XCMG LW300KV Manual de Operação e Manutenção - PDF - Tráfego - Motores

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RÌ @LYYJELMJFYL DU022H^
Olculd mj Apjrlåàa j Olcutjcåàa
W@OE Irlsfd Fcmûstrfl D]ML.
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Rrjnì`fa
L olfarfl mas l`fmjctjs murlctj l apjrlåàa, olcutjcåàa j rjplras ml oìqufcl
aàrrj parquj ls rjerls iìsf`ls mj sjeurlcål càa sàa sjeufmls.
A apjrlmar mjvjrì tjr pdjca àcgj`fojcta mj tamas as rfsàs jo patjc`fld,

fc`dufcma nltarjs guolcas quj pamjo lnjtlr l sjeurlcål. ]loiæo æ cj`jssìrfa quj
a apjrlmar rjldfzj uo trjfclojcta jspj`ïnfà plrl slijr àoa pra`jmjr j ào qulfs
njrrlojctls pamjrì apjrlr mj narol àrrjtl.
L apjrlåàa, olcutjcåàa au rjplras rjldfzlmas mj oama fcàrrjta pamjrì

rjsudtlr jo njrfojctas erlvjs j l`fmjctjs pjrfeasas.
Jstj olculd æ uol plrtj fopartlctj ml oìqufcl j narcj`j fcstruåújs sairj as

àopacjctjs prfc`fplfs ml oìqufcl, fcnarolåújs mj sjeurlcål, oætamas mj
apjrlåàa, olcutjcåàa, saduåàa mj praidjols, plréojtras tæ`cfàs j autrls
fcnarolåújs quj pamjo dgj lkumlr l elrlctfr uol apjrlåàa sjeurl j jnf`fjctj ml
oìqufcl.
Lpðs àcnfrolr quj a apjrlmar æ quldfnf`lma plrl l apjrlåàa, olcutjcåàa

j rjplras ml oìqufcl, djfl j àoprjjcml tatldojctj a àctjûma mjstj olculd,
jspj`fldojctj l plrtj rjdl`faclml â sjeurlcål. Æ prafifma apjrlr, rjplrlr au
rjldfzlr l olcutjcåàa ml oìqufcl sjo lctjs tjr dfma tama jstj olculd.
Olctjcgl sjoprj a olculd mjctra ml `lifcj ma apjrlmar, jo da`ld ào nì`fd

l`jssa. ]æ`cfàs mj olcutjcåàa, oj`écfàs j as àdliarlmarjs ml Ejrëc`fl mjvjo
jstlr nlofdflrfzlmas ào tama a àctjûma mjstj olculd.
Jstj olculd àctæo ls fcnarolåújs j ldjrtls mj sjeurlcål. @lsa jstls

fcnarolåújs j ldjrtls càa sjklo sjeufmls, njrfojctas j mlcas pamjràa aàrrjr.
Fcstruåújs sairj as lmjsfvas mj sjeurlcål;
Jstj sïoiada mj sjeurlcål fmjctfnf`l ls fcnarolåújs mj

sjeurlcål! \ulcma va`ë aisjrvlr jstjs lmjsfvas mj
sjeurlcål, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj va`ë j sul jqufpj as
sfelo rfearaslojctj. @lsa ls fcnarolåújs mj sjeurlcål
càa sjklo sjeufmls, mlcas â oìqufcl j njrfojctas erlvjs
au oartj pamjràa aàrrjr.
Lmjsfva mj
Mjs`rfåàa
sjeurlcål
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Yjprjsjctl sftulåàa mj pjrfea jxtrjoa. Pj jdl

Rjrfea càa nar jvftlml, njrfojctas erlvjs au oartj
pamjràa aàrrjr.
Fcmf`l uol sftulåàa mj pjrfea jo patjc`fld. Pj
Ltjcåàa càa nar jvftlml, njrfojctas erlvjs au oartj
pamjràa aàrrjr.
Fcmf`l uol sftulåàa mj pjrfea jo patjc`fld. Pj
càa nar jvftlml, njrfojctas djvjs au mlcas â
Lmvjrtëc`fl oìqufcl pamjràa aàrrjr.
@lsa jstj olculd sjkl pjrmfma, jctrj jo àctlta ào l joprjsl au ào uo
rjvjcmjmar lutarfzlma8 `lsa vjcml l oìqufcl, jctrjeuj jstj olculd plrl a sju
cava praprfjtìrfa.
Fcstruåújs mj sjeurlcål ma nlirf`lctj;

◎ Lpjcls pjssald trjfclma j `jrtfnf`lma pamjrì apjrlr l oìqufcl j rjldfzlr trlildgas
mj olcutjcåàa.
◎ Apjrlmarjs j pjssald rjdl`faclma mjvjràa utfdfzlr as jqufplojctas mj pratjåàa
pjssald cj`jssìrfas j sjoprj taolr ls ojmfmls mj sjeurlcål àrrjspacmjctjs.
◎ Càa sjeufr ls rjàojcmlåújs pamjrì àda`lr l sul sjeurlcål jo rfsà8.
◎ As nlirf`lctjs càa pamjo lctj`fplr tamas as pjrfeas murlctj l apjrlåàa. Gì vìrfas

nltarjs quj pamjo fcndujc`flr cls sftulåújs, àoa ls àcmfåújs mj trlildga, jctrj
autras. Mjssl narol, as ldjrtls mj sjeurlcål mjstj olculd càa fc`dujo tamas as
`lsas quj pamjo aàrrjr. Yjldfzj tamls ls apjrlåújs mj làrma ào a jspj`fnf`lma
cjstj olculd, plrl elrlctfr quj a apjrlmar j autrls pjssals jstlràa sjeuras j plrl
quj l oìqufcl càa sjkl mlcfnf`lml. @lsa càa sjkl passïvjd elrlctfr l sjeurlcål jo
mjtjrofclmls apjrlåújs, jctrj jo àctlta ào a nlirf`lctj au rjvjcmjmar
lutarfzlma lctjs mj rjldfzlr l apjrlåàa.
◎ @lsa l oìqufcl sjkl utfdfzlml jo jsàpas j ào prapðsftas mfnjrjctjs mas mjs`rftas
cjstj olculd, a nlirf`lctj càa sjrì rjspacsìvjd par qulfsqujr mlcas au njrfojctas
quj passlo mjàrrjr mjstj tfpa mj usa.
◎ Ztfdfzj l`jssðrfas j àopacjctjs ejcuïcas j lutarfzlmas par cassl joprjsl au
rjvjcmjmar lutarfzlma. A usa mj l`jssðrfas càa ejcuïcas j càa rjàojcmlmas

pamj àopraojtjr l sjeurlcål ml apjrlåàa ml oìqufcl, pamjcma mfofcufr l sul
vfml ûtfd j ltæ `luslr l`fmjctjs. L W@OE càa sj rjspacslifdfzl par mlcas j
l`fmjctjs `luslmas par pjåls j l`jssðrfas càa ejcuïcas. L joprjsl tloiæo càa
sj rjspacslifdfzl pjda usa fcmjvfma ml oìqufcl quj passl rjsudtlr cas praidjols
l`fol.
◎ \ulfsqujr oamfnf`låújs càa lpravlmls pjda nlirf`lctj ml oìqufcl pamjo `luslr
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djsújs au rfsàs mj djsújs j jstjs càa sàa mj rjspacslifdfmlmj ma nlirf`lctj.

◎ Cjstj olculd, ldeuols folejcs au mflerlols jxfifmas, ijo àoa àopacjctjs
ap`faclfs, pamjo jstlr mfnjrjctjs mas quj jstfvjrjo jo sul oìqufcl. Rlrl quj a
olculd sjkl olfs `dlra, mjs`rfåújs, nataerlnfls au nfeurls pamjo sjr rjoavfmls,
mjpjcmjcma ma tfpa mj àctjûma.
◎ Mjvfma â cassl ojdgarfl àctïcul mj làrma ào ls cj`jssfmlmjs mj cassas
`dfjctjs, a àctjûma mjstj olculd pamjr sjr oamfnf`lma l quldqujr oaojcta, j

ldtjrlåújs j ltuldfzlåújs pamjo càa sjr fc`duïmls, a quj pamj lnjtlr l olcutjcåàa
ml oìqufcl. Djfl j jstumj ùfmlmaslojctj jstj olculd plrl quj va`ë passl
maofclr tamas as àctradjs mjssl oìqufcl.
◎ Jo `lsa mj mûvfmls sairj l oìqufcl au a olculd, jctrj jo àctlta ào cassas
rjvjcmjmarjs lutarfzlmas.
◎ L apjrlåàa, olcutjcåàa j rjplras ml oìqufcl mjvjràa jstlr mj làrma ào ls djfs
j rjeudlojctas jspj`ïnfàs mj `lml `fmlmj j plïs.
La mjsda`lr l oìqufcl jo ramavfls j da`lfs
pûidfàs, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj jdl jstjkl mj
làrma ào as rjqufsftas j djfs da`lfs, j
Lmvjrtëc`fl aitjcgl ls df`jcåls pjrtfcjctjs, sj cj`jssìrfa,
plrl rjldfzlr a mjsda`lojcta.
Rlrl elrlctfr l prj`fsàa ml jsàdgl mls pjåls mj rjpasfåàa, taoj catl mj
tama a àctjûma cl pdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa ml sul oìqufcl (da`ldfzlml ca dlma
mfrjfta ma `glssf mflctjfra); "@ðmfea mj Fmjctfnf`låàa ma Rramuta (RFC)". A `ðmfea
tjrì <5 cûojras quj mjvjràa sjr trlcs`rftas lquf;
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@actjûma
<. Pjeurlcål .............................................................................................................................. <
<.<. Lvfsas mj sjeurlcål j suls pasfåújs............................................................................. 9
<.<.<. Rasf`faclojcta mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål .............................................................. 9
<.<.9. Fcstruåújs mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål ....................................................................... 0
<.<.0. Jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa ..............................................................................................>
<.9. Fcnarolåújs ejrlfs mj sjeurlcål .................................................................................. 5
<.9.<. Yjerls mj sjeurlcål.............................................................................................. 5
<.9.9. Jqufplojctas mj pratjåàa .................................................................................... 5
<.9.0. Rrjvjcåàa mj fc`ëcmfa .......................................................................................... 7
<.9.=. Jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa j jstaka mj prfojfras saàrras ........................................... <2
<.9.:. Pjeurlcål àctrl fc`ëcmfa .................................................................................. <<
<.0. Apjrlåàa sjeurl.......................................................................................................... <9
<.0.<. @acgjål ijo sul oìqufcl.................................................................................. <9
<.0.9. Mlr plrtfml ào sjeurlcål .................................................................................. <0
<.0.0. Mfrjåàa sjeurl.....................................................................................................<5
<.0.=. Pjeurlcål ............................................................................................................ 99
<.0.:. Jstl`faclr mj narol sjeurl ................................................................................. 95
<.0.>. Rrj`luåújs plrl `dfol nrfa .................................................................................. 95
<.=. Rrfc`ïpfa ejrld mj olcutjcåàa ....................................................................................95
<.=.<. Jtfqujtl mj lvfsa .................................................................................................95
<.=.9. Yjqufsftas ejrlfs mj olcutjcåàa ........................................................................ 97
<.=.0. Olcutjcåàa ml oìqufcl ..................................................................................... 02
<.=.=. Olcutjcåàa mj àopacjctjs j pactas fopartlctjs ............................................ 0=
9. Apjrlåàa ............................................................................................................................. 07
9.<. Caojs mas àopacjctjs j mj`ldqujs ......................................................................... 06
9.9. Fcstruojctas ml `lifcj j mfspasftfvas ......................................................................... =2
9.9.<. Jsqujol ma fctjrfar ml `lifcj ............................................................................ =2
9.9.9. Mjs`rfåàa mls nucåújs mas fcstruojctas j mfspasftfvas ml `lifcj (tlijdl 9-<,
tlijdl 9-9) .......................................................................................................................... =9
9.9.0. Zsas mas mfspasftfvas mj apjrlåàa ...................................................................... =>
9.9.=. Apjrlåàa ma oama mj sjdjåàa ml àcmfåàa ma oatar (Nfeurl 9-<:, Nfeurl 9-
<>) =7
9.9.:. Lkustj j usa mas lssjctas .................................................................................... =7
9.9.:.<. Lssjcta àouo (Nfeurl 9-<5) ........................................................................... =6
9.9.:.9. Lssjcta mj sjrvfåa (Nfeurl 9-<7) ....................................................................... =6
9.9.>. Plïml stlcmiy ...................................................................................................... :2
9.9.5. Mfskuctar ml iltjrfl rj`lrrjeìvjd ........................................................................ :2
9.0. Zsa ml cavl `lrrjelmjfrl ............................................................................................:<
9.0.<. Aisjrvlåújs ........................................................................................................ :<
9.0.9. Jstumj as ftjcs mj sjeurlcål ............................................................................... :<
9.0.0. Lprjcml a oætama mj vjrfnf`låàa ....................................................................... :<
9.0.=. Nlofdflrfzj-sj ào sul oìqufcl ......................................................................... :9
9.0.:. Lmlptlåàa ml oìqufcl ........................................................................................ :9
9.=. Jo `lsa mj usa ml oìqufcl jo ìrjl mj ofcjrlåàa, ìrjl oactlcgasl, jsplåa rjstrfta au
ào tjrrjca oufta fc`dfclma, ltjcåàa ào as sjeufctjs pactas; ................................................ :0
9.:. Lctjs mj àojålr ...................................................................................................... :=
9.:.<. ^jrfnf`låàa mfìrfl ................................................................................................ :=
9.:.9. Mjsidaqujfa ml trlvl mj mfrjåàa ma `glssf.......................................................... ::
9.:.0. Jctrlcma/slfcma ml oìqufcl ............................................................................... ::
9.:.=. Lkustj ma jspjdga rjtravfsar jxtjrca................................................................... :>
9.>. Dfelcma a oatar.......................................................................................................... :>
9.>.<. Oatar j pjrïama mj lquj`fojcta......................................................................... :5
9.5. @acmuåàa ml oìqufcl................................................................................................. :5
9.5.<. Mfrjåàa mj lrrlcquj â nrjctj/â ræ ........................................................................ :5
9.5.9. ]ra`l mj olr`gls ................................................................................................ :7
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9.5.0. ^frj l oìqufcl .................................................................................................... :7

9.5.=. Nrjclejo ml oìqufcl ......................................................................................... :7
9.7. Jstl`faclcma l oìqufcl.............................................................................................. :6
9.7.<. Mjsdfelojcta ml oìqufcl ................................................................................... :6
9.6. Plfcma ml oìqufcl ...................................................................................................... >2
9.<2. Oætama mj nuc`faclojcta .......................................................................................... >2
9.<2.<. Apjrlåújs prafifmls ............................................................................................>2
9.<2.9. Mjsjopjcga mj js`lvlåàa.................................................................................. ><
9.<2.0. Mjsjopjcga mj `lrel ......................................................................................... >0
9.<2.=. Rrjplrlåàa ma sada .............................................................................................. >=
9.<2.:. ^lrrjmurl mj cjvj................................................................................................ >:
9.<2.>. Mjsjopjcga murlctj a rjiaquj .......................................................................... >:
9.<<. Fålojcta j trlcspartj ..................................................................................................>5
9.<<.<. Fålr au lilfxlr l oìqufcl ...................................................................................>5
9.<<.9. ]rlcspartj ml `lrrjelmjfrl jo vfls pûidf`ls....................................................... >7
9.<<.0. @lrrjelr j mjs`lrrjelr l oìqufcl ....................................................................... >6
9.<<.=. Lpðs `lrrjelr l oìqufcl..................................................................................... 52
9.<9. Lrolzjclojcta .......................................................................................................... 5<
9.<9.<. Lctjs mj lrolzjclr............................................................................................. 5<
9.<9.9. Lrolzjclojcta par pjrïamas ùrtas .................................................................. 5<
9.<9.0. Lrolzjclojcta par pjrïamas daceas.................................................................. 5<
9.<9.=. Lpðs lrolzjclojcta dacea ................................................................................59
9.<9.:. Lrolzjclojcta mas pcjus ................................................................................. 59
0. Olcutjcåàa.........................................................................................................................5=
0.<. Duirfnf`lctjs j ðdjas rjàojcmlmas ........................................................................... 5:
0.<.<. Duirfnf`lctjs j ðdjas rjàojcmlmas ................................................................... 5:
0.<.9 Yjàojcmlåàa jspj`fld —Ðdja jspj`fldfzlma WZE‟ ................................................ 55
0.<.0 ]jopjrlturl mj lr lpdf`ìvjd plrl mfnjrjctjs `dlssfnf`låújs mj pramutas mj ðdja. 57
0.9. Rlrtjs l sjrjo duirfnf`lmls j `racaerlol mj duirfnf`låàa .......................................... 56
0.0. @f`das mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas pjrfðmfàs ...............................................................72
0.0.<. Fcstruåújs mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas pjrfðmfàs .................................................72
0.0.9 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml <2g/mfl .................................................................. 72
0.0.0 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml :2g/sjolcl........................................................... 7<
0.0.= Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml <22g/9 sjolcls .................................................... 7<
0.0.: Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml 9:2g/oës .............................................................. 79
0.0.> Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml :22g/9 ojsjs........................................................ 79
0.0.5 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml >22g...................................................................... 70
0.0.7 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml <222g/> ojsjs...................................................... 70
0.0.6 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml 9222g/lca ............................................................. 70
0.=. ^jrfnf`låàa j lmfåàa mj ðdja........................................................................................ 7=
0.=.<. Aisjrvlåújs sairj ðdjas ..................................................................................... 7=
0.=.9. Ðdja àoiustïvjd ................................................................................................ 7:
0.=.0. Ðdja gfmrìudfà.................................................................................................... 7>
0.=.=. Ndufma mj nrjfa ..................................................................................................... 75
0.=.:. Ðdja ml `lfxl mj `éoifa .....................................................................................76
0.=.>. Ðdja ma jfxa mj mfrjåàa ...................................................................................... 62
0.=.5. Ðdja ma oatar ..................................................................................................... 6<
0.=.7. Dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta ma oatar..................................................................... 69
0.= ^jrfnf`lcma j rjldfzlcma olcutjcåàa cas àopacjctjs............................................. 6=
0.=.< Pfstjol jdætrfà ......................................................................................................... 6=
0.=.9 Olcutjcåàa ml iltjrfl ........................................................................................ 6:
0.=.0 Yj`lrrjelr ........................................................................................................... 6:
0.=.= Zcfmlmj mj mfrjåàa.............................................................................................. 6>
0.=.: Olcutjcåàa mas pcjus ........................................................................................6>
0.=.> Jqufplojctas mj apjrlåàa.................................................................................. 65
0.=.5 Pfstjol mj nrjclejo ...........................................................................................65
0.=.7 Yjsjrvltðrfa mj lr ............................................................................................... 67
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0.=.6. Lr àcmf`faclma .................................................................................................. 67

0.=.<2. Autras ................................................................................................................ <22
0.: Nldgls àoucs j rjsaduåàa mj praidjols ................................................................. <22
0.:.< Pfstjol .............................................................................................................. <22
0.:.9 Pfstjol mj mfrjåàa ............................................................................................ <2<
0.:.0 Pfstjol jdætrfà ................................................................................................. <20
0.:.= Pfstjol mj nrjclejo .........................................................................................<2:
0.:.: Pfstjol gfmrìudfà jo nuc`faclojcta .............................................................. <2>
0.> Puistftufåàa mls pjåls-`glvj .................................................................................... <25
=. Jspj`fnf`låújs tæ`cf`ls .................................................................................................... <26
=.<.<. @lrl`tjrïstf`ls mj mjsjopjcga ...................................................................... <<2
=.<.9. Loifjctj mj trlildga ..................................................................................... <<2
=.<. Fmjctfnf`låàa ml oìqufcl ....................................................................................... <<<
=.<.<. Rdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa ma pramuta.................................................................. <<<
=.<.9. Rdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa ma oatar ..................................................................... <<<
=.<.0. Autrls fmjctfnf`låújs....................................................................................... <<<
Mfojcsújs ejrlfs ..................................................................................................................... <<9
=.9. Rrfc`fplfs plréojtras tæ`cfàs (àcnfeurlåàa plmràa) ....................................... <<0
=.9.<. Mfojcsújs ejrlfs ............................................................................................. <<0
=.9.9. Rlréojtras mj mjsjopjcga ............................................................................ <<0
=.0. @lpl`fmlmj mj lilstj`fojcta ................................................................................ <<:
=.=. Jsqujol jdætrfà ..................................................................................................... <<>
=.:. Jsqujol gfmrìudfà ................................................................................................ <92
:. LRËCMF@J ....................................................................................................................... <9<
:.<. Dfstl mj pjåls plrl olcutjcåàa ................................................................................ <99
:.9. Rjrnfd ma narcj`fojcta mj pjåls mj rjpasfåàa ........................................................... <9=
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<. Pjeurlcål
Títulos relacionados <

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<.<. Lvfsas mj sjeurlcål j suls pasfåújs
L `lrrjelmjfrl àctæo lvfsas mj sjeurlcål. Nlvar djr j aijmj`jr l tamas as lvfsas. A
pasf`faclojcta mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål æ mjoacstrlma cls nfeurls.
@ufmj ijo mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål j suistftul lqujdjs quj jstfvjrjo mlcfnf`lmas au quj tjcglo
sfma pjrmfmas. @lsa prj`fsj suistftufr ldeuol pjål quj passul uo lvfsa mj sjeurlcål, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj
sadf`ftlr uo cava lvfsa plrl a àopacjctj.

Ztfdfzj uo plca ào ìeul j sliàa plrl dfoplr as lvfsas sukas8 æ prafifma uslr elsadfcl plrl dfopì-
das.
<.<.<. Rasf`faclojcta mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål
Títulos relacionados 9
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Nfeurl <-< Rasf`faclojcta mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål
As lvfsas sàa as sjeufctjs;

<”Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl ma irlåa mj 9”Càa jctrj cl ìrjl lrtfùdlml8 rfsà mj
jdjvlåàa j ml `låloil (Nfeurl <-9) jsolelojcta (Nfeurl <-0)
0”Càa lpraxfoj ls oàas mls plrtjs jo =”Rrjjc`gl a lctfàcejdlctj (Nfeurl <-:)
oavfojcta. (Nfeurl <-=)
:”Càa sj lpraxfoj ml oìqufcl, ltjcåàa >”Lvfsa mj sjeurlcål; rfsà mj `gaquj jdætrfà
ào l olr`gl â ræ. (Nfeurl <->) (Nfeurl <-5)
5”Lvfsa mj nrjclejo (Nfeurls <-7) 7”Mjsdfeuj a oatar j rjoavl l `glvj lctjs mj
rjldfzlr sjrvfåas mj olcutjcåàa. (Nfeurl <-6)
6”Djfl a Olculd mj Apjrlåàa j
Olcutjcåàa (Nfeurl <-<2)
<.<.9. Fcstruåújs mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål
Nfeurl <-9 Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl ma irlåa mj

jdjvlåàa j ml `låloil
Rjrfea; Olctjcgl-sj l uol mfstéc`fl sjeurl ml Nfeurl <-0 Càa jctrj cl ìrjl lrtfùdlml8 rfsà mj
oìqufcl. Rrafifma nf`lr cjstj da`ld jcqulcta a jsolelojcta.
irlåa mj jdjvlåàa jstì jo oavfojcta8 rfsà mj
Rjrfea; Càa æ pjroftfma nf`lr cjstj da`ld. Nlvar
njrfojctas erlvjs.
olctjr-sj l uol mfstéc`fl sjeurl ml oìqufcl. Yfsà mj
jsolelojcta j njrfojctas erlvjs.
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Nfeurl <-= Càa lpraxfoj ls oàas mls plrtjs

jo oavfojcta.
Nfeurl <-: Rrjjc`gl a lctfàcejdlctj
Rjrfea; Càa lirl au rjoavl l erlmj mj pratjåàa
jcqulcta a oatar jstfvjr dfelma. Lvfsa; Càa ofsturj ào a rjsnrflmar ma oatar8 fssa
pamj `luslr mlcas â oìqufcl.
Nfeurl <-5 Lvfsa mj sjeurlcål; rfsà mj `gaquj

jdætrfà
Nfeurls <-> Càa sj lpraxfoj ml oìqufcl, ùfmlma
ào l olr`gl â ræ Rjrfea; Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl ma `lia mj ldtl
vadtlejo murlctj apjrlåàa plrl prjvjcfr mlcas
Rjrfea; Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl sjeurl ml oìqufcl `luslmas par `gaquj jdætrfà.
plrl prjvjcfr njrfojctas `luslmas par olr`gl â ræ.
Títulos relacionados =
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Nfeurl <-7 Lvfsa mj nrjclejo
Nfeurl <-6 Mjsdfeuj a oatar j rjoavl l `glvj

Lvfsa; Càa apjrj l oìqufcl sj gauvjr a lvfsa
lctjs mj rjldfzlr sjrvfåas mj olcutjcåàa
mj prjssàa fcsunf`fjctj ma nrjfa l lr! Yfsà mj
l`fmjctjs. Lvfsa; Mjsdfeuj a oatar j rjoavl l `glvj
lctjs mj rjldfzlr sjrvfåas mj olcutjcåàa! Yfsà
mj l`fmjctjs mjvfma l apjrlåàa fcàrrjtl.
Nfeurls <-<2 Djfl a Olculd mj Apjrlåàa j

Olcutjcåàa
Lvfsa; Càa apjrj l oìqufcl sjo lctjs tjr dfma

j àoprjjcmfma a àctjûma mjstj olculd,
jspj`fldojctj jo rjdlåàa â sjeurlcål.
Títulos relacionados :
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<.<.0. Jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa
◁ Zo jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa mjvj jstlr prjsjctj

cl oìqufcl àoa prj`luåàa lmf`facld mj
Rasf`faclojcta
sjeurlcål.
ma jxtfctar mj
◁ Nlofdflrfzj-sj ào l narol mj usa ma jxtfctar fc`ëcmfa
mj fc`ëcmfa, fcspj`facj-a j rjldfzj
olcutjcåàa rjeudlrojctj j sfel ls fcstruåújs
cjdj àctfmls.
◁ L oìqufcl àctæo uo supartj plrl jxtfctar

mj ca oìxfoa =he ca pfsa ml `lifcj ltrìs ma
lssjcta jsqujrma. A jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa æ uo
Nfeurl <-<< Rasf`faclojcta ma jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa
l`jssðrfa lmf`facld j usuìrfas pamjo uslr
sjus prðprfas jxtfctarjs au lmqufrfr uo jo
cassl `jctrld mj plrtjs lmf`faclfs. (Nfeurl <-
<<)
Títulos relacionados >

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<.9. Fcnarolåújs ejrlfs mj sjeurlcål
<.9.<. Yjerls mj sjeurlcål
◁ Lpjcls pjssals trjfclmls pamjo apjrlr j rjldfzlr

olcutjcåàa cl oìqufcl.
◁ Càa apjrj l `lrrjelmjfrl sj càa sj sjctfr sjeura au

jstfvjr sai a jnjfta mj ojmf`lojctas au ìdàad.
Apjrlr l `lrrjelmjfrl jo àcmfåàa fclmjqulml mj
slûmj pamj l`lrrjtlr njrfojctas l va`ë au l autrls
pjssals.
◁ La trlildglr ào autrls pjssals, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj

quj àoprjjcmlo l dfceulejo ejstuld.
<.9.9. Jqufplojctas mj pratjåàa
◁ La apjrlr au rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa cl `lrrjelmjfrl,

utfdfzj jqufplojctas mj pratjåàa.
◁ La apjrlr au rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa ml `lrrjelmjfrl,

utfdfzj `lpl`jtj mj sjeurlcål njfta mj oltjrfld
rjsfstjctj, ðùdas mj pratjåàa, `ldålmas mj
sjeurlcål, àdjtj rjndjtfva, pratjtarjs lurfùdlrjs j Nfeurl <-<9
duvls. La rjoavjr dls`ls mj ojtld au dfoplr mjtrftas
ma nfdtra mj lr ào olrtjda au lr àoprfofma, utfdfzj
ðùdas mj pratjåàa, `lpl`jtj mj sjeurlcål j duvls
erassls. (Nfeurl <-<9)
◁ Càa usj raupls nadelmls, pafs pamjo sj jcras`lr

nl`fdojctj jo ldeuol ldlvlc`l au jo plrtjs
oðvjfs, `luslcma njrfojctas erlvjs au oartj.
◁ Càa utfdfzj raupls sukls mj ðdja, pafs pamjo

prava`lr fc`ëcmfas.
◁ Ztfdfzj ðùdas mj pratjåàa au oìs`lrl rjspfrltðrfl

jo da`lfs mj trlildga ào eìs clturld dfqujnjfta. Æ
fcmf`lma utfdfzlr raupls pratjtarls mj ldeamàa quj Nfeurl <-<0
sjklo mj nì`fd rjoaåàa j duvls mj fsadlojcta
tærofà. ^fstl `ldåls dacels quj ùirlo ls lijrturls
supjrfarjs mas `ldålmas j càa jcradj l ilrrl mls
`ldåls. Càa mjvjo glvjr prjeas mj ojtld cls sadls
mas slpltas, mj narol l prjvjcfr l`fmjctjs ào
dïqufmas mjrrlolmas. (Nfeurl <-<0)
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◁ ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa mas jqufplojctas mj

pratjåàa lctjs mj utfdfzl-das.
<.9.0. Rrjvjcåàa mj fc`ëcmfa
A àoiustïvjd j duirfnf`lctjs utfdfzlmas cl `lrrjelmjfrl

sàa oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs8 pjrfea la lpraxfolr l oìqufcl
mj naea.
◁ Olctjcgl àoiustïvjfs j duirfnf`lctjs mfstlctjs mj

naea. (Nfeurl <-<=) Nfeurl <-<=
◁ Rlrlnusj ls tlopls mj tlcqujs mj ðdja.
◁ Ztfdfzj rj`fpfjctjs mjolr`lmas plrl lrolzjclr

dïqufmas fcndloìvjfs j olctjcgl-as jo da`ld
lpraprflma. Æ prafifma a usa par pjssals càa
prjplrlmls.
◁ Mfstlc`fj oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs ml supjrnï`fj ml

`lrrjelmjfrl j elrlctl quj càa glkl cjcguo tj`fma
suka mj ðdja au oltjrfld fcndloìvjd jo sul
supjrnï`fj.
◁ Càa sadmj au pjrnurj `lcas àctjcma dïqufmas

fcndloìvjfs. Lctjs mj sadmlr au pjrnurlr `lcas,
utfdfzj dïqufmas càa-fcndloìvjfs plrl dfopì-das.
Nfeurl <-<:
◁ \ulcma l `lrrjelmjfrl jstfvjr jo nuc`faclojcta,
olctjcgl a jxlustar ma loartj`jmar mfstlctj mj
oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs, àoa erlol sj`l au nadgls mj
plpjd, par jxjopda. (Nfeurl <-<:)
◁ Jsàdgl a da`ld mj jstl`faclojcta ào ùfmlma j

olctjcgl ls plrtjs qujctjs ml `lrrjelmjfrl
mfstlctjs mj oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs.
◁ Rrjvfcl vlzlojctas mas `lcas j olceujfrls.

Puistftul `lcas j olceujfrls mlcfnf`lmas. Ztfdfzj
`lcas j olceujfrls quj tjcglo sfma àcsjrtlmas au
gfefjcfzlmas. (Nfeurl <-<>) Nfeurl <-<>
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◁ L iltjrfl pamj pramuzfr eìs jxpdasfva, partlcta càa

l lpraxfoj mj nuolål j `glols. Yjldfzj l
olcutjcåàa ml iltjrfl jstrftlojctj mj làrma ào
a Olculd mj Apjrlåàa.
◁ La vjrfnf`lr ìrjls jsùrls, càa utfdfzj naea plrl

Nfeurl <-<5
fduofcì-dls. (Nfeurl <-<5)
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<.9.=. Jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa j jstaka mj

prfojfras saàrras
Pfel as plssas mas ftjcs l sjeufr jo `lsa mj njrfojcta au

fc`ëcmfa.
◁ â`ë mjvj tjr uo jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa j slijr àoa

usì-da,
◁ Mjvj glvjr uo jstaka mj prfojfras saàrras ca da`ld Nfeurl <-<7

mj trlildga. Yjcavj sjoprj as ojmf`lojctas ma
jstaka mj prfojfras saàrras. (Nfeurl <-<7)
◁ Pjoprj tjcgl cûojras mj jojreëc`fl jo uo da`ld

fctuftfva, j elrlctl quj tamas slfilo as cûojras j
as oætamas mj àoucf`låàa.
◁ Plfil àoa sldvlr l sf ojsoa jo `lsa mj fc`ëcmfa

au mj njrfojcta.
Títulos relacionados <2

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<.9.:. Pjeurlcål àctrl fc`ëcmfa
Pj sul oìqufcl pjelr naea, l sul sjeurlcål j l mj autrls pjssals la rjmar sàa prfarfmlmj. Ls ojmfmls
l sjeufr mjvjo sjr taolmls lpjcls sj càa àda`lr l sul vfml j l mj autrls pjssals jo rfsà. Lvldfj a
rfsà mj njrfojctas pjssalfs l tama oaojcta j olctjcgl mfstéc`fl sjeurl ml oìqufcl la sj sjctfr jo
pjrfea.
 Pj càa pumjr nlzjr olfs clml, mjsdfeuj l oìqufcl lctjs mj slfr.

 Mfstlc`fj l oìqufcl mj oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs, àoa pastas mj lilstj`fojcta, àcstruåújs,
mjpðsftas mj dfxa j iasqujs.
 Lilfxj tamas as fcstruojctas j mjsdfeuj a oatar lssfo quj passïvjd. Pj a oatar lfcml jstfvjr
dfelma, àctfculrì l `luslr fc`ëcmfa. A mlca l quldqujr olceujfrl àcj`tlml la oatar au â
iaoil pamj `luslr fc`ëcmfa.
 Pj passïvjd, mjsdfeuj a mfskuctar ml iltjrfl. Mjsdfelr l iltjrfl jdfofclrì l nactj mj fecfåàa jo `lsa
mj ùrta-`frùfta jdætrfà. Pj l nflåàa jdætrf`l jstfvjr mlcfnf`lml ijda naea j gauvjr ùrta-`frùfta,
mjsdfelr l iltjrfl jdfofclrì l nactj sjùcmìrfl mj fecfåàa.
 Fcnaroj ls jqufpjs mj jojreëc`fl sairj a fc`ëcmfa j sul da`ldfzlåàa.
 Ztfdfzj a jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa ml `lifcj ml sjeufctj olcjfrl;
＇<＆ Yjoavl a sjda mj sjeurlcål8
＇9＆ Ofrj a ia`ld plrl l ilsj mls `glols8
＇0＆ Rrjssfacj l ldlvlc`l plrl dfijrlr a lejctj jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa8
＇=＆ Nlål oavfojctas mj vlrrjr ào a klta cl ilsj mls `glols ltæ quj a naea tjcgl sfma
jxtfcta.
 Pj l `glol jstfvjr narl mj àctradj, prjstj ltjcåàa las sjeufctjs rfsàs;

＇<＆ As pcjus lprjsjctlo rfsà mj jxpdasàa la sjrjo qujfolmas8
＇9＆ Zol jxpdasàa pamj dlcålr nrleojctas qujctjs j mjtrftas l uol erlcmj mfstéc`fl8
＇0＆ A tlcquj mj ðdja, lùoudlmar, olceujfrls j suls kuctls pamjo jxpdamfr jo uo fc`ëcmfa,
dlcålcma àoiustïvjd j mjtrftas l uol erlcmj mfstéc`fl.
＇=＆ Djoirj-sj mj quj qulsj tamas as ndufmas cl oìqufcl sàa fcndloìvjfs, fc`dufcma a ndufma
mj rjnrfejrlåàa j a ðdja gfmrìudfà. Rdìstfàs, iarrl`gl, tj`fmas j l rjsfcl cas væus mj
vfmra tloiæo sàa fcndloìvjfs
Títulos relacionados <<

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<.0. Apjrlåàa sjeurl
<.0.<. @acgjål ijo sul oìqufcl
◁ Lpjcls a tæ`cfà lutarfzlma pamj apjrlr j rjldfzlr

olcutjcåàa cl `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ La apjrlr au rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa cl oìqufcl, aijmjål l

tamas as rjeudlojctas j lvfsas mj sjeurlcål.
Djfl a Olculd mj Apjrlåàa ml `lrrjelmjfrl, jstumj sul

jstruturl, olcutjcåàa j apjrlåàa j nlofdflrfzj-sj ào tamas
sjus iatújs, ldlvlc`ls j ojmfmarjs. (Nfeurl <-<6)
Nfeurl <-<6
◁ La fcstldlr j utfdfzlr uo l`jssðrfa, djfl sju rjspj`tfva olculd.
Càa utfdfzj l`jssðrfas càa lutarfzlmas pjdl Wuzgau @acstru`tfac Ol`gfcjry Eraup
Fc`. au sjus rjvjcmjmarjs. L`jssðrfas càa lutarfzlmas pamjo `luslr sftulåújs mj
rfsà j fctjrnjrfr jo sul apjrlåàa. L Wuzgau @acstru`tfac Ol`gfcjry Eraup Fc`.
Lvfsa càa sj rjspacslifdfzl par mlcas j l`fmjctjs `luslmas pjda usa mj l`jssðrfas càa
lutarfzlmas.
◁ @aoprjjcml tamas as rjeudlojctas mj apjrlåàa j jstumj

tamas as sfclfs utfdfzlmas ca pra`jssa mj trlildga. Pj gauvjr
ðdja ca da`ld mj sjrvfåa, dfopj-a fojmfltlojctj plrl fopjmfr
mjrrlplejo. (Nfeurl <-92)
Nfeurl <-92
◁ ^jrfnfquj tamas as sfstjols lctjs j lpðs apjrlåàa ml oìqufcl.

