KK

CHEMISTRY LAB
PRECAUTION

Here are some general precautions to keep in mind before conducting a chemistry
practical:

1. Wear appropriate protective clothing: This includes a lab coat or apron, safety
goggles, and gloves. Closed-toe shoes should also be worn.
2. Read instructions carefully: Make sure you understand the instructions before
starting any experiment.
3. Keep the lab clean: Clean up spills immediately and dispose of waste properly.
4. Use chemicals with care: Always handle chemicals with caution, and never taste
or smell them. Label all containers correctly, and keep them away from heat
sources and flames.
5. Work in a well-ventilated area: Fumes from chemicals can be harmful if inhaled,
so work in a fume hood if possible. If not, make sure the area is well-ventilated.
6. Keep a fire extinguisher nearby: Accidents can happen, so it's important to have a
fire extinguisher on hand in case of emergencies.
7. Use equipment safely: Always use equipment according to the instructions, and
never modify or alter it in any way.
8. Follow proper disposal procedures: Dispose of chemicals and other materials
according to proper procedures. Never pour chemicals down the drain or throw
them in the trash.
9. Never work alone: Always have someone else present in the lab when conducting
experiments.

By following these safety precautions, you can help ensure a safe and successful
chemistry practical.

DEFINITION

1. Gravimetric Analysis: A quantitative analytical method in chemistry that involves

the measurement of mass in order to determine the quantity of a substance. It is
commonly used to determine the purity of a substance or the concentration of an
analyte in a sample.
KK

2. Volumetric Analysis: A quantitative analytical method in chemistry that involves

the measurement of volumes of solutions in order to determine the quantity of a
substance. It is commonly used to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution by reacting it with a known solution of known concentration.

3. Titration: A laboratory technique used in volumetric analysis, which involves the

gradual addition of one solution to another until the reaction between the two is
complete. This is used to determine the concentration of one solution based on
the known concentration of the other solution.

4. Known Solution: A solution of known concentration that is used in titration

experiments.

5. Unknown Solution: A solution of unknown concentration that is being analyzed in

titration experiments.

6. Strong Acid: An acid that completely dissociates in water and produces a high
concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Examples include hydrochloric acid and
sulfuric acid.

7. Weak Acid: An acid that only partially dissociates in water and produces a low
concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Examples include acetic acid and carbonic
acid.

8. Saturated Solution: A solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been
dissolved at a given temperature and pressure.

9. Unsaturated Solution: A solution that has not yet reached the point of maximum
solute concentration and is capable of dissolving more solute.

10. Indicator: A substance that is added to a solution in order to change color and
signal the completion of a chemical reaction. Indicators are commonly used in
titration experiments.

11. End Point: The point in a titration experiment where the reaction is considered
complete. This is indicated by a change in color due to the addition of an
indicator.
KK

12. Acidity: The level of acidity in a solution, which is determined by the

concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Solutions with a pH less than 7 are
considered acidic.

13. Basicity: The level of basicity in a solution, which is determined by the

concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are
considered basic.

14. Strength: The degree to which an acid or base dissociates in water. Strong acids
and bases dissociate completely, while weak acids and bases only partially
dissociate.

15. Normality: The concentration of a solution in terms of the number of equivalents

of solute per liter of solution.

16. Molality: The concentration of a solution in terms of the number of moles of

solute per kilogram of solvent.

17. Molarity: The concentration of a solution in terms of the number of moles of

solute per liter of solution.

18. Normality (N) is a measure of the concentration of a solution in terms of the

number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution. An equivalent is the amount
of a substance that will react with one mole of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide
ions (OH-) in an acid-base reaction.

The normality formula, also known as the equivalence formula, is used to

calculate the normality of a solution or to determine the volume of a solution
needed to reach a desired normality. The formula is as follows:

n1v1 = n2v2

where:
n1 = normality of the first solution
v1 = volume of the first solution in liters
n2 = normality of the second solution
v2 = volume of the second solution in liters
KK

This formula states that the product of the normality and volume of one solution
is equal to the product of the normality and volume of the other solution in an
acid-base reaction.

DRAWINGS
KK
KK

APNI MARJI SE JITNI DRAWING BANANI HAI BANA LO

BYE….