PHY 210 Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6:
GAS LAWS AND

KINETIC THEORY
ZAIDATUL SALWA MAHMUD
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS TAPAH
019 645 7800/ 05 406 7388
zaidatulsalwa@perak.uitm.edu.my
Lesson Outcome
At the end of this chapter you should be
able to:
• Understand the concept atomic theory of

matter.
• Sketch, interpret and apply Boyle’s,
Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s Law.
• Write and apply formulas The Ideal Gas
Law .
• Understand the Kinetic Theory of gas.
Contents
6.1 Atomic Theory of Matter (State of Matter)

6.2 Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s Law
6.3 The Ideal Gas Law
6.4 Kinetic Theory of Gas
ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 3
Where are we now?
Atomic Theory of Matter
The concepts of the atomic theory of matter.
(i) All matter is made of very tiny particles called atoms.

(ii) Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
(iii) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and chemical
properties.
(iv) Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical
properties.
5
Atomic Theory of Matter
(State of Matter)
• Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.
• The state of matter is determined by the strength of the bonds between
the atoms that makes up matter.
• To change from one state of matter to another is called a phase transition.
For example, ice (solid water) converts (melts) into liquid water as energy
is added.
6
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. Gases are composed of a large number of particles that

behave like hard, spherical objects in a state of constant,
random motion.
2. These particles move in a straight line until they collide
with another particle or the walls of the container.
3. These particles are much smaller than the distance between
particles. Most of the volume of a gas is therefore empty
space.
4. There is no force of attraction between gas particles or
between the particles and the walls of the container.
5. Collisions between gas particles or collisions with the walls
of the container are perfectly elastic. None of the energy of
a gas particle is lost when it collides with another particle
or with the walls of the container.
6. The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles
depends on the temperature of the gas and nothing else.
Gas Laws
❖There are three properties of gases:
❖Volume, V
❖Pressure, P
❖Temperature, T GAS LAWS
1 3
Boyle’s Law Pressure Law /
Gay Lussac’s Law
2
Charles’ Law
Reminder!!
To use these gas laws,
- Temperature must be in Kelvin (K) → T (K)= T(0C) + 273.15
- Pressure must be absolute pressure (in Pascal), not gauge pressure.
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒈𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 + 𝒂𝒕𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆
With atmospheric pressure = 9
1 BOYLE’S LAW
Robert Boyle
(1627–1691) Boyle’s Law definition:
“The volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to
Figure 1: Plot of P vs. V
the absolute pressure
applied to it when the
temperature is kept
constant”
1
V
P
When T is constant
10
BOYLE’S LAW
Constant: Temperature
1
V When T is constant
P 11
BOYLE’S LAW
However, if we plot pressure against 1/volume,

we get a linear (straight line) graph.
Figure 2: Plot of P vs. 1/V
BOYLE’S LAW
1
V
P
or
PV= 𝑘
where:
V is the volume of the gas
P is the pressure of the gas
k is a constant.
Thus,
P1V1 = P2V2
Jacques Charles
2 CHARLES’S LAW
(1746-1823)
Charles’s Law definition:
“The volume of a given

amount of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute
temperature (Kelvin) when the
pressure is kept constant”.
V T
When P is constant
Figure 3: Plot of V vs. T
CHARLES’S LAW
Constant: Pressure
V T When P is constant
15
CHARLES’S LAW
V T
or
𝑉
=𝑘
𝑇
where:
T is the temperature of the gas
(measured in Kelvin).
k is a constant.
Thus,
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
16
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE AND IDEAL GAS LAW
Absolute Temperature
❖ By extrapolating GRAPH
CHARLES’S LAW, the volume
becomes zero at - 273.15 0C.
❖ This temperature is called

absolute zero.
Absolute zero = - 273.15 0C = 0 K
3
PRESSURE LAW/
Joseph Louis Gay-
Lussac (1778-1850) GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Definition:
Pressure
“The absolute pressure of a

given amount of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute
temperature (K) when the
volume is kept constant”.
Temperature
(in Kelvin)
P T When V is constant
PRESSURE LAW
P T When V is constant
PRESSURE LAW
P T
or
𝑃
=𝑘
𝑇
where:
T is the temperature of the gas
(measured in Kelvin).
k is a constant.
Thus,
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Example
1. 20.0 L of a gas is found to exert 67.0 kPa at 35.0°C. What
would be the required temperature to change the pressure
to standard pressure (101.325 kPa)?
1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.001 𝑚3
Example 2
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a
pressure of 726 Pa. What is the pressure of the gas (in Pa) if the is
reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL? (Ans:4460 Pa)
23
Example 3
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C. At
what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the
pressure remains constant? (Ans: 192 K)
24
Example 4
A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18°C. What is the new pressure
when the temperature is 62°C? (Ans: 2.3 atm)
25
Where are we now?
Lesson Outcome
At the end of this subtopic, you should
be able to:
• Write and apply formulas The Ideal Gas