^jrfnfquj lfcml sj tamas as oætamas mj pratjåàa j sjeurlcål
narlo lpdf`lmas. ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa mj mjselstj mj tamas as
pcjus j sj l prjssàa mj lr jstì carold. Rlcjs j l`fmjctjs
pamjo aàrrjr sj vlzlojctas mj ðdja au ìeul, mjnarolåújs,
nadels au sacs lcarolfs narjo fecarlmas. Rartlcta, vjrfnfquj
ls àcmfåújs ml `lrrjelmjfrl ào nrjquëc`fl. (Nfeurl <-9<)
Nfeurl <-9<

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I. Rrjvfcl-sj àctrl jsolelojcta au àrtjs
◁ Cjcguol plrtj ma sju àrpa mjvj jctrlr cl ìrjl mj apjrlåàa

mj plrtjs jo oavfojcta ml `lrrjelmjfrl. Kuctlojctj ào a
oavfojcta ma jqufplojcta jo apjrlåàa, a jsplåa jctrj
mfspasftfvas lrtfùdlmas pamj luojctlr au mfofcufr, j
Nfeurl <-99
lpraxfolr-sj mjssls ìrjls pamj rjsudtlr jo njrfojctas. Pj nar
cj`jssìrfa jctrlr ca jsplåa jctrj plrtjs jo oafojcta,
prfojfrlojctj mjsdfeuj a oatar j trlcquj a jqufplojcta.
(Nfeurl <-99)
◁ Lpafj l `lrrjelmjfrl mj narol sjeurl j nfroj qulcma nar

cj`jssìrfa trlildglr sai l oìqufcl. Càa utfdfzj a `fdfcmra àoa
lpafa plrl l `lrrjelmjfrl. L`jssðrfas pamjo `lfr sj a
mfspasftfva mj àctradj sj oavjr au `lcas vlzlrjo ðdja.
◁ Càa nlål cjcguo lkustj jcqulcta l `lrrjelmjfrl au a oatar

jstfvjrjo jo nuc`faclojcta.
◁ Mfstlc`fj-sj mj tamls ls plrtjs ratltfvls au jo Nfeurl <-90

nuc`faclojcta. (Nfeurl <-90)
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj càa gì mjtrftas cls déofcls ma ldtjrclmar.

Ls déofcls efrltðrfls ma ldtjrclmar pamjo jkjtlr au trfturlr
mjtrftas.
◁ Jvftj vjrfnf`lr a oatar jcqulcta jdj jstì dfelma, æ pjrfeasa.
<.0.9. Mlr plrtfml ào sjeurlcål
L. ^jstfojctls ma oatarfstl
A oatarfstl mjvj sjdj`faclr as jqufplojctas mj sjeurlcål

lmjqulmas mjpjcmjcma mls cj`jssfmlmjs ml apjrlåàa. Rar
jxjopda, a oatarfstl mjvj utfdfzlr `lpl`jtj mj sjeurlcål, raupls
mj trlildga ào olcels jcàdgfmls j lijrturls cls pjrcls, slpltas
mj sjeurlcål, ðùdas pratjtarjs, duvls j oìs`lrl. (Nfeurl <-9=)
Nfeurl <-9=
I. ^jrfnfquj a da`ld mj trlildga lctjs mj mlr l plrtfml cl

oìqufcl (Nfeurl <-9:)
◁ ^jrfnfquj a da`ld mj trlildga lctjs mj mlr l plrtfml cl oìqufcl.

]jcgl `lutjdl ào àcmfåújs lcarolfs quj passlo `luslr
l`fmjctjs pjrfeasas.
Nfeurl <-9:

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◁ ^jrfnfquj ls àcmfåújs mj tjrrjca j sada ma da`ld j mjtjrofcj

a oama olfs sjeura mj apjrlr l oìqufcl.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj a tjrrjca jstjkl cfvjdlma j sðdfma lctjs mj

mlr l plrtfml. @lsa a da`ld sjkl lrjcasa, iarrfnj ìeul ca sada
lctjs mj apjrlr.
◁ @lsa rjldfzj apjrlåújs jo ruls j lvjcfmls, ldeuæo mjvjrì sjr

rjspacsìvjd par àarmjclr a trìnjea ma da`ld j mj àda`lr
sfcldfzlmarjs fcmf`lcma l plsslejo prafifml.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj glkl vjctfdlåàa lmjqulml plrl jvftlr

fctaxf`låàa par elsjs mj jxlustàa.
◁ Ramj glvjr tuiudlåújs mj ìeul j eìs j `lias jdætrfàs

jctjrrlmas sai a sada8 mjtjrofcj sul da`ldfzlåàa jxltl j jvftj
mlcfnf`ì-das.
◁ Lctjs mj apjrlr jo ìeul rlsl au plsslr par uo ilcà

lrjcasa, fcspj`facj a sada sai l ìeul, a cïvjd mj ìeul j l
vjda`fmlmj mj nduxa. Càa pjroftl quj a jfxa oatrfz jctrj jo
àctlta ào l ìeul. Dfopj l oìqufcl j vjrfnfquj ls jctrlmls
mj duirfnf`låàa lpðs l apjrlåàa.
@. ^jrfnfquj l `lrrjelmjfrl lctjs mj mlr l plrtfml
^jrfnfquj l `lrrjelmjfrl ca fcï`fa mj `lml mfl mj apjrlåàa j rjldfzj

sjoprj olcutjcåàa mfìrfl. ]rltj àcmfåújs lcarolfs sjrflojctj,
àcsjrtj plcjs fojmfltlojctj j fcnaroj l lmofcfstrlåàa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj gì vlzlojctas mj ðdja au ìeul, plrlnusas sadtas,

ruïmas lcarolfs au pjåls mlcfnf`lmls.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj l ilrrl mj idaqujfa jstì sadtl. Nfeurl <-9>
◁ Dfopj ls klcjdls ml `lifcj j tamls ls déoplmls plrl tjr ial
vfsfifdfmlmj.
◁ Rlrl uol ial vfsfifdfmlmj, pasf`facj as jspjdgas rjtravfsarjs
jo éceuda lpraprflma. Puistftul a vfmra lvlrflma ma jspjdga
rjtravfsar. Nfeurj <-9>)
Títulos relacionados <=

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M. Jctrj j slfl ma vjïùda
◁ Fcspj`facj l js`lml j a àrrfoàa lctjs j mjpafs mj jctrlr au slfr

ml `lrrjelmjfrl. Dfopj quldqujr vjstïefa mj ðdja, duirfnf`lctj j
sukjfrl quj gauvjr cl js`lml au ca àrrfoàa.
◁ Càa pudj plrl mjctra au plrl narl ml `lrrjelmjfrl. Cuc`l jctrj au
slfl ml `lrrjelmjfrl jcqulcta jdl jstfvjr jo oavfojcta. (Nfeurl
<-95)
◁ La jctrlr au slfr ml `lrrjelmjfrl, nfquj mj nrjctj plrl jdl, sjeurj a Nfeurl <-95
àrrfoàa j pfsj cl js`lml, elrlctfcma jstlifdfmlmj la àrpa.
◁ Càa sj sjeurj jo cjcguol ldlvlc`l mj àctradj plrl jctrlr au slfr
ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Càa jctrj au slfl ml `lrrjelmjfrl pjdl js`lml trlsjfrl au pjdas
pcjus.
◁ Càa jctrj au slfl ml `lrrjelmjfrl `lrrjelcma njrrlojctls au
autras oltjrflfs8 utfdfzj àrmls plrl jreuë-das.
J. \ulcma a apjrlmar slf ma lssjcta
◁ \ulcma a apjrlmar slfr ma lssjcta, puxj l trlc`l ma oatarfstl plrl

ilfxa plrl jvftlr quj a mfspasftfva sj oavl, kì quj jcàstlr par
l`lsa cl olcfvjdl mj apjrlåàa pamj `luslr l`fmjctj.
◁ Lctjs mj slfr ml oìqufcl, puxj l ldlvlc`l ma nrjfa mj oàa plrl
ltfvlr a nrjfa, àdaquj tamas as kaystf`hs jo pasfåàa cjutrl,
mjsdfeuj a oatar j trlcquj tamas as mfspasftfvas ào `glvj.
Pjoprj djvj l `glvj àcsfea.
Mjvj-sj taolr ùfmlma jspj`fld la nf`lr jo pæ au lcmlr cls pdltlnarols mas

mafs dlmas ml `lifcj. Pjeurj a àrrfoàa plrl jvftlr qujmls.
Càa mjfxj pjåls au njrrlojctls prðxfols mas jdjojctas mj apjrlåàa ml

`lifcj!
L]JCÅÀA
Fssa parquj pamj glvjr vfirlåàa murlctj l apjrlåàa j pjåls au njrrlojctls
pamjo mlcfnf`lr as jdjojctas mj apjrlåàa au fctjrruptarjs, au lfcml `luslr
oì-apjrlåàa au oavfojcta ma pjmld j `luslr l`fmjctjs.
Títulos relacionados <:

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N. Më plrtfml
◁ Lctjs mj jctrlr cl `lrrjelmjfrl, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj cfceuæo jctrj

au nfquj jo vadtl ma vjïùda. Rjål quj pjssals càa jcvadvfmls cl
apjrlåàa sj mfstlc`fjo ml `lrrjelmjfrl lctjs mj mlr plrtfml.
◁ Càa më plrtfml sj l ldlvlc`l mj àctradj jstfvjr ào a lvfsa —sjo
apjrlåàa‟.
◁ Rrfojfrlojctj, sjctj-sj ca lssjcta j lkustj-a ltæ quj jstjkl Nfeurl <-97
àcnartìvjd. @adaquj a `fcta mj sjeurlcål.
◁ Paj l iuzfcl plrl djoirlr ls pjssals la rjmar quj mjvjo sj
mfstlc`flr. (Nfeurl <-97)
◁ Dfeuj a oatar mj làrma ào a Olculd mj Apjrlåàa.
◁ A oatar mjvj sjr dfelma lpjcls ào a apjrlmar cl `lifcj. Dfelr a
oatar par ojfa mj ùrta-`frùfta æ prafifma j pamj `luslr mlcas
la sfstjol jdætrfà, ldæo mj sjr uol apjrlåàa pjrfeasl.
◁ Yjnfrl-sj la Olculd ma Apjrlmar lctjs mj uslr a mfspasftfva mj
plrtfml l nrfa ào ætjr. ]jcgl ùfmlma, pafs ætjr æ fcndloìvjd j
pamj `luslr fc`ëcmfa.
◁ Æ prafifma uslr ætjr sj gauvjr rjdæ mj præ-lquj`fojcta
fcstldlma ca oatar.
@jrtfnfquj-sj quj a `lia ndjxïvjd mj plrlml jstjkl ca duelr lctjs mj dfelr a

L]JCÅÀA oatar, ma àctrìrfa, a fctjrruptar ojstrj mj jcjrefl sjrì mlcfnf`lma!
E. ^jrfnf`låàa lpðs dfelr l `lrrjelmjfrl
Fcspj`facj l oìqufcl mj làrma ào as ftjcs l sjeufr lpðs mlr

plrtfml cl `lrrjelmjfrl j lctjs mj fcf`flr l apjrlåàa. (Nfeurl <-96)
◁ Pj gauvjr sacs au vfirlåújs lcarolfs murlctj a nuc`faclojcta ma
oatar, sfecfnf`l quj gì praidjols ào l `lrrjelmjfrl quj mjvjo
sjr rjsadvfmas j rjpartlmas.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a àctradj mj vjda`fmlmj ma oatar cl àcmfåàa mj pacta
Nfeurl <-96
oarta.
◁ Rrjstj ltjcåàa jo tamas as ojmfmarjs, mfspasftfvas j déoplmls mj
lvfsa8 `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj nuc`faclo caroldojctj j jstjklo
rjeudlmls.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj a nrjfa mj oàa jstì sadta.
◁ ]jstj tamls ls ldlvlc`ls mj apjrlåàa j sj jstàa ndjxïvjfs.
◁ ]jstj l ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa plrl slijr sj l jcerjclejo jstì cl
pasfåàa àrrjtl.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a pjmld mj nrjfa j a mj l`jdjrlåàa, j tloiæo sj a vadlctj
nuc`facl àrrjtlojctj ào l vjda`fmlmj ilfxl.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj a ldlroj mj ræ nuc`facl.
Títulos relacionados <>

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<.0.0. Mfrjåàa sjeurl
L. Elrlctl l sul sjeurlcål j l mj autras
◁ Olctjcgl a gìifta mj elrlctfr l sjeurlcål.

◁ Paj l iuzfcl lctjs mj mlr plrtfml cl `lrrjelmjfrl, j dfeuj a oatar lpjcls
lpðs àcnfrolåàa mj quj tuma jstì carold.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj càa gì pjssals au aistìùdas prðxfoas ml
`lrrjelmjfrl. (Nfeurl <-02)
Nfeurl <-02
◁ Càa jstfquj as irlåas j pjrcls plrl narl ml `lifcj8 fssa pamj

`luslr njrfojctas. Càa àdaquj oàas au pæs jo lplrjdgas mj
apjrlåàa. (Nfeurl <-0<)
Nfeurl <-0<
◁ Naquj tatldojctj cl apjrlåàa, pafs cjedfeëc`fl oaojctécjl pamj djvlr

l trleæmfls. Rrjstj ltjcåàa âs pjssals la rjmar j saj l iuzfcl plrl ldjrtì-
dls. (Nfeurl <-09)
Nfeurl <-09
◁ Càa mfrfkl l `lrrjelmjfrl ào ls partls j klcjdls lijrtls8 partls j klcjdls

nfxls càa sàa rjstrfcefmls par jssl rjerl. (Nfeurl <-00)
Nfeurl <-00

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◁ L nucåàa ml `lrrjelmjfrl càa æ a trlcspartj guolca, partlcta æ prafifma

mlr `lracl.
◁ Æ jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasa uslr l `låloil plrl `lrrjelr pjssals au àoa
pdltlnarol. (Nfeurl <-0=)
Nfeurl <-0=
I. Mfrjåàa cl jstrlml
◁ Oj`lcfsoas da`ldfzlmas cl mflctjfrl pamjo aistrufr a `lopa mj vfsàa

ma apjrlmar. \ulcma l `låloil jstfvjr `gjfl, a pjsa æ àc`jctrlma cas
pcjus ml nrjctj, partlcta àcsfmjrj l jstlifdfmlmj la mfrfefr jo uol
jstrlml. (Nfeurl <-0:)
◁ Cæval, nudfejo j lrjfl pamjo aistrufr a `lopa mj vfsàa ma apjrlmar.
◁ Lvldfj a da`ld mj trlildga prjvflojctj, aisjrvj l àcmfåàa ml jstrlml, Nfeurl <-0:
olctjcgl-sj vfefdlctj àctrl aistìùdas, dama, cjvj j iurlàs.
◁ Aijmjål âs djfs mj trécsfta la mfrfefr l `lrrjelmjfrl jo vfl pûidf`l, càa
`lusj jcelrrlnlojctas j ltrlvjssj `ruzlojctas mj narol ìefd.
◁ Mfrfkl àrrjtlojctj jo vfls pûidf`ls, olctjcgl mfstéc`fl mj autras
vjïùdas.
◁ Lctjs mj mfrfefr jo ramavfls au vfls pûidf`ls, djfl a Olculd ma
Apjrlmar j aijmjål âs djfs mj trécsfta da`lfs. Càa `lusj
jcelrrlnlojctas j ltrlvjssj `ruzlojctas mj narol ìefd. ( Nfeurl <-0>)
◁ @aoprjjcml tamas as rjeudlojctas j sfclfs8 a apjrlmar mjvj
àoprjjcmjr rlpfmlojctj a sfecfnf`lma mj tamas as sfclfs.
Nfeurl <-0>
Nrjclejcs jojrejc`flfs pamjo `luslr djsújs!
RJYFEA Æ oufta pjrfeasa tra`lr jctrj l olr`gl â nrjctj j â ræ jcqulcta l

`lrrjelmjfrl jstfvjr jo ldtl vjda`fmlmj.
@. ]rlcspartj ào `lrel ldtl
◁ Æ pjrfeasa mfrfefr l `lrrjelmjfrl ào l `låloil jreufml j `gjfl. La

trlcspartlr `lrel, jsàdgl uol vjda`fmlmj lpraprflml j olctjcgl l
`låloil mfstlctj ma `gàa (:22~>22oo) plrl quj a `jctra mj erlvfmlmj
ml `lrrjelmjfrl sjkl olfs ilfxa, elrlctfcma olfar jstlifdfmlmj. (Nfeurl
<-05)
Nfeurl <-05

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◁ L `lrel càa mjvj jx`jmjr a dfoftj fopasta. Jvftj sairj`lrel. L W@OE

@acstru`tfac Ol`gfcjry @a., Dtm. càa sj rjspacslifdfzl par njrfojctas
au mlcas `luslmas l pjssals au oìqufcls mjvfma l sairj`lrel. (Nfeurl
<-07)
Nfeurl <-07
◁ Jvftj mfrjåàa lprjsslml, nrjclejo mj jojreëc`fl, vfrlr lprjsslmlojctj

au rjldfzlr udtrlplsslejcs la trlcspartlr `lrel. Æ lrrfs`lma apjrlr a
jqufplojcta fopudsfvlojctj. Låújs fopudsfvls ào a lplrjdga pamjo
lrrjojsslr l `lrel au taoilr l `lrrjelmjfrl. ( Nfeurl <-06)
Nfeurl <-06
M. Æ prafifma udtrlplsslr a dfoftj mj vjda`fmlmj
◁ Nlofdflrfzj-sj ào a mjsjopjcga ml `lrrjelmjfrl j jsàdgl l

vjda`fmlmj lpraprflml la oaojcta. Mjtjrofcj l ratl j a oætama mj
apjrlåàa olfs lmjqulmas j fcnaroj-as las àdliarlmarjs. ( Nfeurl <-
=2)
Nfeurl <-=2
◁ Mfrfkl l `lrrjelmjfrl djctlojctj plrl lssjeurlr sju àctradj.

◁ Mfrjåàa vjdaz, oumlcål irus`l mj mfrjåàa j nrjclejo jojrejc`fld sàa
prafifmas la apjrlr l `lrrjelmjfrl jo jstrlml frrjeudlr au mj`dfvj.
◁ Æ mfnï`fd àctradlr a vadlctj la apjrlr l `lrrjelmjfrl jo tjrrjca
mjscfvjdlma au jsiurl`lma, partlcta mjvj-sj taolr ùfmlma plrl jvftlr
taoilojcta. (Nfeurl <-=<)
Nfeurl <-=<
◁ Apjrj `lutjdaslojctj j càa vfrj l `lrrjelmjfrl la mfrfefr jo ldtl

vjda`fmlmj. (Nfeurl <-=9)
Nfeurl <-=9

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J. Olctjcgl ial vfsfifdfmlmj

◁ Mjvj-sj rjmuzfr l vjda`fmlmj jo sftulåújs mj vfsfifdfmlmj dfoftlml. Paj
l iuzfcl plrl ldjrtlr pjssals la rjmar j jvftlr apjrlåújs fcjspjrlmls.
(Nfeurl <-=0)
◁ ]jopa rufo, àoa vjcta lrjcasa, cæval jspjssl j `guvl nartj pamjo
pfarlr au lcudlr l vfsfifdfmlmj, partlcta rjmuzl l vjda`fmlmj j saj l
iuzfcl.
Nfeurl <-=0
◁ La `lrrjelr aikjtas erlcmjs, taoj ùfmlma la jreuë-das, oavfojctlr l

oìqufcl au tra`lr mj olr`gl. Lssjeurj-sj mj quj cfceuæo jctrj cl ìrjl
mj apjrlåàa8 uo eufl æ cj`jssìrfa. (Nfeurl <-==)
Nfeurl <-==
◁ Ramjo aàrrjr jquïvaàs sairj ls mfstéc`fls j a tjrrjca murlctj l caftj,

partlcta olctjcgl vjda`fmlmj lpraprflml plrl l fduofclåàa la rjmar.
◁ L`jcml ls duzjs mflctjfrls j supjrfarjs la trlildglr murlctj l caftj.
(Nfeurl <-=:)
Nfeurl <-=:
N. Aistìùdas
◁ La plsslr par da`ld ào ouftas aistìùdas, àoa tjdglmas j sl`lmls,

tjcgl `lutjdl plrl càa àdfmfr ào tlfs aistìùdas.
◁ Yjmuzl l vjda`fmlmj la mfrfefr jo da`lfs mj ìrjl dfoftlml. @jrtfnfquj-sj
mj quj càa gì aistìùdas la rjmar.
◁ Apjrj l oìqufcl ào ùfmlma jo jstrlmls jo oìs àcmfåújs, j jvftj l
pjrml mj jstlifdfmlmj. Nfeurl <-=>
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E. Mfrjåàa sai àcmfåújs sjvjrls
◁ Càa trlildgj sazfcga jo da`lfs pjrfeasas. Aisjrvj l àcmfåàa mj

jstrlmls, rjsfstëc`fl mj pactjs j tapaerlnfl ma da`ld mj trlildga
prjvflojctj. (Nfeurl <-=5)
◁ Rrjstj ltjcåàa l lnucmlojcta mas pcjus j mjsjopjcga mas nrjfas la
mfrfefr jo péctlcas j tjrrjcas fcstìvjfs.
Nfeurl <-=5
◁ Càa pjroftl quj a nucma ma jfxa mj mfrjåàa jctrj jo àctlta ào ìeul
la trlildglr jo da`lfs plctlcasas au ào ìeul rlsl.
◁ Jvftj apjrlr oufta prðxfoa l ijfrlfs j vldls nucmls. Gì a rfsà mj a
pjsa j ls vfirlåújs ml oìqufcl nlzjrjo a sada àdlpslr, `luslcma a
taoilojcta ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ La apjrlr jo da`lfs pjrfeasas ào a rfsà mj mjsoaraclojcta mj
pjmrls au taoilojcta, dfeuj as mfspasftfvas mj pratjåàa
(NARP&YARP).
◁ La apjrlr àctfculojctj jo tjopa `guvasa, l àcmfåàa mj trlildga
pamj sjr ldtjrlml mjvfma â `guvl, partlcta, sjkl `lutjdasa. La trlildglr
jo da`ld acmj tjcgl aàrrfma tjrrjoata au jxpdasàa, sjkl lfcml olfs
ùfmlmasa.
◁ La apjrlr jo tjrrjca ào cjvj, rjmuzl a vaduoj mj `lrel j taoj
ùfmlma ào mjrrlplejcs.
◁ Mfrfefr mj dlma au vfrlr l mfrjåàa jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma æ mj erlcmj rfsà,
Nfeurl <-=7
càa tjctj apjrlr mjstl narol. (Nfeurl <-=7)
G. Mfrjåàa jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma
◁ Càa oumj mj mfrjåàa jo uo tjrrjca fc`dfclma. L oumlcål mj mfrjåàa

sð pamj aàrrjr jo tjrrjca pdlca. Yjmuzl l vjda`fmlmj j a éceuda mj
vfrlml la apjrlr ca tapa mj dlmjfrls, rlopls j tjrrjcas fc`dfclmas.
(Nfeurl <-=6)
◁ Æ prjnjrïvjd plsslr par dlmjfrls ma quj par ijàs au `ldålmls.
◁ Pjdj`facj l olr`gl lpraprflml lctjs mj plsslr par uo mj`dfvj, j càa Nfeurl <-=6
oumj l vjda`fmlmj murlctj l mjs`fml.
◁ A `jctra mj erlvfmlmj ml `lrrjelmjfrl jstlrì àc`jctrlma cls ramls
mflctjfrls au trlsjfrls la mfrfefr jo da`ld fc`dfclma, partlcta mjvj-sj tjr
olfs ùfmlma j jvftlr nrjclejcs mj jojreëc`fl.
◁ La mfrfefr jo dlmjfrls, rlopls j jcàstls, olctjcgl l `låloil prðxfol
la sada l uol mfstéc`fl mj 92-02ò ma `gàa. Jo `lsa mj jojreëc`fl,
sadtj l `låloil ca `gàa plrl luxfdflr l `lrrjelmjfrl l plrlr j jvftlr quj
taoij.
◁ La mfrfefr jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma ào `lrel `gjfl (Nfeurl <-:2)
▰ Zsj l <ª olr`gl.
Nfeurl <-:2
▰ Olctjcgl l `lrrjelmjfrl mj nrjctj la mfrfefr jo l`dfvjs j mj ræ
la mfrfefr jo mj`dfvj.
▰ Càa efrj a vadlctj.
Títulos relacionados 9<

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◁ Pj nar cj`jssìrfa nrjlr ào l `lrrjelmjfrl jo uo mj`dfvj, pfsj ca pjmld

mj nrjfa sjo mjsdfelr a lplrjdga. Càa àdaquj l oìqufcl jo pacta-
oarta. Pj l vjda`fmlmj udtrlplsslr a dfoftj, pfsj ca pjmld ma nrjfa plrl
rjmuzfr l vjda`fmlmj.
◁ Pj a oatar plrlr mj nuc`faclr ào l `lrrjelmjfrl jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma,
pfsj ca nrjfa ltæ a nucma j sadtj l `låloil ca `gàa, j jctàa ltfvj a nrjfa
mj oàa plrl jstlifdfzlr l `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Pj l fc`dfclåàa ma tjrrjca nar ojcar quj <:², rjpftl as plssas
Nfeurl <-:<
l`fol j àdaquj ls ldlvlc`ls apjrl`faclfs cl pasfåàa cjutrl, j
jctàa dfeuj a oatar cavlojctj. (Nfeurl <-:<)
F. Ltjcåàa la vfrlr l `lrrjelmjfrl
Rlrl jvftlr l`fmjctjs, lfcml quj l `lrrjelmjfrl jstjkl jqufplml ào

ldlroj mj ræ j jspjdgas rjtravfsarjs, æ cj`jssìrfa aijmj`jr âs rjerls l
sjeufr lctjs mj oavjr l oìqufcl j a jqufplojcta jo nuc`faclojcta.
◁ Paj l iuzfcl plrl djoirlr ls pjssals la rjmar quj mjvjo sj mfstlc`flr.

◁ Elrlctl quj cfceuæo jstjkl la rjmar ml `lrrjelmjfrl. ^jrfnfquj
prfc`fpldojctj l ìrjl ltrìs ml `lrrjelmjfrl, quj æ uol da`ld càa vfsïvjd
ml pasfåàa ma apjrlmar. (Nfeurl <-:9) Nfeurl <-:9
◁ Mjvj glvjr ldeuæo jc`lrrjelma mj euflr a trlcspartj jo apjrlåújs jo
da`lfs pjrfeasas au ào pau`l vfsfifdfmlmj.
◁ Cfceuæo mjvj jctrlr cl ìrjl mj apjrlåàa au mj olcairl sjo
lutarfzlåàa.
◁ Càa ldtjrj l mfrjåàa jcqulcta l `lrrjelmjfrl jstfvjr jo ldtl
vjda`fmlmj.
<.0.=. Pjeurlcål
L. Olctjcgl iacs gìiftas mj apjrlåàa
◁ La apjrlr l `lrrjelmjfrl, a apjrlmar mjvj sjctlr-sj ca lssjcta j

utfdfzlr a `fcta mj sjeurlcål. L `lrrjelmjfrl mjvj jstlr sjoprj jo
àcmfåàa àctradìvjd. (Nfeurl <-:0)
Nfeurl <-:0
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◁ A usa mls ldlvlc`ls mjvj sjr sjoprj àrrjta. (Nfeurl <-:=)
Nfeurl <-:=
◁ @acsjrtj mjnjftas fojmfltlojctj j prjstj ltjcåàa jo sacs lcarolfs

plrl àoprjjcmjr a oatfva ma praidjol. Càa àcsjrtj pjåls jo
apjrlåàa. (Nfeurl <-::)
Nfeurl <-::
Æ jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasa apjrlr ào sairj`lrel8 fssa pamj `luslr mlcas

RJYFEA oj`écfàs au njrfojctas!
◁ A pjsa `lrrjelma càa mjvj udtrlplsslr as vldarjs jspj`fnf`lmas jo

—jspj`fnf`låújs mj `lrel‟ fcmf`lmas cl jtfqujtl ml oìqufcl. Apjrlåújs
ào sairj`lrel sàa jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasls j pamjo djvlr ls ramls
trlsjfrls l sj jreujrjo ma `gàa au `luslr a taoilojcta ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
Rartlcta, vjrfnfquj a pjsa ml `lrel plrl jvftlr sairj`lrel. L W@OE
@acstru`tfac Ol`gfcjry @a., Dtm. càa sj rjspacslifdfzl par mjnjftas
oj`écfàs au njrfojctas `luslmas par apjrlåújs ào sairj`lrel.
Nfeurl <-:>
(Nfeurl <-:>)
◁ @adfsàa jo ldtl vjda`fmlmj djvlrì â oartj. L mfrjåàa jo ldtl vjda`fmlmj
pamj càa sð mlcfnf`lr l `lrrjelmjfrl, àoa lfcml njrfr a apjrlmar. Cuc`l
mfrfkl jo ldtl vjda`fmlmj. (Nfeurl <-:5)
Nfeurl <-:5
◁ L `lrrjelmjfrl mjvj jstlr ldfcglml vjrtf`ldojctj ào a oltjrfld l sjr

`lrrjelma. L `lrrjelmjfrl pamj pjrmjr a jqufdïirfa la apjrlr jo mfrjåàa
aidïqul â `lrel. (Nfeurl <-:7)
◁ ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa ma da`ld mj trlildga lctjs mj mlr l plrtfml cl
oìqufcl.
◁ ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa ma sada lctjs mj ltrlvjsslr tûcjfs au pactjs.
Nfeurl <-:7
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◁ La trlildglr jo àcmfåàa mj oufta vjcta, apjrj l `lrrjelmjfrl l nlvar

ma vjcta.
◁ ]jcgl ùfmlma la prj`fslr jreujr l `lrel la oìxfoa. Fssa æ pjrfeasa
par tfrlr a jqufdïirfa ml `lrrjelmjfrl, partlcta oavl l oìqufcl
djctlojctj j sjkl `lutjdasa la fc`dfclr l `låloil plrl l nrjctj. ( Nfeurl
<-:6)
Nfeurl <-:6
◁ \ulcma gauvjr `lofcgàa trlildglcma àckuctlojctj ào l

`lrrjelmjfrl, jvftj àdfsàa ml `låloil ào a `lofcgàa. Æ prafifma quj
quldqujr pjssal nfquj sai l `låloil8 càa olctjcgl l `låloil sairj l
`lifcj ma `lofcgàa. (Nfeurl <->2)
Nfeurl <->2
◁ Fctjrraopl a trlildga qulcma l vfsfifdfmlmj nar lnjtlml par nuolål,

cæval mjcsl j pajfrl. Rrjplrj fcstruojctas mj fduofclåàa lctjs mj
apjrlr jo da`lfs jsùras. ( Nfeurl <-><)
◁ Jo apjrlåújs caturcls, prjstj ltjcåàa las sjeufctjs ftjcs;
l. @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj gì fcstruojctas mj fduofclåàa sunf`fjctjs.
i. @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj tamls ls déoplmls ml `lrrjelmjfrl nuc`faclo

caroldojctj.
Nfeurl <-><
`. Gì erlcmjs `glc`js mj sj kudelr jrracjlojctj ls mfstéc`fls j
ldturls mas aikjtas murlctj l caftj.
m. La rjldfzlr apjrlåàa caturcl, plrj l `lrrjelmjfrl nrjqujctjojctj

plrl vjrfnf`lr sul àcmfåàa j ls àcmfåújs la rjmar.
◁ Lctjs mj plsslr par pactjs j autrls àcstruåújs, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj l

jstruturl æ `lplz mj supartlr a pjsa ml `lrrjelmjfrl. (Nfeurl <->9)
Nfeurl <->9
◁ L `lrrjelmjfrl æ uol oìqufcl ào prapðsfta jspj`ïnfà. Càa utfdfzj

cjcguol plrtj ma jqufplojcta plrl lrrlcglr, oavjr au jopurrlr
aikjtas. (Nfeurl <->0)
Nfeurl <->0
Títulos relacionados 9=
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I. Ltjcåàa la loifjctj la rjmar
◁ L prjsjcål mj tjr`jfras càa mjvj sjr pjroftfml cl ìrjl mj apjrlåàa.

