UNIT THREE MATH 152

UNIT THREE
MATH 152

YAO ELIKEM AYEKPLE (PhD)

Department of Mathematics
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Kumasi,Ghana

June 3, 2024

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

SEQUENCES

Definition
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of natural numbers,
which is denoted by (sn ),⟨sn : n ∈ N⟩ or ⟨sn ⟩ and also by listing the
elements (s1 , s2 , s3 , ...) or ⟨s1 , s2 , s3 ⟩, i.e, a sequence assigns a point sn to
each positive integer n ∈ N:
The image sn or s(n) of n ∈ N is called the nth element of the sequence.

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Example 3.1
The sequence
1 (sn ) = (1, 3, 5, ...)

2 (tn ) = (− 21 , 14 , − 18 , 16
1
, ...)

3 sn = 2n − 1

(−1)n
4 t(n) = 2n ,
(
1 n+1 1 if n is odd
5 u(n) = 2 (1 + (−1) )=
0 if n is even

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Other Examples of Sequences

1 Consider the sequence (sn ) given by sn = 1 + (−1)n . Writing out the
first few elements of the sequence, we obtain (2,0,2,0,...) and the
pattern to be followed for the element is clear.
Formally, the sequence is a function
(
n 2 if n is odd
sn = (1 + (−1) ) =
0 if n is even

2 The sequence sn = 2n, that is (2,4,6,8,10,...) is precisely a function

which shows that the set of positive even integers is denumerable.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

3 The sequence given by sn = 1 + 12 n can be written as

( 32 , 54 , 89 , 17
16 , . . .).
Sometimes we may wish to change the domain of a sequence from
N ∪ {0} or {n ∈ N : n ≥ m}.
That is, we may want to start with s0 or sm , for some m ∈ N.
In this case, we write (sn )∞ ∞
n=0 or (sn )n=m respectively.
If no mention is made to the contrary, we assume that the domain is
just N.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Some Examples of Sequences

1 1,0,1,0,1,0,...(Oscillating Sequences)

2 1,4,9,16,25,36,45,...

3 1, 21 , 13 , 41 , 15 , 16 , 71 , ...

4 1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,...

5 3,3,3,3,3,...

6 6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9...

7 0,1,0,2,0,3,0,4,...

8 10 21 , 10 34 , 10 78 , ...

9 -2,-4,-6,-8,-10,... 6 / 55
UNIT THREE MATH 152

SEQUENCE PROPERTIES

Monotonicity
A sequence is monotonic if it is increasing or decreasing and either
strictly or weakly.

Definition
A sequence sn is weakly increasing if and only if ∀n ∈ N; sn+1 ≥ sn .

A sequence sn is strictly increasing if and only if ∀n ∈ N; sn+1 > sn .

A sequence sn is weakly decreasing if and only if ∀n ∈ N; sn+1 ≤ sn .

A sequence sn is strictly decreasing if and only if ∀n ∈ N; sn+1 < sn .

A sequence is monotonic if and only if it is increasing or decreasing.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

SEQUENCE PROPERTIES : BOUNDEDNESS AND

CONVERGENCE

Definition
The sequence sn is bounded above if and only if
∃M ∈ R : ∀n ∈ N, sn ≤ M.

The sequence sn is bounded below if and only if

∃M ∈ R : ∀n ∈ N, sn ≥ M.

Definition
The sequence (sn ) is bounded above if and only if M > 0:∀n ∈ N,
|sn | ≤ M

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Definition
A sequence (sn ; n ∈ N) is said to be bounded if its ranges {sn ; n ∈ N} is
a bounded set, that is, if there exists an M ≥ 0, such that
|sn | ≤ M ∀n ∈ N

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Definition of a Range
The range of a sequence is the set of image points.

Example 3.2
Determine the range of each sequence:
1 (1, 21 , 1, 13 , 1, 14 , 1, 15 , . . . )

2 (1, 0, −1, 0, 0, 1, −1, 0, 1, 0, −1, 0, 1, 0, −1, . . . ) and

3 (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . )

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

CONVERGENT SEQUENCE

Definition
A sequence (sn ) is said to converge to the real number s provided that
for each ϵ > 0, ∃ a number N ∀n ∈ N, n ≥ N, implies that |sn − s| < ϵ. If
sn converges to s then s is called the limits of sequence (sn ) and we write

lim sn = s
n→∞

If a sequence does not converge to a real number it is said to diverge.

