Water Transport and Distribution

Summary Chapter 3 – STEADY FLOW IN PRESSURIZED NETWORKS

Nemanja Trifunović
Course Topics

Chapter 1: WT&D Systems

Introduction, definitions, objectives, types,
configurations
Chapter 2: Water Demand
Categories, patterns, calculation, forecast
Chapter 3: Steady Flow in Pressurised Networks
Network hydraulics, losses, branched and looped
layouts, hydraulics of storage and pumps
Chapter 4: The Design of WT&D Systems
Hydraulic design of network, engineering design,
selection of materials, tertiary networks, computer
modelling
Chapter 5: Network Construction
Excavation, pipe laying, jointing, testing
Chapter 6: Operation & Maintenance
Monitoring, reliability, NRW, corrosion, cleaning,
repairs
2
Water Transport and Distribution
Chapter 3:
STEADY FLOWS IN PRESSURISED NETWORKS
Main Concepts and Definitions
Hydraulic Losses
Single Pipe Calculation
Branched Networks
Looped Networks
Pressure Driven Demand
Hydraulics of Storage and Pumps
Nemanja Trifunović, PhD, MSc
Associate Professor of
Water Supply Engineering
IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education
n.trifunovic@un-ihe.org
Steady and Uniform Flow in Pipes

v1 Pipe diameter, D1 = D2 v2

1 2
( t1 ) ( t1 ) (t2 ) (t2 )
v1 =v 2 =v
1 =v 2

Steady flow in a pipe of constant diameter is at the same time uniform.

1. The time step, ∆t = t2 – t1, is assumed sufficiently small.
2. The mass density of water, ρ (kg/m3), is constant.
3. The pipe is made of rigid material (no deformations).
4
Mass Conservation Law
(The Continuity Equation)

Qinp t1 V1 Qout

∆V
After ∆t... Qinp = Qout ±
∆V ∆t
Qinp t2 Qout
V2

5
Mass Conservation Law
(The Continuity Equation)
j
Q3
∑Q − Q
i =1
i n =0
Q1 Node ‘n’

Qn

Q2
Q 1+ Q 2 = Q 3+ Q n
6
Energy Conservation Law
(The Energy Equation)

1 2
E1 = E2 ± ∆E

Water that flows between two cross-sections

loses (+) or receives (-) energy.

7
Momentum Conservation Law
(The Dynamic Equation)

1 2

Momentum at cross-section ‘i’: M i = ρ Qi vi

M = Momentum (N)
ρ = Mass density of water (kg/m3)
Q = Flow (m3/s)
v = Velocity (m/s)
8
Potential Energy

Volume V (m3) under pressure p (N/m2),

positioned at elevation Z (m), possesses
the potential energy: V
E pot = mgH
m = Mass (kg)
g = Gravity (m/s2)
Epot = Potential energy (J, kWh, mwc)
Z

or per unit weight: E pot = H = Z

Reference level
9
Kinetic Energy

2
The kinetic energy is generated mv
by the mass (volume) motion: Ekin =
2
2
v
or per unit weight: Ekin =
2g
10
The Bernoulli Equation

1 2
E1 = E2 ± ∆E becomes:

2 2
p1 v p2 v
Z1 + + = Z2 +
1
+ ± ∆E 2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
11
Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
E1
2
v 1
H1 E2
2g 2
v2 H2
p1 2g
ρg p2
v ρg

1 2
Z1 Z2

Reference level
12
Water Distribution Practice – Hydraulic Grade Line

13
Types of Hydraulic Losses

∆E results from a friction between

S ∆E the water and the pipe wall,
and/or a turbulence developed by
obstructions of the flow.

nf nm
∆E = h f + hm = R f Q + RmQ
L Q
hf,m = Friction, Minor loss (respectively)
Rf,m = Pipe resistance
Q = Flow
nf,m = Exponents

14
The Best Formula?

λL 2 Darcy-Weisbach
hf = 5
Q
12.1D (the most accurate)

10.68 L 1.852 Hazen-Williams

h f = 1.852 4.87 Q
Chw D (straight-forward, smooth pipes)

2
10.29 N L 2 Manning
hf = 16 / 3
Q
D (straight-forward, rough pipes)

The pipe roughness description (λ, Chw, or N) is the only real difference.
15
Inner Surface of Pipes in New Condition

Asbestos cement (old) Lined ductile iron Lined steel

Concrete Glass reinforced plastic Polyethylene 16

 Friction Losses – Summary
The choice of adequate roughness value is more
important than the choice of the friction formula.