@aoa as oj`lcfsoas ml `lrrjelmjfrl sj oavfojctlo vjrtf`ldojctj, j
àoa l `lrrjelmjfrl jo sf tloiæo sj oavj, æ prafifml l jctrlml ca
da`ld mj apjrlåàa murlctj sju nuc`faclojcta. Pj l oìqufcl càa
nuc`faclr àrrjtlojctj, àcsjrtj a jqufplojcta lctjs mj apjrlr.
(Nfeurl <->=) Nfeurl <->=
◁ La trlildglr prðxfoa l pjcglsàs au jo autras da`lfs pjrfeasas, apjrj

l `lrrjelmjfrl ml narol olfs sjeurl j tjcgl uo eufl àoa luxïdfa.
(Nfeurl <->:)
Nfeurl <->:
◁ La mjs`lrrjelr tjrrl au ra`gls mj da`lfs ldtas, l sjeurlcål ma da`ld mj

mjspjka mjvj sjr àcsfmjrlml.
◁ La apjrlr ào oltjrflfs prðxfoas l pjcglsàs au ào l `lrrjelmjfrl
prðxfol la tapa mj uo tjrrjca fc`dfclma, l vjda`fmlmj ml `lrrjelmjfrl
vlf luojctlr liruptlojctj la mjspjklr l `lrel, jctàa djoirj-sj mj
rjmuzfr l vjda`fmlmj.
◁ La narolr pfdgls au jopurrlr j mjspjklr oltjrflfs prðxfoa l pjcglsàs,
mjvj-sj narolr oactjs j utfdfzlr a sjeucma plrl jopurrlr a prfojfra.
Nfeurl <->>
(Nfeurl <->>)
@. @jrtfnfquj-sj ml vjctfdlåàa la trlildglr jo da`lfs nj`glmas.
◁ Pj ldeuol apjrlåàa tfvjr quj sjr njftl jo da`ld nj`glma ào pau`l
vjctfdlåàa, ls klcjdls mjvjo sjr lijrtls. Pj ls klcjdls lijrtls lfcml càa
narjo sunf`fjctjs, æ cj`jssìrfa a usa mj vjctfdlmarjs. (Nfeurl <->5)
Nfeurl <->5
◁ Rrjplrj mfvjrsas jxtfctarjs mj fc`ëcmfa lctjs mj apjrlr jo da`ld

nj`glma, olctjcma jo ojctj sul da`ldfzlåàa j narol mj usa. ( Nfeurl
<->7)
Nfeurl <->7
Títulos relacionados 9:
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M. Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl mj da`lfs pjrfeasas
◁ Gì erlcmjs `glc`js mj aàrrjr fc`ëcmfa sj a lr dfijrlma pjda

loartj`jmar nar jkjtlma jo oltjrfld fcndloìvjd au sj oltjrfld
fcndloìvjd jstfvjr prðxfoa ma jxlustar. Rartlcta, la apjrlr
prðxfoa mj oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs au pjrfeasas àoa ðdja, ldeamàa,
plpjd, erlol sj`l au suistéc`fls quïof`ls, mjvj-sj prjstlr
ltjcåàa jspj`fld. (Nfeurl <->6)
Nfeurl <->6
J. Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl mj `lias mj ldtl vadtlejo
◁ Càa pjroftl àctlta jctrj l oìqufcl j `lias mj ldtl vadtlejo. Lpjcls sj lpraxfolr mj `lias mj ldtl
vadtlejo pamj `luslr `gaquj jdætrfà. Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl sjeurl mj `lias mj ldtl vadtlejo mj làrma
ào l tlijdl l sjeufr.
]lijdl <-9
âdtlejo Mfstéc`fl sjeurl oïcfol
Ilfxl vadtlejo <22ｓ922^ 9o 5nt
>.>22^ 9o 5nt
99.222^ 0o <2nt
>>.222^ =o <=nt
Ldtl vadtlejo <:=.222^ :o <5nt
<75.222^ >o 92nt
95:.222^ 5o 90nt
:22.222^ <<o 0>nt
Yjldfzj as sjeufctjs sjrvfåas àrrjtlojctj plrl prjvjcfr l`fmjctjs;
☎ Pj a rfsà mj jctrlr jo àctlta ào `lias jdætrfàs nar ldta, àcsudtj a mjplrtlojcta jdætrfà da`ld
lctjs mj apjrlr.
☎ Ztfdfzj slpltas j duvls mj iarrl`gl. @adaquj uol ldoanlml mj iarrl`gl sairj a lssjcta ma apjrlmar.
Jvftj quj quldqujr plrtj mj sju àrpa jctrj jo àctlta ào a ojtld ma `glssf.
☎ ]jcgl uo eufl plrl ldjrtì-da qulcma l `lrrjelmjfrl jstfvjr sj lpraxfolcma ml rjmj jdætrf`l.
☎ A apjrlmar càa mjvj mjfxlr l `lifcj sj as jqufplojctas tfvjrjo àctlta ào `lias jdætrfàs.
☎ Æ prafifma quj quldqujr pjssal sj lpraxfoj ml `lrrjelmjfrl murlctj apjrlåàa prðxfol l nfas mj ldtl
vadtlejo.
☎ Rjreuctj l vadtlejo mas `lias mj ldtl vadtlejo la mjplrtlojcta jdætrfà lctjs mj apjrlr.
Títulos relacionados 9>

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<.0.:. Jstl`faclr mj narol sjeurl
◁ Jsàdgl uo da`ld a olfs pdlca passïvjd plrl jstl`faclr l `lrrjelmjfrl j sadtj a jqufplojcta mj apjrlåàa
ca `gàa.
◁ Càa jstl`facj l `lrrjelmjfrl jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma. Pj nar fcjvftìvjd jstl`faclr jo da`ld fc`dfclma, l
fc`dfclåàa ma da`ld càa mjvj udtrlplsslr </:, j ldæo mfssa mjvj-sj utfdfzlr `ldåas plrl lpaflr ls ramls j jctàa
sadtlr a lplrjdga mj apjrlåàa ca `gàa.
◁ Pj l `lrrjelmjfrl jstfvjr ào praidjols au tfvjr quj sjr jstl`faclml jo da`ld ào trìnjea pjslma, àdaquj
uol `jr`l au jstl`ls mj lvfsa la rjmar ml `lrrjelmjfrl. ]aoj ojmfmls plrl quj autras vjïùdas passlo vjr
l `lrrjelmjfrl `dlrlojctj. L `lrrjelmjfrl j sul `jr`l au jstl`ls mj lvfsa càa mjvjo jcelrrlnlr a trécsfta.
◁ Mjspjkj taml l `lrel lctjs mj jstl`faclr l `lrrjelmjfrl, sadtj a jqufplojcta mj apjrlåàa ca `gàa j trlcquj
tamls ls ldlvlc`ls mj apjrlåàa, j jctàa puxj a nrjfa mj oàa plrl ltfvì-da. ]rlcquj tamas as fcstruojctas j
djvj ls `glvjs àcsfea. La mjs`jr ml `lrrjelmjfrl, nfquj mj nrjctj plrl l oìqufcl j olctjcgl a àrpa
jstlifdfzlma. Æ prafifma pudlr plrl narl ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Càa suil cl `lrrjelmjfrl dfelml.
◁ Jo `dfol jxtrjolojctj qujctj, ào tjopjrlturl olfar quj 02℀, a oatar pamj sairjlquj`jr nl`fdojctj,
partlcta a da`ld mj jstl`faclojcta mjvj sjr â saoirl.
◁ Rlrl luojctlr l vfml ûtfd ma oatar, mjfxj-a jo nuc`faclojcta jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl par : ofcutas lpðs `lml
mfl mj trlildga. Mjsdfeuj a oatar lpðs l tjopjrlturl ml ìeul jsnrflr.
◁ \ulcma a vjïùda jstfvjr jstl`faclma gì oufta tjopa, àdaquj a fctjrruptar mj `ìtama ml nactj mj
ldfojctlåàa cl pasfåàa —A‟ plrl mjsdfelr l nactj mj ldfojctlåàa mj tama a vjïùda j jvftlr quj l iltjrfl
nfquj ilfxl.
<.0.>. Rrj`luåújs plrl `dfol nrfa
◁ Lpðs a trlildga, rjoavl a ejda, cjvj, ìeul au dama mas nfas, taolmls, fctjrruptarjs, sjcsarjs j suls
supjrnï`fjs. Pj l dfopjzl càa nar njftl, glvjrì àcejdlojcta j l oìqufcl càa nuc`faclrì cl prðxfol
apjrlåàa.
◁ Lqujål l `lrrjelmjfrl àopdjtlojctj lctjs mj apjrlr. Pj l `lrrjelmjfrl càa nar lquj`fml par àopdjta,
nuc`faclrì djctlojctj j pamj `luslr l`fmjctjs.
◁ Rlrl quj l `lrrjelmjfrl nuc`facj àrrjtlojctj, olcjkj tamls ls ldlvlc`ls mj apjrlåàa plrl quj a ðdja
gfmrìudfà `frùdj ca sfstjol j lqujål.
◁ Pj a jdjtrðdfta ml iltjrfl àcejdlr, càa `lrrjeuj l iltjrfl. Càa utfdfzj autrl nactj mj jcjrefl plrl dfelr a
oatar8 fssa pamj `luslr fc`ëcmfa cl iltjrfl.
◁ La `lrrjelr au utfdfzlr autrl nactj mj jcjrefl plrl dfelr a oatar, `jrtfnfquj-sj quj a jdjtrðdfta tjcgl
mjsàcejdlma j vjrfnfquj sj gì vlzlojctas lctjs mj mlr plrtfml.
<.=. Rrfc`ïpfa ejrld mj olcutjcåàa
<.=.<. Jtfqujtl mj lvfsa
◁ Jcqulcta a apjrlmar rjldfzl olcutjcåàa au lilstj`j l oìqufcl, dfelr a oatar au apjrlr a kaystf`h pamj
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`luslr njrfojctas erlvjs au oartj la apjrlmar.

◁ @adaquj uol jtfqujtl mj lvfsa ca kaystf`h ml `lifcj plrl fcnarolr quj jstàa sjcma rjldfzlmas sjrvfåas mj
olcutjcåàa cl oìqufcl. Pj cj`jssìrfa, àdaquj lvfsas lmf`faclfs la rjmar ml oìqufcl.
<.=.9. Yjqufsftas ejrlfs mj olcutjcåàa
◁ A apjrlmar j autras prjstlmarjs mj sjrvfåa mjvjo sjr

trjfclmas j rj`jijr `jrtfnf`låújs pranfssfaclfs rjdltfvls.
]jr`jfras càa jcvadvfmas ào l fcspjåàa j olcutjcåàa ml
oìqufcl càa sàa pjroftfmas ca da`ld mj apjrlåàa. Ramj-sj Nfeurl <-52
sjdj`faclr pjssals plrl vfeflr a da`ld.
◁ L `lrrjelmjfrl mjvj sjr àcsjrtlml mj làrma ào jstj
olculd. Pj va`ë càa slij àoa àcsjrtlr l `lrrjelmjfrl,
mjvj pjmfr fcstruåújs â nlirf`lctj.
Rra`jmfojctas mj àcsjrta mjvjo sjr praerlolmas ào
lctj`jmëc`fl. \ulcma l `lrrjelmjfrl tfvjr mj sjr àcsjrtlml
au suls pjåls mjsoactlmls, sjdj`facj ldeuæo plrl
supjrvfsfaclr l apjrlåàa ca da`ld j rjldfzlr as sjrvfåas mj
apjrlåàa cl armjo praerlolml.
◁ A apjrlmar mjvj uslr `lpl`jtj j raupls pratjtarls ào as
pucgas j ilrrls lpjrtlmas. Mjpjcmjcma ml apjrlåàa, pamjo
sjr cj`jssìrfas tloiæo ðùdas mj sjeurlcål, duvls pratjtarls
j oìs`lrl. ( Nfeurl <-52)
◁ Ztfdfzj ls njrrlojctls lpraprflmls j cuc`l usj njrrlojctls
fcnjrfarjs au mlcfnf`lmls.
◁ Rlrl jvftlr l`fmjctjs, mjvj-sj sjoprj lilfxlr as mfspasftfvas
mj apjrlåàa. Mjsdfeuj a oatar, jceltlr a nrjfa mj oàa j
pasf`facj a `ldåa sai ls ramls la àcsjrtlr l `lrrjelmjfrl.
(Nfeurj <-5<)
Nfeurl <-5<
◁ Rrjstj ltjcåàa l jtfqujtls. As pactas olfs fopartlctjs jstàa
lmjsfvlmas cl `lrrjelmjfrl j mjvjo sjr sjeufmas
jstrftlojctj. Pj ls jtfqujtls narjo rjoavfmls au olc`glmls,
mjvjo sjr suistftuïmls au gfefjcfzlmls.
◁ Lctjs mj àcsjrtlr l `lrrjelmjfrl, mjvj-sj àda`lr uol
jtfqujtl mj lvfsa (—utfdfzlåàa prafifml‟ au sfofdlr) plrl
fcnarolr l autras quj l ldlvlc`l ml `lifcj càa mjvj sjr Nfeurl <-59
utfdfzlml. Pj fssa càa nar njfta, æ jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasa
rjldfzlr sjrvfåas cl oìqufcl. (Nfeurl <-59)
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◁ Pjdj`facj ldeuæo rjspacsìvjd pjdl oactlejo au

mjsoactlejo mas l`jssðrfas.
◁ @aoiustïvjd j ðdja sàa jdjojctas pjrfeasas. Æ prafifma
jxpar àoiustïvjd, ðdja, erlxl j dfcðdja l `glols.
◁ Æ prafifma nuolr la lmf`faclr ðdja â oìqufcl j rjldfzlr
fcspjåújs. (Nfeurj <-50)
Nfeurl <-50
◁ @adaquj as l`jssðrfas rjtfrlmas ml `lrrjelmjfrl jo da`ld
sjeura j `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj pjrolcjålo ca da`ld jsàdgfma.
@adaquj erlmjs la rjmar ma da`ld mj trlildga j uo lvfsa
prafifcma l lpraxfolåàa mj tjr`jfras.
◁ Rraïil l lpraxfolåàa mj tjr`jfras ma da`ld mj trlildga.
◁ Olctjcgl a da`ld mj trlildga dfopa j arelcfzlma. Càa
jspldgj ðdja au erlxl ca da`ld mj trlildga. Jvftj `glols j Nfeurl <-5=
jdjojctas jsàrrjelmfas ca da`ld. (Nfeurl <-5=)
◁ La vjrfnf`lr au rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa cl oìqufcl, a `glssf
mjvj sjr pratjefma par uol ilrrl mj idaqujfa. (Nfeurl <-5:)
Nfeurl <-5:
◁ La jreujr l `låloil, rjoavl a supartj mj sjeurlcål j
trlcquj-a las pfstújs ma `fdfcmra ma irlåa mj fålojcta,
prjvjcfcma l rjoaåàa ma `fdfcmra.
◁ @adaquj l ldlvlc`l mj apjrlåàa jo pacta cjutra j trlcquj-l
ào a sfstjol mj trlvlojcta. (Nfeurj <-5>)
Nfeurl <-5>
◁ Càa rjoactj l `lrrjelmjfrl ca da`ld mj apjrlåàa. Fssa pamj
lnjtlr ls nucåújs, sjeurlcål j narål ml `lrrjelmjfrl j ml
`låloil. (Nfeurl <-55)
-
◁ Rrjplrj a jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa lctjs mj trlildglr jo
da`ld nj`glma, nlofdflrfzj-sj ào sju usa j sul
da`ldfzlåàa. (Nfeurl <-57)
Nfeurl <-57
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<.=.0. Olcutjcåàa ml oìqufcl
L. Dfopjzl
◁ Dfopj l oìqufcl lctjs mj rjldfzlr qulfsqujr sjrvfåas mj
olcutjcåàa plrl jvftlr quj fopurjzls jctrjo cl oìqufcl.
◁ Pj l oìqufcl jstfvjr sukl murlctj sjrvfåas mj olcutjcåàa, æ
mfnï`fd jcàctrlr l `lusl ma praidjol j pamj djvlr fopurjzls
l jctrlrjo jo àctlta ào as adgas, `luslr mjrrlplejcs au
njrfojctas. (Nfeurl <-56)
◁ La dfoplr l oìqufcl, utfdfzj a oltjrfld mj dfopjzl càa- Nfeurl <-56
fcndloìvjd.
◁ La dfoplr a fctjrfar ml oìqufcl, tamls ls ldlvlc`ls mj
àctradj mjvjo sjr idaqujlmls par trlvls plrl jvftlr quj sj
oavlo. Jceltj a sfstjol mj nrjfa.
◁ La dfoplr l oìqufcl, utfdfzj `ldålmas lctfmjrrlplctjs plrl
jvftlr jsàrrjelr jo pfsa oadglma. La utfdfzlr ìeul jo ldtl
prjssàa plrl dlvlr l oìqufcl, vfstl raupls pratjtarls.
◁ Càa kaeuj ìeul mfrjtlojctj cas àopacjctjs jdætrfàs
(àoa sjcsarjs, taolmls j pdueujs). Pj a sfstjol jdætrfà
jctrlr jo àctlta ào ìeul, pamj aàrrjr plcj.
Nfeurl <-72
◁ La dfoplr as jdjojctas mj nfdtrlejo ào lr àoprfofma,
vfstl raupls pratjtarls j ðùdas mj sjeurlcål. (Nfeurl <-72)
I. Lpafa la oj`lcfsoa mj apjrlåàa
◁ La jreujr l `låloil, rjoavl a supartj mj sjeurlcål j
trlcquj-a las pfstújs ma `fdfcmra ma irlåa mj fålojcta,
prjvjcfcma l rjoaåàa ma `fdfcmra.
◁ @adaquj l ldlvlc`l mj apjrlåàa jo pacta cjutra j trlcquj-l
ào a sfstjol mj trlvlojcta.
@. Fduofclåàa
◁ La vjrfnf`lr a àoiustïvjd, duirfnf`lctj, jdjtrðdfta ml iltjrfl
rj`lrrjeìvjd au a dfoplmar mls klcjdls, æ jxfefma a usa ma
mfspasftfva mj fduofclåàa lctf-jxpdasàa. Ma àctrìrfa, gì
pjrfea mj jxpdasàa.
◁ Pj a apjrlmar trlildglr jo da`ld jsùra sjo luxïdfa mj
fduofclåàa, gì rfsà mj njrfojctas. Rar fssa, mjvj-sj `lrrjelr
mfspasftfvas mj fduofclåàa.
◁ Ojsoa ca jsùra æ prafifma a usa mj fsqujfras au `glol
lijrtl plrl fduofclr a loifjctj. Rjrfea mj fc`ëcmfa. Ramj
aàrrjr jxpdasàa sj a eìs joftfma pjdl iltjrfl rj`lrrjeìvjd
jctrlr jo àctlta ào naea.
◁ La utfdfzlr l oìqufcl àoa nactj mj fduofclåàa, sfel ls
fcstruåújs mjstj olculd.
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M. Apjrlåàa jo da`ld nj`glma

◁ A eìs joftfma pjda oatar æ tðxfà j mjvj-sj utfdfzlr lplrjdgas
mj vjctfdlåàa plrl apjrlr jo da`ld nj`glma. Pj lplrjdgas mj
vjctfdlåàa càa narjo fcstldlmas, ls partls j klcjdls mjvjo sjr
lijrtls. (Nfeurl <-7<)
Nfeurl <-7<
J. Apjrlåàa sai l oìqufcl
◁ Jstl`facj l `lrrjelmjfrl jo `gàa cfvjdlma j pasf`facj tamas
as oj`lcfsoas mj apjrlåàa ca `gàa lctjs mj apjrlr sai l
oìqufcl.
◁ Idaqujfj ls ramls ào `ldåas.
◁ Æ jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasa trlildglr sai l `lrrjelmjfrl sj jdl
jstfvjr lpaflml lpjcls pjda oj`lcfsoa mj apjrlåàa.
◁ Cuc`l trlildgj sai l `lrrjelmjfrl ào lpafa fcsunf`fjctj.
Nfeurl <-79
(Nfeurl <-79)
N. Apjrlåàa sairj l oìqufcl
◁ La rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa ca tapa ml oìqufcl, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj
quj a da`ld mj lpafa plrl as pæs jstì dfopa j càa gì ilrrjfrls8
aijmjål âs sjeufctjs fcstruåújs plrl jvftlr qujmls;
▰ Càa mjvj glvjr erlxl au duirfnf`lctj cl supjrnï`fj ml
oìqufcl.
▰ Càa mjfxj njrrlojctls jspldglmls.
▰ Rrjstj ltjcåàa acmj pfsl la lcmlr sairj l oìqufcl.
◁ Càa pudj mj `fol ml oìqufcl. La suifr au mjs`jr ml oìqufcl,
nfquj mj nrjctj plrl jdl j usj l js`lml j a àrrfoàa.
◁ Zsj as mfspasftfvas mj sjeurlcål jo àcmfåújs jspj`flfs.
◁ A tapa ma `lpý ma oatar æ dfsa j jsàrrjelmfa, partlcta æ
prafifma nf`lr jo pæ sairj jdj.
◁ Nf`lr jo pæ sairj as pcjus æ pjrfeasa, cuc`l nlål fssa.
◁ La dfoplr a vfmra mflctjfra ml `lifcj, nfquj jo pæ sairj a
plrl-`gaquj ma `glssf mflctjfra.
E. Yjldfzlåàa mj sjrvfåas ào a oatar dfelma
Rlrl jvftlr njrfojctas j l`fmjctjs, càa rjldfzj olcutjcåàa
ào a oatar dfelma. Pj l olcutjcåàa nar cj`jssìrfl ào a
oatar dfelma, sfel ls sjeufctjs fcstruåújs;
◁ Pjdj`facj ldeuæo plrl nf`lr ca lssjcta ma oatarfstl plrl
mjsdfelr a oatar l quldqujr oaojcta.
◁ Càa taquj ca `lca jxlustar au pjåls jo ldtl tjopjrlturl,
àoa a js`lplojcta, loartj`jmar j autras plrl jvftlr
qujfolmurls. Nfeurl <-70
◁ La trlildglr prðxfoa mj plrtjs efrltðrfls, gì a rfsà mj sjr
puxlma plrl mjctra ml oìqufcl, partlcta mjvj-sj sjr lfcml
olfs `lutjdasa.

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◁ Càa taquj cjcguol ldlvlc`l mj àctradj. Pj nar cj`jssìrfa

apjrlr ldeuol mls ldlvlc`ls mj àctradj, lvfsj autrls pjssals
lctj`fplmlojctj j pjål quj slflo ma da`ld.
◁ Cuc`l taquj ls déofcls efrltðrfls ma ldtjrclmar au l àrrjfl
ma ldtjrclmar, æ jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasa. ( Nfeurl <-70)
◁ Càa nlål lkustjs jo pjåls quj va`ë càa àoprjjcml.
G. Càa pjroftl quj clml `lfl mjctra ml oìqufcl
◁ La lirfr l tlopl au l lijrturl mj jc`gfojcta mj ðdja plrl
rjplras, mjvj-sj taolr ùfmlma plrl quj clml `lfl mjctra ml
oìqufcl. Pj ldea gauvjr `lïma mjctra ml oìqufcl, pamj
`luslr plcj8 a aikjta mjvj sjr rjoavfma.
◁ Càa mjvj glvjr njrrlojctls j pjåls mjscj`jssìrfls jo sjus
iadsas la rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa cl oìqufcl.
F. Aikjtas pjslmas
◁ La utfdfzlr olrtjda, vfstl ðùdas mj sjeurlcål, `lpl`jtj j
raupls pratjtarls. Æ cj`jssìrfa pasf`faclr uo ilstàa
loartj`jmar mj àirj jctrj a olrtjda j ls pjåls l sjrjo
olrtjdlmls.
◁ La uslr uo olrtjda jo plrtjs murls àoa pfcas j
radlojctas, gì a rfsà mj nrleojctas jctrlrjo cas adgas,
partlcta mjvj-sj tjr ùfmlma.
◁ Zsj njrrlojctls j aikjtas pjslmas ào ùfmlma j jvftj quj
`lflo.
K. @acsjrta ào sadml
◁ L sadmlejo mjvj sjr njftl par trlildglmarjs gìijfs jo da`ld
ào jqufplojcta lmjqulma.
◁ Eìs, naea au `gaqujs jdætrfàs pamjo sjr pramuzfmas murlctj
l sadmlejo. Rartlcta æ prafifma quj pjssals càa quldfnf`lmls
rjldfzjo a sjrvfåa mj sadml.
◁ L iltjrfl mjvj sjr mjsàcj`tlml plrl jvftlr jxpdasàa.
◁ Mjsàcj`tj a plfcjd mj àctradj ml `lfxl mj `éoifa
(da`ldfzlma cl `lfxl mj àctradj ma dlma mfrjfta ma lssjcta ma
oatarfstl cl `lifcj) plrl jvftlr quj a plfcjd qujfoj murlctj
l sadmlejo. Lpðs tjrofclr a rjplra, àcj`tj cavlojctj a
plfcjd mj àctradj mj làrma ào ls fcstruåújs, ma àctrìrfa
l oìqufcl càa pamjrì nuc`faclr.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj tamas as àcj`tarjs J@Z ma oatar sjklo
mjsàcj`tlmas plrl jvftlr quj l ldtl àrrjctj mlcfnfquj l
pdl`l mj `frùfta. @uirl l jctrlml J@Z plrl jvftlr àctlta
ào plrtïùdls au nlïs`ls ml sadml. Càa taquj as pfcas J@Z
ào ls oàas.
◁ Yjoavl tfctls ma da`ld mj sadmlejo plrl jvftlr l pramuåàa
mj elsjs tðxfàs.
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◁ ^lpar fcndloìvjd j nlïs`ls pamjo sjr pramuzfmas la sadmlr

prðxfoa mj jqufplojcta gfmrìudfà au jc`lclojctas,
pamjcma `luslr fc`ëcmfa, partlcta sadmlr jstjs da`lfs æ
prafifma.
◁ Pj nlïs`ls `luslmls pjdl sadml `lïrjo mfrjtlojctj jo
olceujfrls mj iarrl`gl, nfas jdætrfàs au jc`lclojctas mj
prjssàa, as tuias pamjo raopjr suiftlojctj j a fsadlojcta
mas nfas pamj sjr mlcfnf`lma, partlcta pratjkl jssjs
jdjojctas. Nfeurl <-7=
◁ La sadmlr prðxfoa l pcjus, mjvj-sj tjr `lutjdl par glvjr
`glc`j mj jxpdasàa. (Nfeurl <-7=)
◁ La rjldfzlr sadmlejo, mjvj-sj uslr duvls pratjtarls.
◁ A da`ld acmj sjrì njftl l sadmlejo mjvj sjr ijo vjctfdlma.
(Nfeurl <-7:)
◁ Yjoavl tamas as oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs j olctjcgl uo
jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa ca da`ld.
◁ Càa nlål rjcavlåújs quj passlo lnjtlr a mjsjopjcga, narål
j sjeurlcål ml oìqufcl j mas mfspasftfvas mj apjrlåàa. Nfeurl <-7:
H. ]ðpfàs fopartlctjs la lilstj`jr au tra`lr a ðdja
◁ A ðdja mjvj sjr dfopa j dfvrj mj àctlofclåújs.
◁ A fckjtar mj ðdja j pjåls rjdl`faclmls mjvjo sjr dfopas j
jvftlr quj ìeul au fopurjzls jctrjo jo àctlta ào a ðdja.
◁ Olctjcgl l `lrrjelmjfrl cfvjdlml la vjrfnf`lr l qulctfmlmj
mj ðdja.
◁ Pai tjopjrlturls loifjctj mfvjrsls, utfdfzj ðdjas mj
mfnjrjctjs vfsàsfmlmjs j olr`ls8 djfl ls fcstruåújs
rjdl`faclmls.
◁ ]fpas mfnjrjctjs mj ðdja càa mjvjo sjr ofsturlmas au
suistftuïmas àckuctlojctj.
◁ Murlctj l tra`l mj ðdja, a nfdtra àrrjspacmjctj mjvj sjr
suistftuïma.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj gì quldqujr vlzlojcta ca sfstjol lpðs l fckjåàa
mj ðdja.
L]JCÅÀA Jvftj qujfolmurls la vjrfnf`lr au tra`lr a ðdja j ndufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta.
D. Yjkjftas
Aijmjål âs fcstruåújs l sjeufr plrl jvftlr padufåàa;
◁ Càa kaeuj as rjkjftas mj ðdja jo rfas au ca sfstjol mj jseata.
◁ A ðdja nfdtrlma mjvj sjr lrolzjclma jo rj`fpfjctj lmjqulma
j càa mjvj sjr mjrrlolma mfrjtlojctj ca `gàa.
◁ Yjspjftj ls djfs j rjeudlojctas rjdl`faclmas la mjs`lrtlr
oltjrflfs mlcasas j padujctjs, àoa duirfnf`lctjs,
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àoiustïvjd, dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta, iltjrfls, jctrj

autras.
<.=.=. Olcutjcåàa mj àopacjctjs j pactas fopartlctjs
L. Pfstjol mj rjnrfejrlåàa
◁ Daea lpðs tjrofclr a trlildga, l tjopjrlturl ma ðdja gfmrìudfà j
ml ìeul ca oatar j ca rlmflmar jstlrì oufta ldtl j lfcml tjrì
prjssàa. Cjssj oaojcta, quldqujr tjctltfvl mj lirfr a tlcquj mj
ðdja, a rlmflmar, mj mrjclr ðdja au ìeul au mj tra`lr a nfdtra pamj
rjsudtlr jo qujfolmurls sjvjrls. Leulrmj ltæ quj l tjopjrlturl
mfofcul j aisjrvj ls jxfeëc`fls la rjldfzlr ls apjrlåújs l`fol
mjs`rftls. (Nfeurl <-7>)
◁ Rlrl jvftlr mjrrlolr ðdja qujctj, mjsdfeuj a oatar, jsnrfj l ìeul j Nfeurl <-7>
lirl djctlojctj plrl rjmuzfr l prjssàa. Rlrl vjrfnf`lr l
tjopjrlturl, àdaquj l oàa prðxfol la rlmflmar mj ìeul. ]aoj a
ùfmlma mj càa ta`lr a rlmflmar.
◁ Rlrl jvftlr mjrrlolr ðdja qujctj, mjsdfeuj a oatar j jspjrj ltæ quj
a ðdja jsnrfj. Lirl l tlopl ma tlcquj mj ðdja djctlojctj plrl
rjmuzfr l prjssàa.
◁ Rlrl vjrfnf`lr sj l tjopjrlturl ma ðdja jsnrfau, lpraxfoj l oàa ma
rlmflmar mj ðdja gfmrìudfà j ma ðdja ma àcvjrsar mj tarquj.
@gjquj l tjopjrlturl ma lr. Càa taquj a rlmflmar.
◁ Càa taquj a oatar au a loartj`jmar, tuia mj js`lplojcta j rjdæ
jcqulcta l oìqufcl lfcml jstfvjr qujctj plrl jvftlr qujfolmurls.
(Nfeurl <-75)
◁ Càa rjoavl a sjcsar mj tjopjrlturl ma ðdja ma oatar, ml Nfeurl <-75
tjopjrlturl ml ìeul, ma àcvjrsar mj tarquj au as tuias ma lr
àcmf`faclma plrl jvftlr qujfolmurls.
◁ A sfstjol mj rjnrfejrlåàa àctæo oltjrfld ld`ldfca, jctàa ltjcåàa
plrl càa pjroftfr quj a sfstjol mj rjnrfejrlåàa jctrj jo àctlta
ào l pjdj au as adgas.
◁ \ulcma cj`jssìrfa rjoavjr as tuias ma lr àcmf`faclma, djoirj-
sj mj càa jxpar as tuias l `glols. Fssa pamj `luslr njrfojctas
mjvfma l elsjs tðxfàs.
I. Pfstjol gfmrìudfà
◁ Lctjs mj rjldfzlr fcspjåújs j olcutjcåàa ca sfstjol gfmrìudfà,
trlvj as `fdfcmras gfmrìudfàs j autras lplrjdgas rjdl`faclmas.
Leulrmj ltæ quj a ðdja gfmrìudfà jsnrfj j jctàa rjoavl l prjssàa
ma sfstjol gfmrìudfà.
◁ Càa mairj au ltfckl as `lcas mj ldtl prjssàa. Cuc`l utfdfzj tuias j
olceujfrls lcaroldojctj tartas au mlcfnf`lmas cl oìqufcl.
◁ Pj ldeuo mas tuias au olceujfrls uslmas ca sfstjol mj
àoiustàa, ca `frùfta mj ðdja duirfnf`lctj au ca `frùfta ma
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sfstjol gfmrìudfà jstfvjr nrauxa au mlcfnf`lma, àcsjrtj-a.

^lzlojctas pamjo `luslr fc`ëcmfa8 àcsjrtj-as au suistftul ls
pjåls mlcfnf`lmls.
◁ ^jrfnfquj ùfmlmaslojctj tamas as tuias j olceujfrls, j lpjrtj
tamas as jc`lfxjs mj àcjxàa ào tarquj àoa jxfefma. La
fcspj`faclr quldqujr vlzlojcta mj ðdja, usj uol pdl`l au plpjdàa
dfopa ca duelr mj utfdfzlr ls oàas, kì quj l prjssàa ma dïqufma ma
da`ld mj vlzlojcta pamj `luslr djsújs særfls â slûmj8 ojsoa quj
a da`ld ma vlzlojcta sjkl oufta pjqujca, l prjssàa pamj pjrnurlr
l pjdj. Pj a ðdja `lfr cl pjdj, praùrj uo `frurefàa quldfnf`lma plrl
trltlojcta a olfs rìpfma passïvjd. Mjvj-sj nlzjr suistftufåújs cas
sjeufctjs `lsas;
▰ Jc`lfxjs mj àcjxàa mlcfnf`lmas au surefojcta mj vlzlojcta.
▰ Olceujfrls ào l `lolml jxtjrcl mlcfnf`lml au rl`glml j ào
nfas mj rjnaråa jxpastas.
▰ Olceujfrls fc`glmls jo pactas jspj`ïnfàs.
▰ Olceujfrls ào taråújs au mjnarolåújs `luslmls par lpjrta.
▰ Nfas mj rjnaråa mj olceujfrl jstf`lmas.
▰ Ractls old àcj`tlmls.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj tamls ls irlålmjfrls, pdl`ls mj pratjåàa j mj
fsadlåàa mas `lcas jstjklo oactlmls àrrjtlojctj plrl jvftlr
àdfsàa ào autrls pjåls.
◁ La suistftufr a ndufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa, a ðdja ma oatar, ðdja ml
trlcsofssàa j nfdtras mj ðdja, jctrj autras, utfdfzj rj`fpfjctjs
lmjqulmas plrl lrolzjclr tlfs dïqufmas. A mjs`lrtj mj dïqufmas
rjsfmulfs mjvj sjr njfta àcnaroj ls djfs j as rjeudlojctas
da`lfs rjdltfvas â pratjåàa ma loifjctj.
@. âdlctj
◁ Pj sjctfr mfnfùdmlmj plrl vfrlr a vadlctj, càa utfdfzj olfs narål8
plrj l `lrrjelmjfrl plrl vjrfnf`låàa. L apjrlåàa pamj àctfculr
lpðs a praidjol sjr jdfofclma,
◁ Càa vfrj a vadlctj lctjs mj mlr plrtfml ca oatar.
◁ Rjroftl ls oumlcåls ca vadlctj ào l vlrflåàa ma tjrrjca.
M. Pfstjol jdætrfà
◁ Lpjcls pranfssfaclfs quldfnf`lmas pamjo rjldfzlr sjrvfåas ca
sfstjol jdætrfà.
◁ La lkustlr l nactj mj ldfojctlåàa jxtjrcl, prjcml a nfa tjrrl par
ûdtfoa plrl càa pramuzfr nlïs`ls pjrta ml iltjrfl j `luslr jxpdasàa.
Aisjrvj quj a nfa tjrrl æ pasf`faclma ma rjeudlmar la oatar mj
lrrlcquj.
◁ Lkustj l `glvj ma oatar mj lrrlcquj lctjs mj rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa Nfeurl <-77
ca sfstjol jdætrfà.
◁ Lctjs mj àcsjrtlr a sfstjol jdætrfà, rjoavl a jdjtrama cjeltfva
(-) ml iltjrfl plrl jvftlr l àrrjctj. (Nfeurl <-77)
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J. Iltjrfl
◁ L iltjrfl càa plssl par olcutjcåàa.
◁ Lctjs mj ojxjr cl iltjrfl, djoirj-sj mj mjsdfelr a oatar.
◁ A jdjtrðdfta ml iltjrfl àctæo ì`fma sudnûrfà j pramuz gfmraeëcfa,
partlcta olcusjlr l iltjrfl fcàrrjtlojctj pamj `luslr djsújs
erlvjs j rfsà mj fc`ëcmfa8 lssfo sjcma, mjvj-sj aijmj`jr las
sjeufctjs pactas;
 Cuc`l lpraxfoj `felrras au `glols ml iltjrfl. (Nfeurl <-76)
 Pj nar cj`jssìrfa ta`lr l iltjrfl murlctj a nuc`faclojcta,
mjvj-sj utfdfzlr ðùdas mj sjeurlcål j duvls mj iarrl`gl.
Nfeurl <-76
 Pj a jdjtrðdfta `lfr jo suls raupls au pjdj, dlvj ào ìeul
liucmlctj fojmfltlojctj.
 Pj a jdjtrðdfta jctrlr jo àctlta ào as adgas, `luslrì
`jeujfrl. Cjstj `lsa, dlvj as adgas ào ìeul jo liucméc`fl j
vì fojmfltlojctj l uo gaspftld.
 Pj a jdjtrðdfta nar fcejrfma, mjvj-sj taolr ouftl ìeul, djftj,
àojr avas nrjsàs au ðdja vjejtld j praùrlr uo oæmfà au
gaspftld fojmfltlojctj.
 Jvftj ta`lr oltjrflfs ojtìdfàs (àoa njrrlojctls), quj
pamjo `luslr ùrta-`frùfta cas padas pasftfva (+) j cjeltfva
() ml iltjrfl.
 La fcstldlr l iltjrfl, àcj`tj prfojfra a pada pasftfva (+).
 La mjsfcstldlr l iltjrfl, mjsàcj`tj prfojfra a pada cjeltfva
().
 Ztfdfzj uo plca la dfoplr l plrtj supjrfar ml iltjrfl. Cuc`l
usj elsadfcl au autras sadvjctjs areécfàs au mj dfopjzl.
N. Mjs`lrtj ml iltjrfl
◁ \ulcma l iltjrfl càa pamj sjr uslml par jcvjdgj`fojcta, càa
l mjs`lrtj ca dfxa àouo cjo mjspjkj sju dïqufma ì`fma jo
cjcguo duelr, pafs fssa pamj `luslr mlcas l va`ë, l autrls
pjssals j lcfolfs j padufr a loifjctj. Iltjrfls uslmls mjvjo
sjr jcvflmls la mjplrtlojcta mj rj`f`dlejo lpraprflma plrl
sju mjs`lrtj.
E. Rcjus
 Pj as pcjus jxpdamfrjo, l jxpdasàa jo sf ltfrlrì as ùias mj
raml, pcjus, jfxa mj mfrjåàa j autras àopacjctjs l pjda
ojcas :22o mj mfstéc`fl ml oìqufcl. L jxpdasàa j sjus
mjtrftas `luslràa mlcas j njrfojctas sjvjras, partlcta mjvj-
sj olctjr l prjssàa mas pcjus mjctra ml vlrflåàa lmjqulml.
Cuc`l jc`gl as pcjus ldæo ml vlrflåàa mj prjssàa lmjqulml.
(Nfeurl <-62)
 Murlctj l daàoaåàa, a `ldar pramuzfma par oìqufcls jo ldtl Nfeurl <-62
vjda`fmlmj `lusl `jrta luojcta cl prjssàa mas pcjus, a quj
æ carold8 càa tjctj mfofcufr l prjssàa. A pra`jmfojcta
àrrjta æ mfofcufr l vjda`fmlmj ml oìqufcl au plrì-dl plrl
jsnrflr as pcjus. Raræo, sj l oìqufcl àctfculr sj oavjcma
jo ldtl vjda`fmlmj, `luslrì a sairjlquj`fojcta j l jxpdasàa
mas pcjus.