Observe that |sn − s| < ϵ means that

s − ϵ < sn < s + ϵ

or equivalently that sn belongs to the open interval (s − ϵ, s + ϵ)

containing s.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Definition
sn converges to s iff: ∀ϵ > 0∃N ∈ R ∋ ∀n > N, |sn − s| < ϵ

Restate the Definition

A sequence (sn ) converges to s if every open set containing s contains
almost all, i,e, all but a finite number , of the element of the sequence.

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Example 3.3
1 Constant sequence ⟨a0 , a0 , a0 , ...⟩ such as ⟨1, 1, 1, ...⟩
⟨−3, −3, −3, ...⟩ converges to a0 since each open set containing a0
contains every element of the sequence.

2 Each of the sequence ⟨1, 12 , 13 , 14 , ...⟩, ⟨1, 0, 12 , 0, 13 , 0, 14 , ...⟩,

⟨1, − 21 , 31 , − 14 , ...⟩ converges to 0 since any open interval containing
0 contains almost all of the elements in each of the sequences.

3 Consider the sequence ⟨ 12 , 41 , 34 , 18 , 78 , 16 , 15

16 , ...⟩ i.e the sequence:
 1
2 (n+2) 2 if n is even
an = 1
(n+2)
1−2 2 if n is odd


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Theorem 3.1
Every convergent sequence is bounded. [The converse is not always
true]

Not every bounded sequence is convergent.

Natural numbers are unbounded.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

While every convergent sequence is bounded not every bounded

sequence is convergent.

There exist bounded sequences which are divergent.

Every unbounded sequence is divergent.

Theorem 3.2
If a sequence converges, its limit is unique.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Example 3.4
3n−1
A sequence has its nth element given by sn = 4n+5 .
(a) Write the 1st, 5th, 10th, 100th, 1000th, 10000th, 100,000th
elements of the sequence in decimal form. Make a guess as to a
limit sequence as n → ∞

(b) Using the definition of the limit verify that the guess in (a). is
actually correct.

Example 3.5
c
Prove that limn→∞ np = 0 where c ̸= o and p > 0 are constants
independent of n.

Example 3.6
1+2(10n ) 2
Prove that the limits 5+3(10n ) = 3

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Limits Theorems 3.3

Suppose that (sn ) and (tn ) are convergent sequences with

lim sn = s and lim tn = t

n→∞ n→∞

Then:
(a) lim(sn + tn ) = lim sn + lim tn = s + t

(b) lim(ksn ) = k lim sn = k.s

(c) lim(k + sn ) = k + lim sn = k + s ∀k ∈ R

(d) lim(sn .tn ) = lim sn . lim tn = s.t

(e) lim( stnn ) = lim sn

lim tn = s
t provided that t ̸= 0

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Theorem 3.4
Supposed that sn and tn are convergent sequences with lim sn = s and
lim tn = t If sn ≤ tn ∀n ∈ N, then s ≤ t

Corollary
If (tn ) converges to t and tn > 0 ∀n ∈ N,then t ≥ 0

Theorem 3.5
Supposethatsn is a sequence of positive elements and that the sequence
of ratio sn+1
sn converges to L if L < 1, then lim sn = 0

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

INFINITE LIMITS

Definition
A sequence (sn ) is said to diverge to +∞ , and we write

lim sn = +∞
n→∞

provided that every M ∈ R, ∃ a number N such that n > N implies

sn > M.
Similarly, (sn ) is said to diverge to −∞ provided that for every m ∈ R ∃
a number N ∃ n > N implies that sn < M

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Theorem 3.6
Supposed that (sn ) and (tn ) are sequences such sn ≤ tn ∀n ∈ N
(a) If lim sn = +∞; then lim tn = +∞

(b) lim tn = −∞; then lim sn = −∞

Theorem 3.7
Let sn be sequence of positive numbers then limn→∞ ( s1n ) = 0

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Corollary
1 If k is a positive constant then n1k → 0. If |k| > 1 then k1n → 0.
Assume that (an ) and (cn ) are sequences that converge to the same
limits L, if (bn ) is a sequence such that an ≤ bn ≤ cn for every
n > N, then (bn ) also converges to L.
This is always called the sandwich or squeeze theorem .