In theory, the friction losses grow by:

•increase of discharge
•increase of pipe roughness
•reduction of pipe diameters
•increase of pipe lengths
•decrease of water temperature

In practice, this happens by:

•higher consumption or leakage
•corrosion growth
•network expansion

17
Minor Losses – General Formula

nm 8ξ 2 ξ 2
hm = RmQ = 2 4Q = Q
π gD 12.1D 4

ξ = Minor loss factor (-)

D = Pipe diameter (m)
Q = Pipe flow (m3/s)

2
v
or proportional to the kinetic energy: hm = ξ
2g
Commonly, v is the velocity
downstream the obstruction.
18
Minor Loss Factors – Flow Measurement Equipment

Source: KSB
19
Approximation of Minor Loss Impacts

S ∆E

L Q

∆E Substantial minor losses are calculated

S≈ only if the flow velocity is high or/and
L there is a valve throttling in the system.

20
Basic Parameters for Hydraulic Calculation

∆H

k
T Q D
L

21
Pipe Charts

22
Branched Networks – Single Supply (1/2)

23
Looped Networks (1/2)

24
Kirchoff’s Laws
Flow continuity at junction of pipes
The sum of all ingoing and outgoing flows in each
node equals zero (ΣQi = 0).

Head loss continuity at loop of pipes

The sum of all head-losses along pipes that compose
a complete loop equals zero (ΣΔHi = 0).

• Hardy Cross Methods

– Method of Balancing Heads
– Method of Balancing Flows
• Linear Theory
• Newton Raphson
• Global Gradient Algorithm
25
Linear Theory – Newton Raphson Method
(k )
( k +1) (k ) f ( H i )
H i = Hi − (k )
f ' (Hi )
n H (k ) n
1
n
1
f (H i
(k )
) = Qi − ∑
j
+H i
(k )
∑ f ' (H i
(k )
) = ∑ (k )
j =1 U ij
(k ) (k )
j =1 U ij j =1 U ij

 n H (k ) n
1 
 Qi − ∑ ( k ) + H i ∑ ( k )
j (k )

 j =1 U ij j =1 U ij 
H i( k +1) = H i( k ) − 
n
1
 ∑ U (k )

 j =1 ij 
26
 Global Gradient Algorithm –  A11 ... A12   Q  − A10 H 0 
 ... ... ...   ...  =  ... 
Matrix Equation     
 A21 ... 0   H   q 
n −1
R(1) Q(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Q(1) 50
n −1
0 R( 2 ) Q( 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0 0 0 Q(2) 0
n −1
0 0 R(3) Q(3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Q(3) 50
n −1
0 0 0 R( 4 ) Q( 4 ) 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 Q(4) 0
n −1
0 0 0 0 R(5) Q(5) 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 Q(5) 0
n −1
0 0 0 0 0 R( 6 ) Q( 6 ) 0 0 0 -1 1 0 Q(6) 0
n −1 =
0 0 0 0 0 0 R( 7 ) Q( 7 ) 0 0 0 -1 1 Q(7) 0
1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H2 0.010
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H3 0.022
0 0 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 H4 0.010
0 0 0 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 H5 0.018
0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 H6 0.015

27
Demand Driven Analysis – Concept

t2
S2
t1 ΔH2
S1
p1 p2 ΔH1
ρg ρg
Q Q=const

ΔH1=ΔH2

Fixed head point(s) influence(s) the S1=S2

Z pressure distribution in a system of
fixed demands.

Reference level
28
Demand Driven Analysis – Pressure Change (1/3)

S1

L Q1
t1

29
Demand Driven Analysis – Pressure Change (2/3)

S2

L Q2
t2

30
Demand Driven Analysis – Pressure Change (3/3)

Q1=Q2=Q3
S1=S2=S3

S3

L Q3
t3 Any specified demand is
satisfied while the pressure
can have negative value.
31
Pressure Driven Demand Analysis (1/3)

S1

L Q1
t1

32
Pressure Driven Demand Analysis (2/3)

S2

L Q2
t2

33
Pressure Driven Demand Analysis (3/3)

Q1>Q2>Q3
S1>S2>S3
S3

L Q3
t3 The specified demand
gradually drops based
on the pressure drop.