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^jrfnfquj sj a lcjd mj idaqujfa ml raml `lfu. Ltjcåàa murlctj a

jc`gfojcta.
L]JCÅÀA
 La lkustlr l prjssàa ma pcju, olctjcgl-sj a olfs lnlstlma

passïvjd. â`ë mjvj sjoprj sj olctjr ltrìs ma pcju.
 Æ prafifma jc`gjr as pcjus ào lr fcndloìvjd. Yjàojcml-sj a
usa mj cftraeëcfa sjà. Pj as pcjus kì jstfvjrjo `gjfas, tloiæo
pamj-sj utfdfzlr cftraeëcfa plrl lkustlr l prjssàa8 cftraeëcfa æ
nl`fdojctj ofsturlma ào a lr. Jc`gjr as pcjus ào cftraeëcfa
rjmuz a rfsà mj jxpdasàa, kì quj cftraeëcfa càa nl`fdftl l
àoiustàa j prjvfcj axfmlåàa j mjtjrfarlåàa ml iarrl`gl, ldæo
mj jvftlr a jcnjrruklojcta mas ùias mj raml.
 Rlrl jvftlr quj as pcjus sjklo jc`gfmas jo jx`jssa, æ Nfeurl <-6<
cj`jssìrfa tjr ls njrrlojctls àrrjtls plrl a jc`gfojcta ào
cftraeëcfa j trjfclojcta jo àoa utfdfzlr tlfs njrrlojctls.
 ^jrfnfquj as pcjus j ùias mj raml. Càa apjrj l `lrrjelmjfrl
ào l prjssàa mas pcjus oufta ilfxl. ^jrfnfquj tloiæo sj gì
rl`glmurls au mjnarolåàa cas pcjus.
 ^jrfnfquj sj as plrlnusas j ras`ls mls ramls jstàa lpjrtlmas
àoa jxfefma pjda nlirf`lctj.
 Càa sj pasf`facj cl nrjctj au ltrìs mls ramls la vjrfnf`ì-dls. L
vjrfnf`låàa mjvjr sjr njftl pasf`faclma la dlma mls ramls. Pj nar
cj`jssìrfa rjoavjr uol mls ramls, ls autrls ramls mjvjo sjr
idaqujlmls ào `ldåas. (Nfeurj <-6<)
 La rjldfzlr sadmlejo prðxfoa âs ramls, mjvj-sj taolr ùfmlma
jxtrl, pafs a pcju pamj jxpdamfr8 àcsjrtlr as pcjus j ùias mj
raml æ uo trlildga pjrfeasa. Lpjcls pjssals trjfclmls pamjo
fcspj`faclr j rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa cas pcjus j cas ùias mj
raml ào a luxïdfa mj njrrlojctls lpraprflmls j pra`jmfojctas
àrrjtas.
 La tra`lr uo pcju, lssjeurj-sj mj quj a pcju cava æ ma tfpa
àrrjta. ]amas as pcjus mjvjo sjr feulfs jo tjroas mj
jspj`fnf`låàa j tjxturl
G. Yjsjrvltðrfa mj lr
◁ A rjsjrvltðrfa mj lr mjvj sjr suistftuïma l `lml 0 lcas.
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9. Apjrlåàa
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Ls mjs`rfåújs lquf àctfmls sàa plrl rjnjrëc`fl mj cavas apjrlmarjs j vjrfnf`låàa mj apjrlmarjs jxpjrfjctjs.
Jstl plrtj àctæo ls mjs`rfåújs mas fcstruojctas, fctjrruptarjs, àctradjs, àctradjs l`jssðrfas j fcnarolåàa mj
trlcspartj j trlåàa.
As mflerlols lquf àctfmas pamjo euflr a apjrlmar ca pra`jmfojcta àrrjta mj vjrfnf`låàa, plrtfml,
apjrlåújs j mjsdfelojcta ml oìqufcl. Ls glifdfmlmjs apjrl`faclfs lquf mjs`rftls sàa iìsf`ls. @ao l
àoprjjcsàa ml oìqufcl j suls nucåújs, ls glifdfmlmjs j tæ`cf`ls ma apjrlmar sjràa ojdgarlmls.
9.<. Caojs mas àopacjctjs j mj`ldqujs
0. @fdfcmra mj
<. @låloil 9. Dlcål =. Irlåa :. @glssf mflctjfra
djvlctlojcta
<2. ]lcquj mj ðdja

>. @lifcj 5. @lpý ma oatar 7. @actrlpjsa 6. Pupartj
gfmrìudfà
<0 ]lcquj mj
<<. @fdfcmra ma irlåa <9. Glstj
àoiustïvjd
Nfeurl 9-< ^fsàa ejrld j caojs mas àopacjctjs
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9.9. Fcstruojctas ml `lifcj j mfspasftfvas
9.9.<. Jsqujol ma fctjrfar ml `lifcj
Nfeurl 9-9 Jsqujol ma fctjrfar ml `lifcj

=. Fcstruojcta mj
<. Ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa 9. Rjmld ma nrjfa 0. Déoplml efrltðrfl mj lvfsa
àoifclåàa
>. Rjmld mj l`jdjrlåàa 5. Fctjrruptar Yyaol mj àoifclåàa (nlrad, duz ldtl/ilfxl j

:. Fctjrruptar ml `glvj
jdjtrýcf`l sjtls)
7. Fctjrruptar mj sjdjåàa <2. Fctjrruptar mj mflecðstfà <<. Fctjrruptar mj

6. Iarrfnlmar
mj jstlma ma oatar ma oatar jojreëc`fl
Títulos relacionados =2
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<9. Fctjrruptar ml duz mj <0. Fctjrruptar ml duz mj <=. Fctjrruptar ml duz mj sjrvfåa <:. Fctjrruptar ma
sjrvfåa mflctjfrl sjrvfåa trlsjfrl supjrfar trlsjfrl dfoplmar nractld
<5. Ia`ld ma l`jcmjmar mj

<>. Nrjfa mj oàa <7. ERP <6. Iatàa dfel-mjsdfel
`felrra (taolml)
92. @lfxl mj àctradj 99. Fctjrruptar ml déoplml mj 90. Fctjrruptar ml duz mj

9<. Iatàa mj iuzfcl
`jctrld jdætrfà tjta lvfsa efrltðrfl
9=. Fctjrruptar ma dfoplmar

9:. Ldtjrclmar 9>. Yìmfa (ap`facld)
trlsjfra (ap`facld)
Nfeurl 9-0 Fcstruojcta mj àoifclåàa
^jrmj ^jr ^jrmj ^jrmj ^jrmj ^jrmj
Títulos relacionados =<

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^jrmj ^jrmj ^jrmj
Rdl`l Rdl`l Rdl`l
mj mj mj
àijr àijr àijr
turl turl turl
prjtl prjtl prjtl
Nfeurl 9-= Fctjrruptarjs ml dlcål
9.9.9. Mjs`rfåàa mls nucåújs mas fcstruojctas j mfspasftfvas ml `lifcj

(tlijdl 9-<, tlijdl 9-9)
C² Caoj Låàa j nucåàa Aisjrvlåújs
Jopurrj plrl nrjctj plrl jceltlr l <ª j 9ª olr`gl,

< @actradj mj joirjlejo plrl trìs plrl jceltlr l olr`gl â ræ, j olctjcgl cl
pasfåàa cjutrl plrl àda`lr jo pacta-oarta.
9 Rjmld mj nrjclejo Rrjssfacj a pjmld plrl l`faclr as nrjfas.
0 Duz mj lvfsa efrltðrfl Nucåàa mj lvfsa mj sjeurlcål. Ap`facld
]l`ýojtra
Fcmf`l l vjda`fmlmj ma oatar jo tjopa rjld.
(E<)
Ojmfmar mj
prjssàa mj lr Jxfij l prjssàa mj lr ma nrjfa.
(E9)
Ojmfmar mj
Fcmf`l l tjopjrlturl ma ndufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa ma
tjopjrlturl
oatar.
ml ìeul (E0)
Fcstruojcta
Ojmfmar ml
= mj
prjssàa ma Fcmf`l l prjssàa ma ðdja ma oatar.
àoifclåàa ðdja (E=)
Ojmfmar ml
tjopjrlturl Fcmf`l l tjopjrlturl ma ðdja ma àcvjrsar mj tarquj.
ma ðdja (E:)
Jxfij plréojtras àoa vadtlejo ml iltjrfl j

Mfspdly D@M
àoiustïvjd ma oatar.
Déoplml mj Fcmf`l a stltus ml `lrel ml iltjrfl, ma nrjfa mj oàa j

lmvjrtëc`fl ml ilfxl prjssàa mj lr ma nrjfa.
@actradl l låàa mj dfelr tama a vjïùda j l plrtfml ma

: Fctjrruptar l `glvj
oatar
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C² Caoj Låàa j nucåàa Aisjrvlåújs
@actradl l qulctfmlmj ma suprfojcta mj àoiustïvjd

> Rjmld jdjtrýcfà mj l`jdjrlåàa ca oatar, l vjda`fmlmj oatar, mjctrj autras nltarjs
mj nuc`faclojcta.
Fctjrruptar mj àoifclåàa @actradl a nlrad ldta, a nlrad ilfxa, duzjs mj sjtl j

5
Yyaol sfcldfzlmarjs dltjrlfs.
Fctjrruptar mj sjdjåàa mj @actradl a oama mj apjrlåàa ma oatar (àoa `lrel

7 jstlma ma oatar pjslml j `lrel djvj).
Lrolzjcl l ìeul uslml pjda iarrfnlmar ma dfoplmar

6 Iarrfnlmar
mj plrl-irfsl.
Fctjrruptar mj mflecðstfà ma @actradl a mflecðstfà ma oatar j dë as `ðmfeas mj

<2
oatar mjnjfta.
@actradl l låàa mj dfelr ls qultra duzjs mj sjtl jo

<< Fctjrruptar mj jojreëc`fl
`lsa mj plrlml mj jojreëc`fl ma vjïùda.
Fctjrruptar ml duz mj sjrvfåa

<9 @actradl l duz mj sjrvfåa mflctjfrl.
mflctjfrl
Fctjrruptar ml duz mj sjrvfåa

<0 @actradl l duz mj sjrvfåa trlsjfrl.
trlsjfrl
Déoplml trlsjfrl ma `lpý ma Fctjrruptar uslma plrl àctradlr l déoplml trlsjfrl

<=
oatar ma `lpý ma oatar.
<: Fctjrruptar ma dfoplmar nractld @actradl a dfoplmar nractld.
Ruxj l ldlvlc`l plrl l`faclr a nrjfa j jopurrj plrl

<> Nrjfa mj oàa
sadtì-da
Nuc`facl plrl l fcstldlåàa mj uo l`jcmjmar mj

<5 Ia`ld ma l`jcmjmar mj `felrra
`felrra au àoa taolml.
Ramj sjr utfdfzlma plrl mfzjr l pasfåàa ma vjïùda j

<7 ERP
jcvflr fcnarolåújs sairj l oìqufcl.
<6 Iatàa dfel-mjsdfel @actradl l låàa mj dfelr a vjïùda.
@lfxl mj àctradj `jctrld Fcàrparl as nusïvjfs j rjdæs mj tama a vjïùda j

92
jdætrf`l àctradl taml sul nactj mj ldfojctlåàa.
9< Iatàa mj iuzfcl Rrjssfacj plrl ta`lr l iuzfcl.
99 Fctjrruptar ml déoplml mj tjta @actradl l déoplml mj tjta.
Fctjrruptar ml duz mj lvfsa

90 @actradl l duz mj lvfsa efrltðrfl Ap`facld
efrltðrfl
9= Fctjrruptar ma dfoplmar trlsjfra @actradl a dfoplmar trlsjfra. Ap`facld
9: Ldtjrclmar
9> Yìmfa Ap`facld
]lijdl 9-9 Mjs`rfåàa ma jstlma mj nuc`faclojcta mls déoplmls fcmf`lmarls (dfel-mjsdfel) j iatújs ca
fcstruojcta mj àoifclåàa (vjr Nfeurl 9-=).
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C² Caoj Pïoiada @ar Catl (sairj a jstlma ml déoplml fcmf`lmarl)

A fctjrruptar mj sjtl æ pasf`faclma plrl vfrlr â
< Pjtl plrl l jsqujrml ^jrmj
jsqujrml.
A fctjrruptar mj sjtl æ pasf`faclma plrl vfrlr â
9 Pjtl plrl l mfrjftl ^jrmj
mfrjftl.
0 Fcmf`lmar mj `lrel ^jrojdga Ptltus mj `lrel
Ilfxl prjssàa mj lr ma L déoplml mj lvfsa l`jcmj qulcma l prjssàa jstì
= ^jrojdga
nrjfa ≭=ilr au ≪7ilr.
Ilfxl prjssàa mj ðdja L prjssàa mj ðdja ma oatar jstì ≭< ilr au ≪>ilr
: ^jrojdga
ma oatar par :P.
> Nrjfa mj oàa ^jrojdga A nrjfa mj oàa càa jstì sadta.
Déoplml fcmf`lmarl
5 Lzud \ulcma l déoplml jstì l`jsl j a nlrad ldta æ sjdj`faclma.
mj nlrad ldta
Ap`facld
7 Rræ lquj`fojcta ^jrojdga Jstlma mj lquj`fojcta la dfelr a oatar.
]jopjrlturl ma ndufma
L tjopjrlturl ma ndufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa jstì
6 mj rjnrfejrlåàa ma ^jrojdga
≪<22»@.
oatar
Lvfsa mj ilfxa cðvjd
<2 Lolrjda A cïvjd mj àoiustïvjd jstì ≭</7.
mj àoiustïvjd
Déoplml mj fcmf`låàa
<< C ^jrmj Ap`facld
ma pacta oarta
]jopjrlturl ma ðdja L tjopjrlturl ma ðdja ml `lfxl mj `éoifa jstì
<9 ^jrojdga
ml `lfxl mj `éoifa ≪<92»@.
Aistruåàa ma nfdtra mj
<0 ^jrojdga Ap`facld
lr
Déoplml mj fcmf`låàa
<= ma sjplrlmar Lolrjda Ap`facld
àoiustïvjd-ìeul
Déoplml mj lvfsa mj
<: cïvjd ilfxa ma ndufma ^jrojdga Ap`facld
mj rjnrfejrlåàa
L sjr L sjr
<> Yjsjrvlma Ap`facld
mjtjrofclma mjtjrofclma
aistruåàa ma nfdtra mj
<5 ^jrojdga Ap`facld
ðdja ml `lfxl mj
`éoifa
Ap`facld
Déoplml ma fcmf`lmar
<7 J@A ^jrmj \ulcma l àcmfåàa ma oatar jstì sjdj`faclml àoa
ml àcmfåàa ma oatar
`lrel oæmfl au djvj.
<6 aistruåàa ma nfdtra mj ^jrmj Ap`facld
àoiustïvjd
92 Rracta plrl plrtfml ^jrojdga
Déoplml mj lvfsa mj Ap`facld

9< tjopjrlturl ma ðdja ^jrojdga
\ulcma l tjopjrlturl ma ðdja jstì 3 62» @
gfmrìudfà
99 Ouma ml iuzfcl ^jrojdga A sao mj lvfsa nf`l ouma.
Títulos relacionados ==
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Fcmf`lmar mj plrlml ma Jo `lsa mj nldgl erlvj ca oatar au cl `lfxl mj

90 ^jrojdga
oatar `éoifa. Ap`facld
Mflecðstfà ma Jo `lsa mj nldgl erlvj ca oatar au cl `lfxl mj
9= Lolrjda
oatar `éoifa.
<. —Lpjrtj j sjeurj‟ sfecfnf`l lpjrtlr j sjeurlr
uo iatàa par 3?0s, j —lpjrtj‟ sfecfnf`l
lpjrtlr j sjeurlr uo iatàa par ≭0s. Lpjrtj j
sjeurj plrl mjfxlr a sao mj lvfsa ouma j
Iatàa lpjrtj j sjeurj cavlojctj plrl quj a sao
9:
oudtfnuc`facld
vadtj. Lpðs mlr plrtfml cavlojctj, a sao mj
lvfsa sjrì rjstlurlma.
9. Zslma plrl djr a `ðmfea mj nldgl ma oatar.
Títulos relacionados =:
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9.9.0. Zsas mas mfspasftfvas mj apjrlåàa
9.9.0.<. @actradj mj `éoifa (Nfeurl 9-:, Nfeurl 9- >)
Olr`gl â nrjctj
Racta oarta
Olr`gl â ræ
Nfeurl 9-> Nata rjld ml `lfxl mj `éoifa

pdlcjtìrfl
Nfeurl 9- : Mflerlol ml `lfxl mj `éoifa pdlcjtìrfl
9.9.0.9. @actradjs mas jqufplojctas mj apjrlåàa

Mfvfmfma jo mafs oamas mj àctradj; oama mj àctradj gfmrìudfà (sfstjol gfmrìudfà pfdata) j oama
oj`écfà. Apjrj mj làrma ào as fcstruojctas fcstldlmas cl sul oìqufcl, rjnjrfmas cl folejo lilfxa.
9.9.0.9.<. Oama mj àctradj oj`écfà (Nfeurl 9-5, Nfeurl 9-7)
Ndutulr
Padtlr
Rasfåàa
Fc`dfclåàa Fc`dfclåàa
cjutrl
Fålr
Mflctjfrl
Jsqujrml Mfrjftl
]rlsjfrl
Nfeurl 9- 5 Jsqujol ml ldlvlc`l mj àctradj jo pasfåújs

mfnjrjctjs Nfeurl 9-7 Nata mj pramutas rjlfs
Títulos relacionados =>

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9.9.0.9.9. Oama oj`écfà (Nfeurl 9-6, Nfeurl 9-<2)

Olctjr
Mjs`jr
Kaystf`h ma
irlåa (pasfåàa cjutrl)
Fålr
Fc`dfclr `låloil
Rasfåàa cjutrl ma
kaystf`h ml `låloil
Fc`dfclr `l loil lrl trìs
Nfeurl 9 -6 Jsqujol ml ldlvlc`l mj àctradj jo pasfåújs

mfnjrjctjs
Nfeurl 9-<2 Nata mj pramutas rjlfs
9.9.0.0. Nrjfa mj oàa (nrjfa mj jojreëc`fl)

A nrjfa mj oàa æ mfvfmfma cls narols mj àctradj oj`écf`l j pcjuoìtf`l.
Apjrj mj làrma ào as fcstruojctas fcstldlmas cl sul oìqufcl, rjnjrfmas cl folejo lilfxa.
Nrjfa mj oàa oj`écfà (Nfeurl 9-<<, Nfeurl 9-<9)
Nfeurl 9-<< Jsqujol ma nrjfa mj oàa

Nfeurl 9-<9 Nata mj pramutas rjlfs
Nrjfa mj oàa pcjuoìtfà (Nfeurl 9-<0, Nfeurl 9-<=)
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Iatàa ma nrjfa mj oàa

Nrjlr
Padtlr
Nfeurl 9-<= Nata mj pramutas rjlfs
Nfeurl 9-<0 Jsqujol ma nrjfa mj oàa
9.9.=. Apjrlåàa ma oama mj sjdjåàa ml àcmfåàa ma

oatar (Nfeurl 9-<:, Nfeurl 9-<>)
Nfeurl 9-<: Mflerlol mj vìrfls pasfåújs mj àctradj Nfeurl 9-<> Nata mj pramutas rjlfs
<. @lrel djvj (oama jàcýofà); Oltjrflfs mj olssl

pjqujcl j mfrjåàa ào pau`l `lrel.
9. @lrel oæmfl (oama plmràa); Pada lrjcasa ûofma,
`ls`ldga j pjmrls pjqujcls, olmjfrl prjcslml j `lcas.
0. @lrel pjslml (oama mj jnf`fëc`fl) Oltjrflfs erlcmjs j
muras, apjrlåújs mj js`ldlml j rjoaåàa mj sada ào lrefdl.
9.9.:. Lkustj j usa mas lssjctas
As lssjctas sj mfvfmjo jo mafs tfpas; lssjcta mj sjrvfåa j àouo
Apjrj mj làrma ào as fcstruojctas fcstldlmas cl sul oìqufcl, rjnjrfmas cl folejo lilfxa.
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Lvfsa ]amls ls nucåújs ma lssjcta mjvjo sjr lkustlmls ào a vjïùda plrlma.
9.9.:.<. Lssjcta àouo (Nfeurl 9-<5)
Ldlvlc`l mj lkustj ma éceuda

ma lpafa mj irlåa (L)
Ldlvlc`l mj lkustj ma
éceuda ma jcàsta (I)
Ldlvlc`l mj lkustj ml
ldturl ma lssjcta (@)
Ldål mj lkustj
daceftumfcld (M)
Ldål mj lkustj mj
rfefmjz ma
loartj`jmar (J)
Nfeurl 9-<5 Lkustj ma lssjcta àouo
9.9.:.9. Lssjcta mj sjrvfåa (Nfeurl 9-<7)
Ldlvlc`l mj lkustj ma éceuda

ma lpafa mj irlåa (L)
jdjvlåàa ma jcàsta (E)
Ldlvlc`l mj lkustj ma
éceuda ma jcàsta (I)
ldturl ma lssjcta @
Ldål mj lkustj
daceftumfcld
(M)
Ldål mj lkustj mj
rfefmjz ma
loartj`jmar (J)
Ldål mj lkustj
daceftumfcld (N)
Nfeurl 9-<7 Lkustj ma lssjcta mj sjrvfåa
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9.9.>. Plïml stlcmiy
L klcjdl mfrjftl ml `lifcj pamj sjr uslml àoa slïml

stlcmiy. L klcjdl pamj sjr lijrtl saojctj par mjctra ml
`lifcj.
Jopurrj l ldlvlc`l < ml trlvl plrl mjstrlc`lr j jopurrj

l klcjdl plrl l pasfåàa tatldojctj lijrtl. (Nfeurl 9-<6)
Nfeurl 9-<6 Plïml stlcmiy
9.9.5. Mfskuctar ml iltjrfl rj`lrrjeìvjd
Lirl l tlopl ml iltjrfl ma dlma jsqujrma ma àctrlpjsa8

a mfskuctar jstì da`ldfzlma cl nrjctj ml iltjrfl. (Nfeurl 9-92)
F---AC. Rlrl narcj`jr jcjrefl la sfstjol jdætrfà, a mfskuctar

mjvj jstlr cl pasfåàa —AC‟ lctjs mj dfelr a oatar
A---ANN. Rlrl mjsltfvlr a sfstjol jdætrfà, efrj l ldlvlc`l ma
mfskuctar ca sjctfma lctf-garìrfa ltæ l pasfåàa —ANN‟.
A mfskuctar ml iltjrfl rj`lrrjeìvjd rjldfzl nucåújs

mfnjrjctjs ma fctjrruptar mj plrtfml ma oatar. Rlrl
mjsltfvlr l nactj mj ldfojctlåàa mj tama a sfstjol
jdætrfà, lkustj a mfskuctar ml iltjrfl plrl l pasfåàa —ANN‟.
Pj lpjcls a fctjrruptar ml `glvj mj plrtfml jstfvjr Nfeurl 9-92 Mfskuctar ml iltjrfl rj`lrrjeìvjd
mjsdfelma, l iltjrfl lfcml jstlrì àcj`tlml la sfstjol
jdætrfà.
Lkustj a mfskuctar ml iltjrfl plrl l pasfåàa —ANN‟ la

rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas ca sfstjol jdætrfà au jo
autrls plrtjs ml oìqufcl.
Cuc`l àdaquj a mfskuctar ml iltjrfl cl pasfåàa —ANN‟ jcqulcta a oatar

Ltjcåàa jstfvjr dfelma. Fssa pamj `luslr mlcas særfas la sfstjol jdætrfà.
Títulos relacionados :2
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9.0. Zsa ml cavl `lrrjelmjfrl
9.0.<. Aisjrvlåújs
Jstl oìqufcl naf àopdjtlojctj vjrfnf`lml j lkustlml lctjs mj sjr vjcmfml. Raræo, sj utfdfzlml
jo loifjctj lmvjrsa ca prfc`ïpfa, l vfml ûtfd ml oìqufcl pamj mfofcufr. Rartlcta, æ cj`jssìrfa rjldfzlr
uo pjrïama mj lmlptlåàa murlctj ls prfojfrls :2 garls mj usa ml oìqufcl j prjstlr ltjcåàa las sjrvfåas
mj olcutjcåàa. Nlvar aijmj`jr las sjeufctjs rjeudlojctas murlctj a pjrïama mj lmlptlåàa;
◁ Lpðs mlr plrtfml, olctjcgl l `lrrjelmjfrl plrlml par : ofcutas plrl lquj`ë-dl.
◁ Æ prafifma l`jdjrlr a oatar suiftlojctj murlctj a pjrïama mj lquj`fojcta.
◁ Jvftj mfrjåàa fopudsfvl, vfrlmls irus`ls j nrjclejcs sûiftls mjscj`jssìrfls.
◁ ^jrfnfquj j rjldfzj rjplras cl oìqufcl mj làrma ào ls rjerls.
9.0.9. Jstumj as ftjcs mj sjeurlcål
◁ Djfl j àoprjjcml a olculd j autras maùojctas ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Nlofdflrfzj-sj ào tamls ls ldlvlc`ls, fcmf`lmarjs mj ojmfåàa j ldlrojs.
◁ Fmjctfnfquj lmvjrtëc`fls j lvfsas mj sjeurlcål, quj pamjo djoirì-da mj àcmfåújs pjrfeasls.
◁ Aijmjål j ùfmj mj tamas as lvfsas mj sjeurlcål àdlmas cl oìqufcl, suistftul lqujdjs quj
jstfvjrjo mlcfnf`lmas au tjcglo sfma pjrmfmas.
9.0.0. Lprjcml a oætama mj vjrfnf`låàa
◁ Mfvjrsas fcstruojctas mj sjeurlcål j pratjåàa jstàa fcstldlmas cl oìqufcl, àoa a `fcta mj

sjeurlcål, erlmj pratjtarl, js`lml, jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa, mjctrj autras8 olctjcgl-as jo àcmfåújs
lmjqulmls.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj as pcjus jstàa mjselstlmas au mlcfnf`lmas. ^jrfnfquj tloiæo sj jstàa ào l prjssàa mj
lr carold. Càa apjrj l `lrrjelmjfrl sj l prjssàa mj lr nar fcsunf`fjctj.
◁ Pj l trlc`l ma pfca mj mfrjåàa jstfvjr fcstldlml, olctjcgl-l jo àcmfåàa prjplrlml. L oìqufcl càa
pamj sjr vfrlml sj jstfvjr trlc`lml.
Títulos relacionados :<

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9.0.=. Nlofdflrfzj-sj ào sul oìqufcl
◁ @acgjål ijo ls nucåújs mj tamas as fcstruojctas mj àctradj j mj ojmfåàa j pjmlfs. Dfopj l

erlxl mj ldlvlc`ls mj apjrlåàa, pjmlfs j olcfvjdls plrl jvftlr jsàrrjelojctas.
◁ Dfopj mjtrftas ml `lifcj j olctjcgl sju `gàa dfopa.
9.0.:. Lmlptlåàa ml oìqufcl

Lfcml quj l `lrrjelmjfrl tjcgl sfma vjrfnf`lml j lkustlml, utfdfzì-dl jo uo loifjctj mj apjrlåàa
lmvjrsa ca àojåa `luslrì rjmuåàa mj sul vfml ûtfd. Joprjeuj uo pjrïama mj lmlptlåàa murlctj ls :2
prfojfrls garls mj usa.
◁ Lpðs mlr plrtfml, olctjcgl l oìqufcl plrlml par : ofcutas.
◁ Æ prafifma l`jdjrlr a oatar suiftlojctj murlctj a pjrïama mj lquj`fojcta.
◁ Jvftj lrrlcquj sûifta, l`jdjrlåàa, vfrlmls j nrjclejcs irus`ls, jx`jta jo `lsas mj jojreëc`fl.
◁ Murlctj a pjrïama mj lmlptlåàa, `lml olr`gl mjvj sjr jceltlml feuldojctj.
Murlctj a pjrïama mj lmlptlåàa, æ prjnjrïvjd uslr l `låloil plrl `lrrjelr oltjrflfs sadtas j jvftlr
apjrlåújs pjslmls. L `lpl`fmlmj mj `lrel càa mjvj udtrlplsslr 52% ml `lpl`fmlmj dfoftj j l
vjda`fmlmj mj mfrjåàa càa mjvj udtrlplsslr 52% ml vjda`fmlmj oìxfol.
◁ Rrjstj ltjcåàa ca jstlma mj duirfnf`låàa ml oìqufcl j suistftul au fckjtj a duirfnf`lctj mj làrma

ào a `racaerlol prjs`rfta.
◁ Rrjstj ltjcåàa cl tjopjrlturl ml `lfxl mj `éoifa, ma àcvjrsar mj tarquj, mas jfxas mflctjfra j
trlsjfra, mas ùias mj raml j ma tloiar ma nrjfa. Pj aàrrjr sairjlquj`fojcta, mjsùirl a oatfva
j rjsadvl a praidjol.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a lpjrta mj `lml plrlnusa j par`l.
◁ Lpðs <2 garls ma pjrïama mj lmlptlåàa, ls sjeufctjs apjrlåújs mjvjo sjr rjldfzlmls;
l. ^jrfnfquj a lpjrta mj `lml plrlnusa j par`l, jspj`fldojctj ca plrlnusa ma tapa ma `fdfcmra ma oatar
l mfjsjd, plrlnusas mj nfxlåàa ma oatar, `lfxl mj `éoifa j jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra, par`ls ma ùia
ml raml j plrlnusas àcj`tarjs ma jfxa ml `lfxl mj `éoifa, jctrj autras. ]amas as plrlnusas
ojc`faclmas l`fol mjvjo sjr vjrfnf`lmas.
i. Dfopj a nfdtra ma ðdja erassa ma oatar, a nfdtra ma ðdja nfca ma oatar j a nfdtra mj àoiustïvjd.
`. ^jrfnfquj a lpjrta ml àrrjfl ma ldtjrclmar, mls àrrjfls ma ejrlmar j mls àrrjfls ca àoprjssar ma
lr àcmf`faclma.
m. ^jrfnfquj a jstlma ma jdjtrðdfta ml iltjrfl j lpjrtj ls kuctls ml iltjrfl.
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j. ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd mj ðdja ca sfstjol mj trlcsofssàa.
n. ^jrfnfquj a jstlma ma nj`glojcta gjroætfà mas sfstjols gfmrìudfà j mj nrjfa.
e. ^jrfnfquj sj `lml ldlvlc`l mj àctradj j mj l`jdjrlåàa jstì ijo àcj`tlml j lpjrtlml.
g. ^jrfnfquj l tjopjrlturl j àcjxàa mj `lml àopacjctj ca sfstjol jdætrfà j a mjsjopjcga ma

ejrlmar, mls déoplmls mj fduofclåàa j mj fduofclåàa.
9.=. Jo `lsa mj usa ml oìqufcl jo ìrjl mj ofcjrlåàa, ìrjl

oactlcgasl, jsplåa rjstrfta au ào tjrrjca oufta fc`dfclma,
ltjcåàa ào as sjeufctjs pactas;
◁ Æ rjàojcmlma a usa mj àrrjctjs pratjtarls cas pcjus.
◁ Æ jstrftlojctj prafifma càa utfdfzlr tatldojctj a sfstjol mj nrjclejo par oufta tjopa plrl rjmuzfr
l vjda`fmlmj.
◁ Fcstldj j usj uo mfspasftfva mj iarrfnlejo mj ìeul plrl rjmuzfr l tjopjrlturl mas mfsàs mj nrjfa.
◁ Pj càa nar passïvjd uslr uo mfspasftfva mj iarrfnlejo mj ìeul plrl rjmuzfr l tjopjrlturl mas mfsàs
mj nrjfa, mjvj-sj rjmuzfr l tjopjrlturl mas mfsàs mj ldeuol narol jo `jrtas fctjrvldas mj tjopa.
◁ Yjoavl a lr mas mfsàs mj nrjfa, rjlilstjål au traquj a ðdja ma nrjfa rjeudlrojctj mj làrma ào a
mjsjopjcga ma nrjfa.
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9.:. Lctjs mj àojålr
9.:.<. ^jrfnf`låàa mfìrfl
◁ Rlrl pradacelr l vfml ûtfd ml oìqufcl la oìxfoa,

rjldfzj l vjrfnf`låàa mfìrfl àopdjtl lctjs mj mlr
plrtfml ca oatar.
Nfeurl 9-9<
◁ ^jrfnfquj ls ìrjls la rjmar j sai l oìqufcl. ^jrfnfquj
l prjsjcål mj plrlnusas nrauxas, mjs`lrtjs
lùoudlmas, vlzlojcta mj ðdja au ndufma mj
rjnrfejrlåàa j pjåls mlcfnf`lmls au mjselstlmls.
Aisjrvlåàa; Jstjkl sjoprj ltjcta â prjsjcål mj

vlzlojctas. La mjtj`tlr quldqujr vlzlojcta, mjsùirl
l nactj j rjsadvl a praidjol. Pj gauvjr suspjftl mj
vlzlojcta, vjrfnfquj a cïvjd mj ðdja ào olfs nrjquëc`fl.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a jstlma ml oìqufcl j mls pjåls gfmrìudf`ls.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a jstlma ml iltjrfl j pasf`facj a fctjrruptar

mj àrtj ml iltjrfl cl pasfåàa mj dfelma (F).
◁ \ulcma cj`jssìrfa, lkustj l prjssàa mj fcndlejo.
◁ ^jrfnfquj tamas as cïvjfs mj ðdja, ma ndufma mj

rjnrfejrlåàa j ma àoiustïvjd.
◁ Yjoavl tamas as mjs`lrtjs j dls`ls lùoudlmas.

