) In each cross, the F1 plant reveals the
ab
(v) This is due to the pattern of inheritance

where the three traits were controlled by character of the plant which is used as
a single gene with dominant and recessive female plant.
alleles. (ix) This inheritance is not through nuclear gene.
Example: sickle cell anemia. It is due to the chloroplast gene found in the
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ovum of the female plant which contributes

37. Bring out the inheritance of chloroplast gene the cytoplasm during fertilization since the
with an example. male gamete contribute only the nucleus
Ans. Chloroplast Inheritance: but not cytoplasm.
.s
Pale Green Dark Green Dark Green Pale Green

(i) DNA is the universal genetic material. leaved Plant x leaved Plant leaved Plant x leaved Plant
Genes located in nuclear chromosomes (Male) (Female) (Male) (Female)
w
follow Mendelian inheritance. But certain

traits are governed either by the chloroplast F1 Dark Green F1 Pale Green
or mitochondrial genes known as extra leaved leaved
nuclear inheritance.
w
Chloroplast inheritance
w
50
Additional questions and answers

Choose the Correct Answers 1 mark 7. The activity of the enzyme SBEI is lost resulting
m
in ________.
I. Choose the correct Answer: (a) Round seed (b) Wrinkled seed
(c) Both round and wrinkled seed
co
1. Deals with the structure and function of a (d) None of the above
Classical Genetics
gene. [Ans. (b) Wrinkled seed]
(a) Molecular Genetics 8. A self fertilizing trihybrid plant forms 8
(b) Population Genetics different gametes and _________ different
s.
(c) Classical Genetics zygotes.
(d) Quantitative Genetics (a) 64 (b) 60 (c) 58 (d) 46
[Ans. (a) Molecular Genetics] [Ans. (a) 64]
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2. Genetics is described as a science which deals 9. Carl Correns’s used _________ for his
with ___________. experiment.
(a) Discontinuous variation (a) 4 O’ clock plant (b) pea plant
(b) Continuous variation (c) Pisum sativum (d) Snapdragon
o
(c) Heredity and variation [Ans. (a) 4 O’ clock]
(d) None of the above 10. SBEI stands for
ab
[Ans. (c) Heredity and variation] (a) Starch Based Enzyme

3. Mendel discovered the principles of heredity (b) Starch Bound Enzyme
by studying the inheritance of ________ pairs (c) Starch Branching Enzyme
of contrasting traits of pea plants. (d) Starch Bilayer Enzyme
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(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 6 [Ans. (c) Starch Branching Enzyme

[Ans. (a) 7] 11. RRyy is ________
4. The term _________ is the genetic constitution (a) Dominant (b) Recessive
.s
of an individual. (c) Homozygous (d) Heterozygous

(a) Phenotype (b) genotype [Ans. (c) Homozygous]
(c) hybrids (d) alleles 12. In peas ________ is dominant trait with
w
[Ans. (b) genotype] respect to pod colour

5. Gene interaction concept was introduced and (a) Purple (b) Green
explained by _________. (c) White (d) Yellow
w
(a) Hugo de Vries (b) Carl correns [Ans. (b) Green]

(c) W. Bateson (d) Erich 13. The gene for tall pea plant is related with
[Ans. (c) W. Bateson] ________
w
(a) apical dominance

6. _________ is a condition in which the death of
certain organisms occurs prematurely. (b) gibberellins
(a) Lethality (b) Pleiotropy (c) Auxins
(d) Dwarfism[Ans. (b) gibberellins]
(c) Hypostatic (d) Epistasis
[Ans. (a) Lethality]
51

14. Identify the back cross 2. A Male Sterility (i) Hieracium pilosella
(a) TT × tt (b) Tt × tt
(c) Tt × Tt (d) Tt × TT B Atavism (ii) Pearl maize
[Ans. (b) Tt × tt] C Pleiotropy (iii) Antirrhinum Sp
Chapter-2
15. Incomplete dominance was reported in _____ D Snapdragon (iv) Sickle cell anemia
m
(a) Mirabilis (b) Wheat A B C D
(c) Tobacco (d) Cucurbita (a) ii iii iv i
[Ans. (a) Mirabilis]
(b) ii i iv iii
16. Sickle cell anaemia is related to _______ .
co
(c) i ii iii iv
(a) Pleiotropy
(d) i ii iv iii
(b) Dominant epistasis
(c) Lethality [Ans. (b) A – ii, B – i, C – iv, D – iii]
(d) codominance [Ans. (a) Pleiotropy]
s.
3. A Genetics (i) Gregor Johann
17. In the ratio 12 : 3 : 1 in summer squash for
fruit colour, 12 stands for Mendel
(a) yellow fruits B Father of (ii) No anthocyanin
Genetics
ok
(b) green fruits
(c) white fruits C Pea with white (iii) Gene A
(d) none on the above [Ans. (c) white fruits] flowers
18. The ratio _______ is seen in inhibitory gene D Pea with purple (iv) W. Bateson
interaction. flower
o
(a) 9 : 7 (b) 9 : 3 : 4
(c) 13 : 3 (d) 9 : 6 : 1 A B C D
ab
[Ans. (a) 9 : 7] (a) i iv ii iii

