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Post Mauryan Empire - Study Notes
Post Mauryan Empire - Study Notes
History
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The period following the decline of the Mauryan Empire in India, around 200 BCE, was
characterized by a mix of smaller kingdoms and dynasties that rose and fell over the centuries,
marking the transition from the Mauryan age to the age of regional kingdoms.
Content/Synopsis
The Shungas
Administrative Structure
Sunga Art
The Kanvas
Background
Geographical Expansion
Important rulers
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Indo-Greeks
Geographical Expansion
Indo-Greek coins
The Sakas
Geographical Expansion
Significance of Sakas
The Parthians
Geographic expansion
The Kushanas
Geographical Expansion
Kanishka
Capitals
Language
Cavalry
Polity
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Religious developments
The Shungas
As mentioned before, the last king of the Mauryas, Brihadratha, was assassinated by
Pushyamitra Sunga in 180 BCE.
References of Shungas
The Sungas were Brahmanas and there are several references to Sunga teachers in Vedic
texts.
Sunga rule in India according to the Puranas lasted for 112 years. Magadha was the
nucleus of the kingdom.
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Pushyamitra ruled for 36 years and died in 151 BCE. His son and successor were
Agnimitra and he was succeeded by his son Vasumitra.
After Ashoka’s tryst with Dhamma and Buddhism, the Sungas are known for having
reverted to Brahmanical orthodoxy.
The Sunga rule with its centre at Pataliputra seems to have embraced territories in the
middle Ganga plain, the upper Ganga valley, and eastern Malwa
It appears that some of the more distant regions were probably not directly under their
control and merely owed them political allegiance.
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Administrative Structure
He was assisted by a council of ministers and bureaucrats, and his empire was divided
into provinces.
The provinces were put under the charge of governors of royal blood. A council assisted
it.
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Patanjali mentions that the sabha which was convened under Pushyamitra probably
functioned as a council of ministers or an Assembly.
Sunga Art
Bharhut, Bodhgaya, and Sanchi bear evidence of the patronage received from the Sunga
rulers.
The gates and railings of the Bharhut stupa and the fine gateway railings surrounding
the Sanchi Stupa have been built during the Sunga period.
The period saw the flowering of visual arts including small terracotta images, larger
stone sculptures, and architectural monuments like the chaitya hall at Bhaja, the stupa at
Bharhut, and the Great Stupa at Sanchi.
A most characteristic formal quality of Sunga art is its flowing linear rhythm that binds all
isolated objects in one continuous stream of life.
Patanjali’s synthesis of the tradition of Yoga became the foundation of one of the schools
of thought.
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The Kanvas, who perhaps began their political career as subordinates of the Sungas,
brought to an end the Sunga kingdom.
Thus, the Sunga line came to an end by 75 BCE. They were followed by Kanvas whose
founding member was Vasudeva.
The Kanvas
Background
Kanva dynasty, also called Kanvayanas, the successors of the Shungas in the North Indian
kingdom of Magadha.
Kanvas ruled about 72–28 BCE; like their predecessors, they were Brahmans in origin.
That they originally served the Shunga line is attested by the appellation Shungabhrityas
(i.e., servants of the Shungas) given to them in the Puranas.
Geographical expansion
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Important Rulers
Vasudeva was initially a minister of the Shunga Emperor Devabhuti, who then
assassinated the former emperor and usurped the throne.
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Coins bearing the legend Bhumimitra have been discovered from the Panchala realm.
Copper coins with the legend "Kanvas" have also been found from Vidisha, as well as
Kaushambi in the Vatsa realm.
Bhumimitra ruled for fourteen years and was later succeeded by his son Narayana.
He was succeeded by his son Susharman who was the last king of the Kanva dynasty.
During the rule of Susarma, in around 30 BCE Satavahana again attacked Magadha, this
time they defeated the last Kanva king Susharman, and annexed their kingdom.
According to the Puranas, the last king of the Kanva dynasty was killed by Balipuccha,
who founded the Andhra dynasty.
A series of invasions began in about 200 B.C. Causes for these invasions were :
Pressures from Scythian Tribes, because of which Greeks were unable to hold their
control in this area.
The construction of the Chinese Wall pushed Scythians back from the Chinese border.
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The Indo-Greeks
Geographical Expansion
Greeks were the first to cross the Hindukush and ruled Bactria south of the Oxus river.
Greeks occupied a large part of North-western India, much larger than Alexander.
Meander (Milinda) was the most famous Indo-Greek ruler. (165 -145 B.C)
Milinda Panho or the Questions of Milinda book contains the questions Milinda
asked Nagasena about Buddhism.
Indo - Greeks were the first rulers to issue coins that were attributed to the kings.
They introduced Hellenistic art features in North-Western India. (purely Greek art)
Gandhara art was the best example of the outcome of Greek contact.
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The Shakas
Geographical expansion
Greeks were followed by the Shakas, who controlled a much larger part than the Greeks
in India.
Fourth branch in Western India where they ruled until the 4rth century A.D.
King of Ujjain fought effectively against Shakas and drove them out in his time. He called
himself Vikramaditya and started an era called the Vikrama Samvat ( in 57 B.C.). From this
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His rule was established over Sindh, Gujarat, Konkan, The Narmada Valley, Malawa, and
Kathiawar.
He was a great lover of Sanskrit. He issued the first-ever long inscription in Chaste
Sanskrit (pure Sanskrit).