Lctjs mj apjrlr l oìqufcl, rjldfzj tamas as rjplras
cj`jssìrfas.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj tamls ls tlopls j pdl`ls

pratjtarls jstjklo fcstldlmls àrrjtlojctj.
◁ Lkustj as jspjdgas rjtravfsarjs plrl a éceuda

lpraprflma.
◁ Mj làrma ào ls jspj`fnf`låújs mj olcutjcåàa,

lmf`facj duirfnf`lctj cas pactas mj duirfnf`låàa quj
jxfejo olcutjcåàa mfìrfl. (Nfeurl 9-9<)
Títulos relacionados :=
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9.:.9. Mjsidaqujfa ml trlvl mj mfrjåàa ma

`glssf
◁ Lctjs mj apjrlr l oìqufcl, sjplrj l ldlvlc`l mj trlvl

ml mfrjåàa ma `glssf (<) ma `glssf mflctjfra.
◁ Rasf`facj l ldlvlc`l cl pasfåàa mjstrlvlml j fcstldj a

pfca (9). (Nfeurl 9-99)
Nfeurl 9-99
9.:.0. Jctrlcma/slfcma ml oìqufcl
◁ Lpjcls jctrj j slfl ml oìqufcl cls ìrjls ào

mjerlus j/au àrrfoàa. Dfopj as mjerlus j a àrrfoàa
lctjs mj jctrlr cl oìqufcl. ^jrfnfquj as mjerlus j
àrrfoàa. Yjldfzj tamas as rjplras cj`jssìrfas.
◁ Rlrl jctrlr au slfr ml oìqufcl, nfquj mj nrjctj plrl

jdl j olctjcgl trës pactas mj àctlta ào as mjerlus
j a àrrfoàa. (Nfeurl 9-90)
Aisjrvlåàa; As trës pactas mj àctlta pamjo sjr mafs pæs

j uol oàa au uo pæ j muls oàas.
Nfeurl 9-90 Jxjopda mj oætama tïpfà mj
◁ Càa jctrj jo uol oìqufcl jo oavfojcta. Æ jctrlr j slfr ml oìqufcl
prafifma slfr mj uol oìqufcl jo oavfojcta. Æ
prafifma sldtlr mj mjctra ml oìqufcl.
◁ Càa `lrrjeuj cjcguo lrtfea au njrrlojctl la jctrlr

au slfr ml oìqufcl. Puil a jqufplojcta ltæ l
pdltlnarol ào a luxïdfa mj uol àrml.
◁ Æ prafifma a usa mj quldqujr ldlvlc`l àoa àrrfoàa

la jctrlr au slfr ml `lifcj.
Títulos relacionados ::
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9.:.=. Lkustj ma jspjdga rjtravfsar

jxtjrca
As jspjdgas rjtravfsarjs prapar`faclo uo `lopa
vfsuld jxtrl la rjmar ml oìqufcl. Olctjcgl-as dfopas j
jo ials àcmfåújs mj nuc`faclojcta. Lkustj tamas as
jspjdgas rjtravfsarjs la fcï`fa mj `lml turca mj trlildga
au la tra`lr mj apjrlmar. Nfeurl 9-9= Lkustj ma jspjdga rjtravfsar
jxtjrca
Ldæo mfssa, rjàojcml-sj l dfopjzl ml ìrjl mj
trlildga plrl ofcfofzlr pjrfeas `luslmas par praidjol mj
`lopa vfsuld.
Lctjs mj fcf`flr l apjrlåàa, lkustj as jspjdgas
rjtravfsarjs jxtjrcas ml mfrjftl j ml jsqujrml ml `lifcj mj
narol l elrlctfr quj pjda ojcas uol ìrjl mj <o mj `lml
dlma ml oìqufcl passlo sjr aisjrvlmas ml pasfåàa ma
apjrlmar. Ldæo mfssa, mjvj-sj tjr a olfar `lopa mj vfsàa
passïvjd ml rjefàa pastjrfar. (Nfeurl 9-9=)
9.>. Dfelcma a oatar

◁ Lkustj a lssjcta plrl l pasfåàa fmjld lpðs àda`lr a `fcta mj sjeurlcål.
◁ Oavl l àducl mj mfrjåàa plrl lpasfåàa fmjld.
◁ Rasf`facj l ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta.
◁ Mjsltfvj a nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ Oavl tamls ls ldlvlc`ls plrl l pasfåàa `jctrld.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj càa gì pjssals au aistìùdas cl ìrjl mj `frùdlåàa lctjs mj dfelr a oatar, j jctàa iuzfcj
j më plrtfml.
◁ Iuzfcj tjoparlrflojctj.
◁ Rlrl dfelr a oatar, efrj l `glvj plrl l pasfåàa P]LY] j sadtj l `glvj qulcma a oatar dfelr.
Càa olctjcgl l `glvj cl pasfåàa mj dfelr par olfs mj 02s. Leulrmj a oatar
jsnrflr par 9 ofc lctjs mj mlr plrtfml cavlojctj.
AIPJY^LÅÀA A turiaàoprjssar pamj sjr mlcfnf`lma sj a oatar càa pumjr sj olctjr dfelma
jo ilfxl vjda`fmlmj lctjs ma ojmfmar mj prjssàa ma ðdja fcmf`lr quj l prjssàa
æ sunf`fjctj.
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9.>.<. Oatar j pjrïama mj lquj`fojcta

◁ Lpðs dfelr a oatar, leulrmj a sfstjol mj oacftarlojcta àopdjtlr a lutajxloj.
◁ Lpðs mlr plrtfml, olctjcgl l `lrrjelmjfrl plrlml par : ofcutas plrl lquj`ë-dl. Æ RYAFIFMA l`jdjrlr
a oatar suiftlojctj murlctj a pjrïama mj lquj`fojcta.
◁ Aisjrvj l déoplml fcmf`lmarl j a fcstruojcta ào nrjquëc`fl murlctj ls apjrlåújs8 plrj l oìqufcl
plrl fcspjåàa sj ldeuol fcnarolåàa lcarold jxfifml càa pumjr sjr rjoavfml.
◁ L oìqufcl pamj sjr lquj`fml pjda ðdja gfmrìudfà sj l ldlvlc`l mj apjrlåàa ml `låloil nar olctfml
cl pasfåàa nj`glml par pauà tjopa (<2s au ojcas)8 mjstl narol, a ðdja gfmrìudfà pamj ltfcefr l
prjssàa mj sjeurlcål j a oatar pamj sjr lquj`fma pjda ðdja gfmrìudfà olfs rlpfmlojctj.
◁ Apjrj tamls ls ldlvlc`ls mj narol `frùdlr plrl quj a ðdja gfmrìudfà passl ndufr par tamas as `fdfcmras
j `lcas mj ðdja gfmrìudfà mj narol `frùdlr.
◁ Aisjrvj j sfel ls sjeufctjs suejstújs la olctjr a oatar jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl plrl lquj`ë-da.
 A oatar mjvj sjr lquj`fma par `jr`l mj <: ofc qulcma l tjopjrlturl nar olfar quj 2²@.
 A oatar mjvj sjr lquj`fma par `jr`l mj 02 ofc qulcma l tjopjrlturl nar ojcar quj 2²@.
 A tjopa mj lquj`fojcta pamj sj pradacelr sj l tjopjrlturl nar ojcar quj -92²@. Ca jctlcta, uo tjopa
olfar mj lquj`fojcta pamj sjr cj`jssìrfa sj l låàa gfmrìudf`l nar djctl.
A oatar mjvj nuc`faclr jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl ltæ quj l déoplml fcmf`lmarl mj

ldlroj ml prjssàa ma ðdja ma oatar jstjkl lplelml8 a oatar mjvj sjr mjsdfelma
sj l déoplml fcmf`lmarl càa nar mjsltfvlml mjctra mj <2s j pamj sjr dfelma
AIPJY^LÅÀA cavlojctj lpðs a oatfva sjr mjsàijrta8 ma àctrìrfa, a oatar pamj sjr
mlcfnf`lma.
9.5. @acmuåàa ml oìqufcl

9.5.<. Mfrjåàa mj lrrlcquj â
nrjctj/â ræ
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj pjssals càa rjdl`faclmls càa
jctrjo ca vjïùda au sj lpraxfojo mjdj lctjs mj
mfrfefr. Nfeurl 9-9:
◁ ^frj l `låloil plrl l fc`dfclåàa oìxfol plrl trìs sj
cj`jssìrfa j jdjvj l pasfåàa mj trlcspartj ma irlåa mj
as`fdlåàa plrl a pacta ma nucma ml `låloil, quj æ mj
`jr`l mj =2 ò mj mfstéc`fl ma sada.
◁ Ltfvj a pjmld ma nrjfa j pasf`facj l ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa

plrl l <² olr`gl â nrjctj au â ræ (Nfeurl 9-9:).
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Rrjssfacj a iatàa mj nrjfa olculd j sadtj a nrjfa mj

oàa. (Nfeurl 9-9> au Nfeurl 9-95)
◁ L`jdjrj erlmuldojctj lpðs sadtlr a pjmld ma nrjfa

plrl pjroftfr a oavfojcta ml oìqufcl.
9.5.9. ]ra`l mj olr`gls

◁ L`jdjrj lpraprflmlojctj la tra`lr mj olr`gl plrl
jvftlr fopl`ta jx`jssfva ca sfstjol mj trlcsofssàa8
mjstl narol, l vfml ûtfd ml oìqufcl j a àcnarta
murlctj l apjrlåàa pamjo ojdgarlr. Nfeurl 9-9> nrjfa mj oàa oj`écfà
◁ Càa æ cj`jssìrfa plrlr l oìqufcl au l`jdjrlr la
tra`lr ls olr`gls â nrjctj murlctj l mfrjåàa. Ldæo
mfssa, sadtj a l`jdjrlmar lctjs mj luojctlr l olr`gl
j vadtj l l`jdjrlr lpjcls lpðs tjr pasf`faclma l
ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa cl pasfåàa lpraprflml. Lfcml,
rjmuzl l vjda`fmlmj erlmuldojctj j mj narol
lpraprflml j rjmuzl l olr`gl lpjcls lpðs sadtlr a
l`jdjrlmar.
◁ Rlrl ojdgarlr a àcnarta murlctj l mfrjåàa j

pradacelr l vfml ûtfd mls pjåls, plrj l oìqufcl par
àopdjta lctjs mj tra`lr l mfrjåàa mj olr`gl â nrjctj
plrl olr`gl â ræ j vf`j-vjrsl.
Nfeurl 9-95 nrjfa mj oàa pcjuoìtfà
9.5.0. ^frj l oìqufcl

◁ A vjïùda pamj sjr vfrlma la efrlr a vadlctj cl mfrjåàa
mjsjklml murlctj l mfrjåàa.
Càa vfrj suiftlojctj au jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma la mfrfefr jo ldtl vjda`fmlmj.
Lvfsa A vadlctj càa pamj sjr efrlma jcqulcta a oatar jstfvjr mjsdfelma.
9.5.=. Nrjclejo ml oìqufcl

◁ Pj nar cj`jssìrfa nrjlr, sadtj a pjmld ma l`jdjrlmar j prjssfacj a pjmld ma nrjfa ào vlrflåàa cl narål
mjpjcmjcma ml cj`jssfmlmj ltæ quj l oìqufcl plrj àopdjtlojctj.
◁ Càa lpjrtj/sadtj a pjmld ma nrjfa rjpjtfmlojctj j mj narol nrjqujctj, l càa sjr quj lisadutlojctj
cj`jssìrfa.
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9.7. Jstl`faclcma l oìqufcl

◁ Jstl`facj jo da`ld cfvjdlma. Pj nar cj`jssìrfa jstl`faclr jo da`ld fc`dfclma, idaqujfj ls ramls.
◁ Ztfdfzj as nrjfas mj sjrvfåa plrl foaifdfzlr l oìqufcl.
◁ Rasf`facj l ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta.
◁ Ltfvj a nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ Mjsål l njrrlojctl mj apjrlåàa ltæ a `gàa j lpdfquj uo pauà mj narål plrl ilfxa.
Æ prafifma nrjlr l oìqufcl ào a nrjfa mj oàa ào l `lrrjelmjfrl jo oavfojcta,

l càa sjr quj a nrjfa mj sjrvfåa jstjkl mlcfnf`lma.
Lvfsa La mfrfefr jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma, æ prafifma mjsdfelr a oatar au àda`lr a `éoifa jo

pacta oarta.
9.7.<. Mjsdfelojcta ml oìqufcl

Jsnrfj a oatar ào rjnjrëc`fl la pra`jmfojcta l sjeufr plrl jvftlr quj a ðdja àzfcgj mjvfma la
sairjlquj`fojcta ma jc`lfxj ma turiaàoprjssar (sj jqufplma).
◁ A oatar mjvj nf`lr dfelma jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl au plrlma par `fcà ofcutas qulcma l oìqufcl plrlr8
ls plrtjs sairjlquj`fmls jsnrflràa erlmuldojctj.
◁ A fctjrruptar â `glvj ma oatar mjvj sjr mjsdfelma j l `glvj, rjtfrlml.
Càa mjsdfeuj a oatar fojmfltlojctj lpðs apjrlåàa ml oìqufcl ào `lrel.

Fssa pamj `luslr lquj`fojcta jx`jssfva j l`jdjrlr a mjselstj mas
AIPJY^LÅÀA àopacjctjs ma oatar.
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9.6. Plfcma ml oìqufcl
◁ L js`lml j a àrrfoàa mjvjo sjr uslmas plrl slfr ma vjïùda8 mjvj-sj sjeurlr a àrrfoàa ào loils ls
oàas j nf`lr mj nrjctj plrl l oìqufcl. Ldæo mfssa, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj càa jxfstlo fopurjzls cl js`lml
lctjs mj slfr ma vjïùda.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj càa gì nrleojctas cl sldl mj oìqufcls j dfopj qulfsqujr nrleojctas j plpæfs plrl jvftlr
fc`ëcmfa.
◁ Yjoavl j mjs`lrtj lpraprflmlojctj tamas as nrleojctas fcndloìvjfs plrl rjmuzfr a rfsà mj fc`ëcmfa.
◁ Fcspj`facj l supjrnï`fj mj ðdja j l àcmfåàa mj dfopjzl ma jc`lfxj fcnjrfar ma ðdja ma oatar8 sj a cïvjd
mj ðdja jstfvjr oufta ldta au a ðdja jstfvjr lnfclcma erlmuldojctj, mjsùirl j jdfofcj a oatfva.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj a `lca mj ðdja, a `lca mj ìeul, a `lca mj eìs j tamas as l`jssðrfas jstàa sukjftas l
vlzlojctas.
◁ Fcspj`facj l àcmfåàa mj nfxlåàa j sjdlejo ml `lfxl mj `éoifa, ma àcvjrsar mj tarquj, ml iaoil mj

ðdja gfmrìudfà j mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra, j vjrfnfquj sj aàrrj lquj`fojcta jx`jssfva.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj as plrlnusas ca lra, cl ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa j tamls ls ldlvlc`ls mj pfca jstàa nrauxas.
◁ Mjs`lrtj l ìeul mj lrrjnj`fojcta (jx`jta ca oaojcta jo quj l saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj æ lmf`faclml)

qulcma l tjopjrlturl nar ojcar quj 2²@.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj gì ndufma mj nrjfa sunf`fjctj ca sfstjol mj nrjfas.
◁ Mrjcj ls fopurjzls ma ðdja j l ìeul mjpasftlml cl vìdvudl mj àoifclåàa ma sjplrlmar ðdja/ìeul j

mrjcj l ìeul ma rjsjrvltðrfa mj lr.
◁ Ramj-sj slfr ml oìqufcl lpðs àda`lr a mfskuctar ml iltjrfl rj`lrrjeìvjd cl pasfåàa mjsdfelml (A)
qulcma a vjïùda càa nar sjr dfelma par olfs mj 9=g.
◁ Nj`gj tamls ls tlopls, trlcquj tamls ls trlvls, rjoavl ls `glvjs j eulrmj-ls jo sjeurlcål.
9.<2. Oætama mj nuc`faclojcta
9.<2.<. Apjrlåújs prafifmls
◁ Pairj`lrel.
◁ Olctjr l `lrel jo lpjcls uo dlma ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Js`lvlr oltjrflfs muras.
◁ Rjcmurlr uo `lia cas mjctjs ml `låloil plrl jreujr aikjta pjslma.
◁ Js`lvlr cl pasfåàa suspjcsl ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Yjjstruturlr l oìqufcl sjo lutarfzlåàa.
Títulos relacionados >2

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L nldgl jo apjrlr àoa jspj`fnf`lma pravlvjdojctj djvlrì l mlcas â oìqufcl au

djsújs/oartj, pjdas qulfs l W@OE @acstru`tfac Ol`gfcjry @a., Dtm. càa sjrì
Lvfsa rjspacslifdfzlml.
9.<2.9. Mjsjopjcga mj js`lvlåàa
A pra`jmfojcta mj js`lvlåàa æ mj fcsjrfr l `låloil cl pfdgl mj oltjrflfs j `lrrjeì-dl au jopurrì-dl.

Rra`jssas mj js`lvlåàa fc`dujo jopurrlr j `lvlr.
L]JCÅÀA La rjldfzlr js`lvlåàa, nlål ào quj ls `låloils mas mafs dlmas supartjo a pjsa
feuldojctj8 lpjcls uo dlma `lrrjelr l `lrel æ prafifma.
L]JCÅÀA Pj ls ramls mjrrlplrjo, rjmuzl l narål lpdf`lml ca l`jdjrlmar j l `lrel8 jvftj

apjrlåújs mjselstlctjs.
L. Apjrlåàa mj jopurrlr
◁ Olctjcgl l `låloil plrldjdl la `gàa. (Nfeurl 9-97)
Nfeurl 9- 97
Zsj uol olr`gl ilfxl j sj lpraxfoj ml pfdgl mj `lrel, j

jctàa fcsfrl l `låloil cl pfdgl. (Nfeurl 9-96)
Nfeurl 9-96
◁ Jrel as irlåas mj jdjvlåàa j apjrj l ldlvlc`l mj

àctradj ml `låloil plrl fc`dfcì-dl plrl trìs par 9-0
vjzjs ltæ tjr àdjtlma taml l `lrel.
◁ Pj nar mfnï`fd pjrnurlr a oltjrfld ml pfdgl, apjrj l pactl

ml `låloil cl praparåàa mj fc`dfclåàa plrl l nrjctj
< ↙ fc`dfclåàa plrl trìs 9, j `jr﬌quj-sj quj ls ramls
càa mjrrlpjo. (Nfeurl 9-02) Nfeurl 9-02
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◁ Olctjcgl l fc`dfclåàa ml `låloil ca dfoftj oìxfoa

plrl trìs j djvlctj-l `jr`l mj =2 ò l`fol ma sada.
(Jstlma mj trlcspartj) (Nfeurl 9-0<)
Nfeurl 9-0<
I. Apjrlåàa mj `lvlr
◁ Rasf`facj l `låloil ca `gàa jcqulcta l olctæo
dfejfrlojctj fc`dfclml plrl l nrjctj jo rjdlåàa la
sada. Æ prjnjrïvjd quj a éceuda mj fc`dfclåàa ml
`låloil sjkl mj lpraxfolmlojctj 2~<2».
◁ Mfrfkl plrl l nrjctj jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl plrl pjrnurlr Nfeurl 9-09

a `gàa djctlojctj ào l `låloil. (Nfeurl 9-09)
◁ Mjpjcmjcma ml rfefmjz ma sada, la pjrnurì-da ào as

mjctjs ml `låloil jo `jr`l mj <2~02ò, jrel
dfejfrlojctj a irlåa ào uol oàa j fc`dfcj l
`låloil dfejfrlojctj plrl trìs ào l autrl plrl
oavjr a oltjrfld àctfculojctj. (Lkustj l
pranucmfmlmj mj `lvlr ào as kaystf`hs ma irlåa j ml
`låloil) (Nfeurl 9-00) Nfeurl 9-00
◁ \ulcma a oltjrfld cl `låloil nar sunf`fjctj, jrel a

irlåa j fc`dfcj l `låloil plrl trìs plrl lrolzjclr a
oltjrfld par àopdjta. (Nfeurl 9-0=)
Nfeurl 9-0=
◁ Olctjcgl l fc`dfclåàa ml `låloil ca dfoftj oìxfoa

plrl trìs j djvlctj-l `jr`l mj =2 ò l`fol ma sada.
(Nfeurl 9-0:)
Nfeurl 9-0:

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9.<2.0. Mjsjopjcga mj `lrel
La `lrrjelr lrjfl, ra`gls au pjmrls jo uo `lofcgàa au àctëfcjr, jsàdgl uo oætama jnf`fjctj.
Mjtjrofcj a oætama mj apjrlåàa mj làrma ào ls àcmfåújs ma oaojcta8 a oætama mj apjrlåàa

fc`duf l àapjrlåàa jctrj l `lrrjelmjfrl j uo `lofcgàa au lpjcls l `lrrjelmjfrl.
Yjoavl `ls`ldga j pjmrls ma `gàa plrl jvftlr mlcas âs ramls.
L]JCÅÀA Rrjstj ltjcåàa cl supjrnï`fj ml vfl murlctj a trlcspartj, jsàdgl uol vjda`fmlmj quj
càa pjroftl quj l `lrel `lfl j olctjcgl l `låloil ilfxl la mfrfefr.
◁ Pj ls pasfåújs mj `lrrjelojcta j mj
mjs`lrrjelojcta ml `lrrjelmjfrl narolrjo uo
éceuda, lmatj a oama mj apjrlåàa mj olr`gl â ræ j
lkustj a éceuda lpðs `lrrjelr au mjs`lrrjelr a
oltjrfld. (Nfeurl 9-0>)
Nfeurl 9-0> Apjrlåàa `ï`df`l ma tfpa ^
◁ Pj ls pasfåújs mj `lrel j mjs`lrel narjo cl ojsol

mfrjåàa, lmatj a oama mj apjrlåàa mj vadtlr mj ræ
dfcjlrojctj lpðs àdjtlr l `lrel, leulrmlr ltæ quj a
vjïùda mj trlcspartj sj pasf`facj, rjlpraxfolr-sj
plrl mjs`lrrjelr a oltjrfld, j jctàa vadtlr mj ræ
cavlojctj plrl quj a vjïùda mj trlcspartj passl
slfr. (Nfeurl 9-05)
Nfeurl 9-05 Apjrlåàa `ï`df`l ma tfpa F
◁ Pj l pasfåàa mj `lrel nar pjrpjcmfùdlr â pasfåàa mj

mjs`lrel, lmatj a oama apjrl`facld mj àdjtlr l
`lrel, nlzjr uol ùrvl j vadtlr mj ræ, vfrlr cavlojctj,
mjsda`lr-sj plrl nrjctj ltæ l pasfåàa pjrpjcmfùdlr â
mj `lrrjelojcta j mjs`lrrjelr a oltjrfld. (Nfeurl 9-
07)
Nfeurl 9-07 Apjrlåàa `ï`df`l ma tfpa D

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◁ Pj l pasfåàa mj `lrel nar apastl â pasfåàa mj mjs`lrel,

lmatj a oama apjrl`facld mj àdjtlr l `lrel, nlzjr
uol ùrvl j vadtlr mj ræ, vfrlr cavlojctj, mjsda`lr-sj
plrl nrjctj ltæ l pasfåàa apastl â mj `lrrjelojcta j
mjs`lrrjelr a oltjrfld. (Nfeurl 9-06)
Nfeurl 9-06 Apjrlåàa `ï`df`l ma tfpa ]
9.<2.=. Rrjplrlåàa ma sada
@ao a éceuda narolma jctrj l iarml àrtlctj ml `låloil j a `gàa, l `lrrjelmjfrl pamj mjsjopjcglr
apjrlåújs mj jspldglr, cfvjdlr j lssjctlr a sada.
Rlrl rjldfzlr l prjplrlåàa ma sada, l oìqufcl mjvj sjr mfrfefml jo olr`gl â ræ.
Pj nar cj`jssìrfa prjplrlr a sada jcqulcta l `lrrjelmjfrl jstfvjr sj oavjcma plrl

l nrjctj, olctjcgl a éceuda mj fc`dfclåàa nractld jctrj 2»~:».
Murlctj apjrlåàa àoa l ojc`faclml l`fol, l tjopjrlturl ml ìeul ma oatar càa

L]JCÅÀA mjvj udtrlplsslr as <22²@, l tjopjrlturl ma ðdja ma àcvjrsar mj tarquj càa mjvj
udtrlplsslr as 72-<<2 , j l prjssàa ma ðdja ma nrjfa càa mjvj sjr ojcar quj 2.=
Opl. Ma àctrìrfa, fctjrraopl a trlildga fojmfltlojctj j mjsùirl a oatfva ma
praidjol.
L. Jspldglr a sada
◁ @adaquj l `lrel mj sada au lrjfl cl `låloil, fc`dfcj l
`låloil plrl l nrjctj jctrj <2»~<:» j jspldgj l `lrel
ucfnarojojctj jcqulcta oavj l `lrrjelmjfrl plrl
trìs. (Nfeurl 9-=2)
Nfeurl 9-=2
I. Jopurrlr a sada
◁ Rrjjc`gl l `låloil àopdjtlojctj ào sada,
olctjcgl-l cl pasfåàa garfzactld, àdaquj-l ca `gàa
j oavl l `lrrjelmjfrl djctlojctj plrl l nrjctj.
◁ Rlrl mjoadfåàa jo sada mura, olctjcgl a kaystf`h ma

irlåa cl pasfåàa mj ndutulr plrl quj l `låloil rjldfzj
l apjrlåàa mj narol àopdjtl jo àctlta prðxfoa Nfeurl 9-=<
ào a `gàa. (Nfeurl 9-=<)
Títulos relacionados >=

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@. Cfvjdlojcta erassjfra
◁ Fc`dfcj l `låloil àopdjtlojctj plrl l nrjctj,
olctjcgl as mjctjs ml `låloil jo àctlta ào a
`gàa j usj l olr`gl â ræ jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl plrl
cfvjdlr a `gàa mj narol erassjfrl.
M. Cfvjdlojcta lprfoarlma
Nfeurl 9-=9
◁ Jc`gl l `låloil ào lrjfl au sada j l olctjcgl jo
àctlta garfzactld ào a `gàa. Rasf`facj l ldlvlc`l ma
irlåa mj jdjvlåàa jo —ndutulr‟ j oavl l `lrrjelmjfrl
djctlojctj jo olr`gl â ræ. (Nfeurl 9-=9)
9.<2.:. ^lrrjmurl mj cjvj
Zsj uol `låloil sjo mjctjs, pasf`facj-l garfzactldojctj ca

`gàa j lmatj uo oama mj apjrlåàa sfofdlr la mj js`lvlåàa ma
sada plrl rjoavjr l cjvj. (Nfeurl 9-05)
Lvfsas sairj l vlrrjmurl mj cjvj Nfeurl 9-=0
 ]jcgl ùfmlma sj gauvjr cæval mfofcufcma a `lopa

vfsuld.
 Ltjcåàa l aikjtas satjrrlmas pjdl cjvj.
 @acgjål l da`ldfzlåàa mj vldls j `ldålmls.
 @arrjctjs lctfmjrrlplejo mjvjo sjr fcstldlmls cls =
ramls.
 Rlrl apjrlåàa mj rjoaåàa mj cjvj jo da`lfs lopdas,
æ rjàojcmlma a usa mj uo dfopl-cjvjs olfs
jnf`fjctj.
Jo `gàa jsàrrjelmfa, apjrj djctl j ùfmlmaslojctj j jvftj oavfojctas sûiftas
Aisjrvlåàa ào l oìqufcl plrl jvftlr mjrrlplejcs j rjmuåàa mj àctradj ml mfrjåàa.
9.<2.>. Mjsjopjcga murlctj a rjiaquj

◁ @acj`tj a `lia mj rjiaquj nfrojojctj.
◁ Jdjvj a pfca mj trlåàa ca dlstra ml oìqufcl j fcsfrl a `lia mj rjiaquj.
◁ Yjpasf`facj a pfca mj trlåàa.
◁ Mfrfkl djctlojctj murlctj l apjrlåàa mj rjiaquj.
A `lia mj rjiaquj mjvj sjr ltlma ào nfrojzl.
A mfspasftfva mj nrjclejo ma vjïùda l sjr rjia`lma mjvj nuc`faclr caroldojctj,

L]JCÅÀA
ma àctrìrfa, càa mjvj sjr rjia`lma.
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9.<2.>.<. Lvfsas sairj a mjsjopjcga mj rjiaquj
◁ La rjia`lr l `lrrjelmjfrl par mfstéc`fls ùrtls, ls sjeufctjs fcstruåújs mjvjo sjr sjeufmls; L
vjda`fmlmj càa mjvj udtrlplsslr 9 ho/g8 oavl l `lrrjelmjfrl plrl da`ld sjeura plrl rjldfzlr
àcsjrtas. Jssj oætama mjvj sjr uslma lpjcls jo `lsas mj jojreëc`fl. Jo `lsas mj rjiaquj par
dacels mfstéc`fls, usj uol `lrrjtl plrl rjia`lr l `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Mjvjo sjr pravfmjc`flmls ls ojmfmls mj sjeurlcål lmjqulmls plrl jvftlr djsújs `luslmls par nldgl
mas `lias mj rjiaquj au ma elc`ga mj rjiaquj.
◁ Æ prafifma apjrlr a vjïùda l ojcas quj a apjrlmar passl àctradlr l mfrjåàa j a nrjfa ma vjïùda l
sjr rjia`lma.
◁ Lctjs mj rjia`lr l `lrrjelmjfrl, vjrfnfquj l àcmfåàa ma `lia mj rjiaquj j ma elc`ga mj rjiaquj,

elrlctfcma quj sjklo jnf`lzjs a sunf`fjctj. L narål ma `lia mj rjiaquj mjvj sjr mj : vjzjs a pjsa ml
`lrrjelmjfrl. A `lia mj rjiaquj tloiæo pamj sjr uslma plrl rjtfrlr uol `lrrjelmjfrl ltadlml au
prjsl jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma.
◁ Càa utfdfzj àrrjctjs ca duelr mj uo `lia mj rjiaquj8 uo jda ml àrrjctj pamj qujirlr, `luslcma
njrfojctas erlvjs. @adaquj uo aisjrvlmar jo uol pasfåàa sjeurl plrl aisjrvlr a pra`jmfojcta j
plrlr a pra`jssa, sj cj`jssìrfa.
◁ Rlrj a pra`jmfojcta mj a vjïùda sjcma rjia`lma pumjr sj oavjr sazfcga.
◁ A éceuda oïcfoa mj rjiaquj mjvj sjr rjspjftlma, j càa pamj udtrlplsslr 02».
◁ Yjia`lr lprjsslmlojctj pamj plrtfr a `lia mj rjiaquj, partlcta æ rjàojcmìvjd rjldfzlr a

pra`jmfojcta mj narol djctl.
◁ Caroldojctj, l oìqufcl mj rjiaquj mjvj sjr tàa erlcmj qulcta â oìqufcl rjia`lml, j l oìqufcl
mj rjiaquj mjvj passufr `lpl`fmlmj mj nrjclejo, pjsa j patëc`fl sunf`fjctjs plrl àctradlr ls muls
oìqufcls par rlopls j dacels mfstéc`fls.
◁ La rjia`lr l `lrrjelmjfrl jo mj`dfvjs, pamj sjr cj`jssìrfa mj uol oìqufcl mj rjiaquj olfar ltrìs
ml oìqufcl fcapjrlctj plrl jvftlr quj l `lrrjelmjfrl mjsdfzj.
◁ L narål mj rjiaquj vlrfl mjpjcmjcma mls àcmfåújs ma tjrrjca. Pj a tjrrjca nar dfsa, l narål
cj`jssìrfl æ ojcar. Pj a tjrrjca jstfvjr jo oìs àcmfåújs, l narål cj`jssìrfl æ olfar.
◁ Pj a oatar lfcml jstfvjr dfelma, l `lrrjelmjfrl pamj sjr oavfml par uol mfstéc`fl ùrtl jo
jojreëc`fls, sj as sfstjols mj jcjrefl j mj mfrjåàa lfcml pumjrjo sjr apjrlmas. ]jcgl jo ojctj
quj l oìqufcl pamj sjr rjia`lml lpjcls par ùrtls mfstéc`fls, àoa plrl narl mj uo dlolåld au ml
ijfrlml mj uol jstrlml.
◁ Lctjs ma pra`jmfojcta mj rjiaquj, ldfcgj l mfrjåàa ml `lrrjelmjfrl ào l mfrjåàa mj rjiaquj.
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◁ Zo oætama fcàrrjta mj rjiaquj au uo `lia mj låa foprðprfa pamjo `luslr mlcas au oartj,
partlcta, aijmjål las ftjcs l sjeufr;
▰ A vjïùda mj rjiaquj j a vjïùda sjcma rjia`lma mjvjo àctjr YARP&NARP.
▰ Jsàdgl uo `lia mj låa mj quldfmlmj j usj duvls la olcusjì-das.
▰ Lctjs mj trlildglr ào autrls pjssals, àcvjrsj ào jdls j mjtjrofcj sfclfs l sjrjo uslmas.
▰ Pj a oatar j a sfstjol mj nrjclejo ml `lrrjelmjfrl ào mjnjfta càa nuc`faclrjo, àcsudtj l

nlirf`lctj sairj a rjplra.
▰ Æ lrrfs`lma rjia`lr l `lrrjelmjfrl jo tjrrjca fc`dfclma.
▰ A `lia mj låa uslma plrl rjiaquj mjvj sjr nartj a sunf`fjctj plrl leujctlr l oìqufcl ào mjnjfta.
Cfceuæo mjvj nf`lr jctrj l oìqufcl mj rjiaquj j a vjïùda sjcma rjia`lma.
▰ Olctjcgl a elc`ga ml oìqufcl rjia`lml ldfcglma ào l oìqufcl mj rjiaquj.
▰ Càa suil jo `lias mj rjiaquj.
9.<<. Fålojcta j trlcspartj

9.<<.<. Fålr au lilfxlr l oìqufcl
◁ \ulcma nar cj`jssìrfa àda`lr l `lrrjelmjfrl jo uo
clvfa au sfofdlr, utfdfzj ls jctrlmls plrl elc`gas
Nfeurl 9-== Mflerlol mj idaqujfa ma `glssf
da`ldfzlmls cas `glssfs mflctjfra j trlsjfra.
ào `lia mj trlvl
◁ Idaqujfj as `glssfs mflctjfra j trlsjfra fcsjrfcma uo
`lia mj trlvl plrl jvftlr as`fdlåàa lctjs mj fålr.
(Nfeurl 9-==)
◁ Zsj a mflerlol mj fålojcta mj taml l oìqufcl

àoa rjnjrëc`fl. (Nfeurl 9-=:)
◁ L olssl mj apjrlåàa vlrfl mjpjcmjcma ma

jqufplojcta jspj`ïnfà.
Nfeurl 9-=: Mflerlol mj fålojcta mj taml l

oìqufcl

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◁ ]aml `lrrjelmjfrl tjo mfspasftfvas mj fålojcta8 gì

mafs cl trlsjfrl j mafs cl mflctjfrl ml `lrrjelmjfrl.
Æ passïvjd plsslr `lias par jdjs. (Nfeurl 9-=> j
Nfeurl 9-=5)
◁ Pjdj`facj as `lias j mfspasftfvas mj fålojcta olfs

rjsfstjctjs. Olctjcgl l `lrrjelmjfrl cl garfzactld
murlctj a pra`jssa mj fålojcta.
Nfeurl 9-=> Elc`ga mj fålojcta ma `glssf
◁ L vfel ma mfspasftfva mj fålojcta mjvj sjr dlrea a
mflctjfra
sunf`fjctj plrl jvftlr àdfsàa ào l `lrrjelmjfrl.
◁ Djvj jo àcsfmjrlåàa a àoprfojcta, l dlreurl, l

ldturl j a pjsa.
◁ Lctjs mj fålr l `lrrjelmjfrl, trlvj a `glssf plrl

jvftlr quj l oìqufcl vfrj.
Nfeurl 9-=5 Elc`ga mj fålojcta ma `glssf

trlsjfra
La fålr l `lrrjelmjfrl, as `lias mjvjo plsslr lpjcls pjdls jctrlmls plrl elc`ga.
Jvftj mlcas l `lcas gfmrìudfàs.