19. ABO blood group in human is an example of (b) iii iv ii i
(a) co dominance (c) ii i iii i
(b) incomplete dominance (d) iv i ii iii
(c) dominant epistasis
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[Ans. (d) A – iv, B – i, C – ii, D – iii]

(d) complementary gene interaction
[Ans. (a) co dominance] 4. A H.Nilsson (i) Mirabilis jalaba
II. Match the following : B Incomplete (ii) ABO blood
.s
dominance grouping
1. A Intra-genic (i) Non-allelic C Codominance (iii) Masks the
interaction phenotypic
w
B Inter-genic (ii) Allelic interaction expression

C Chloroplast (iii) Extra nuclear D Epistatic (iv) Kernel colour
inheritance inheritance
A B C D
w
D Cytoplasmic (iv) Mirabilis jalapa

(a) i iv ii iii
inheritance
(b) iii iv ii i
A B C D
w
(c) ii i iii i
(a) ii i iv iii
(d) iv i ii iii
(b) ii iii iv i
(c) i ii iii iv [Ans. (d) A – iv, B – i, C – ii, D – iii]
(d) i ii iv iii
[Ans. (a) A – ii, B – i, C – iv, D – iii]
52
5. A Factor hypothesis (i) E. Baur (II) It forms 8 different gametes and 64 different
zygotes.
B Lethal genes (ii) Cytoplasmic
male sterility (III) Single phenotype is controlled by more
than one set of genes.
C Polygenic (iii) Bateson
(IV) It demonstrates the Mendel’s laws are
inheritance
m
applicable to the inheritance of multiple
D Mitochondrial (iv) Wheat kernel traits.
inheritance
(a) I and III (b) I and II
A B C D
co
(c) I, II and IV (d) II, III and IV
Classical Genetics
(a) i iv ii iii [Ans. (c) I, II and IV]
(b) iii i iv ii
4. (I)
Discontinuous variation is also called
(c) ii i iii i
quantitative inheritance.
(d) iv i ii iii
s.
(II) Continuous variation is also called
[Ans. (b) A – iii, B – i, C – iv, D – ii]
qualitative inheritance.
III. Choose the correct statements:

(III) Variation is the raw material for evolution.
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(IV) Variation provides genetic material for
1. “Monohybrid Cross” natural selection.
(I) Monohybrid inheritance is the inheritance (a) I and III (b) III and IV
of a single character.
(c) I, II and III (d) II, III and IV
o
(II) It involves the inheritance of two alleles of
[Ans. (b) III and IV]
a single gene.
ab
(III) It involves individuals differing in two IV. Choose the incorrect statements:
characters.
(IV) It is the inheritance of two separate genes. 1. “Polygenic inheritance”
(a) Occurs when one characteristic is controlled
(a) I, II and III (b) I and II
by two or more genes.
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(c) I, II and IV (d) II, III and IV (b) Group of genes determine a characteristic of
[Ans. (b) I and II] an organism.
2. “Discontinuous Variation” (c) Gene interaction with two alleles.
(d) It was demonstrated by H. Nilsson-Ehle.
.s
(I) The characteristics are controlled by one or

two major genes. [Ans. (c) Gene interaction with two alleles.]
(II) They have allelic form. 2. (a) Chloroplast acts as inheritance vector.
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(III) Variations are genetically determined by (b) Mitochondrion acts as inheritance vector.
inheritance factors. (c) Normal cytoplasm is male fertile.
(IV) Also known as quantitative inheritance. (d) Aberrant cytoplasm is female fertile.
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(a) I and III (b) II and III [Ans. (d) Aberrant cytoplasm is female fertile]
(c) I, II and IV (d) II, III and IV 3. (a) Mendel’s monohybrid ratio is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
[Ans. (b) II and III] (b) Reciprocal differences found in Mirabilis
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jalapa.
3. “Trihybrid Cross” (c) Rf genes are required to restore fertility in
(I) Cross between homozygous parents pearl maize.
that differ in three pairs of contrasting (d) Test cross determines the genotype of an
characters. individual.
[Ans. (a) Mendel’s monohybrid ratio is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1]
53

V. Assertion and reason: VII. Choose the incorrect pair:
Direction: 1. (a) Codominance - 1:2:1

(a) Assertion is true and Reason is correct (b) Snapdragon - Antirrhinum Sp
explanation of Assertion.
Chapter-2
(c) Punnett's Square - Carl Correns