2 If an = f (n), then the sequence (an ) converges to L if f (n)

converges to L as n → +∞

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Theorem 3.8
If p > 0, then limn→∞ n1p =0

√
If p > 0, then limn→∞ n p=1
√
limn→∞ n
n=1

nα
If p > 1 and α is real, then limn→∞ pn =0

If |p| < 1, then limn→∞ p n = 0

pn
For all p ∈ R, limn→∞ n! =0

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Example 3.7
Prove that
(a) limn→∞ 32n+1 = ∞

(b) limn→∞ (1 − 2n) = −∞

Example 3.8
In each case show that the sequence (Sn ) is convergent
4n3 −n2 +5n
(a) Sn = 2n3 +6n2 −11

√ √
(b) Sn = n+k − n

1.3.5...(2n−1)
(c) Sn = 2.4.6...2n

(d) Sn = (−1)n ( n12 )

(e) Sn = (cosnn )e −n
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UNIT THREE MATH 152

MONOTONE SEQUENCE AND CAUCHY

SEQUENCE.

Theorem 3.9 (Monotone Convergence Theorem)

A monotone sequence is convergent if and only if it is bounded.

Example 3.9
√
Let s1 = 1 and sn+1 = 1 + sn for n ≥ 1. Show that sn is bounded
increasing sequence.
Determine the limit of the sequence.

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Theorem 3.10
If s is an unbounded increasing sequence then

lim sn = +∞
n→∞

If s is an unbounded decreasing sequence then

lim sn = −∞
n→∞

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Definition (Cauchy Sequence)

A sequence of (sn ) of real numbers is a Cauchy sequence iff

∀ϵ > 0 ∃N ∈ R : ∀n, m > N, |sn − sm | < ϵ

Definition
A sequence is a Cauchy sequence iff the elements of the sequence
become arbitrarily close to each other as n gets large.

Theorem 3.11 (Cauchy)

Every Cauchy sequence of real numbers converges to a real number.

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Lemma
Every convergent sequence is a Cauchy sequence.

Lemma
Every Cauchy sequence is bounded.

Theorem: Cauchy Convergence Criterion

A sequence of real numbers is convergent iff it is a Cauchy sequence.

A sequence sn is said to be contractive if there exists a constant K with

0 < k < 1 such that |sn+2 − sn+1 | ≤ k|sn+1 − sn | for all n ∈ N.

Theorem 3.12
Every contractive sequence is a Cauchy sequence, and convergent.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

SUBSEQUENCES

Definition
Let (sn )∞ ∞
n=1 be a sequence and let (nk )k=1 be any sequence such that
n1 < n2 < n3 < . . .. The sequence (nk )∞ k=1 is called a subsequence of
(sn )∞
n=1 .

Example 3.10
sn = (1, 12 , 13 , 14 , ...) has for example, (tk ) = ( 15 , 61 , 17 , ...) and
(uk ) = ( 12 , 41 , 61 ) are subsequences but (vk ) = ( 13 , 12 , 51 , 14 , 17 , 16 , ...) is not a
subsequence of sn .
This is because it is not sequential (or it is not in the same order).

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Example 3.11
Consider a sequence
(an ) = (−1)n−1 (2n − 1) = (1, −3, 5, −7, 9, −11, 13, −15, ...) Determine
whether or not each of the following sequence is a subsequence of (an ).
1 (bn ) = {1, 5, −3, −7, 9, 13, −11, −15...}

2 (cn ) = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ...}

3 (dn ) = {−3, −7, −11, −15, −19, −23, ..}

Theorem 3.12
If a sequence (sn ) converges to a real number s, then every subsequence
of (sn ) also converges to s.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Example 3.12
sn = (−1)n = (−1, 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, ...)

s2n = (−1)2n = (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...)

s2n−1 = (−1)2n−1 = (−1, −1, −1, ...)