Rjrfea;
La fålr l `lrrjelmjfrl, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj cfceuæo jstì sai l oìqufcl jreufml.
◁ La àopdjtlr a fålojcta, mjsidaqujfj a

`lia mj trlvl lctjs mj rjldfzlr cavls apjrlåújs.
(Nfeurl 9-=7)
Nfeurl 9-=7 Mflerlol mj mjsidaqujfa ma `glssf ào

`lia mj trlvl
9.<<.9. ]rlcspartj ml `lrrjelmjfrl jo vfls pûidf`ls

◁ L `lrrjelmjfrl càa æ uo vjïùda njfta plrl mfrjåàa jo jstrlmls j par dacels mfstéc`fls. ]rlcspartj l
`lrrjelmjfrl jo uol `lrrjtl plrl rjldfzlr vflejcs dacels.
◁ La trlcspartlr l `lrrjelmjfrl, aijmjål âs djfs quj rjeudlojctlo dfoftjs mj pjsa, ldturl, dlreurl j
àoprfojcta.

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◁ Mjtjrofcj l ratl mj trlcspartj mj làrma ào a pjsa, ldturl, dlreurl j àoprfojcta ml oìqufcl.
◁ Lctjs mj ltrlvjsslr pactjs au autrls àcstruåújs, `jrtfnfquj-sj prjvflojctj mj quj pamj leujctlr
a pjsa ml oìqufcl. Aijmjål âs djfs mj trécsfta la mfrfefr jo vfls pûidf`ls.
◁ Pj nar cj`jssìrfa mjsoactlr l `lrrjelmjfrl plrl rjldfzlr a trlcspartj, àcsudtj l nlirf`lctj au

rjvjcmjmarjs.
9.<<.0. @lrrjelr j mjs`lrrjelr l oìqufcl
◁ Lctjs mj `lrrjelr l oìqufcl, rjoavl cjvj, ejda au autrls

suistéc`fls jsàrrjelmfls ml pdltlnarol ma vjïùda mj
trlcspartj plrl jvftlr quj l oìqufcl mjsdfzj murlctj a
trlcspartj.
◁ Rlrl trlcspartlr l oìqufcl plrl rjefújs nrfls, `jrtfnfquj-sj ma

mjsjopjcga ma lctfàcejdlctj ma sfstjol mj rjnrfejrlåàa.
◁ Pjoprj jxfstj pjrfea jo patjc`fld murlctj l `lrel j mjs`lrel

ml oìqufcl. Mjvj-sj taolr ùfmlma jxtrjoa. Murlctj l Nfeurl 9- <6
apjrlåàa, dfeuj a oatar jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl j olctjcgl l
vjda`fmlmj rjmuzfml la mfrfefr.
◁ L apjrlåàa mj `lrel au mjs`lrel ml oìqufcl mjvj sjr àcmuzfml

jo tjrrjca nfroj j cfvjdlma, olctjcma mfstéc`fl sjeurl ml ijfrl
ml vfl.
◁ Murlctj l apjrlåàa mj `lrel au mjs`lrel ml oìqufcl,

`jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj ls ramls ma vjïùda mj trlcspartj jstjklo
trlvlmls plrl jvftlr quj sj oavl j pasf`facj idaàs
loartj`jmarjs mjilfxa mls rlopls. (Nfeurl 9-=6)
◁ Zsj pdl`ls fc`dfclmls rjsfstjctjs j dacels a sunf`fjctj àoa

rlopls. A éceuda jctrj ls rlopls j a `gàa càa mjvj udtrlplsslr
<:². L mfstéc`fl jctrj ls rlopls mjvj sjr àopltïvjd ào l mls
ramls ml oìqufcl.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj ls rlopls jstjklo nfrojs j ijo

pasf`faclmls mas mafs dlmas.
◁ Æ prafifma vfrlr l mfrjåàa cls rlopls. \ulcma cj`jssìrfa,

Nfeurl 9-:2
mfstlc`fj l oìqufcl mls rlopls j lkustj l mfrjåàa lctjs mj
rjpasf`faclr-sj cls rlopls. (Nfeurl 9-:2)
◁ Olctjcgl l supjrnï`fj mls rlopls dfopl, dfvrj mj duirfnf`lctjs,

ðdja, ejda au oltjrflfs sadtas.
◁ Lctjs mj `lrrjelr l oìqufcl, rjoavl fopurjzls mas pcjus.

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9.<<.=. Lpðs `lrrjelr l oìqufcl
◁ Lpðs `lrrjelr l oìqufcl, ltfvj a mfspasftfva mj trlvl ml mfrjåàa mas `glssfs plrl pasf`faclr as `glssfs
mflctjfra j trlsjfra àrrjtlojctj.
◁ Mjsål l `låloil ltæ l pdltlnarol ma vjïùda mj trlcspartj j àdaquj l ldlvlc`l jo pacta cjutra.
◁ Ltfvj a nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ Mjsdfeuj a oatar j rjoavl l `glvj ml fecfåàa.
◁ Oavl tamas as kaystf`hs mj àctradj gfmrìudfà plrl ldfvflr l prjssàa.
◁ ]rlcquj ls partls ml `lifcj j taoj tamls ls ojmfmls mj sjeurlcål.
◁ @adaquj l glstj mj fcmf`låàa ma fctjrruptar mj mjsdfelojcta ml iltjrfl cl pasfåàa mjsdfelml (A).
◁ Fcstldj lolrrlåújs jo da`lfs mfnjrjctjs j pasf`facj idaàs mj plrlml cls ramls mflctjfrls j trlsjfrls.
◁ @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj a jqufplojcta j ls njrrlojctls ml oìqufcl jstjklo àopdjtas j quj uo cûojra

sunf`fjctj mj `lias sjkl utfdfzlma plrl jvftlr quj l `lrrjelmjfrl sj oavl murlctj a trlcspartj.
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9.<9. Lrolzjclojcta
As pjrïamas mj lrolzjclojcta ml oìqufcl pamjo sjr daceas au ùrtas. A lrolzjclojcta par
pjrïamas ùrtas càa udtrlplssl mafs ojsjs. Pftulåújs quj udtrlplssjo as mafs ojsjs sàa àcsfmjrlmls mj
pjrïama dacea. Pj l `lrrjelmjfrl tfvjr quj sjr lrolzjclml par uo pjrïama dacea, taoj ls sjeufctjs
ojmfmls;
9.<9.<. Lctjs mj lrolzjclr

◁ Dfopj l oìqufcl ào ùfmlma, sjquj-l j jsàdgl uo da`ld sjà plrl lrolzjcì-dl.
◁ @lsa glkl l cj`jssfmlmj mj lrolzjcì-dl jo da`ld lijrta, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj a tjrrjca æ cfvjdlma j
mj nì`fd sj`lejo j ùirl l pì `lrrjelmjfrl ào uol dacl.
◁ Lctjs mj lrolzjclr l `lrrjelmjfrl, lilstjål a tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd, lmf`facj erlxl j suistftul a

ðdja gfmrìudfà.
◁ Zsj a mfspasftfva mj idaqujfa, trlvj l `låloil, l ldlvlc`l mj àctradj mas irlåas j l ilrrl mj
idaqujfa lrtfùdlml. Mjpafs, l`facj a nrjfa mj oàa.
A da`ld mj lrolzjclojcta mjvj sjr àijrta, vjctfdlma j sjà, j càa pamj àctjr suistéc`fls àrrasfvls.
9.<9.9. Lrolzjclojcta par pjrïamas ùrtas
◁ Mfrfkl l oìqufcl uol vjz par sjolcl j apjrj sjus mfspasftfvas plrl olctë-dl jo àcmfåújs mj usa
fojmflta.
9.<9.0. Lrolzjclojcta par pjrïamas daceas

◁ L iltjrfl mjvj sjr rjoavfml. Lfcml quj l oìqufcl sjkl lrolzjclml jo da`ld nj`glma, jo sftulåújs
mj oufta `ldar au uofmlmj l iltjrfl mjvj sjr mjsoactlml plrl sjr lrolzjclml jo da`ld olfs sjeura,
j mjvj sjr `lrrjelml uol vjz par sjolcl.
◁ Rjåls sukjftls l uofmlmj, àoa mfspasftfvas mj vjctfdlåàa au nfdtra mj lr, mjvjo sjr àijrtls ào
plca.
◁ L prjssàa mj jc`gfojcta mas pcjus mjvj sjr l plmràa. ^jrfnfquj a mjselstj j àcmfåàa mj mlca mas
pcjus.
◁ Rlrl rjoavjr l `lrel pjslml mas pcjus, æ cj`jssìrfa fålr l oìqufcl. Pj càa nar passïvjd fålr l
`lrrjelmjfrl, l fcndlejo mas pcjus mjvj sjr vjrfnf`lml l `lml muls sjolcls plrl lssjeurì-dl.
◁ Mjfxj l oìqufcl practl plrl usa fojmflta l `lml sjolcl. Dfeuj a oatar j mjfxj quj lqujål, j jctàa
oavl uo pauà l oìqufcl.

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◁ Pj kudelr cj`jssìrfa ltfvlr as mfspasftfvas mj apjrlåàa, dfopj lctjs l erlxl cas `fdfcmras. Lpðs
tjrofclr l apjrlåàa, rjlpdfquj l erlxl.
9.<9.=. Lpðs lrolzjclojcta dacea

◁ Yjoavl tamls ls `lpls pratjtarls.
◁ Yjoavl l erlxl lctfnjrruejo mls plrtjs jxpastls.
◁ Mrjcj a ðdja ma oatar, l `lfxl mj `éoifa j a jfxa mj mfrjåàa, j jctàa dlvj j rjlilstjål `lml uo.
◁ Mrjcj as mjtrftas j l ìeul ma tlcquj mj ðdja gfmrìudfà j ma tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ Yj`lrrjeuj l iltjrfl j àcj`tj-l.
◁ Lkustj l prjssàa mas pcjus mj làrma ào l àcmfåàa ml vfl.
◁ Pfel as pra`jmfojctas mj vjrfnf`låàa lctjs mj apjrlr.
◁ Lqujål a oatar.
9.<9.:. Lrolzjclojcta mas pcjus

◁ @aoa carol iìsf`l, pcjus mjvjo sjr lrolzjclmas jo uo mjpðsfta. Càa mjvj sjr pjroftfml l
jctrlml mj pjssals càa lutarfzlmls ca mjpðsfta. Pj as pcjus tfvjrjo mj sjr lrolzjclmas la lr dfvrj,
àdaquj uo `jr`lma la rjmar mjdjs. Mjvj glvjr tloiæo uo lvfsa mj —Jctrlml Rrafifml‟.
As pcjus mjvjo sjr lrolzjclmas jo da`ld dfopa j sjà, au l uofmlmj vlf l`jdjrlr l axfmlåàa j ðdja
au padujctjs pamjo l`jdjrlr l àrrasàa mas pcjus. Djvj sjoprj jo àcsfmjrlåàa quj pcjus
lrolzjclmas mjvjo jstlr jo da`ld àijrta j tjr fsadlåàa mj `ldar8 jvftj da`lfs vjctfdlmas. As pcjus
lrolzjclmas mjvjo sjr àijrtas par dacls, pdìstfà au autra oltjrfld mj pratjåàa. Lrolzjclojcta
fcàrrjta lnjtlr sjrflojctj l vfml ûtfd j l quldfmlmj mas pcjus.
◁ Mjfxj a pcju jo tjrrjca cfvjdlma j `ld`j-a (Nfeurl 9-:<) plrl jvftlr quj `lflo sj ta`lmas par pjssal
càa lutarfzlml. Pj a pcju nar mjfxlma mjftlma ca `gàa, pamj sjr l`gltlma, a quj rjsudtlrì jo sul
mjtjrfarlåàa. As pcjus lrolzjclmas mjvjo sjr vfrlmas uol vjz par oës (vfrj 62 ).
@ldåa
Nfeurl 9-:<
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Pj uo pcju `lfr, lnlstj-sj fojmfltlojctj. Rcjus mj oìqufcls mj àcstruåàa

sàa jxtrjolojctj pjslmas j quldqujr tjctltfvl mj fopjmfr l qujml rjsudtlrì
Lvfsa jo djsújs erlvjs.
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0. Olcutjcåàa
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0.<. Duirfnf`lctjs j ðdjas rjàojcmlmas

0.<.<. Duirfnf`lctjs j ðdjas rjàojcmlmas
]lijdl 0- <
Da`ld mj ]jopjrlturl
]fpa @aopacjctjs \ulctfmlmj C² ml pjål Olr`l
lilstj`fojcta lpdf`ìvjd (²@)
Oatar Ujf@glf UR>E 799:29965 @G-= <:U/=2 -92 ~ +=2

<7 D
]FJY 0 799:29:75 @G-= :U/=2 -02 ~ +=2
Ðdja Oatar Pglce@glf P@5G 799:29965 @G-= <:U/=2 -92 ~ +=2

Oatar 92 D
àoiustïvjd ]FJY 0 799:29:75 @G-= :U/=2 -02 ~ +=2
Oatar @uoofcs 799:29965 @G-= <:U/=2 -92 ~ +=2

<7 D
\PI>.5 ]FJY 0 799:29:75 @G-= :U/=2 -02 ~ +=2
Ðdja mj
799:2902> trlcsofssàa
gfmrìudf`l 7 #
W@OE 9IP0<:L =: D
Ðdja mj
gfmrìudf`l 7M
Ðdja mj
Ðdja ml gfmrìudf`l 7 #
]rlcsofssàa W@OE OVN<02 09 D
trlcsofssàa Ðdja mj
gfmrìudf`l 7M
Ðdja mj
gfmrìudf`l 7 #
Glce[gau VM<02 09 D
Ðdja mj
gfmrìudf`l 7M
Ðdja mj
799:2<9<: jcerjclejo
ED-: 7:U/62
Ðdja mas jfxas Jfxa Jfxa sjà W@OE 9Õ<> D
Ðdja mj
799:2<<76 jcerjclejo
ED-: 5:U/62
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Da`ld mj ]jopjrlturl
]fpa @aopacjctjs \ulctfmlmj C² ml pjål Olr`l
lilstj`fojcta lpdf`ìvjd (²@)
Ðdja mj
799:2<9<: jcerjclejo
Jfxa ilcglma l ðdja ml ED-: 7:U/62
9Õ02 D
W@OE/Vuwaaa Ðdja mj
799:2<<76 jcerjclejo
ED-: 5:U/62
9:9><2==0 tlcquj mj
<52 D 799:2<92= 2# mfjsjd ≪=
]lcquj mj mfjsjd
Ðdja mfjsjd
mfjsjd 9:9><259< tlcquj mj
<52 D 799:2<92= 2# mfjsjd ≪=
mfjsjd
D-GOD=> ðdja
799:0560:
gfmrìudfà
9:9><29== tlcquj mj Ðdja
<5: D
ðdja gfmrìudfà gfmrìudfà
799529>9>
Oaifd @M/PN
<2U
Ðdja ]lcquj mj
gfmrìudfà ðdja gfmrìudfà Ðdja
799:0560: gfmrìudfà D-
GOD=>
9:972>:59 tlcquj mj
<:2 D Ðdja
ðdja gfmrìudfà
gfmrìudfà
799529>9>
Oaifd @M/PN
<2U
7220:7095 rlmflmar
Ylmflmar ma 7220:75<9/7220:6==:
oatar Lctfàcejdlctj
Lctfàcejdlctj rlmflmar 02 D 706620507
-=:#
7220:6:27/7220:6:>=
rlmflmar
Ndufma mj nrjfa
Nrjfa l sjà 0D 799:07209
MA]=/G[V=
Ndufma mj nrjfa Nrjfa Ðdja

gfmrìudfà
Nrjfa ilcglma l ðdja 0D 799529>9>
Oaifd @M/PN
<2U
Erlxl Rfca, jfxa 9,: he 799:22<2: Erlxl 9#

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0.<.9 Yjàojcmlåàa jspj`fld —Ðdja jspj`fldfzlma WZE‟

]lijdl 0-9
Caoj ml pjål
CP ]fpa C²
Caoj jo `gfcës Caoj jo partueuës
Ðdja gfmrìudfà plrl oatar mj

< 徒巪丐甧涹厈沶 `lrrjelmjfrl - Pærfj Jstlifdfzlmarl D-GOD=> 799:0560:
mj Padas
0
7# 799:2902>
=
徒巪丐甧髗纥涹劘伢劧 Ðdja mj ldtl trlcsofssàa
沶 gfmrìudf`l plrl W@OE OAIFD
: 799:05776
L]N992
> <777 799:05:=5
Ðdja plrl oatar mj vjïùda mj ED-:

5 799:2<9<:
`lrel pjslml W@OE 7:U/62
徒巪丐甧齱轣沶
ED-:
7 Ðdja plrl oatar mj vjïùda W@OE 799:2<<76
5:U/62
徒巪丐甧柽沶朻沶＇夁 @G-=
6 Ðdja mfjsjd W@OE 799:29965
甧＆ <:U/=2
徒巪丐甧柽沶朻沶＇冤
<2 Ðdja mfjsjd W@OE @G-= :U/=2 799:29:75
甧＆
<< 徒巪丐甧锉埻脉 Erlxl plrl W@OE 799:2<995
<9 徒巪丐甧制轮沶 Ðdja mj nrjfa plrl W@OE MA]=/G[V= 799:07209
<0 阹冸涹 Ndufma lctfàcejdlctj -=:# 706620507
Aisjrvlåàa;
* Plcerj a lr mas nrjfas mj jfxa lpðs l tra`l par cavas jfxas au lpðs rjplras rjdl`faclmas la jc`lclojcta
mas nrjfas mj jfxa.
* Ls fcnarolåújs l`fol sàa ucf`lojctj plrl rjnjrëc`fl, sjdj`facj as pramutas mj ðdja jspj`ïnfàs mj
làrma ào a olculd mj apjrlåàa j olcutjcåàa ma oatar, l `lfxl mj `éoifa j jfxas mj mfrjåàa8 jo
prfc`ïpfa, a ðdja mj `dlssj ojcar pamj sjr suistftuïma par ðdja mj `dlssj olfar.
* Jo ldeuols `frùcstéc`fls, sjdj`facj as pramutas mj ðdja mj làrma ào a loifjctj j tjopjrlturl mj

lr ma da`lr au àcsudtj l nlirf`lctj.
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0.<.0 ]jopjrlturl mj lr lpdf`ìvjd plrl mfnjrjctjs `dlssfnf`låújs mj pramutas

mj ðdja
]lijdl 0- 0
]jopjrlturl mj lr
]fpa @dlssfnf`låújs mj ðdja Aisjrvlåújs
lpdf`ìvjd (²@)
Ðdja mfjsjd djvj <2# ≪<9
Ðdja mfjsjd djvj :# ≪7
Ðdja mfjsjd djvj 2# ≪=
@aoiustïvjd Ðdja mfjsjd djvj -<2# ≪-: EI 9:9-9222
Ðdja mfjsjd djvj -92# ≪-<=
Ðdja mfjsjd djvj -0:# ≪-96
Ðdja mfjsjd djvj -:2# ≪-==
Mfjsjd pjslma mj vfsàsfmlmj

<:U/=2
-92~+:2
Ðdja ma oatar -02~+:2 EI <<<99-922>
<2U/=2
-=2~+=2
:U/=2
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0.9. Rlrtjs l sjrjo duirfnf`lmls j `racaerlol mj duirfnf`låàa
Nfeurl 0- <
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0.0. @f`das mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas pjrfðmfàs
0.0.<. Fcstruåújs mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas pjrfðmfàs

◁ Djfl j àoprjjcml tamls ls fcnarolåújs mj sjeurlcål, lvfsas j fcstruåújs lctjs mj taolr ojmfmls
mj apjrlåàa au olcutjcåàa.
◁ A usuìrfa æ a rjspacsìvjd pjdl olcutjcåàa. Murlctj l olcutjcåàa, usj au lkustj

lpraprflmlojctj tamas as ðdjas duirfnf`lctjs, ðdjas j ndufmas j nfdtras mj ðdja j suistftul ls plrtjs
mjselstlmls au jcvjdgj`fmls.
◁ Càa rjldfzlr as `f`das lpraprflmas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas pjrfðmfàs pamj djvlr â pfarl ma
mjsjopjcga j/au l`jdjrlåàa ca mjselstj mls pjåls.
◁ As `f`das mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas dfstlmas cjstj Olculd sàa mjtjrofclmas pjda tjopa ejrld mj
nuc`faclojcta, àcmfåújs mj apjrlåàa j a tatld mj tjopa mj apjrlåàa au `ldjcmìrfa (mfl, sjolcl
au oës), a quj vfjr prfojfra. @acmfåújs foprðprfls mj apjrlåàa, àoa loifjctj jopajfrlma au
ûofma, djvlo â cj`jssfmlmj mj duirfnf`låàa j olcutjcåàa olfs nrjqujctjs quj fcf`fldojctj
jspj`fnf`lmas.
◁ As `f`das mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas pjrfðmfàs sàa `dlssfnf`lmas jo <2, :2, <22, 9:2, :22, <222 j 9222
garls.
◁ Murlctj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa, tamas as ftjcs mj olcutjcåàa dfstlmas cls jspj`fnf`låújs arfefclfs
mjvjo sjr rjldfzlmas rjpjtfmlojctj. Rar jxjopda, murlctj l olcutjcåàa l `lml 9:2g (oës), a
usuìrfa tloiæo mjvj sjeufr tamas as ftjcs dfstlmas plrl l olcutjcåàa mj `lml <22g (9 sjolcls),
:2g (sjolcl) j <2g (mfl) àckuctlojctj.
◁ Pj l oìqufcl nar uslml ào ojcar nrjquëc`fl j lfcml jstfvjr mfstlctj mls garls àrrjspacmjctjs
utfdfzlcma a ojsoa pjrïama ca `ldjcmìrfa, la ojcas ls sjeufctjs pravfmëc`fls mjvjo sjr taolmls;
◁ Ftjcs dfstlmas ca pjrïama mj nuc`faclojcta mj jctrj <2g l <22g mjvjo sjr rjldfzlmas l `lml 0 ojsjs.
◁ Ftjcs dfstlmas ca pjrïama mj nuc`faclojcta mj jctrj 9:2g l :22g mjvjo sjr rjldfzlmas l `lml >
ojsjs.
◁ Ftjcs dfstlmas ca pjrïama mj nuc`faclojcta mj jctrj <222g l 9222g mjvjo sjr rjldfzlmas l `lml lca.
0.0.9 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml <2g/mfl

◁ ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd ma ndufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa ma rlmflmar j lilstjål-a sj cj`jssìrfa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd mj àoiustïvjd j ma ðdja ma oatar j lilstjål-as sj cj`jssìrfa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd ma ndufma ma nrjfa ca àpa sjcsar j lilstjål-a sj cj`jssìrfa.
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◁ ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd ma ndufma gfmrìudfà j lilstjål-a sj cj`jssìrfa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a mjsjopjcga apjrl`facld ma nrjfa mj oàa j ma nrjfa mj sjrvfåa jo àcmfåújs carolfs.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a oavfojcta ma `fdfcmra mj mfrjåàa j ma vadlctj.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a àctradj mj l`jdjrlåàa j a àctradj ml `lfxl mj `éoifa jo rjdlåàa â sjeurlcål j â

ndjxfifdfmlmj.
◁ Lirl l vìdvudl mj mjs`lrel ma rjsjrvltðrfa mj lr plrl jsvlzflr sul ìeul.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj l nflåàa ma sfstjol jdætrfà j as àopacjctjs jdætrfàs jstàa nuc`faclcma

caroldojctj.
◁ Lpdfquj erlxl jo tamas as pactas mj duirfnf`låàa ma mfspasftfva mj apjrlåàa j pfca mj supartj mj

as`fdlåàa mj làrma ào ls fcstruåújs ca mflerlol mj duirfnf`låàa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj càa gì vlzlojcta cas `lcas mas sfstjols gfmrìudfà j mj nrjfas.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj càa gì lcaroldfmlmjs j vlzlojctas jo `lml uo mas sfstjols.
0.0.0 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml :2g/sjolcl

◁ Yjldfzj as pra`jmfojctas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas rjnjrjctjs l `lml <2g àckuctlojctj
◁ Padtj a iukàa mj mrjclejo ca nucma ma tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd plrl mrjclr l ìeul j sjmfojctas.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd ma ndufma mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra j lilstjål-as sj cj`jssìrfa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj j lpjrtj as plrlnusas mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd ma ndufma ml `lfxl mj `éoifa j lilstjål-a sj cj`jssìrfa.
◁ Lpdfquj erlxl jo tamas as pactas mj duirfnf`låàa ca jfxa mj mfrjåàa, pfca `jctrld, pfca mj mfrjåàa
j `lifcj, jt`., mj làrma ào ls fcstruåújs ma mflerlol mj duirfnf`låàa.
◁ Dfopj a jdjojcta ma rjspfrlmar ca tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd, oatar, `lfxl mj `éoifa j `fdfcmra mj

mfrjåàa.
◁ Pj a lr àcmf`faclma nar uslma, dfopj sju nfdtra.
0.0.= Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml <22g/9 sjolcls

◁ Yjldfzj as pra`jmfojctas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas rjnjrjctjs l `lml <2g j :2g àckuctlojctj
◁ ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd ma ðdja mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra j lilstjål-a sj cj`jssìrfa.
◁ Dfopj a jdjojcta ma nfdtra mj lr.
◁ Dfopj a nfdtra mj àoiustïvjd ca tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ^jrfnfquj j lpjrtj as plrlnusas ma lra j nrjfa l mfsà.

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◁ ^jrfnfquj l prjssàa mas pcjus (prjssàa jo àcmfåàa nrfl; pcjus mflctjfras 2.07~2.=2ORl j pcjus
trlsjfras 2.09~2.0=ORl), jc`gl-as sj cj`jssìrfa.
Ldæo mfssa, as sjeufctjs ftjcs mjvjo sjr sjeufmas cls prfojfrls <22g;
◁ ]raquj a ndufma ml `lfxl mj `éoifa,nfdtra.
◁ ]raquj a ðdja ma oatar .
◁ ]raquj a nfdtra ma ðdja ma oatar.
◁ ]raquj a jdjojcta ma nfdtra mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ]raquj a jdjojcta prjdfofclr ma nfdtra mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ]raquj a ðdja mls jcerjclejcs mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra.
0.0.: Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml 9:2g/oës

◁ Yjldfzj as pra`jmfojctas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas rjnjrjctjs l `lml <2g, :2g j <22g
àckuctlojctj
◁ ^jrfnfquj l slïml ml vìdvudl ma oatar.
◁ Lkustj l tjcsàa ml àrrjfl ma ldtjrclmar; prjssfacj uo pacta jctrj l padfl ma ejrlmar j l àrrjfl
ma ldtjrclmar ào as mjmas (`jr`l mj > he mj narål)8 l mjndjxàa mj tjcsàa mjvj sjr mj `jr`l mj <2
oo. Lpjrtj a plrlnusa j l par`l ào nfrojzl lpðs a lkustj.
◁ Lpjrtj as plrlnusas mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra, oatar, `lfxl mj `éoifa j `glssf.
0.0.> Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml :22g/9 ojsjs

◁ Yjldfzj as pra`jmfojctas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas rjnjrjctjs l `lml <2g, :2g, <22g j 9:2g
àckuctlojctj
◁ ]raquj a ðdja ma oatar.
◁ ]raquj a jdjojcta ma ðdja ma oatar.
◁ ]raquj a jdjojcta prjdfofclr ma nfdtra mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ]raquj a jdjojcta ma nfdtra nfca mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ]raquj a ldeamàa ma nfdtra mj su`åàa ma lr àcmf`faclma.
◁ ]raquj a ldeamàa ma nfdtra ma rjtarca mj lr L/@.
◁ ]raquj a jdjojcta ma nfdtra ma rjspfrlmar ma tlcquj mj ndufma gfmrìudfà.
◁ ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa mj mjselstj mls pdl`ls mj nrf`åàa ma nrjfa l mfsà, suistftul-as sj cj`jssìrfa.
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◁ ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa mj lpjrta ma nrjfa l mfsà.
◁ ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa mj mjselstj ma nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj l àcmfåàa mj lpjrta ma nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj j lkustj l nadel ma nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj j lpjrtj as plrlnusas mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra, oatar, `lfxl mj `éoifa j `glssf.
Ldæo mfssa, as sjeufctjs ftjcs mjvjo sjr rjldfzlmas cls prfojfrls :22g;
◁ ]raquj a ðdja ma nrjfa iaastjr.
◁ ]raquj a nfdtra mj ðdja ma rjtarca gfmrìudfà.
0.0.5 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml >22g

◁ Yjldfzj as pra`jmfojctas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas rjnjrjctjs l `lml <2g, :2g j <22g
àckuctlojctj
0.0.7 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml <222g/> ojsjs

◁ Yjldfzj as pra`jmfojctas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas rjnjrjctjs l `lml <2g, :2g, <22g, 9:2g j
:22g àckuctlojctj
◁ ]raquj a nfdtra mj prjjc`gfojcta mj ðdja ma tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ]raquj a jdjojcta mj su`åàa mj ðdja ma tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ]raquj a ðdja mls jcerjclejcs mas jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra.
◁ Dfopj a tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd.
◁ ]raquj a ðdja ma nrjfa iaastjr.
◁ ^jrfnfquj l nadel j a mjselstj jctrj `lml kuctl lrtfùdlml j l tlopl.
◁ ]raquj a nfdtra mj ðdja ma rjtarca gfmrìudfà.
◁ ]raquj a ðdja ml `lfxl mj `éoifa pdlcjtìrfl j dfopj a `ìrtjr j a nfdtra mj ðdja.
◁ ]raquj l àrrjfl ma ldtjrclmar.
◁ ]raquj a ndufma ml `lfxl mj `éoifa,nfdtra
0.0.6 Olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåa l `lml 9222g/lca

◁ Yjldfzj as pra`jmfojctas mj olcutjcåàa j sjrvfåas rjnjrjctjs l `lml <2g, :2g, <22g, 9:2g,
:22g j <222g àckuctlojctj
◁ ]raquj a ðdja gfmrìudfà j dfopj a tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd j a nfdtra mj rjtarca mj ðdja.
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◁ ]raquj a ndufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa ma plfcjd ma rlmflmar.
◁ ^jrfnfquj a mjsjopjcga nuc`facld ma oatar, `lfxl mj `éoifa j jfxas mflctjfra j trlsjfra.
◁ Fcspj`facj a oatar mj mfrjåàa j l vìdvudl mj mfrjåàa mjsoactlmas j `ldfirj a éceuda mj mfrjåàa.
◁ ^jrfnfquj l vjmlåàa ml vìdvudl mj oûdtfpdls vfls j ma tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd jo apjrlåàa, j ojål

l prjssàa mj nuc`faclojcta ma sfstjol tjctlcma l qulctfmlmj clturld mj jsvlzflojcta ma
tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd. Pj l qulctfmlmj nar olfs quj a maira ml jspj`fnf`lml, rjldfzj fcspjåàa ca
tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd j cl vìdvudl mj mfstrfiufåàa lpðs mjsoactlr ls pjåls.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj gì rl`glmurls ca fopdjojcta, jo sadmls, ca `glssf j vjrfnfquj sj as plrlnusas j

par`ls jstàa ijo lpjrtlmas.
◁ ^jrfnfquj ls sadmls j tamls ls plrtjs narålmls ma lra, j rjplrj `lsa glkl mlcas.
\ulcma a àctjûma mjstj olculd càa àcmfz ào fcstruåújs mj apjrlåàa

Ltjcåàa jspj`fldfzlmls mls pjåls j àopacjctjs quj vëo ào l oìqufcl, ls fcstruåújs
mj apjrlåàa jspj`fldfzlmls prjvldj`jo.
0.=. ^jrfnf`låàa j lmfåàa mj ðdja

0.=.<. Aisjrvlåújs sairj ðdjas
◁ @ufmlma ào a naea, pafs a ðdja àoiustïvjd, a duirfnf`lctj, a ðdja gfmrìudfà j l saduåàa
lctfàcejdlctj pamjo jctrlr jo àoiustàa ào `glols lijrtls.
◁ Æ prafifma nuolr au partlr `glol lijrtl jo da`lfs àctjcma ðdja.
◁ As da`lfs jo quj sj lilstj`j ðdja àoiustïvjd, duirfnf`lctj, ðdja gfmrìudfà j saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj
mjvjo sjr ijo vjctfdlmas.
◁ Ls tlopls mas rj`fpfjctjs àctjcma ðdja àoiustïvjd, duirfnf`lctj, ðdja gfmrìudfà j saduåàa
lctfàcejdlctj mjvjo sjr oufta ijo nj`glmls.
◁ A ðdja àoiustïvjd, ðdja ma àcvjrsar mj tarquj, a ðdja gfmrìudfà j tamas as duirfnf`lctjs mjvjo sjr
puras j àrrjspacmjr âs jspj`fnf`låújs jxfefmls.
◁ Ls njrrlojctls plrl lilstj`jr a ðdja, as rj`fpfjctjs j ls lijrturls mj lilstj`fojcta mjvjo sjr

dfopas plrl jvftlr àctlofclåàa.
◁ A oatar mjvj sjr mjsdfelma murlctj a lilstj`fojcta mj ðdja àoiustïvjd au mj duirfnf`lctj.
◁ \uldqujr mjrrlolojcta mj ðdja àoiustïvjd, duirfnf`lctj, ðdja gfmrìudfà j saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj

mjvj sjr dfopa fojmfltlojctj.
◁ Ðdjas mj mfnjrjctjs vfsàsfmlmjs mjvjo sjr uslmas jo tjopjrlturls mfnjrjctjs8 usj as ðdjas
jstrftlojctj mj làrma ào ls olr`ls jspj`fnf`lmls.
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◁ La tra`lr ls pjåls, dïqufmas àoa a ndufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa, ðdja ma oatar, ðdja ml `lfxl mj `éoifa j
nfdtra mjvjo sjr lrolzjclmas jo rj`fpfjctjs lpraprflmas.
◁ L ìeul mjvj sjr mjs`lrtlml mj làrma ào ls djfs j rjeudlojctas da`lfs mj pratjåàa loifjctld.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj gì lplrj`fojcta mj vlzlojctas lpðs a rjlilstj`fojcta j l tra`l mj ðdja.
◁ Pj càa jspj`fnf`lma mfnjrjctjojctj, l oìqufcl mjvj sjr jstl`faclml jo tjrrjca pdlca murlctj l
fcspjåàa ma cïvjd mj ðdja j ma rjlilstj`fojcta8 l `låloil mjvj sjr àda`lml ca `gàa
garfzactldojctj j a oatar mjvj sjr mjsdfelma.
◁ A ðdja pamj jstlr jo tjopjrlturl ldtl, partlcta, apjrlmarjs mjvjo uslr jqufplojctas mj
pratjåàa murlctj a mjs`lrtj j l tra`l mj ðdja, j mjvjo apjrlr ùfmlmaslojctj plrl jvftlr
njrfojctas.
0.=.9. Ðdja àoiustïvjd

0.=.9.<. ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd mj ðdja
◁ Oætama <; lirl a fctjrruptar ml `glvj mj fecfåàa sj a
plfcjd tfvjr uo ojmfmar mj àoiustïvjd (ap`facld), jo
quj a fcmf`lmar ma ojmfmar mj àoiustïvjd mjvj nf`lr
pasf`faclma jctrj </<2 (Nfeurl 0- 9).
Nfeurl 0- 9 Ojmfmar mj àoiustïvjd (ap`facld) ca
plfcjd mj àctradj.
◁ Oætama 9; a ðdja àoiustïvjd mjvj sjr prjjc`gfma sj
a fcmf`lmar mj cïvjd mj ðdja jstfvjr fcstldlma ca `lcta
mfrjfta ma tlcquj mj ðdja j a ðdja àoiustïvjd jstfvjr
lilfxa ma cïvjd oïcfoa ma fcmf`lmar. (Nfeurl 0-0).
Nfeurl 0-0 Fcmf`lmar ma cïvjd mj ðdja ma tlcquj

mj ðdja àoiustïvjd
0.=.9.9. Mjs`lrtj as mjtrftas

◁ Mjs`lrtj l ìeul j as mjtrftas lùoudlmas ca tlcquj
mj ðdja pjda ndlcej nfdtra mj ðdja ca nucma. (Nfeurl 0-
=)
Nfeurl 0-= Mrjclejo ma ðdja ma tlcquj mj ðdja

àoiustïvjd
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◁ Mjsplrlnusj l tlopl mj lilstj`fojcta ma tlcquj mj

mfjsjd, rjoavl j dfopj a nfdtra. (Nfeurl 0-:)
Nfeurl 0-: Nfdtra mj lilstj`fojcta ma tlcquj mj

ðdja àoiustïvjd
0.=.0. Ðdja gfmrìudfà

0.=.0.<. Yjqufsftas mj quldfmlmj ma ðdja
Erlu mj purjzl ma ðdja gfmrìudfà; ≭CLP 6
A fctjrvlda mj tra`l ma ðdja gfmrìudfà æ mj ≭ 9,222 g
Ðdja gfmrìudfà jspj`fld W@OE D-Ê=> (ào tjopjrlturl
loifjctj jctrj -02»@~=2»@).
0.=.0.9. Ðdjas àopdjojctlrjs Rdl`l ma nfdtra mj

Lijrturl mj
lilstj`fojcta mj
rjtarca mj ðdja ðdja
◁ Fcspj`facj a fcmf`lmar mj cïvjd mj ðdja ma tlcquj mj
ðdja jo nuc`faclojcta8 a cïvjd mjvj jstlr prðxfoa ma Jdjojcta ma
nfdtra mj Jdjojcta mj
ojfa ma fcmf`lmar. Rrjjc`gl a ðdja sj a cïvjd jstfvjr rjtarca mj ðdja vjctfdlåàa ma
lilfxa ma fcmf`lmar. A ðdja gfmrìudfà mjvj sjr nfdtra
lilstj`fma par ojfa ml jctrlml mj lilstj`fojcta

da`ldfzlml cl pdl`l mj àijrturl ma nfdtra mj rjtarca mj Ojmfmar mj cïvjd
ðdja. (Nfeurl 0->)
]lopa mj
mrjclejo mj ðdja
Nfeurl 0-> Lijrturl mj lilstj`fojcta j

fcmf`lmar ma cïvjd mj ðdja ma tlcquj mj ðdja
gfmrìudfà
0.=.0.0. ]raquj a ðdja

◁ Dfopj ls fopurjzls ml `låloil.
◁ Jdjvj a irlåa â ldturl oìxfol, fc`dfcj l `låloil ltæ a dfoftj j jctàa mjsdfeuj a oatar.
◁ Yjoavl a tlopa mj mrjclejo mj ðdja ca nucma ma tlcquj qulcma a ðdja jstfvjr oarca j mjs`lrtj
a ðdja ma rjsjrvltðrfa.