(b) Assertion and Reason is true but Reason is
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not correct explanation of Assertion. (d) Hugo de Vries - Mendel's
(c) Assertion is true and Reason is false. experiment
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. [Ans.(c) Punnett’s Square – Carl Correns]
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1. Assertion (A) : Genetics is described as a 2. (a) Continuous - Quantitative
science which deals with heredity.
variation inheritance
Reason (R) : Heredity is the transmission
of characters from parents to offsprings. (b) Discontinuous - Qualitative
variation inheritance
s.
[Ans. (a) Assertion is true and Reason is
correct explanation of Assertion.] (c) Removing Anthers - Emasculation
2. Assertion (A) : Variations help the (d) Pea Gene A - Pea with white
ok
individuals to adapt themselves to the flowers
changing environment. [Ans.(d) Pea Gene A – Pea with while flowers]
Reason (R) : It provides the genetic
material for natural selection. 3. (a) Gene interaction - W. Bateson
[Ans. (a) Assertion is true and Reason is (b) Codominance - Electrophoresis
o
correct explanation of Assertion.]
(c) Polygenic - Hugo de Vries
3. Assertion (A) : Monohybrid inheritance is inheritance
ab
the inheritance of a single character. (d) Lethality - Death of

Reason (R) : It involves the inheritance genotype
of single allele of a single gene. [Ans.(c) Polygenic inheritance – Hugo de Vries]
[Ans.(c) Assertion is true and Reason is false.]
ur
VI. Choose the correct pair : 4. (a) Mendel’s theory - Particulate theory
(b) The law of - Law of puritiy of
1. (a) Homozygous - Tall pea plant segregation gametes
.s
recessive (c) The law of - Explains monohybrid

(b) Homozygous - Dwarf pea plant dominance cross
dominant (d) Empirical - Genotypic ratio
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(c) Law of Dominance - Discrete units approach

(d) Law of Segregation - Hybrid gametes [Ans.(d) Empirical approach – Genotypic ratio]
[Ans. (c) Law of Dominance – Discrete units]
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Answer in one word*
2. (a) Recessive back - Dihybrid cross 1. Who introduced the term genetics _____ .
cross [Ans. W.Bateson]
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(b) Dihybrid ratio - 9:3:3:1 2. Functional units of inheritance _______ .

(c) Dihybrid Cross - Snapdragon [Ans. Genes]
(d) Monohybrid Cross - Sex dependent 3. Transmission of characters from parents to
offspring _______ . [Ans. Heredity]
[Ans. (b) Dihybrid ratio – 9 : 3 : 3 : 1]
* Only for quick revision not in pattern
54

4. Father of genetics _______ . 24. Reappearance of ancestral trait after being lost in
[Ans. Gregor Johann Mendel] previous generations _______ . [Ans. Atavism]
5. Title of paper submitted by Mendel _______ . 25. A plant character showing chloroplast
[Ans. Experiments on plant Hybridization] inheritance _______ .
[Ans. variegated leaves in Mirabilis jalapa]
6. Removal of stamens from a flower to facilitate
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cross pollination [Ans. Emasculation]
Very Short Answers 2 Marks
7. Name used for genes by Mendal _______ .
[Ans. factors] 1. What is genotype?
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Classical Genetics
8. Pigment responsible for purple colour of pea Ans. The term genotype is the genetic constitution of
flowers _______ . [Ans. anthocyanin] an individual.
9. Alternate forms of a gene _______. [Ans. alleles]
2. What is phenotype?
10. Genetic constitution of an individual _______ .
s.
Ans. The term phenotype refers to the observable
[Ans. Genotype]
characteristic of an organism.
11. Methods to analyse the result of crosses in
genetics _______ . What are the classification of gene interactions?
3.
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[Ans. Checker board method or Forkline method] Ans. Interactions take place between the alleles of
the same gene i.e., alleles at the same locus is
12. Cross involving an unknown genotype and
called intragenic or intralocus gene interaction.
recessive parent _______. [Ans. Test cross]
It includes the following:
o
13. Ratio obtained in a monohybrid test cross (i) Incomplete dominance
_______ . [Ans. 1 : 1]
(ii) Codominance
14. What does SBEI stand for _______ .
ab
(iii) Multiple alleles