Lemma
If the range of the sequence is finite, then the sequence has a convergent
subsequence.

Theorem 3.13:[Bolzano - Weierstrass]

Every bounded sequence of real numbers contains a convergent
subsequence.

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Theorem 3.14
Every unbounded sequence contains a monotone subsequence that has
either +∞ or −∞ as a limit.

Theorem 3.15
Every Cauchy sequence of real numbers is bounded.

Theorem 3.16
Let (an ) be a Cauchy sequence if a subsequence (am ) of (an ) converges
to a point b then the Cauchy sequence itself converges to b.

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Completeness
A set A of real numbers is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence
{an ∈ A : n ∈ R} of points in A converges to a point in A.

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Example Under Completeness

1 The set Z = (..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ...) of integers is complete.
Example:
A Cauchy sequence ⟨an : n ∈ N⟩ of points in Z is of the form,
(a1 , a2 , ..., an , b1 , b2 ...)
Which converges to the points b ∈ Z

2 The set Q of rational numbers is not complete.

For we can choose a sequence of rational numbers such√ as
(1,1.41,1.412,...) which converges to the real number 2 which is
not rational i.e which does not belong to Q.

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

LIMIT SUPERIOR AND LIMIT INFERIOR

Definition
Let (sn ) be bounded sequence.
A subsequential limit of (sn ) is any real number that is the limit of
some subsequence of (sn ), then we define the limit superior (or upper
limit of (sn ) to be
lim sup sn = sup s
similarly, we define the limit inferior (or lower limit) of (sn ) to be

lim inf sn = inf s.

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Example 3.13
Let sn = (−1)n + 1/n. We see that |sn ≤ (−1)n + 1/n| ≤ 2 for all n, so
the sequence (sn ) is bounded. The first few terms are

3 −2 5 −4 7 −6
0, , , , , , , ...
2 3 4 5 6 7
The subsequence (s2n ) is seen to converge to 1, and the subsequence
s2n−1 converges to -1. Since these are the only possible subsequential
limits, we have lim sup sn = 1 and lim inf sn = −1

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Example 3.14
Let sn = (−1)n + n1 . Find the set of subsequential limits. The limit
superior and the limit inferior.

Example 3.15
Let (sn ) = ( 12 , 21 , −1 1 2 −2 1 3 −3 1 4 −4
2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 5 , ...).
Find the set s of subsequential limits, the limit superior and the limit
inferior of (sn ).

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Example 3.16
Let sn = nsin2 nπ
2 . Find the set s of subsequential limits, the limit
superior and the limit inferior of sn .

Example 3.17
Find the (i) lub (ii) glb (iii) lim sup (iv). lim inf for the sequence
2,-2,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,...

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Example 3.18
Find the (i) lub (ii) glb (iii) lim sup (iv). lim inf for the following sequence.
1 2,1.9,1.8,1.7,...,2- n−1
10

2 1,-1,1,-1,...,(−1)n−1
n−1
1 −1 1 −1 (−1)
2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , ... n+1
3

4 0.6,0.66,0.666,... 32 (1 − 1
10n ),...

5 -1,2,-3,4,-5,...,(−1)n n

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UNIT THREE MATH 152

Exercise 3.1
1 Mark each statement True or False. Justify your answer.
(a) If (sn ) is a sequence and sj , then i = j.
(b) If sn =⇒ s, then for every ϵ > 0 there exists N ∈ N such that
n ≤ N implies |sn − s| < ϵ.
(c) If sn =⇒ k and tn =⇒ k, then sn = tn for all n ∈ N.
(d) Every convergent sequence is bounded.
2 Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer.
(a) If sn =⇒ 0, then for every ϵ > 0 there exists N ∈ N such that
n ≥ N implies sn < ϵ
(b) If for every ϵ > 0 there exists N ∈ N such that n ≥ N implies sn < ϵ,
then sn =⇒ 0.
(c) Given sequence (sn ) and (an ), if for some s ∈ R, k > 0 and m ∈ N
we have |sn − s| ≤ k|an | for all n > m, then lim sn = s.
(d) . If sn =⇒ s and sn =⇒ t, then s = t.