Law .
• Understand the Kinetic Theory of gas.
Previously on Thermodynamics
GAS LAWS
Boyle’s Law V
1 P1V1 = P2V2
P
When T is constant
Charles’ Law V T
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
When P is constant 𝑇1 𝑇2
Pressure Law / Gay

𝑃1 𝑃2
Lussac’s Law P T =
When V is constant 𝑇1 𝑇2
THIS PHENOMENA RELATED TO?
29
Ideal Gas Law
Approximation that helps us model and predict the behavior of
real gases.
The term ideal gas refers to a hypothetical gas composed of
molecules which follow a few rules :
1. Ideal gas molecules do not attract or repel each other. The
only interaction between ideal gas molecules would be an
elastic collision upon impact with each other or an elastic
collision with the walls of the container.
2. Ideal gas molecules themselves take up no volume. The gas
takes up volume since the molecules expand into a large
region of space, but the Ideal gas molecules are
approximated as point particles that have no volume in and
of themselves.
30
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
❖ The volume of a gas depends very much on the pressure

as well as on the temperature.
❖The relationship between the volume, pressure,

temperature, and mass of a gas is called an equation of
state.
❖The ideal gas law is an accurate description of the

behavior of a real gas as long as the pressure is not too high
and as long as the temperature is far from the boiling point.
❖ This three gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s
Law) can be combined to produce a single equation of state,
that is:
PV  T
𝑃𝑉
❖Where = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
❖Thus;
P1 V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
❖ Now we are looking to a simple experiment where the
balloon is blown up at a constant pressure and temperature
(figure below).
❖It is found that, at constant T and P, the volume, V of an

enclosed gas increases in direct proportion to the mass, m
of a gas present:
V m
❖Hence, we can write:
❖ A mole is defined as the amount of a substance in gram
that is numerically equal to the molecular mass of the
substance.
❖Where the number of moles in a certain mass of material

is given as:
EXAMPLE:
1) H2 has 5 number of moles. Determine the mass of H2 .
2) Estimate number of moles in 132 g of CO2.
❖ From proportion 𝑃𝑉 ∝ 𝑚𝑇, the EQUATION FOR IDEAL
GAS LAW can be written as:
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
where
P = Pressure, V = Volume,
T = temperature (in Kelvin)
nis the number of moles and
Ris the gas constant.
Units to use for PV=nRT
𝐽 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑅 = 8.31 𝑅 = 0.082
𝐾. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾. 𝑚𝑜𝑙
• Pressure in pascal (Pa) • Pressure in atmospheres

• Volume in m3 (atm)
• Temperature in kelvin • Volume in L
(K) • Temperature in kelvin (K)
❖ The ideal gas law always refers to “standard condition”
or Standard temperature and pressure (STP).
❖Where at STP:
❖Note:
❑1 mol STP gas has:
Volume = 22.4 L
Example 6:
How many moles of H2 is in a 3.1 L sample of H2 measured at 300 kPa and 20°C?
Example 7:
How many grams of O2 are in a 315 mL container that has a pressure of 12 atm at 25°C?
Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Avogadro’s Number
❖ Since the gas constant is universal, the number of

molecules in one mole is the same for all gases. That
number is called Avogadro’s number:
❖ The number of molecules in a gas is the number of

moles times Avogadro’s number:
Therefore we can write:
N
PV = nRT = RT
NA
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇
where k is called Boltzmann’s constant.
What is the proportional form of
the ideal gas law?
If the number of moles n(i.e. molecules N) of the gas doesn't change, then
the quantity nR, and NkB are constant for a gas.
This happens frequently since the gas under consideration is often in a

sealed container.
So, if we move the pressure, volume and temperature onto the same side
of the ideal gas law we get,
P1 V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas
❖ In gas, large number of