[Ans. starch branching enzyme]
(iv) Pleiotropic genes are common examples
15. Who demonstrated incomplete dominance for for intragenic interaction.
the first time _____. [Ans. Carl Correns’s] Intergenic gene interactions.
16. Pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are
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Interlocus interactions take place between

expressed _____ . [Ans. co-dominance] the alleles at different loci i.e between
17. An allele which causes death of an organism alleles of different genes. This is called
_______ . [Ans. Lethal allele] intergenic interaction. Ex: Complementary
.s
18. In which plant was a lethal allele reported for the genes interaction.
first time ______. [Ans. Antirrhinum spp] 4. What is incomplete dominance?
19. A phenomenon in which a single gene affects Ans. When one allele is not completely dominant to
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multiple traits _______ . [Ans. Pleiotropy] another allele it shows incomplete dominance.
20. Example of a disease caused by a pleiotropic Such allelic interaction is known as incomplete
gene _______ . [Ans. sickle cell anaemia] dominance. It is a type of intragenic gene
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21. Type of gene interaction involved in inheritance interaction. Ex: genes controlling flower colour
of fruit colour in summer squash _______ . is 4’O clock plant.
[Ans. Dominant epistatis] 5. What is dihybrid cross?
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22. Type of inheritance involved in kernel colour of Ans. The crossing of two plants differing in two pairs
wheat _______ . [Ans. Polygenic Inheritance] of contrasting traits is called dihybrid cross.
23. Type of inheritance in cytoplasmic male sterility
in maize _______ .
[Ans. Mitochondrial Inheritance]
55

6. What is test cross? 15. Define genes.
Ans. Test cross is crossing an individual of unknown Ans. Functional Units of inheritance: The basic
genotype with a homozygous recessive. It is used unit of heredity (biological information)
to identify whether an individual is homozygous which transmits biochemical, anatomical and
Chapter-2
behavioural traits from parents to off springs.

or heterozygous for dominant character.
m
16. What do you mean by heredity?
7. What is molecular genetics?
Ans. It is the transmission of characters from parents
Ans. It deals with the structure and function of a gene
to offspring.
at molecular level.
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17. State the “Law of independent Assortment”.
8. What is population genetics?
Ans. (i) When two pairs of traits are combined in a
Ans. It deals with heredity in groups of individuals for hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters
traits which is determined by a few genes. in independent of other pair of character.
s.
9. What is quantitative genetics? (ii) Genes that are located in different
Ans. It deals with heredity of traits in groups of chromosomes assort independently during
individuals where the traits are governed by meiosis.
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many genes simultaneously. 18. Mention the four types of resultants of
10. What are factors? dihybrid cross.
Ans. According to law of dominance, the characters Ans. (i) Yellow round (YR) – 9/16
are controlled by discrete units called factors (ii) Yellow wrinkled (Yr) – 3/16
o
which occur in pairs. In a dissimilar pair of (iii) Green round (yR) – 3/16
factors one member of the pair is dominant and (iv) Green wrinkled (yr) – 1/16
ab
the other is recessive. Mendel referred to genes

19. What is codominance?
as factors.
Ans. The phenomenon in which two alleles are
11. What is lethal allele? both expressed in heterozygous individuals in
Ans. An allele which has the potential to cause the
known as codominance. It is a type of intragenic
interaction.
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death of an organism is called a “Lethal Allele”.

Example: ABO Blood group system in humans.
E. Baur reported a lethal gene in snapdragon.
20. Write a note on pleiotropy.
12. What is gene interaction?
Ans. (i) The single gene affects multiple traits and
.s
Ans. A single phenotype is controlled by more than alter the phenotype of an organism.
one set of genes, each of which has two or (ii) The pleiotropic gene influences number of
more alleles. This phenomenon is called Gene characters simultaneously and such genes
Interaction.
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are called pleiotropic gene. Ex: sickle cell

anaemia.
13. What is the role of pea gene A?
Ans. Pea Gene A encodes a protein that functions 21. What is polygenic inheritance?
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as a transcription factor responsible for the Ans. A group of genes that together determine a
production of anthocyanin pigment. So the characteristic of an organism is called polygenic
flowers are purple in pea plant. inheritance.
Example: Kernel colour in wheat.
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14. What are alleles?

22. Give the two examples for non-allelic/
Ans. Traits are expressed in different ways due to the intergenic interaction with examples.
fact that a gene can exist in alternate forms for Ans. (i) Complementary genes – 9 : 7
the same trait which are called alleles. T and t
(ii) Supplementary genes – 9 : 3 : 4
are alleles for gene controlling stem length in
pea.
56

23. Define Atavism. 5. What is empirical approach and empirical
Ans. It is a modification of biological structure where laws?
by an ancestral trait reappears after having Ans. Mendel’s experiments were well planned to
been lost though evolutionary changes in the determine the relationships which govern
previous generation. Ex: Reemergence of sexual hereditary traits. This rationale is called an
empirical approach. Laws that were arrived
m
reproduction in the flowering plant Hieracium
pilosella. from an empirical approach is known as
empirical laws (Mendel’s laws of inheritance).
Short Answers 3 Marks Explain about the importance of variation?
co
6.
Classical Genetics
1. What is transmission genetics? Ans. (i) Variations make some individuals better
fitted in the struggle for existence.
Ans. Transmission Genetics : It is also known as
(ii) They help the individuals to adapt
Classical Genetics – Deals with the transmission
themselves to the changing environment.
s.
of genes from parents to offsprings. The
foundation of classical genetics came from the (iii) It provides the genetic material for natural
study of hereditary behaviour of seven genes by selection.
Gregor Mendel. (iv) Variations allow breeders to improve
ok
betteryield, quicker growth, increased
2. What is continuous variation? resistance and lesser input.
Ans. (i) The variation may be due to the combining (v) They constitute the raw materials for
effects of environmental and genetic factors. evolution.
o
(ii) Inheritance of phenotype is determined
7. Why Mendel selected garden pea plant for his
by the combined effects of many genes, hybridisation experiments?
(polygenes) and environmental factors.
ab
Ans. (i) It is an annual plant and has clear