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◁ Apjrj l ldlvlc`l mj àctradj ml `låloil j vfrj l `låloil erlmuldojctj plrl ilfxa ltæ a dfoftj par
ojfa ml erlvfmlmj, j jctàa apjrj l ldlvlc`l ma irlåa plrl quj mjsål erlmuldojctj j mjs`lrtj
àopdjtlojctj a ðdja ca `fdfcmra.
◁ Mjsoactj l pdl`l mj àijrturl ma nfdtra mj rjtarca mj ðdja j prjjc`gl a ðdja gfmrìudfà. (Nfeurl 0->)
◁ Lilstjål a ðdja cava ma nfdtra mj ðdja mj rjtarca cl pasfåàa jspj`fnf`lml ca ojfa ma fcmf`lmar mj
cïvjd mj ðdja8 a ðdja càa pamj sjr prjjc`gfma mfrjtlojctj ca tlcquj mj ðdja lpðs l rjoaåàa ma
nfdtra.
◁ Më plrtfml ca oatar j a olctjcgl plrlma8 jdjvj a irlåa mj as`fdlåàa erlmuldojctj, j jctàa

fopdjojctj a oavfojcta mj `lrel j mjs`lrel ml `låloil par 9-0 vjzjs rjspj`tfvlojctj. Mjpafs,
olctjcgl a oatar dfelma par : ofcutas plrl mjs`lrtlr a lr ca sfstjol.
◁ Rasf`facj l `låloil ca `gàa garfzactldojctj j mjsdfeuj a oatar8 fcspj`facj a cïvjd mj ðdja

gfmrìudfà j àopdjtj a ðdja cavlojctj cl pasfåàa jspj`fnf`lml.
Ls apjrlåújs ml oìqufcl mjvjo sjr fopdjojctlmls mj làrma ào ls

jspj`fnf`låújs mj sjeurlcål rjdjvlctjs murlctj l tra`l mj ðdja8 ltjcåàa â
Lvfsa sjeurlcål. Ldæo mfssa, a ðdja gfmrìudfà càa pamj sjr tra`lma par ojfa mj
mjsoactlejo ma mfspasftfva mj rjspfrlåàa.
0.=.0.=. Mjs`lrtj as mjtrftas

◁ Fcspj`facj j mjs`lrtj l ìeul j ls fopurjzls lùoudlmls ca nucma ma tlcquj mj ðdja l `lml
<222 g. L ìeul j ls fopurjzls lùoudlmls pamjo sjr mjs`lrtlmls pjda tlopàa mj mrjclejo mj ðdja
ca nucma qulcma l oìqufcl jstfvjr plrlml par 9 garls (Nfeurl 0->).
L par`l ca tapa ma mfspasftfva mj rjspfrlåàa mjvj sjr rjoavfml la mjsoactlr a

jc`lclojcta gfmrìudfà au a àcj`tar ào a tlcquj mj ðdja8 a lr àoprfofma
Aisjrvl ca tlcquj mj ðdja mjvj sjr àopdjtlojctj mjs`lrtlma par ojfa mj prjssàa cl
åàa vìdvudl mj js`lpj, j lpjcls jctàa a jc`lclojcta gfmrìudfà au a àcj`tar pamj
sjr mjsoactlma.
0.=.=. Ndufma mj nrjfa

◁ A ndufma mj nrjfa æ àctfma jo mafs rjsjrvltðrfas
(da`ldfzlmas ma dlma mfrjfta ca `glssf mflctjfra j ma dlma
jsqujrma ca `glssf trlsjfra, àoa mjoacstrlma cl Nfeurl
0-5).
0.=.=.<. ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd mj ðdja Nfeurl 0- 5 Yj`fpfjctj ma ndufma mj nrjfa

de 136 
de 136 
◁ Aisjrvj a cïvjd ma ndufma mj nrjfa L ldturl jctrj a cïvjd

mj ndufma ltæ l lijrturl ma rj`fpfjctj mjvj sjr jctrj
<:~9:oo. Lmf`facj olfs sj fcsunf`fjctj.
Æ prafifma ofsturlr ndufmas mj nrjfa mj olr`ls mfnjrjctjs au utfdfzlr uo ðdja ofcjrld

Aisjrvlåàa ca duelr ma ndufma mj nrjfa.
0.=.=.9. ]ra`l par ndufma mj nrjfa cava

◁ Oavl a kaystf`h mj tra`l mj olr`gl plrl a pacta
oarta j ltfvj a nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ Yjoavl l sukjfrl mjpasftlml ma jc`lclojcta ma

nrjfa, ma rjsjrvltðrfa mj ndufma, ml lijrturl mj
lilstj`fojcta j mls vìdvudls mj slcerlojcta ma
iaastjr j ma mfsà mj nrjfa ml pfcål ml raml.
◁ Rrjplrj uo rj`fpfjctj lmjqulma, rjoavl l par`l

àcj`tarl jctrj a jc`lclojcta ma ðdja mj nrjfa j l
pfcål mj nrjfa j mrjcj a ndufma ma nrjfa jo uo
rj`fpfjctj.
◁ Dfopj as rjsjrvltðrfas mj ndufma mj nrjfa j a

jc`lclojcta ma nrjfa j rjfcstldj nfrojojctj.
◁ @aopdjtj a ndufma mj nrjfa cas rjsjrvltðrfas.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar j mjfxj-a nuc`faclr ltæ quj a ojmfmar

mj prjssàa mj nrjfa fcmfquj 2.>-2.5ORl j mjsdfeuj a
oatar cavlojctj.
◁ Fcsfrl uol pactl mj uo `lca mj slcerlojcta

trlcsplrjctj cl vìdvudl mj slcerlojcta mj lr j l
autrl mjctra ma rj`fpfjctj mj ðdja. (Nfeurl 0-7)
◁ Lirl l vìdvudl àopdjtlojctj plrl slcerlr a lr,

lpjrtj a pjmld mj nrjfa rjpjtfmlojctj vìrfls vjzjs, j Nfeurl 0-7
jctàa lpjrtj j sjeurj a pjmld ltæ quj càa slflo
iadgls mj lr ml vìdvudl mj slcerlojcta.
◁ Nj`gj l vìdvudl j sadtj a nrjfa.
◁ La slcerlr a lr, aisjrvj a cïvjd mas rj`fpfjctjs mj

ndufma mj nrjfa j lmf`facj ndufma mj narol l jvftlr l
rjjctrlml mj lr ca sfstjol.
◁ Lmf`facj ndufma mj nrjfa las rj`fpfjctjs mj ndufma ltæ a

cïvjd fcmf`lma.

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de 136 
0.=.:. Ðdja ml `lfxl mj `éoifa

A àcvjrsar mj tarquj j l `lfxl mj `éoifa àoplrtfdglo a ðdja ml trlcsofssàa mj prjssàa gfmrìudf`l plrl
jnjtulr l `frùdlåàa, j l olssl mj ðdja mjvj sjr fcspj`faclml ào ùfmlma j tra`lml rjeudlrojctj.
0.=.:.<. ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd mj ðdja

◁ Rasf`facj l oìqufcl jo tjrrjca cfvjdlma, àdaquj as
`ldåas cas pcjus mflctjfras j trlsjfras, pasf`facj l
ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta j l`facj a nrjfa
mj oàa.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar, olctjcgl a vjïùda plrlma par vìrfas

ofcutas j jctàa mjsdfeuj a oatar cavlojctj.
◁ Lirl a tlopàa mj vjrfnf`låàa mj ðdja sairj l lijrturl

mj lilstj`fojcta ml trlcsofssàa. Pj a ðdja ndufr Nfeurl 0-6
djctlojctj, fcmf`l quj a cïvjd mj ðdja jstì lmjqulma.
Pj càa gauvjr nduxa mj ðdja, lmf`facj a ðdja ml
trlcsofssàa (Nfeurl 0-6).
0.=.:.9. ]raquj a ðdja

ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta j l`facj a nrjfa
mj oàa.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar, olctjcgl a vjïùda plrlma par vìrfas

ofcutas j jctàa mjsdfeuj a oatar cavlojctj.
◁ Lirl a tlopàa mj mrjclejo ca nucma ml `lfxl mj

`éoifa j usj uo rj`fpfjctj plrl lrolzjclejo.
(Nfeurl 0-<2) Nfeurl 0-<2
◁ ]raquj a nfdtra ml `lfxl mj `éoifa.
(Nfeurl 0-<<)
Nfeurl 0-<<

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de 136 
◁ Lirl a nfdtra mj ðdja ml `lfxl mj `éoifa cl dltjrld ma

`glssf trlsjfra, fckjtj a ðdja ml trlcsofssàa mj làrma
ào a `ðmfea j vaduoj jstfpudlmas, j jctàa nj`gj l
tlopl.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar, olctjcgl a vjïùda plrlma par :

ofcutas j jctàa jxlofcj cavlojctj a cïvjd mj ðdja
ml `lfxl mj `éoifa. (Nfeurl 0-<9).
Nfeurl 0-<9
0.=.>. Ðdja ma jfxa mj mfrjåàa

0.=.>.<. ^jrfnfquj a cïvjd mj ðdja
◁ Yjoavl a tlopàa mj jxloj ma lilstj`fojcta mj
ðdja ml mfrjåàa prfc`fpld ca lrolzjclojcta ma jfxa.
Pj a cïvjd mj ðdja jstfvjr lilfxa ml lijrturl mj slïml,
jstì lmjqulma8 ma àctrìrfa, mjvj-sj lilstj`jr a ðdja
(Nfeurl 0-<0). Nfeurl 0-<0
0.=.>.9. ]raquj a ðdja

◁ Mfrfkl l oìqufcl jo tjrrjca cfvjdlma djctlojctj j
olctjcgl l lijrturl mj mrjclejo cl dltjrld ml raml
ma jfxa mj mfrjåàa mflctjfra cl pasfåàa olfs ilfxl
(Nfeurl 0-<=).
◁ Mjsdfeuj a oatar, pasf`facj l ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo

pacta oarta j lpjrtj a nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ Yjoavl as tlopújs mj mrjclejo ca nucma ma

lrolzjclojcta ma jfxa mflctjfra j cls pactls mls
dltjrlfs mls muls ramls plrl mjs`lrtlr a ðdja,
utfdfzlcma uo rj`fpfjctj plrl lrolzjcì-da.
◁ Lpðs rjoavjr a ðdja, rjàdaquj a tlopàa ca nucma ma

lrolzjclojcta ma jfxa mflctjfra.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar, puxj a nrjfa mj oàa, mfrfkl djctlojctj

j lpactj l sjtl da`ldfzlml cl pactl ml raml ma jfxa mj
mfrjåàa mflctjfra lpactlr cl mfrjåàa mfrjftl fcnjrfar,
Nfeurl 0-<=
mjsdfeuj a oatar, àdaquj a `éoifa jo pacta oarta
j lpjrtj a nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ Yjoavl a tlopàa mj jxloj ma lilstj`fojcta mj

ðdja ma lrolzjclojcta ma jfxa mflctjfra j a tlopàa
mj vfsuldfzlåàa cl pactl ml sjtl mj loias as dlmas ml
raml.
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de 136 
◁ Fckjtj a ðdja cava cl lijrturl ml dltjrld ma pcju j cl

lijrturl ml mfrjåàa prfc`fpld ltæ quj a ðdja
trlcsiarmj jo loias as da`lfs.
◁ Yjlpjrtj tamas as tlopújs ojc`faclmas l`fol.
◁ ]raquj a ðdja ml trlcsofssàa ma jfxa trlsjfra mj

làrma ào a pra`jssa l`fol.
0.=.5. Ðdja ma oatar

◁ Mfrfkl l oìqufcl jo tjrrjca pdlca, mjsdfeuj a oatar,
pasf`facj l ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta j
lpjrtj a nrjfa mj oàa.
◁ Yjoavl l vlrjtl mj ojmfåàa la dlma ma oatar, fcsfrl-

l àopdjtlojctj ca rjsjrvltðrfa j jctàa puxj-l mj
vadtl plrl fcspj`facì-dl (Nfeurl 0-<:).
Nfeurl 0- <:
◁ A cïvjd mj ðdja ma oatar mjvj jstlr jctrj ls

olr`låújs mj —OÌWFOA‟ j —OÏCFOA‟ fcmf`lmls cl
vlrjtl mj ojmfåàa. Pj a cïvjd jstfvjr oufta ilfxa,
lmf`facj olfs ðdja. (Nfeurl 0-<>)
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj a ðdja jstì paduïma au sj àctæo ouftas

rjsïmuas. Pj a ðdja jstfvjr oufta paduïma, mjvj sjr
tra`lma.
Nfeurl 0-<>
L `gj`lejo ma cïvjd mj ðdja mjvj aàrrjr lctjs mj rjldfzlr apjrlåàa au <: ofcutas
Aisjrvlåàa lpðs a mjsdfelojcta ma oatar.
0.=.5.9. ]raquj a ðdja

ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta j puxj a nrjfa mj
oàa. Pj a oatar càa jstfvjr lquj`fma, dfeuj-a j
olctjcgl a vjïùda plrlma. \ulcma l tjopjrlturl ma
ðdja ld`lcålr jctrj 92²@ j =2²@, mjsdfeuj a oatar.
◁ Lirl a tlopàa mj mrjclejo ma ðdja ma oatar Lijrturl mj

pasf`faclma cl mflctjfrl mfrjftl ma tlcquj mj lilstj`fojcta
mj ðdja

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de 136 
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àoiustïvjd ma oatar, mjs`lrtj a ðdja j utfdfzj uo

rj`fpfjctj plrl lrolzjcì-da (Nfeurl 0-<5).
Nfeurl 0- <5 Plïml mj mrjclejo ma ðdja ma
◁ ]raquj a nfdtra mj ðdja. oatar
◁ Lpðs jseatlr a ðdja, nj`gj a tlopàa mj mrjclejo.
◁ Fckjtj a ðdja cava cl lijrturl mj lilstj`fojcta cl

pasfåàa trlsjfrl jsqujrml ma oatar.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar j olctjcgl-a jo nuc`faclojcta, j

jctàa vjrfnfquj sj gì vlzlojcta ca nfdtra mj ðdja j ca
tlopàa mj mrjclejo.
◁ Lpðs `jr`l mj <: ofcutas lpðs mjsdfelr a oatar, nlål

ào quj a ðdja ndul `frùdlrojctj j sunf`fjctjojctj,
j vjrfnfquj cavlojctj a cïvjd mj ðdja ma oatar.
0.=.7. Dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta ma oatar

◁ \ulcma l tjopjrlturl ml ìeul ma oatar jstfvjr
oufta ldtl, vjrfnfquj prfojfrlojctj a cïvjd ma dïqufma
mj lrrjnj`fojcta. Pj càa nar sunf`fjctj, mjvj-sj
Lijrturl mj
lmf`faclr olfs dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta. La ojsoa
lilstj`fojcta
tjopa, vjrfnfquj sj a `jctra ma rlmflmar jstì jctupfma
j sj a tuia jstì mlcfnf`lma. mj ìeul
◁ Rasf`facj l oìqufcl jo tjrrjca cfvjdlma, àdaquj l

ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta, lpjrtj a nrjfa mj
Nfeurl 0-<7
oàa j mjsdfeuj a oatar. Pj l tjopjrlturl ml ìeul ma
oatar nar ldtl, leulrmj ltæ quj `lfl plrl ojcas quj
:2²@.
◁ Aisjrvj a cïvjd ma dïqufma ma tlcquj mj jxplcsàa, quj

mjvj sj lpraxfolr ml ojtlmj. Pj càa nar sunf`fjctj,
mjvj-sj lmf`faclr olfs ìeul.
◁ Lirl l tlopl ma rlmflmar pjdl lijrturl mj fcspjåàa

pasf`faclml ca tapa ml trlsjfrl ml àijrturl ma Nfeurl 0- <6
oatar. A dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta mjvj ld`lcålr a
nucma ma tuia mj lilstj`fojcta ma tlcquj mj ìeul
ma rlmflmar8 àopdjojctj a dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta
sj càa nar sunf`fjctj. (Nfeurl 0-<7, Nfeurl 0-<6)
◁ Lpðs l vjrfnf`låàa, lpjrtj l tlopl ma rlmflmar plrl jvftlr
quj a dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta jvlparj.
L tlopl ma rlmflmar càa pamj sjr lijrtl qulcma a oatar jstfvjr nuc`faclcma au
Lvfsa gauvjr plrlma par pauà tjopa. Ma àctrìrfa, a dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta gfpjr-
tjrold vlzlrì, a quj æ jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasa.

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de 136 
La lirfr l tlopl ma rlmflmar, mjvj-sj uslr uo tj`fma plrl àirï-dl j lirfr

djctlojctj.
0.=.7.9. ]ra`l ma ndufma lctfàcejdlctj j dfopjzl

fctjrcl ma rlmflmar
◁ Apjrj a oatar par jctrj <-<,: garl ào l ìeul jo
tjopjrlturl carold (pjda ojcas 7:²@).
◁ Rasf`facj l oìqufcl jo tjrrjca cfvjdlma, àdaquj l

ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa jo pacta oarta, puxj a nrjfa mj
oàa, mjsdfeuj a oatar j leulrmj ltæ quj l
tjopjrlturl ml ìeul jstjkl lilfxa mj :2²@.
◁ Lirl l tlopl ma rlmflmar, jctàa ltfvj l vìdvudl mj Nfeurl 0- 92

mrjclejo mj ìeul ca nucma j mjpafs mjsltfvj-l
qulcma taml l saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj gauvjr sfma
mjs`lrtlml (Nfeurl 0-92).
◁ Rrjjc`gl l ìeul ca sfstjol mj lrrjnj`fojcta ltæ a

cïvjd carold.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar, l`jdjrj erlmuldojctj j jctàa

olctjcgl-a dfelma j plrlma par : ofcutas ào l ìeul
jo tjopjrlturl olfar quj 7:²@.
◁ Mjsdfeuj a oatar j mjs`lrtj l ìeul lpðs ltfcefr ojcas

mj :2²@. Pj l ìeul mjs`lrtlml lfcml jstfvjr sukl, a
pra`jssa mjvj àctfculr ltæ quj l ìeul mjs`lrtlml
jstjkl dfopl. Mjsltfvj l vìdvudl mj mrjclejo mj ìeul
lpðs a mjs`lrtj (Nfeurl 0-9<). Nfeurl 0- 9<
◁ Rrjjc`gl l saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj ltæ quj a cïvjd ma

dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta ld`lc`j a nucma ma tuia mj
lilstj`fojcta ma tlcquj mj ìeul (au tlcquj mj
jxplcsàa) ma rlmflmar.
◁ Dfeuj a oatar, nlål ào quj a cïvjd mj dïqufma mfofcul

supjrnf`fldojctj, j jctàa mjsdfeuj a oatar j
rjlilstjål l saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj.
Càa usj mjtjrejctj àrrasfva ca sfstjol mj rjnrfejrlåàa, au ls ucfmlmjs mj lduoïcfa

sjràa mlcfnf`lmls. A dïqufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa æ tðxfà, partlcta mjvj-sj jvftlr ta`lr
Lvfsa `rflcåls j lcfolfs. A mjs`lrtj ma dïqufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa mjvj sjr njfta mj làrma ào
ls djfs mj pratjåàa loifjctld da`lfs.
0.=.7.0. Aisjrvlåújs

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de 136 
◁ L saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj mjvj sjr airfeltarflojctj a dïqufma mj rjnrfejrlåàa ml oìqufcl. L saduåàa

lctfàcejdlctj ml oìqufcl kì vjo ca rlmflmar mj nìirf`l. \ulcma l oìqufcl æ apjrlml jo `frùcstéc`fls
carolfs, jxfej-sj a usa mj saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj. Càa usj ìeul ml `guvl, mj tarcjfrl au mj rfa plrl l
tra`l, au a oatar l mfjsjd au a rlmflmar sjràa mlcfnf`lmas prjolturlojctj.
◁ \ulcma l tjopjrlturl jstfvjr lilfxa mj 2²@, l saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj càa mjvj sjr mjs`lrtlml. Jo
sftulåàa mj jojreëc`fl, l saduåàa lctfàcejdlctj mjvj sjr tra`lml tjoparlrflojctj par ìeul àouo j
tamls ls vìdvudls mj mrjclejo mj ìeul mjvjo sjr ltfvlmls plrl mjs`lrtlr taml l ìeul mj rjsnrflojcta
plrl jvftlr quj l oìqufcl rl`gj par àcejdlojcta.
◁ \ulcma l tjopjrlturl jstfvjr l`fol mj 02²@, a oatar mjvj sjr olctfma jo da`ld nrjsà j ào saoirl,
pafs pamj aàrrjr sairjlquj`fojcta nl`fdojctj.
◁ Lpðs apjrlr, a oatar mjvj nuc`faclr jo vjda`fmlmj ilfxl par : ofcutas j mjsdfelma lpðs `lfr l
tjopjrlturl ml ìeul plrl pradacelr l vfml ûtfd ma oatar.
0.= ^jrfnf`lcma j rjldfzlcma olcutjcåàa cas àopacjctjs
0.=.< Pfstjol jdætrfà

◁ Lpjcls pranfssfaclfs quldfnf`lmas pamjo rjldfzlr sjrvfåas ca
sfstjol jdætrfà.
◁ La lkustlr l nactj mj ldfojctlåàa jxtjrcl, àcj`tj a nfa tjrrl

par ûdtfoa plrl càa `luslr nlïs`ls pjrta ml iltjrfl j `luslr
jxpdasàa. Aisjrvj quj a nfa tjrrl æ pasf`faclma ma rjeudlmar
la oatar mj lrrlcquj.
◁ Lkustj l `glvj ma oatar mj lrrlcquj lctjs mj rjldfzlr Nfeurl 0-99

olcutjcåàa ca sfstjol jdætrfà.
◁ Lctjs mj àcsjrtlr a sfstjol jdætrfà, rjoavl a jdjtrama

cjeltfva (-) ml iltjrfl plrl jvftlr l àrrjctj. (Nfeurl 0-99)
◁ @frùftas jdætrfàs j nusïvjfs

 ^jrfnfquj sj gì nrauxfmàa cas àcj`tarjs ma `frùfta, mlcas ca fsadlojcta mas `lias mj iarrl`gl, j sj as
nusïvjfs jstàa oactlmas sjeurl j nfrojojctj. Ca `lsa mj old nuc`faclojcta mj quldqujr `frùfta, vjrfnfquj
prfojfrlojctj sj a nusïvjd jstì qujfolma. Murlctj l tra`l mj nusïvjd, jcàctrj a oatfva ml qujfol ma nusïvjd
j vjrfnfquj tloiæo sj l déoplml jstì qujfolml j sj a `frùfta jstì mlcfnf`lma.
 As nusïvjfs sj jcàctrlo cl `lifcj. Murlctj l tra`l, prjstj ltjcåàa â `lpl`fmlmj (lopjrjs) mas tuias j
irlålmjfrls mas nusïvjfs.
◁ Déoplmls j fcstruojctas
 ^jrfnfquj a nuc`faclojcta ma fctjrruptar mj `lml déoplml. Yjoavl àopdjtlojctj l sukjfrl mls déoplmls.
 Lpjrtj l iuzfcl plrl vjrfnf`lr sj a sao jstì carold.
As fcmf`lmarjs mas fcstruojctas mjvjo jstlr cl zacl vjrmj jo jstlma carold.
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0.=.9 Olcutjcåàa ml iltjrfl

◁ L iltjrfl càa plssl par olcutjcåàa.
◁ Lctjs mj ojxjr cl iltjrfl, djoirj-sj mj mjsdfelr a oatar.
◁ Cuc`l lpraxfoj `felrras au `glols ml iltjrfl. (Nfeurl 0-90).
◁ Lirl a àoplrtfojcta ml iltjrfl j vjrfnfquj l supjrnï`fj ml

iltjrfl. @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj cjcguo jdjtrðdfta jstjkl vlzlcma
j quj càa glkl rl`glmurls, lolsslmas j sukjfrl sfecfnf`lctjs.
Nfeurl 0- 90
◁ ^jrfnfquj a stltus mj nuc`faclojcta ml iltjrfl (gì uol duz
fcmf`lmarl cl iltjrfl);
-^JYMJ; sfecfnf`l quj l jcjrefl ml iltjrfl æ sunf`fjctj j quj pamj sjr

utfdfzlml mj narol carold.
-RYJ]L; sfecfnf`l quj l iltjrfl mjvj sjr rj`lrrjelml.
-IYLC@L; sfecfnf`l quj l iltjrfl mjvj sjr mjs`lrtlml j suistftuïml.
◁ Dfopj a àoplrtfojcta ml iltjrfl j l supjrnï`fj ml iltjrfl.
◁ Dfopj as jdjtramas ml iltjrfl.
◁ ^jrfnfquj l lnfxlåàa ml iltjrfl.
◁ Jvftj ta`lr oltjrflfs ojtìdfàs (àoa njrrlojctls), quj pamjo `luslr ùrta-`frùfta cas pðdas
pasftfva (+) j cjeltfva () ml iltjrfl.
◁ La fcstldlr l iltjrfl, àcj`tj prfojfra a pðda pasftfva (+)8 la mjsfcstldlr l iltjrfl, mjsàcj`tj
prfojfra a pðda cjeltfva ().
◁ Ztfdfzj uo plca la dfoplr l plrtj supjrfar ml iltjrfl. Cuc`l usj elsadfcl au autras sadvjctjs plrl l
dfopjzl.
◁ Lpjrtj l tlopl supjrfar ml iltjrfl.
0.=.0 Yj`lrrjelr
◁ Pj l iltjrfl nar olcusjlml mj narol fcàrrjtl jcqulcta `lrrjel, gì rfsà mj jxpdasàa. Rartlcta a
pra`jmfojcta mj rj`lrrjelr l iltjrfl mjvj sjeufr a pra`jssa j ls fcstruåújs jxfefmls, ldæo mj aijmj`jr
las sjeufctjs ftjcs;
◁ L iltjrfl mjvj sjr rj`lrrjelml jo uo da`ld vjctfdlma. Yjoavl l tlopl supjrfar8 fssa prjvfcj mfspjrsàa
mj gfmraeëcfa j jxpdasàa,
◁ @acnfeurj l vadtlejo mj rj`lrel mj làrma ào ls jxfeëc`fls ml iltjrfl. Pj l vadtlejo mj rj`lrel nar
jrrlml, `luslrì a sairjlquj`fojcta ma `lrrjelmar, fc`ëcmfa au passïvjd jxpdasàa.
◁ @acj`tj prfojfra a tjrofcld pasftfva (+) ma `lrrjelmar la pðda pasftfva (+), j jctàa a tjrofcld cjeltfva
() la pðda cjeltfva (). Mjpafs, rjldfzj ls àcjxújs.
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◁ Pj l rlzàa mj `lrrjelojcta nar ojcar quj </<2, mjvj-sj nlzjr l rj`lrel rìpfml j jstlijdj`ë-dl mjctra
mas dfoftjs ml iltjrfl. Pj l àrrjctj mj rj`lrel nar oufta ldtl, pamj `luslr vlzlojcta au jvlparlåàa
ma jdjtrðdfta, a quj pamj rjsudtlr jo fc`ëcmfa au jxpdasàa.
0.=.= Zcfmlmj mj mfrjåàa

◁ Mjsoactj a àcvjrsar mj tarquj, l `lfxl mj `éoifa, l mfrjåàa prfc`fpld ma jfxa mj mfrjåàa j a rjmutar
mls ramls plrl `gj`lejo l `lml 9222 garls mj apjrlåàa ml oìqufcl. Murlctj l dfopjzl, vjrfnfquj l
prjsjcål mj sacs lcarolfs ca sfstjol.
◁ Murlctj l tra`l ma nfdtra, mrjcj ls fopurjzls j rjsïmuas mj ðdja, mjsoactj a nfdtra, rjoavl a jdjojcta
mj nfdtra, traquj par uo jdjojcta cava j oactj l àijrturl supjrfar.
◁ Jfxa mj trlcsofssàa
 ^jrfnfquj sj as plrlnusas mj oactlejo mas àcj`tarjs jstàa nrauxas, a stltus mj vfirlåàa ml pactl ma jfxa j
sj l pjål jstrflml jstì nrauxl.
 Murlctj l mjsoactlejo j oactlejo ma jfxa mj trlcsofssàa, pjr`jil l pasfåàa rjdltfvl mls kuctls ucfvjrslfs
cls muls pactls j lssjeurj-sj mj quj ls sjtls nfqujo ldfcglmls murlctj l oactlejo.
◁ Yamls
 ^jrfnfquj l prjssàa mj fcndlejo mas pcjus j sj gì mjselstj cls supjrnï`fjs. @jrtfnfquj-sj mj quj càa gì aikjtas
mj ojtld `rlvlmas cas pcjus. ^jrfnfquj as plrlnusas mj oactlejo cas lras mls ramls. L vjrfnf`låàa mjvj sjr
njftl ào l oìqufcl nrfl. Caroldojctj, l prjssàa mj fcndlejo mas pcjus mjvj sjr uo pauà ojcar qulcma l
oìqufcl apjrl jo da`ld lrjcasa jo àoplrlåàa ào apjrlåújs jo tjrrjca mura.
Lpðs 9222 garls, vjrfnfquj ls kuctls mls sadmls ca lra mls ramls, ldæo mls pjåls `lrrjelmls. @arrfkl qulfsqujr
mjnarolåújs jxfstjctjs.
0.=.: Olcutjcåàa mas pcjus

◁ Pj as pcjus jxpdamfrjo, l jxpdasàa jo sf vlf lrrjojsslr as ùias mj raml, pcjus, jfxa mj mfrjåàa j
autras àopacjctjs l pjda ojcas :22 o mj mfstéc`fl ml oìqufcl. L jxpdasàa j sjus mjtrftas `luslràa
mlcas j njrfojctas sjvjras, partlcta mjvj-sj olctjr l prjssàa mas pcjus mjctra ml vlrflåàa lmjqulml.
Cuc`l jc`gl as pcjus ldæo ml vlrflåàa mj prjssàa lmjqulml.
◁ Murlctj l daàoaåàa, a `ldar pramuzfma par oìqufcls jo ldtl vjda`fmlmj `lusl `jrta luojcta cl
prjssàa mas pcjus, a quj æ carold8 càa tjctj mfofcufr l prjssàa. A pra`jmfojcta àrrjta æ mfofcufr l
vjda`fmlmj ml oìqufcl au plrì-dl plrl jsnrflr as pcjus. Raræo, sj l oìqufcl àctfculr sj oavjcma jo
ldtl vjda`fmlmj, `luslrì a sairjlquj`fojcta j l jxpdasàa mas pcjus.
L]JCÅÀA ^jrfnfquj sj a lra mj idaqujfa jstì mjsltfvlma au càa.
◁ La lkustlr l prjssàa ma pcju, olctjcgl-sj a olfs lnlstlma

passïvjd. â`ë mjvj sjoprj sj olctjr ltrìs ma pcju.
◁ Æ prafifma jc`gjr as pcjus ào lr fcndloìvjd. Yjàojcml-sj a

usa mj cftraeëcfa sjà. Pj as pcjus kì jstfvjrjo `gjfas, tloiæo
pamj-sj utfdfzlr cftraeëcfa plrl lkustlr l prjssàa8 cftraeëcfa æ
nl`fdojctj ofsturlma ào a lr. Jc`gjr as pcjus ào cftraeëcfa
rjmuz a rfsà mj jxpdasàa, kì quj cftraeëcfa càa nl`fdftl l
àoiustàa j prjvfcj axfmlåàa j mjtjrfarlåàa ml iarrl`gl, ldæo
Nfeurl 0- 9=
mj jvftlr a jcnjrruklojcta mas ùias mj raml.