The lake was constructed by the order of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the
Maurya dynasty. The order was implemented by his Governor ‘Pushyagupta Vaishya’
By the order of Emperor Ashoka, his great master Tushasp had rebuilt this lake and
strengthened it.
In the post-Mauryan period, Suvishakh the Governor of Saurashtra rebuilt the lake on the
orders of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman 1
In the Gupta period by the order of Skandagupta, Chakrapalit rebuilt the lake.
The Parthians
The Parthians moved to India from Iran which was their origin.
They occupied only a small portion in North-Western India as compared to The Shakas
and Indo - Greeks.
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In course of time Parthians, like Shakas, became an integral part of Indian polity and
society.
The Kushanas
Geographical Expansion
Parthians were followed by Kushanas, who were also called Yuechis or Tocharians.
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They established their authority over the lower Indus river basin and the greater part of
the Gangetic river Basin. Their empire extended from the river Oxus to the river Ganga.
The first dynasty was the Kadphises dynasty and Kadphises 1 was the first ruler. He issued
gold coins south of the Hindukush. He minted coppers in imitation of the Romans.
Kadphises 2 was the second king and he issued a large amount of gold money and
spread the kingdom east of the Indus.
Early Kushan kings issued gold coins with the highest purity.
Their inscriptions are distributed not only in the north-western a but also in
Mathura, Shravasti, Kaushambi, and Varanasi.
Kanishka
The rule of Kadphises was succeeded by the Kanishka, who was the most famous Kushan
ruler.
Kanishka started an era in A.D. 78 which is called the Shaka era and is issued by the
Government of India.
The Kushan empire in Afghanistan and west of the Indus was supplanted by the
Sassanian power of Iran. But Kushan Principalities continued to exist in India for about a
century.
Capitals
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Language
Burnt bricks were also used by the People of Indus Valley civilization (IVC). But after the
decline of IVC, the use was discontinued and it re-emerged during the times of Central
Asian Rulers. Due to contacts with Central Asian rulers, use of burnt bricks for flooring
was found. The tiles were used for both flooring and roof.
Its typical pottery was Red Ware, both plain and polished.
Cavalry
They introduced better cavalry and use of the riding horses on a large scale.
They also introduced turban, tunic, trousers, and heavy long coats.
Kushans controlled the silk route and it was a source of great income to them.
They built a vast empire based on the tolls levied from the traders.
They also promoted agriculture which is evident from the excavation in Afghanistan,
Pakistan, and Central Asia.
Polity
A feudatory system of organization of state was developed during the reign of Central
Asian rulers.
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The Shakas and the Kushanas strengthen the idea of the ‘divine origin of kingship’.
The Kushans also introduced the ‘Satrap system of government’, where the kingdom was
organized into satrapies and headed by satraps.
They were absorbed into Indian society as a warrior class that is the Kshatriyas.
Religious developments
Some of the foreign rulers were converted to Vaishnavism. The Greek ambassador
Heliodorus set up a pillar in honour of Vasudeva near Vidisha.
The Milinda Panho ( 'Questions of Milinda') is a Buddhist text which dates from sometime
between 100 BC and 200 AD.
It purports to record a dialogue between the Buddhist sage Nagasena, and the Indo-
Greek king Menander I of Bactria
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The Kushan empire brought together artists trained in different regions which gave rise
to several schools of art:
Central Asian,
Gandhara and
Mathura.
Central Asian sculptures show the synthesis of both local and foreign elements under the
influence of Buddhism.
Indian artisans with the contact of Greeks and Romans gave rise to new kinds of art in
which images of the Buddha were made in the Graeco-Roman style.
Mathura produces beautiful images of the Buddha but it is also famous for the headless
statue of the Kanishka. (refer to the image of Mathura School of art) It also produced
stone images of Vardhaman Mahavira.
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The earliest specimen of the Kavya Style is found in the Junagarh inscription of
Rudradaman of Kathiawar.
Ashvaghosa who wrote the Buddhacharita enjoyed the patronage of Kushana. He also
composed the Saundarananda which is a fine example of Sanskrit kavya.
The best example of secular literature of this time was the Kamsutra of Vatsayana.
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In post-Mauryan times Indian astrology and astronomy profited from the contacts with
the Greeks.
In the field of technology, Indians benefited from contacts with Central Asian rulers like
the Kushanas.
The practice of making leather shoes began in India during this period.
In Summary -
One of the most significant developments during this period was the increased contact
with other parts of Asia, particularly Central Asia, brought about in large part by the
movements of different peoples into India.
These migrations, along with trade and cultural exchange, influenced the political,
cultural, and economic development of the region.
In the northwestern parts of India, the region saw the domination of foreign rulers like
the Indo-Greeks, Shakas (Scythians), Parthians, and finally the Kushanas. The Kushana
Empire, especially under the rule of Kanishka, is known for its contributions to the spread
of Buddhism and the flourishing of art and culture. The Gandhara and Mathura schools
of art flourished during this period.
In central and eastern India, the Sungas succeeded the Mauryas. The Shunga dynasty
was then succeeded by the Kanva dynasty.
In the Deccan and southern India, the Satavahanas (also known as the Andhras) emerged
as a powerful dynasty. They are known for their contributions to art, architecture, and
literature, and they upheld the principle of religious tolerance.
Although no single empire unified India during this period until the rise of the Gupta
Empire, these various regional powers each contributed to the rich and diverse cultural
and historical legacy of ancient India.
It was a period of political fragmentation but also of great cultural and economic
development, with advancements in art, literature, trade, and religion.
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