(iii) It is also known as quantitative inheritance. contrasting characters that are controlled
Example: Human height and skin color. by a single gene separately.
3. Write a short not on cytoplasmic male sterility (ii) Self- fertilization occurred under normal
in pearl maize. conditions in garden pea plants. Mendel
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Ans. (i) Male sterility found in pearl maize (Sorgum

used both self-fertilization and cross-
vulgare). fertilization.
(ii) It is the best example for mitochondrial (iii) The flowers are large hence emasculation
and pollination are very easy for
.s
cytoplasmic inheritance. So it is called

cytoplasmic male sterility. hybridsation.
(iii) In this, male sterility is inherited maternally. 8. State and explain the law of purity of gametes.
(iv) The gene for cytoplasmic male sterility is
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Ans. (i) Alleles do not show any blending,

found in the mitochondrial DNA. both characters are seen as such in the
4. Mendel proposed two rules based on his F2 generation although one of the characters
observation on monohybrid cross. What are is not seen in the F1 generation.
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they? (ii) During the gamete formation, the factors

or alleles of a pair separate and segregate
Ans. The rules are called laws of inheritance. The first
from each other such that each gamete
law is “The Law of Dominance” and the second
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receives only one of the 2 factors.

law is “The Law of Segregation”.
(iii) A homozygous parent produces similar
gametes and a heterozygous parent
produces 2 kinds of gametes each having
one allele with equal proportion.
(iv) Gametes are never hybrid.
57

9. Draw a flowchart to show different types of Example: Red and white flowers of camellia,
gene interactions. inheritance of sickle cell hemoglobin, ABO
Ans. blood group system in human beings.
Gene interations (ii) In human beings IA and IB alleles of I gene
Chapter-2
are codominant which follows Mendels law

of segregation.
m
Intralocus Interlocus (iii) Codominance in plants demonstrated in
interactions interactions
plants with the help of electrophoresis or
(Allelic (Non-allelic chromatography for protein or flavonoid
co
interactions) interactions)
substance.
Example: Gossypium hirsutum and
Epistatic / Additive / Gossypium sturtianum their F1 hybrid
Non-epistatic Polygenic
(amphiploid) was tested for seed protein by
interactions interactions
electrophoresis.
s.
I. Dominant relationship (iv) Both the parents have different banding
a) Complete dominance patterns for their seed proteins.
Example: Tall and dwarf pea plants
(v) In hybrids, additive banding pattern was
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b) Incomplete dominance
c) Codominance d) Over dominance noticed.
II. Lethal genes (vi) Their hybrid shows the presence of both the
a) Dominant lethals b) Recessive lethals types of proteins similar to their parents.
c) Conditional lethals d) Sex linked lethals Conclusion :
e) Balanced lethals
o
(i) The heterozygote genotype gives rise to a
III. Multiple alleles phenotype distinctly different from either
of the homozygote genotypes.
ab
Gene Interaction
(ii) The F1 heterozygotes produce a F2 progeny
10. What is a Punnett Square / Checkerboard? in a phenotype and genotype ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
Ans. A sort of cross-multiplication matrix used in
2. Why Mendel’s pea plants are tall and dwarf?
the prediction of the outcome of a genetic cross, Find out the molecular explanation.
ur
in which male and female gametes and their

Ans. Molecular characterization of Mendel’s gene for
frequencies are arranged along the edges.
plant height. The plant height is controlled by a
11. What is a dihybrid cross? single gene with two alleles. The reason for this
.s
Ans. (i) The crossing of two plants differing in two difference in plant height is due to the following
pairs of contrasting traits is called dihybrid facts :
cross. (i) The cells of the pea plant have the ability to
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(ii) Mendel considered the seed shape (round convert a precursor molecule of gibberellins
and wrinkled) and cotyledon colour into an active form (GA1).
(yellow & green) as the two characters. (ii) Tall pea plants have one allele (Le)
that codes for a protein (functional
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Long Answers 5 Marks enzyme) which functions normally in the

gibberellin-synthesis pathway and catalyzes
1. Give an account of Codominance (1 : 2 : 1). the formation of gibberellins (GA1).
w
Ans. (i) Definition : This pattern occurs due to (iii) The allele is dominant even if it is two
simultaneous expression of both alleles (Le Le) or single (Le le), it produces
in the heterozygote. The phenomenon in gibberellins and the pea plants are tall.
which two alleles are both expressed in (iv) Dwarf pea plants have two recessive alleles
the heterozygous individual is known as (le le) which code for non-functional
codominance. protein, hence they are dwarf.
58