34
Pressure Driven Analysis – Practical Approach

Source: KIWA, 1993 35

System Characteristics – Single Pipe

H dyn = ∆H

pmin
H st = ± ∆Z
ρg

36
System Characteristics – Effects of Pipe Ageing

37
Gravity Systems – Regular Supply

pend
∆Z = H dyn + H st = ∆H +
ρg
38
Gravity Systems – System Characteristics

39
Gravity Systems – Multiple Supply

40
Gravity Systems – Conclusions

• Supply capacity of gravity systems

depends on
– elevation of supply point(s)
– location of discharge points with
respect to the supply point(s)
– pipes’ resistance (D & k)
– (preferred) pressures in the network

41
Pumped Operation (1/2)

42
Pumped Operation (2/2)

N = ρgQh p N Np
Np = Nm =
ηp ηm
43
Pump Characteristics

b
2
h p = aQ + bQ + c h p = c − aQ
44
Pump Curves – Duty Flow (Qd) and Duty Head (Hd)

b
h p = c − aQ

Manufacturer: KSB 4 1 Hd
h p ( Q =0 ) = c = Hd ; Q( h p =0 ) = 2Qd ⇒ a=
3 3 Qd2 45
Pumped Systems – Regular Operation

req pmin
h p = H dyn + H st = ∆H + ± ∆Z
ρg 46
Pump Curve –
Working Points

47
Pump Curve – Design Capacity

48
Pumps in Parallel Arrangement – Two Equal Units

Q1p+ 2 = Q1p + Q p2

h1p+ 2 = h1p = h p2

49
Pumps in Parallel Arrangement –
Three Small + One Big Unit

50
Variable Speed Pumps - Principle of Operation

Q2 n2
=
Q1 n1
2
hp,2  n2 
=  
h p ,1  n1 

51
Pumps in Serial Arrangement – Two Equal Units

Q1p+ 2 = Q1p = Q p2

h1p+ 2 = h1p + h p2

52
Pumped Systems – Multiple Supply

53
Pumped Systems – Conclusions

• Supply capacity of pumped

systems depends on
– number, size and arrangement of
pumps
– operating schedule of pumps
– pipes’ resistance (D & k)
– (preferred) pressures in the network

54
Combined Systems

55
Combined Systems – Tank → Pump → Network (Day)

pend
h p + ∆Z = H dyn + H st = ∆H +
ρg
56
Combined Systems – Tank → Pump → Network (Night)

57
Combined Systems – Tank → Pump → Network (Booster)

58
Combined Systems – Pump → Tank → Network

h p = H dyn + H st = ∆H + ∆Z

59
Combined Systems – Pump → Water Tower → Network

60
Combined Systems – Pump → Network ← Tank (Day)

61
Combined Systems – Pump → Network → Tank (Night)

62
Course Topics

Chapter 1: WT&D Systems

Introduction, definitions, objectives, types, configurations
Chapter 2: Water Demand
Categories, patterns, calculation, forecast
Chapter 3: Steady Flows in Pressurised Networks
Network hydraulics, losses, branched and looped layouts,
hydraulics of storage and pumps
Chapter 4: Design of WT&D Systems
Hydraulic design of network, engineering design, selection
of materials, tertiary networks, computer modelling
Chapter 5: Network Construction
Excavation, pipe laying, jointing, testing
Chapter 6: Operation & Maintenance
Monitoring, reliability, NRW, corrosion, cleaning, repairs

63
Water Transport and Distribution
Chapter 3:
STEADY FLOWS IN PRESSURISED NETWORKS
Main Concepts and Definitions
Hydraulic Losses
Single Pipe Calculation
Branched Networks
Looped Networks
Pressure Driven Demand
Hydraulics of Storage and Pumps
Nemanja Trifunović, PhD, MSc
Associate Professor of
Water Supply Engineering
IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education
n.trifunovic@un-ihe.org