molecules, N moving in
random directions with a
variety of speeds
❖ molecules obey laws of
classical mechanics and
interact only when colliding
❖ collisions with another
molecule are perfectly
elastic.
Figure: Gases at molecular level
“The average translational kinetic energy of the
molecules in an ideal gas is directly proportional to
the temperature of the gas”:
“The average speed of molecules in a gas as a function of

temperature”:
root-
mean- 3𝑘𝑇 3𝑅𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = or 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
square 𝑚 𝑀
speed 45
EXAMPLE:
1) Air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, N2 and Oxygen, O2. Assume

that each behave as ideal gas. Determine the rms speed of the
nitrogen molecule when temperature is 20oC.
Mass of nitrogen molecule is 4.65 x 10-26 kg

Boltzmann’s constant is 1.38 x 10-23 J/k
ANSWER: 510.75 m/s
SOLUTION:
𝟑𝒌𝑻
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 =
𝒎
46
Real Gases
▪ The term of “real gases” refers to characteristics /

behavior of gas where the pressure of gas is too
high and the temperature of gas close/near the
boiling point , it is refers to behavior of real gases.
❖A PV diagram, the curves here represent the behavior
of the gas at different temperatures (not constant) for real
gases. Where TA > TB > TC >TD.
❖It is found that, the cooler (temperature decrease @

farther from boiling point) it gets, the further the gas is
from ideal.
❖ The dashed curve A’ and B’
represents the behavior of a gas
as predicted by the ideal gas law
(Boyle’s Law) for several different
values of the temperature.
❖We see that, the behavior of gas

deviates even more from the
curves predicted by ideal gas law
(curves A and B) and the deviation
is greater when the gas is closer to
liquid- vapor region (curve C and
D).
❖ In curve D, the gas becomes liquid; it begins
condensing at (b) and is entirely liquid at (a).
❖Curve C represent the behavior of the substance at

its critical temperature and the point (c) is called the
critical point.
❖At temperature less than the critical temperature, a

gas will change to the liquid phase if sufficient
pressure is applied.
❖ A PT diagram is called a phase
diagram, it shows all three phases of
matter:
❑The solid-liquid transition (in

equilibrium) is melting or freezing
❑The liquid- vapor transition is

boiling or condensing
❑The solid-vapor transition is

sublimation. Where sublimation
refers to the process whereby at
low pressures a solid changes
directly into the vapor phase
without passing through the liquid
phase.
❖ The intersection of the three curves is called the triple
point. Where it is only at triple point that the three phases
can exist together in equilibrium.
Phase diagram
of water
52
Phase diagram of
carbon dioxide
53
END OF CHAPTER 6

PHY 210 Chapter 6

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PHY 210 Chapter 6

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CHAPTER 6:

GAS LAWS AND

• Understand the concept atomic theory of

6.1 Atomic Theory of Matter (State of Matter)

The concepts of the atomic theory of matter.

(i) All matter is made of very tiny particles called atoms.

1. Gases are composed of a large number of particles that

However, if we plot pressure against 1/volume,

Figure 2: Plot of P vs. 1/V

Charles’s Law definition:

“The volume of a given

❖ This temperature is called

Absolute zero = - 273.15 0C = 0 K

“The absolute pressure of a

• Write and apply formulas The Ideal Gas

Pressure Law / Gay

❖ The volume of a gas depends very much on the pressure

❖The relationship between the volume, pressure,

❖The ideal gas law is an accurate description of the

❖It is found that, at constant T and P, the volume, V of an

❖Where the number of moles in a certain mass of material

• Pressure in pascal (Pa) • Pressure in atmospheres

❖ Since the gas constant is universal, the number of

❖ The number of molecules in a gas is the number of

where k is called Boltzmann’s constant.

This happens frequently since the gas under consideration is often in a

❖ In gas, large number of

“The average speed of molecules in a gas as a function of

1) Air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, N2 and Oxygen, O2. Assume

Mass of nitrogen molecule is 4.65 x 10-26 kg

▪ The term of “real gases” refers to characteristics /

❖It is found that, the cooler (temperature decrease @

❖We see that, the behavior of gas

❖Curve C represent the behavior of the substance at

❖At temperature less than the critical temperature, a

❑The solid-liquid transition (in

❑The liquid- vapor transition is

❑The solid-vapor transition is

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