Gene for plant height in Peas (vi) The resultant gametes thus will be
Tall pea plants genetically different and they are of the
Dwarf pea plant
(Le Le / Le le) (le le) following four types:
1) Yellow round (YR) - 9/16
Gibberellin Gibberellin Gibberellins
GA1 2) Yellow wrinkled (Yr) - 3/16
are not
m
Active Precursor
Precursor produced 3) Green round (yR) - 3/16
molecule gibberellins molecule
4) Green wrinkled (yr) - 1/16
Le allele codes for le allele codes for These four types of gametes of F1 dihybrids unite
functional enzyme GA1 nonfunctional enzyme
co
randomly in the process of fertilization and
Classical Genetics
3. Write a note on Atavism? produce sixteen types of individuals in F2 in the
ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
Ans. (i) Atavism is a modification of a biological
structure whereby an ancestral trait Parental Homozygous Homozygous
Round seeds Wrinkled seeds
reappears after having been lost through
s.
Yellow x Green
evolutionary changes in the previous cotyledon cotyledon
generations. RRYY rryy
(ii) Evolutionary traits that have disappeared
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Gametes
RY ry
phenotypically do not necessarily disappear
from an organism’s DNA.
(iii) The gene sequence often remains, but is F1 generation RrYy
inactive. Such an unused gene may remain Heterozygous
o
in the genome for many generations. Round seeds
(iv) As long as the gene remains intact, a fault Yellow cotyledon
in the genetic control suppressing the
ab
RrYy x RrYy
gene can lead to the reappearance of that
character again. rY ry rY ry
Gametes RY Ry RY Ry
(v) Reemergence of sexual reproduction in the
flowering plant Hieracium pilosella is the RY Ry rY ry
ur
best example for Atavism in plants.

RY RR YY RR Yy Rr YY Rr Yy
4. Explain about dihybrid cross. RR yy Rr Yy Rr yy
Ry RR Yy
Ans. (i) The crossing of two plants differing in two
rY Rr YY Rr Yy rr YY rr Yy
.s
pairs of contrasting traits is called dihybrid

ry Rr Yy Rr yy rr Yy rr yy
cross.
Phenotypic Ratio 9:3:3:1
(ii) Mendel considered the seed shape (round Phenotypic ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
and wrinkled) and cotyledon colour
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5. What is Incomplete dominance? Explain with

(yellow & green) as the two characters.
example.
(iii) In seed shape round (R) is dominant over
Ans. Definition : When one allele is not completely
wrinkled (r) ; in cotyledon colour yellow
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dominant to another allele it shows incomplete

(Y)is dominant over green (y).
dominance. Such allelic interaction is known as
(iv) Hence the pure breeding round yellow incomplete dominance.
parent is represented by the genotype RRYY
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(i) Carl Correns’s (1905) Experimented in

and the pure breeding green wrinkled 4 O’ clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa. When
parent is represented by the genotype rryy. the pure breeding homozygous red (R1R1)
(v) During gamete formation the paired genes parent is crossed with homozygous white
of a character assort out independently of (R2R2), the phenotype of the F1 hybrid is
the other pair. heterozygous pink (R1R2).
59

(ii) The F1 heterozygous phenotype differs from 6. Explain the molecular basis for occurrence of
both the parental homozygous phenotype. white flowers in peas.
This cross did not exhibit the character of Ans. (i) In 2010, the gene responsible for regulating
the dominant parent but an intermediate flower colour in peas were identified by an
Chapter-2
colour pink. international team of researchers.
m
(iii) F1 generation produces intermediate (ii) It was called Pea Gene A which encodes
phenotype pink coloured flower. a protein that functions as a transcription
(iv) When pink coloured plants of F1 generation
factor which is responsible for the
production of anthocyanin pigment. So the
were interbred in F2 both phenotypic and
co
flowers are purple.
genotypic ratios were found to be identical
(iii) Pea plants with white flowers do not have
as 1 : 2 : 1(1 red : 2 pink : 1 white). Genotypic anthocyanin, even though they have the
ratio is 1 R1R1 : 2 R1R2 : 1 R2R2. gene that encodes the enzyme involved in
(v) Thus the alleles themselves remain discrete anthocyanin synthesis.
s.
and unaltered proving the Mendel’s Law of (iv) Researchers delivered normal copies of
Segregation. The phenotypic and genotypic gene A into the cells of the petals of white
ratios are the same. There is no blending of flowers by the gene gun method. When
Gene A entered in a small percentage
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genes.
of cells of white flowers it is expressed in
(vi) In the F2 generation R1 and R2 genes those particular cells, which accumulated
segregate and recombine to produce red, anthocyanin pigments and became purple.
pink and white in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. (v) In white flowers the gene A sequence
(vii) R1 allele codes for an enzyme responsible showed a single-nucleotide change that
o
for the formation of red pigment. R2 makes the transcription factor inactive.
allele codes for defective enzyme. R1 and So the mutant form of gene A do not
ab
R2 genotypes produce only enough red accumulate anthocyanin and hence they
are white.
pigments to make the flower pink.
(viii) Mendel’s particulate inheritance takes 7. Explain the significance of test cross.
place in this cross which is confirmed Ans. (i) Test cross is crossing an individual of
ur
by the reappearance of original phenotype unknown genotype with a homozygous