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3 Write out the first seven elements of each sequence.

(a) an = n2
(−1)n
(b) bn = n
(c) cn = cos nπ
3
2n+1
(d) dn = 3n−1
4 Find k > 0 and m ∈ N so that 6n3 + 17n ≤ kn3 for all integers
n ≤ m.

5 Find k > 0 and m ∈ N so that n3 − 7n ≤ kn3 for all integers n ≥ m.

6 Using only definition of convergence of sequence, prove the

following:
(a) For any real number k, limn→∞ (k/n) = 0.
(b) For any real number k > 0, limn→∞ (1/nk ) = 0.
(c) lim 4n+1
n+3 = 4

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(d) lim sinn

n =0

(e) lim nn+3

2 −13 = 0

(f) lim n2n+2

+n−3 = 0

7 Using any of the results in this section, prove the following.

1
(a) lim 2+3n =0

2
5n −6
(b) lim 2n 3 −7n

2
(c) lim 6n +3n
2n2 −5 = 3
√
n
(d) lim n+1 =0

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2
(e) lim nn! = 0

(f) If |x| < 1, then limn→∞ x n = 0

8 Show that each of the following sequence is divergent.

(a) an = 2n

(b) bn = (−1)n

(c) cn = cos nπ
3

(d) dn = (−n)2

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Exercise 3.2
1 Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer.
(a) If a monotone sequence is bounded.

(b) If a bounded sequence is monotone, then it is convergent.

(c) If a convergent sequence is monotone.

2 Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer.

(a) If a convergent sequence is bounded, then it is monotone.

(b) If (sn ) is an unbounded increasing sequence, then it is monotone.

(c) The Cauchy convergence criterion holds in Q, the ordered field of

rational numbers.

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3 Prove that each that each sequence is monotone and bounded.

Then find the limit.
(a) s1 = 1 and sn+1 = 15 (sn + 7)for all n ≥ 1

(b) If (sn ) is an unbounded increasing sequence, then lim sn = +∞.

(c) s1 = 2 and sn+1 = 14 (2sn+7 ) for n ≤ 1

√
(d) s1 = 1 and sn+1 = 2sn + 2 for n ≤ 1
√
(e) s1 = 5 and 4sn + 1 for n ≤ 1.

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4 Find an example of a sequence of real numbers satisfying each set of

properties.
(a) Cauchy, but not monotone

(b) Monotone, but not Cauchy

(c) Bounded, but not Cauchy

5 Let (an ) and (bn ) be monotone sequences. Prove or give a

counterexample.
(a) The sequence (cn ) and given by cn = kan is a monotone for any
k ∈R

(b) The sequence (cn ) given by cn = an .bn is monotone

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6 Let (an ) and bn be monotone sequences. Prove or give a

counterexample

(a) The sequence (cn ) given cn = kan is monotone for any k ∈ R.

(b) The sequence (cn ) given by cn = an /bn is monotone, where bn ̸= 0

for all n ∈ N

√ √
p q p
7 Let s1 = 6, s2 = 6 + 6, s3 = 6 6 6, and in general define
√
sn+1 = 6 + sn . Prove hat (sn ) converges and find its limits.

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Exercise 3.3
1 Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer.
(a) A sequence (sn ) converges to s iff every subsequence of (sn )
converges to s

(b) Every bounded sequence is convergent.

(c) Let (sn ) be a bounded sequence. If sn oscillates, then the set S of

subsequential limits of sn contains at least two points.

(d) Let (sn ) be a bounded sequence and let m = lim sup sn . Then for
every ϵ > 0 there exists N ∈ N such that n ≤ N implies that
sn > m − ϵ.

(e) If (sn ) is unbounded above, then (sn ) contains a subsequence that

has +∞ as limit.

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2 Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer.

(a) Every sequence has a convergent subsequence.

(b) The set of subsequential limits of a bounded sequence is always

nonempty.