in F2. recessive.
(ii) In Mendel’s monohybrid cross all the
plants are tall in F1 generation. In F2 tall
.s
and dwarf plants were in the ratio of 3:1.

Mendel self pollinated dwarf F2 plants and
got dwarf plants in F3 and F4 generations.
w
So he concluded that the genotype of dwarf

was homozygous (tt). The genotypes of tall
plants TT or Tt from F1 and F2 cannot be
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predicted.
(iii) To determine the genotype of a tall plant
Mendel crossed the plants from F2 with the
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homozygous recessive dwarf plant. This he

called a test cross.
(iv) The progenies of the test cross can be easily
analysed to predict the genotype of the
plant or the test organism.
60
Heterozygous Homozygous
This is only for Sample tall plant dwarf plant
(Tt) (tt)
for Full Book Order online and Available at all LeadingHeterozygous
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tall plant
(Tt)
(v) Thus in a typical test cross an organism If homozygous tall test cross
(pea plants) showing dominant phenotype Parental (P) F1 Homozygous tall x Homozygous dwarf
(whose genotype is to be determined) is Phenotypes
Genotypes TT tt
crossed with the recessive parent instead of
self crossing. Test cross is used to identify
whether an individual is homozygous or Gametes T T t t
m
heterozygous for dominant character.
Offspring (F1)
Tt Tt
If heterozygous tall test cross genotypes
co
Parental (P) F1 Heterozygous tall x Homozygous dwarf
Phenotypes Phenotypes Tall Tall
Classical Genetics
Genotypes Tt tt All tall plants
Gametes T t t t T t
Offspring (F1)
gametes Heterozygous gametes
s.
Tt tt
genotypes tall plant
Genotypic Ratio 1 : 1
T (Tt)
t
Heterozygous
Phenotypes
Heterozygous
Tall Dwarf tall plant
tall plant
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(Tt)
Phenotypic Ratio 1 : 1 (Tt)
Heterozygous
t t tall plant
gametes gametes
Homozygous (Tt)
dwarf plant
T (tt)
t
o
Heterozygous Homozygous
tall plant dwarf plant Test cross
(Tt) (tt)
ab
Heterozygous
tall plant
(Tt)
If homozygous tall test cross

x
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Parental (P) F1 Homozygous tall Homozygous dwarf

Phenotypes
Genotypes TT tt
•••
Gametes T T t t
.s
Offspring (F1)
Tt Tt
genotypes
Phenotypes Tall Tall

All tall plants
w
T t
gametes Heterozygous gametes
tall plant
T t
w
(Tt)
Heterozygous
Heterozygous
tall plant
tall plant
(Tt)
(Tt)
w
Heterozygous
tall plant
(Tt)
Test cross
61
Unit Test
[Time : 1 hr] [Marks: 25]
I. Choose Correct Answer. 10×1= 10 6. Answer in one word:
Chapter-2
the
(a) Name the term used by Mendel to denote
m
1. Deals with the structure and function of a genes.
gene. 7. Assertion (A) : Monohybrid inheritance is
(a) Molecular Genetics the inheritance of a single character.
(b) Population Genetics Reason (R) : It involves the inheritance
co
(c) Classical Genetics of single allele of a single gene.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true. But
(d) Quantitative Genetics reason is correct explanation of assertion.
2. Select the correct statements from the ones (b) Assertion is false but reason is true.
given below with respect to dihybrid cross (c) Both assertion and reason are true.
s.
(a) Tightly linked genes on the same (d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
chromosomes show very few combinations. 8. Match the following :
(b) Tightly linked genes on the same
chromosomes show higher combinations. A Male Sterility (i) Hieracium pilosella
ok
(c) Genes far apart on the same chromosomes B Atavism (ii) Pearl maize
show very few recombinations C Pleiotropy (iii) Antirrhinum Sp
(d) Genes loosely linked on the same D Snapdragon (iv) Sickle cell anemia
chromosome show similar recombination A B C D
as the tightly linked ones
o
(a) ii iii iv i
3. In a test cross involving F1 dihybrid flies, more (b) ii i iv iii
parental type offspring were produced than the (c) i ii iii iv
ab
recombination type off spring. This indicates (d) i ii iv iii

(a) The two genes are located on two different 9. _____ is used to identify whether an individual
chromosomes. is homozygous or heterozygous for dominant
(b) Chromosomes are failed to separate during character.
meiosis. (a) Back Cross (b) Test Cross
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(c) The two genes are linked and present on the (c) Dihybrid Cross (d) Reciprocal Cross
same chromosome. 10. Choose the incorrect pair.
(d) Both of the characters are controlled by (a) Gene interaction - W. Bateson
more than one gene.
.s
(b) Codominance - Electrophoresis

4. Choose correct statement(s) about
“Monohybrid Cross”. (c) Polygenic - Hugo de Vries
(I) Monohybrid inheritance is the inheritance inheritance
(d) Lethality - Death of genotype
w
of a single character.
(II) It involves the inheritance of two alleles of II. Very Short Answer 2×2=4
a single gene. 1. What is meant by true breeding or purebreeding
(III) It involves individuals differing in two lines / strain?
w
characters. 2. Define alleles.

(IV) It is the inheritance of two separate genes. III. Short Answer 2×3=6
(a) I, II and III only (b) I and II only 1. Draw the flowchart of different types of gene
w
(c) I, II and IV only (d) II, III and IV only interactions.

5. Choose incorrect statement(s). 2. What are the reasons for Mendel’s successes in
(a) Chloroplast acts as inheritance vector. his breeding experiments?
(b) Mitochondrion acts as inheritance vector. IV. Long Answer 1×5=5
(c) Normal cytoplasm is male fertile. 1. Write a note on incomplete dominance with an
(d) Aberrant cytoplasm is female fertile. example.
•••
62

12th Botany Chapter 1 and 2 Sura Guide em 214855

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Complete Solutions to Textbook Exercises.

Exhaustive Additional Questions in all Units.

NEET based Questions with Answers are also given.

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UNIT VI : Reproduction in Plants

1.1 Asexual Reproduction

1.2.2 Artificial Methods

1.4.1 Male Reproductive part - Androecium

1.6 Post Fertilization Structure and Events

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

Root Conventional Modern

Bud grafting Mound Seed

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

Must know definitions

Polyembryony : Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Apomixis : Method of reproduction which does not involve fertilization.

Endosperm : A triploid nutritive tissue that nourishes the developing embryo.

Megasporogenesis : The process of development of a megaspore from a megaspore mother cell.

Radicle : Embryonic root is called radicle.

Plumule : Embryonic shoot is called plumule.

Callus : Undifferentiated mass of cells obtained through tissue culture.

Clone : Genetically identical individuals.

Fertilization : The act of fusion of male and female gamete

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

Terminologies & examples

Budding : Yeast and Hydrilla

Millingtonia and Moringa

curcuma longa Compound Pollen : Drosera and Drymis

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

Orthotropous : Piperaceae and Epihydrophily : Vallisneria spiralis and

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Homogamy : Mirabilis jalaba, Endospermous : Wheat, Maize, Barley and

Dioecious flower : Borassus and Carica

Bamboo, Coconut, Palm parthenocarpy

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

(a) I – iv II – i III – ii IV – iii

9. Identify the incorrect pair.

(c) E. Strasburger (d) E. Hanning

6. First cell of male gametophyte in angiosperm

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

(d) Integument  structure of pollen tetrad.

(c) epicotyl (d) hilum Ans. (i) Runner – Centella asiatica

Ans. (i) It is a conventional method of plant

develop roots while still intact.

(iv) Distyly is present in Primula.

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

which the new plants develop. and endangered plants.

and Apple. Jasminum. flexible branches)

4. A cut is made in Branches are

Micropropagation: plant after root pot or ground after

vegetative structures through tissue culture

propagate plants. The common methods of conventional

multiplied rapidly in a short duration. (i) It is the method of producing a

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Botany

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

grafting and wedge grafting. development in flowering plants.

Ans. Technology is being used for propagation to

Modern methods such as tissue culture and

and ovule. (iv) Plants which do not produce viable seeds

Callus : Undifferentiated mass of cells obtained through tissue culture.

Fertilization : The act of fusion of male and female gamete

(d) Integument structure of pollen tetrad.

The stigmas mature earlier than the

Choose the Correct Answers 1 mark 8. Androecium is made up of _______.

[Ans. (a) Embryo sac]

[Ans. (c) Clones] [Ans. (a) S. G. Nawaschin and L. Guignard