(c) (sn ) converges to s iff lim inf sn = lim sup sn = s.

(d) Let (sn ) is unbounded above, then lim inf sn = lim sup sn = +∞.

(e) Let (sn ) be a bounded sequence and let m = lim sup sn . Then for
every ϵ > 0 there are infinitely many terms in the sequence greater
than m − ϵ

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3 For each sequence, find the set S of subsequential limits, the limit
superior, and the limit inferior.
(a) sn = 1 + (−1)n

(b) (tn ) = (0, 12 , 23 , 41 , 45 , 16 , 67 , ..)

(c) . un = n2 [−1 + (−1)n ]

(d) vn = nsin nπ
2

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4 For each sequence, find the set S of subsequential limits, the limit
superior, and the limit inferior.
(−1)n
(a) wn = n
(a) (xn ) = (0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 4, ..)
(a) yn = n[2 + (−1)n ]
(a) zn = (−1)n
5 Prove or give a counterexample
(a) Every oscillating sequence has a convergent subsequence.
(b) Every oscillating sequence diverges.
(c) Every divergent sequence oscillates.
(d) Every bounded sequence has a Cauchy subsequence.
(e) Every monotone sequence has a bounded sequence.
(f) Every convergent sequence can be represented as the sum of two
oscillating sequences.

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6 For sn by the following formulas, determine the convergence or

divergence of the sequence (sn ). Find any limits that exist.
3−2n
(a) sn = 1+n
(−1)n
(b) sn = n+3
(−1)n n
(c) sn = 2n−1
n2
(d) sn = n!
7 For each of the following, prove or give a counterexample.
(a) If (sn ) and (tn ) are divergent sequences, then (sn + tn ) divergent.
(b) If (sn ) and (tn ) are divergent sequences, then (sn tn ) divergent.
(c) If (sn ) and (sn + tn ) are convergent sequences, then (tn ) convergent.
(d) If (sn ) and (sn tn ) are convergent sequences, then (tn ) convergent.

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8 Give an example of an unbounded sequence that does not diverge to

+∞ or to −∞.

9 Prove that lim( n1 − 1

n+1 = 0).

10 Prove the following:

√ √
(a) lim( n + 1 − n) = 0

(b) If (sn ) converges to s and sn > 0 for all n ∈ N, then s > 0 .

(c) The sequence (sn ) converges to s iff lim sn = s.

(d) lim sn = +∞ iff lim(1/sn ) = 0

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11 Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answers.

(a) If lim sn = s and lim tn = t, then lim(sn tn ) = st.
(b) If lim sn = +∞, then (sn ) is said to converges to +∞
(c) Given sequences (sn ) and (tn ) for all n ∈ N, if lim sn = +∞, then
lim tn = +∞
(d) Suppose (sn ) is a sequence such the sequence of ratios (sn+1 /sn )
converges to L. If L < 1, then lim sn = 0
12 Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer.
(a) Every nonempty subset of N contains a minimum.
(b) Every nonempty subset of N contains a maximum.
(c) If x and y are irrational, then xy is irrational.
(d) Between any two unequal irrational numbers there is a rational
number.
(e) The rational and irrational numbers alternate, one than the other.
(f) Between any two unequal irrational numbers there is a rational
number.
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13 For each subset of R, give its supremum and its maximum, if they
exist. Otherwise, write ”none”.
(a) {1,3}

(b) {π, 3}

(c) [0, 4]

(d) (0, 4)

1
(e) { 2n : n ∈ N}

1
(f) {1 − n : n ∈ N}

n
(g) { n+1 : n ∈ N}

(−1)n
(h) {n + n : n ∈ N}
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UNIT THREE MATH 152

(i) {(−1)n (1 + n1 ) : n ∈ N}
(j) (∞, 4)
(k) {r ∈ Q : r < 5}
(l) {r ∈ Q : r 2 ≤ 5}
T∞
(m) n=1 (1 − n1 , 1 + n1 )
(n) n=1 ∞[ n1 , 2 − n1 ]
S

14 Let S be a nonempty bounded subset of R and let m = lim sup S.

Prove that m ∈ S iff m = maxS

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