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◁ Rlrl jvftlr quj as pcjus sjklo jc`gfmas jo jx`jssa, æ cj`jssìrfa

tjr ls njrrlojctls àrrjtls plrl a jc`gfojcta ào cftraeëcfa j
trjfclojcta jo àoa utfdfzlr tlfs njrrlojctls.
◁ ^jrfnfquj as pcjus j ùias mj raml. Càa apjrj l `lrrjelmjfrl ào

l prjssàa mas pcjus oufta ilfxl. ^jrfnfquj tloiæo sj gì
rl`glmurls au mjnarolåàa cas pcjus.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj as plrlnusas j ras`ls mls ramls jstàa lpjrtlmas àoa

jxfefma pjda nlirf`lctj.
◁ Càa sj pasf`facj cl nrjctj au ltrìs mls ramls la vjrfnf`ì-dls. L

vjrfnf`låàa mjvjr sjr njftl pasf`faclma la dlma mls ramls. Pj nar
cj`jssìrfa rjoavjr uol mls ramls, ls autrls ramls mjvjo sjr
idaqujlmls ào `ldåas. (Nfeurl 0-9=).
0.=.> Jqufplojctas mj apjrlåàa

◁ Lpðs 9222 garls, l suisfmëc`fl clturld mas oj`lcfsoas mj apjrlåàa mjvj sjr vjrfnf`lml.
 Jdjvj as irlåas prfc`fplfs la dfoftj oìxfoa ào l `låloil vlzfl. Mjsdfeuj a oatar j `jrtfnfquj-sj mj
quj a mjs`fojcta mas `fdfcmras mj jdjvlåàa càa sjkl olfar quj >: oo mjctra mj <: ofcutas. Pj a
mjs`fojcta nar olfar quj >: oo, vjrfnfquj a mjsjopjcga mj sjdlejo ml vìdvudl mj mfstrfiufåàa j mas
`fdfcmras mj jdjvlåàa j ojål l prjssàa mj apjrlåàa ma sfstjol.
0.=.5 Pfstjol mj nrjclejo
◁ Nrjfa l mfsà; ^jrfnfquj a jstlma mj mjselstj mls pdl`ls mj nrf`åàa ma nrjfa j rjldfzj a slcerlojcta
ma sfstjol pjrfamf`lojctj.
◁ Rdl`ls mj nrf`åàa ma nrjfa; Mjsplrlnusj j rjoavl l pdl`l mj àijrturl. Yjoavl l pdl`l mj nrf`åàa.
Jxfstjo 0 sudàs cl pdl`l plrl mjoacstrlr mjselstj. Pj as sudàs mjslplrj`jrjo, l pdl`l mjvj sjr
tra`lml.
◁ Rjmld ma nrjfa;
 A mjsjopjcga ma pjmld ma nrjfa pamj sjr vjrfnf`lma saojctj ào l oìqufcl jo nuc`faclojcta.
^jrfnfquj sj a nrjfa nuc`facl mj lpjcls uo dlma ml oìqufcl.
 ^jrfnfquj l dfijrlåàa ma pjmld lpðs tjr sfma prjssfaclma8 a oavfojcta plrl l nrjctj mjvj sjr mj jctrj<0
l 90oo.
◁ Iaoil iaastjr; Lpðs apjrlr par 9222 garls, l iaoil iaastjr mjvj sjr mjsoactlml j plsslr par
olcutjcåàa àopdjtl.
◁ Nrjfa mj oàa; Jceltlr a nrjfa mj oàa j vjrfnfquj sj l `lrrjelmjfrl jstì jo àcmfåàa mj nrjclejo.
Pj a mjsjopjcga ma nrjfa jstfvjr rufo au lcarold, mjsùirl j jdfofcj a oatfva. L kuctl mj nrf`åàa
j a tloiar ma nrjfa mjvjo sjr vjrfnf`lmas.
◁ Yjspfrlmar ma `fdfcmra pðs-àoiustar; ^frj l àijrturl ma `fdfcmra pðs-àoiustar taml sjolcl

(au tamas as mfls jo apjrlåújs dacels jo loifjctj jopajfrlma). Yjoavl a nfdtra plrl dfopjzl
plrl jvftlr rfsàs mj nldgl ma nrjfa.
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0.=.7 Yjsjrvltðrfa mj lr
◁ Mjs`lrtj l ìeul ma rjsjrvltðrfa mj lr tamas as mfls,
prfc`fpldojctj murlctj a fcvjrca. @jrtfnfquj-sj mj
quj l vìdvudl mj mrjclejo mj ìeul jstjkl nj`glml
lctjs mj dfelr l oìqufcl.
Nfeurl 0-9:
@ao l plstfdgl mj nrjfa mjselstlml ltæ a dfoftj oìxfoa, ls nrjclejcs

fcjnjtfvls sàa jxtrjolojctj pjrfeasls. \ulcma a mjselstj ml plstfdgl mj
Aisjrvlåàa nrjfa jstfvjr prðxfoa ma dfoftj, vjrfnfquj l àcmfåàa ml plstfdgl ào olfs
nrjquëc`fl.
0.=.6. Lr àcmf`faclma
◁ Lpjcls uo tæ`cfà pranfssfacld pamj àcsjrtlr a lr àcmf`faclma.
◁ Pj nar cj`jssìrfa vjrfnf`lr j àcsjrtlr quldqujr pjål ml oìqufcl, mjvj-sj jstl`faclr a vjïùda jo
tjrrjca cfvjdlma, àda`lr a `éoifa jo pacta oarta, ltfvlr a sfstjol mj nrjfas j olctjr pjssals càa
jcvadvfmls cl apjrlåàa mfstlctjs ma da`ld mj rjplra au mj trlildga.
◁ A àctlta ào a àcejdlmar pamj `luslr djsújs, partlcta usj ðùdas mj sjeurlcål j autrls narols mj
pratjåàa plrl jvftlr njrfojctas par jxpasfåàa la dïqufma mj lrrjnj`fojcta. ]aoj ùfmlma la ta`lr pjåls
ml oìqufcl, prfc`fpldojctj pjåls jo ldtl tjopjrlturl au jo oavfojcta.
◁ Ojsoa quj a oatar jstjkl mjsdfelma, a sfstjol mj lr àcmf`faclma sjoprj tjo prjssàa, partlcta cuc`l
tjctj lquj`jr a sfstjol. @lsa sjkl cj`jssìrfa jsvlzflr a sfstjol mj lr àcmf`faclma, æ airfeltðrfa a usa
mj ðùdas mj sjeurlcål, ojsoa quj a ojmfmar mj prjssàa fcmfquj zjra. Æ cj`jssìrfa mjsoactlr ls pjåls
ma lr àcmf`faclma ào ùfmlma, ojsoa la taolr ojmfmls mj sjeurlcål.
◁ Càa æ pjroftfma nuolr au partlr `glols ca da`ld mj rjplra ma lr àcmf`faclma, kì quj a lejctj mj
rjsnrflojcta pramuz uo eìs tðxfà qulcma prðxfoa mj nactjs mj `ldar, j fcspfrlr jstj eìs `lusl mlcas
sjvjras au oartj.
◁ A lr àcmf`faclma pamj sjr dfelma lpjcls lpðs l plrtfml ma oatar. Lpðs a oatar plrlr àopdjtlojctj,
mjsdfeuj a lr àcmf`faclma plrl jàcaofzlr l jcjrefl ml oìqufcl.
◁ Rlrl apjrlr àrrjtlojctj a sfstjol mj lr àcmf`faclma, rjàojcml-sj a usa jo patëc`fl ldtl plrl a
rjsnrflojcta.
◁ Ca `lsa mj a lr àcmf`faclma càa sjr utfdfzlma par pjrïamas daceas, mjvj-sj olctjr a sfstjol mj lr
àcmf`faclma dfelma par : ofcutas l pjda ojcas `lml muls sjolcls plrl jvftlr a jcnjrruklojcta mls
pjåls.
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◁ @lsa sjkl cj`jssìrfa tra`lr a lejctj rjsnrflmar ma lr àcmf`faclma, sjdj`facj j usj a lejctj lpraprflma
fcmf`lma ca Olculd ma Lr @acmf`faclma. Cuc`l tjctj ofsturlr mafs tfpas mfnjrjctjs mj lejctjs mj
rjsnrflojcta ca lr àcmf`faclma.
◁ Murlctj a usa ma lr àcmf`faclma, mjvj-sj olctjr ls partls j klcjdls ml `lifcj nj`glmls.
◁ Murlctj a usa ma lr àcmf`faclma, jvftj olctjr a rjeudlmar mj tjopjrlturl sjoprj ca oìxfoa ào l
vjctfdlåàa jo ilfxl vjda`fmlmj, pafs fssa pamj `luslr a àcejdlojcta ma jvlparlmar.
◁ Jstl`facj l oìqufcl sai l saoirl murlctj a vjràa plrl jvftlr àctlta mfrjta ào rlfas mj sad.
◁ Lctjs mj uslr a lr àcmf`faclma plrl lquj`fojcta, mjvj-sj olctjr a oatar dfelma par ldeuo tjopa.
Lpjcls lpðs l tjopjrlturl ml ìeul ma oatar ld`lcålr 72²@ æ pjroftfma dfelr l vìdvudl mj ìeul qujctj
j l vjctfdlåàa ma lr àcmf`faclma. Pj l tjopjrlturl loifjctj nar ojcar quj 2²@, mrjcj l ìeul cl
olceujfrl j ca rlmflmar plrl jvftlr àcejdlojcta8 l jx`jåàa æ l ìeul ào lejctj lctfàcejdlctj ca
tlcquj mj ìeul.
Olcutjcåàa
◁ Æ mj fopartéc`fl `rïtf`l rjldfzlr olcutjcåújs lejcmlmls ma lr àcmf`faclma plrl quj a nuc`faclojcta

sjkl àrrjta j l vfml ûtfd ma lplrjdga sj pradaceuj. Rartlcta æ cj`jssìrfl l olcutjcåàa rjeudlr ma lr
àcmf`faclma (Rlrl olfs mjtldgjs, vjr tlijdl 0-=).
]lijdl 0- =
Fctjrvlda mj olcutjcåàa
Ftjcs mj olcutjcåàa Oætamas mj vjrfnf`låàa ]amas ]aml L `lml

]ama ]ama
as sjol qufczj
oës lca
mfls cl cl
Jstlma ma
^jrfnfquj a nduxa ltrlvæs ml
lejctj mj ▰
lijrturl mj aisjrvlåàa.
rjnrfejrlåàa
^jrfnfquj sj gì sfclfs mj
Pfstjol rl`glmurl au mlca cls ▰
mj olceujfrls.
Yjnrfej
rlåàa ^jrfnfquj sj gì vlzlojcta
@lcas ▰
jo `lml kuctl.
^jrfnfquj l nrauxfmàa mj
`lml irlålmjfrl j sj gì ▰
sfclfs mj mlca.
]raquj a ðdja mj
@aopr Ðdja mj rjnrfejrlåàa (utfdfzj a ðdja
▰
jssar rjnrfejrlåàa ml olr`l àrrjtl àoa
fcmf`lma ca olculd).
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^jrfnfquj l tjcåàa j a
@arrjfl ▰
mjselstj ml àrrjfl.
Jfxa ^jrfnfquj l àcnflifdfmlmj
▰
àoprjssar ma jfxa.
Cû`dja ma ^jrfnfquj sj jstì dfopa j jo
▰
àcmjcslmar ials àcmfåújs.
@acmjc Dltjrld ma ^jrfnfquj sj gì mjtrftas
▰
slmar àcmjcslmar jxtjrcas cl plrtj nractld.
Jfxa ma ^jrfnfquj sj a jfxa jstì
▰
àcmjcslmar nrauxa.
Jfxa ma
^jrfnfquj sj jstì mlcfnf`lma. ▰
jvlparlmar
Lijrturl ml
Jvlpar ^jrfnfquj sj l vjctfdlåàa
`frùdlåàa mj ▰
lmar nuc`facl ijo.
lr
Oatar mj ^jrfnfquj sj a oatar
▰
àoiustàa nuc`facl àrrjtlojctj.
^jrfnfquj sj a làpdlmar
Làpdlmar ▰
nuc`facl àrrjtlojctj.
Joirjlejo
Pfstjol ^jrfnfquj sj nuc`facl
jdjtraolecætf` ▰
jdætrfà àrrjtlojctj.
l
Fctjrruptar mj ^jrfnfquj sju
▰
àctradj nuc`faclojcta.
0.=.<2. Autras
◁ Lpðs 9222 garls mj apjrlåàa, l `lrrjelmjfrl mjvj sjr àopdjtlojctj vjrfnf`lml. Ltjcåàa l mlcas,
mjnarolåújs, rl`glmurls, mjs`lolåàa ml sadml j autras praidjols quj passlo lnjtlr a nuc`faclojcta
carold, prfc`fpldojctj ca fcstruojcta mj apjrlåàa j cls ramls.
◁ Lpðs 9222 garls, vjrfnfquj l nrauxfmàa mj `lml plrlnusa j par`l ml `lrrjelmjfrl. Lpjrtj-as sj cj`jssìrfa
Ltjcåàa jspj`fld mjvj sjr mlml âs par`ls mas lras j las plrlnusas mls pjåls suspjcsarls.
◁ ^jrfnfquj sj gì vlzlojcta mj ìeul cl sjdlejo mj `lml àcjxàa mj olceujfrl, ma oatar, ma rlmflmar j

ma sfstjol mj trlcsofssàa. Pj gauvjr vlzlojcta, mjsdfeuj a oatar j dfopj l pjål lctjs mj dfelr
cavlojctj.
0.: Nldgls àoucs j rjsaduåàa mj praidjols
0.:.< Pfstjol
]lijdl 0- :

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Rraidjol @lusls Paduåújs
<「 L olr`gl càa naf jceltlml. <＃ Jceltj l olr`gl.

9「 L qulctfmlmj mj ðdja ca trlcsofssar 9＃ Yjlilstjål a ðdja ltæ l
A oatar jstì
càa æ sunf`fjctj. qulctfmlmj àrrjtl.
dfelma, ols l 0「 L iaoil mj trlcsofssàa mj ðdja 0＃ ]raquj au àcsjrtj l iaoil mj
oìqufcl càa sj jstì mlcfnf`lml j càa gì clml sjcma ðdja.
oavj. fcmf`lma ca ojmfmar mj prjssàa. =＃ ^jrfnfquj sj a àcvjrsar mj
=「 Gì praidjols ca àcvjrsar mj tarquj jstì vlzlcma au
tarquj. mlcfnf`lma.
<「 Lkustj-a plrl l àcmfåàa
<「 L prjssàa ml vìdvudl naf lkustlml
rjeudlml.
fcàrrjtlojctj.
9「 ]raquj a dl`rj ma ðdja j sju
L prjssàa ma ðdja 9「 L joirjlejo jstì ào vlzlojcta
jfxa.
plrl tra`l mj pjrfeasa.
0「 ^jrfnfquj l oadl mj rjtarca ml
olr`gls jstì oufta 0「 L vìdvudl mj tra`l mj `éoifa vadtl
vìdvudl j sj gì mjtrftas cl
ilfxl. plrl l pasfåàa arfefcld.
`lvfmlmj.
=「 ^lzlojcta ca `frùfta mj ðdja.
=「 Lpjrtj as tuias.
:「 L iaoil mj ðdja càa nuc`facl.
:「 ]raquj l iaoil mj ðdja.
>「 A nfdtra mj ðdja jstì jctupfma.
>「 Dfopj a nfdtra mj ðdja.
<「 L prjssàa ma ðdja plrl tra`l mj
olr`gls jstì ilfxl.
Càa naf passïvjd <「 ^jr Rraidjol c» 9
9「 A jc`lclojcta ml `lfxl mj `éoifa
jceltlr l olr`gl. 9「 Mjsoactj j mjsaistrul.
jstì jctupfma.
0「 ^jr Rraidjol c» 9
0「 L joirjlejo jstì ào vlzlojcta
pjrfeasa.
<「 A ðdja ca sfstjol mj trlcsofssàa æ
fcsunf`fjctj. <「 Yjlilstjål a ðdja.
9「 L prjssàa ma ðdja plrl tra`l mj 9「 ^jr Rraidjol c» 9
olr`gls jstì oufta ilfxl. 0「 ^jrfnfquj-a j nlål lkustjs.
0「 A sfstjol mj nrjclejo jstì lkustlma =「 \ulcma l tjopjrlturl ma ðdja
L mfrjåàa jstì mj narol fcàrrjtl, càa naf passïvjd jstfvjr supjrfar l <22²@, plrj l
nrl`l. mjsjceltlr a nrjfa. oìqufcl plrl vjrfnf`låàa.
=「 L tjopjrlturl ma àcvjrsar mj :「 Mjsoactj, dfopj j traquj a
tarquj jstì oufta ldtl. mfsà.
:「 Ls pdl`ls mj joirjlejo j mfrjåàa >. ^jrfnfquj j lkustj l vjda`fmlmj mj
càa jceltlo àrrjtlojctj. ratlåàa.
>「 L vjda`fmlmj mj ratlåàa ma oatar
jstì ilfxl.
<「 Yjlilstjål a ðdja.
L `lfxl mj `éoifa 9「 ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj l
j a àcvjrsar mj <「 Gì pauà ðdja. joirjlejo j lkustj sul
tarquj jstàa 9「 L joirjlejo jsàrrjel. prjssàa.
sairjlquj`jcma. 0「 A tjopa mj apjrlåàa æ oufta dacea. 0. Rlrj a trlildga plrl jsnrflr l
oìqufcl.
L oumlcål mj
<. L mfspasfåàa mls jcerjclejcs jstì
olr`gl jstì <. Yjlkustj j àcsjrtj.
fcàrrjtl.
mjsarmjclml.
0.:.9 Pfstjol mj mfrjåàa
Títulos relacionados <2<

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]lijdl 0- >
<「 L tjopjrlturl jstì oufta ilfxl.

<「 Apjrj cavlojctj lpðs
9「 @acjxàa jrrlml ma jc`lclojcta lquj`fojcta.
mj ðdja ca `frùfta mj àctradj-
9「 Yjàcj`tj a jc`lclojcta
pfdata ma ðdja.
àrrjtlojctj.
Æ ilstlctj mfnï`fd àcmuzfr a 0「 A `frùfta mj àctradj-pfdata ma
0「 Dfopj a jc`lclojcta ca
vjïùda. ðdja jstì jctupfma.
`frùfta mj àctradj-pfdata ma
=「 L prjssàa ma ðdja ma àctradj- ðdja.
pfdata jstì oufta ilfxl.
=「 Lkustj l vìdvudl mj prjssàa.
:「 As plrlnusas ca oj`lcfsoa
:「 Lnrauxj uo pauà as
gfmrìudfà mj mfrjåàa jstàa
plrlnusas.
lpjrtlmas mjolfs.
A vadlctj lfcml pamj efrlr lpðs l ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj a
Gì ldea mj jrrlma ào a oj`lcfsoa
oìqufcl tjr vfrlma ltæ sju dfoftj oj`lcfsoa mj dfoftlåàa ml
mj dfoftlåàa ml mfrjåàa.
oìxfoa. mfrjåàa.
L nucåàa ml vìdvudl mj àctradj mj ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l

L mfrjåàa jstì fcstìvjd.
nduxa ma ðdja jstì fcstìvjd. vìdvudl mj àctradj mj nduxa.
<「 Lkustj fcàrrjta ml oadl ml

vìdvudl mj àctradj mj nduxa ma <. Lkustj a loartj`jmar mj oadl
L oumlcål mj mfrjåàa plrl l ðdja. àrrjtlojctj.
jsqujrml au mfrjftl æ oufta 9「 Nduxa fcsunf`fjctj mj ðdja cl 9. ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l
djctl. iaoil mj mfrjåàa. iaoil mj mfrjåàa.
0「 L glstj ml vìdvudl mj 0. Lkustj l prjssàa mj àctradj-
lopdfnf`låàa ma nduxa càa sj pfdata au traquj l oadl.
oavj ltæ a nfo.
L oumlcål mj mfrjåàa æ oufta <. As loartj`jmarjs cls muls pactls
ml glstj ml vìdvudl mj Lkustj as loartj`jmarjs
rìpfml plrl uo dlma j oufta
lopdfnf`låàa ma nduxa jstàa àrrjtlojctj.
djctl plrl a autra.
fcàrrjtas.
\ulcma l narål mj rjsfstëc`fl ml <. ^lzlojcta `rïtfà ca nucma ml
<. ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj a
mfrjåàa nar ilfxl, l mfrjåàa vìdvudl mj trlcsiarmlojcta ca
lcjd mj sjdlejo.
`frùfta prfc`fpld mj ðdja.
nuc`facl, ols qulcma æ ldtl, l 9. ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l
9. ^lzlojcta `rïtfà mj ðdja cl
mfrjåàa nf`l djctl plrl loias as vìdvudl j a lcjd mj sjdlejo.
vìdvudl ldtjrclmarl
0. Lkustj l prjssàa ma sfstjol mj
dlmas. 0. Rrjssàa oufta ilfxl ca sfstjol mj
mfrjåàa.
mfrjåàa.
\ulcma l narål mj rjsfstëc`fl ml
mfrjåàa jstì ilfxl, l mfrjåàa
^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l
nuc`facl, ols qulcma jstì ldtl, l ^lzlojcta mfnjrjctj jctrj ls muls
vìdvudl mj jsnjrl j traquj a lcjd
oumlcål mj mfrjåàa plrl uo pactls ml vìdvudl mj jsnjrl.
mj sjdlejo.
dlma æ rìpfml j plrl a autra,
djctl.
<. L vìdvudl mj àctradj mj nduxa ma <. ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l
ðdja càa nuc`facl. vìdvudl mj àctradj mj nduxa mj
La vfrlr l oìqufcl, l mfrjåàa càa 9. Gì ldea mj jrrlma ào l vìdvudl ðdja.
nuc`facl. mj trlcsiarmlojcta ma `frùfta mj 9. ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj l vìdvudl
àctradj-pfdata mj ðdja. mj trlcsiarmlojcta ma `frùfta
0. Gì ldea mj jrrlma ào l vìdvudl mj àctradj-pfdata mj ðdja.
mj trlcsiarmlojcta ma `frùfta 0. ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj l vìdvudl

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prfc`fpld mj ðdja. mj trlcsiarmlojcta ma `frùfta
prfc`fpld mj ðdja.
<. L glstj ml vìdvudl mj lopdflåàa
mj nduxa càa pamj vadtlr â pasfåàa <. ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj l vìdvudl j
fcf`fld. rjpasf`facj l oadl plrl a da`ld
L oìqufcl ouml l mfrjåàa 9. As plrlnusas mj oactlejo ml arfefcld.
vìdvudl mj lopdfnf`låàa ma nduxa 9. Lnrauxj uo pauà as
sazfcgl, sjo quj a apjrlmar l jstàa oufta lpjrtlmas. plrlnusas.
apjrj. 0. As plrlnusas ml tlopl ml vìdvudl 0. Lnrauxj uo pauà as
mj lopdfnf`låàa ma nduxa jstàa plrlnusas.
oufta lpjrtlmas. =. ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l
=. @acnfeurlåàa fcàrrjtl ml glstj ml glstj ml vìdvudl.
vìdvudl j sju jc`lfxj.
A vadlctj ouml l mfrjåàa <. A àckucta mj vìdvudls ma sfstjol
mj mfrjåàa gfmrìudf`l jstì <. Yjoavl qulfsqujr àrpas
sazfcgl, sjo quj a apjrlmar a idaqujlma. jstrlcgas.
apjrj. 9. As mfsàs mj oadl ma sfstjol mj 9. ]raquj as mfsàs mj oadl.
mfrjåàa jstàa mlcfnf`lmas.
<. L vìdvudl mj àctradj mj nduxa mj
ðdja jstì lkustlml fcàrrjtlojctj.
<. Lkustj as loartj`jmarjs mj
L mfrjåàa nf`l oufta rìpfml 9. L glstj ml vìdvudl mj lopdfnf`låàa
oadl àoa cj`jssìrfa.
ma nduxa mj ðdja càa pamj sj
qulcma l oìqufcl jstì jo ldtl 9. ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l
oavjr dfvrjojctj.
vjda`fmlmj. glstj ml vìdvudl.
0. As jc`lfxjs mls muls pactls ml
0. Dfopj au traquj l glstj ml
glstj ml vìdvudl mj lopdfnf`låàa
vìdvudl.
mj nduxa mj ðdja jstàa idaqujlmas
au jo pasfåàa fcàrrjtl.
<. Gì prjsjcål mj lr ca `frùfta mj
<. Ojdgarj l sjdlejo ml iaoil
ðdja ml mfrjåàa.
mj mfrjåàa.
9. L iaoil mj mfrjåàa jstì
9. ^jrfnfquj, àcsjrtj au traquj l
mjselstlml j ào nduxa
iaoil mj mfrjåàa.
fcsunf`fjctj mj ðdja.
L iaoil mj mfrjåàa joftj uo 0. ]raquj a ðdja gfmrìudfà àoa
0. L vfsàsfmlmj ma ðdja æ nfcl.
cj`jssìrfa.
sao ldta j a pfstàa ma `fdfcmra mj =. Cïvjd fcsunf`fjctj mj ðdja
=. Yjlilstjål ào ðdja cava mj
mfrjåàa j oavj mj narol djctl. gfmrìudfà.
làrma ào ls fcstruåújs.
:. L prjssàa ml vìdvudl mj
:. Yjlkustj l prjssàa ml vìdvudl
trlcsiarmlojcta ma `frùfta
mj trlcsiarmlojcta.
prfc`fpld mj ðdja jstì lkustlml
>. ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj a `fdfcmra
àoa oufta ilfxl.
gfmrìudfà au traquj a lcjd mj
>. ^lzlojcta `rïtfà mj ðdja ma
sjdlejo.
`fdfcmra mj mfrjåàa.
0.:.0 Pfstjol jdætrfà

]lijdl 0- 5

<. L iltjrfl jstì mlcfnf`lml au
<.]raquj l iltjrfl au rj`lrrjeuj-l.
Æ mfnï`fd au fopassïvjd dfelr mjs`lrrjelml.
a oatar. 9. A fctjrruptar ml fecfåàa jstì
9. @acsjrtj au traquj a fctjrruptar.
mlcfnf`lma.

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0. A oatar mj plrtfml jstì 0. @acsjrtj au traquj a oatar mj
mlcfnf`lma. fecfåàa.
=. ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj l nflåàa mj

=. As nfas jstàa old àcj`tlmas.
fecfåàa.
:. L plsslejo mj ðdja
:. ^jrfnfquj l plsslejo mj ðdja
àoiustïvjd au mj lr jstì
àoiustïvjd au mj lr.
mlcfnf`lml.
>. L ldlvlc`l mj `éoifa càa

>. @adaquj a `éoifa jo pacta
jstì jcerjclml jo pacta
oarta.
oarta.
5. A nusïvjd jstì qujirlma. 5. ]raquj a nusïvjd.
<. L `glvj mj fecfåàa càa vadtl <. @acsjrtj au traquj l `glvj mj

plrl l pasfåàa arfefcld. plrtfml.
9. A àctlta jdætrfà ma oatar

A oatar mj plrtfml qujfol mj plrtfml càa pýmj sjr
@acsjrtj au dfopj a àctlta.
ào nrjquëc`fl. mjsltfvlma àrrjtlojctj par
glvjr `jrtl lmjrëc`fl.
0. A `frùfta mj fecfåàa tjvj 0. ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj l nflåàa

ùrta-`frùfta. mj fecfåàa.
<. L nflåàa jstì nrauxl au

^ldarjs fcàrrjtas cas mjsàcj`tlml. <. @acj`tj l nflåàa.
ojmfmarjs. 9. A sjcsar jstì mlcfnf`lma. 9. ]raquj a sjcsar.
0. As ojmfmarjs jstàa 0. ]raquj as ojmfmarjs.
mlcfnf`lmas.
<. L iuzfcl mj lvfsa ma
ojmfmar mj oacftarlåàa
sal rjpjtfmlojctj. <. ^jkl a olculd mj fcstruåújs ma
L iuzfcl sal 9. Ilfxl prjssàa mj ojmfmar mj oacftarlåàa.
rjpjtfmlojctj. nrjclejo. 9. ^jrfnfquj a sfstjol mj nrjclejo.
0. A sjcsar mj prjssàa mj lr 0. ]raquj a sjcsar mj prjssàa mj lr.
jstì mlcfnf`lma. =. Olctjcgl a nfa pfdata fsadlma.
=. L nflåàa ml iuzfcl jctrau
jo ùrta-`frùfta.
<. A nusïvjd jstì qujirlma.
<. ]raquj a nusïvjd.
Ls déoplmls càa l`jcmjo. 9. L déoplml jstì qujirlml.
9. ]raquj l déoplml.
0. L nflåàa jstì
0. @acj`tj l nflåàa.
mjsàcj`tlml.
Títulos relacionados <2=

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<. L àcjxàa ml nflåàa ma
A ejrlmar càa nuc`facl, au oatar jstì sadtl. <. Yjàcj`tj l nflåàa.
sul àrrjctj æ ldtl au 9. L àrrjfl ml padfl jstì 9. Lkustj l tjcsàa ml àrrjfl ml
ilfxl mjolfs. nrauxl. padfl.
0. A rjeudlmar au a ejrlmar 0. ]raquj a ejrlmar.
jstì mlcfnf`lma.
0.:.= Pfstjol mj nrjclejo

0.:.=.< Nrjfa gfmrìudfà l lr
]lijdl 0- 7
<「 ]raquj a lcjd mj sjdlejo.

<「 Gì vlzlojcta mj ðdja cas mfsàs mj nrjfa.
9「 Plcerj a lr.
9「 Gì lr ca `frùfta gfmrìudfà mj nrjfa.
0「 ^jrfnfquj a àoprjssar mj lr, a
0「 Ilfxl prjssàa mj lr ma nrjfa.
L prjssàa ma sjplrlmar mj ìeul, l vìdvudl mj
=「 Gì vlzlojcta mj ðdja ma ùia cas mfsàs
pjmld mj nrjfa æ sjeurlcål j a mjsjopjcga mj
mj nrjfa.
fcsunf`fjctj. sjdlejo.
:「 Gì vlzlojcta mj ðdja ma ùia cas mfsàs
=「 ]raquj a iaastjr mj prjssàa.
mj nrjfa.
:「 ^jrfnfquj au traquj a lcjd mj
>「 As mfsàs mj nrjfa jstàa àopdjtlojctj
sjdlejo ma ùia.
mjselstlmas.
>「 ]raquj as mfsàs mj nrjfa.
<「 L vìdvudl mj nrjclejo jstì old
<「 ^jrfnfquj au traquj l vìdvudl mj
A sfstjol mj pasf`faclml, a pfstàa jstì trlvlma j l oadl
nrjclejo.
nrjclejo càa càa nuc`facl au jstì mlcfnf`lml.
9「 ^jrfnfquj au traquj a iaastjr mj
pýmj sjr 9「 A iaastjr mj prjssàa nuc`facl
prjssàa.
mjsltfvlma. fcàrrjtlojctj.
0「 ^jrfnfquj au traquj a lcjd mj
0「 A pfstàa ml iaoil càa pýmj vadtlr â
sjdlejo.
pasfåàa arfefcld.
A ojmfmar mj
<「 L sjdlejo ma sfstjol pcjuoìtfà jstì old
prjssàa ma ðdja
njftl. <「 ^jrfnfquj j àcsjrtj a sfstjol
ma nrjfa oastrl 9「 A àoprjssar mj lr càa nuc`facl pcjuoìtfà.
uo luojcta àrrjtlojctj. 9「 ^jrfnfquj a àoprjssar mj lr.
erlmltfva ml 0「 A pdueuj mj mrjclejo mj ðdja ca 0「 Lpjrtj a pdueuj.
prjssàa. sjplrlmar ðdja/ìeul jstì nrauxa.
Càa gì narål
<「 L mfstéc`fl jctrj a tloiar mj nrjfa j a
sunf`fjctj ca <「 Nlål rjlkustjs.
mfsà mj nrjfa æ oufta erlcmj.
nrjfa mj oàa. 9「 Dfopj a mfsà mj nrjfa.
9「 Gì ðdja ca mfsà mj nrjfa.
0.:.=.9 Nrjfa tatldojctj gfmrìudfà

]lijdl 0- 6
Títulos relacionados <2:

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<. Yjoavl a lr.

<. Lfcml gì lr ca jc`lclojcta ma
nrjfa gfmrìudfà. 9. Lkustj plrl <5.:ORl.
9. L prjssàa lkustlml æ oufta ilfxl.
0. L prjssàa mj cftraeëcfa ma 0. Rrjjc`gl a cftraeëcfa ltæ quj l

L prjssàa ma pjmld mj
lùoudlmar æ oufta ilfxl. prjssàa sjkl mj :ORl.
nrjfa æ fcsunf`fjctj.
=. L iaoil prfc`fpld jstì mlcfnf`lml. =. @acsjrtj au traquj l iaoil.
:. As mfsàs mj nrjfa jstàa :. ]raquj a mfsà mj nrjfa au a dl`rj

mjselstlmas au gì vlzlojcta cl ma ðdja.
`éolrl mj ðdja ma nrjfa.
<. @acsjrtj au traquj l vìdvudl mj

<. L pasfåàa ml glstj ml vìdvudl mj nrjclejo.
A mfspasftfva mj nrjfa nrjclejo æ fcàrrjtl, l glstj ma
càa pamj sjr pfstàa jstì jopjrrlml au l oadl ma
mjsltfvlma pfstàa mj rjtarca jstì mlcfnf`lml. 9. ]raquj l oadl mj rjtarca.
àrrjtlojctj. 9. L oadl mj rjtarca ma nrjfa ma lra
càa nuc`facl.
Càa gì narål <. L mfstéc`fl jctrj a tloiar ma nrjfa

<. Nlål rjlkustjs.
sunf`fjctj ca nrjfa mj j mas mfsàs mj nrjfa æ oufta erlcmj.
oàa. 9. Dfopj as mfsàs mj nrjfa.
9. Gì ðdja cas mfsàs mj nrjfa.
0.:.: Pfstjol gfmrìudfà jo nuc`faclojcta

]lijdl 0- <2
<. Lcjd mj sjdlejo mj ðdja mas `fdfcmras sj <. ]raquj a lcjd mj sjdlejo
mjselstl au qujirl. mj ðdja.
9. L vìdvudl mj mfstrfiufåàa sj mjselstl 9. Mjsoactj l vìdvudl,

oufta, j l slïml ml vìdvudl udtrlplssl sju vjrfnfquj-l j àcsjrtj-l plrl
Narål fcsunf`fjctj plrl dfoftj l`jftìvjd. quj a vldar mj slïml sjkl a
jreujr a irlåa mjsjklma, au lpjcls traquj l
0. Gì vlzlojcta mj ðdja ca `frùfta mj vìdvudl mj mfstrfiufåàa par
prfc`fpld au plrl
ðdja gfmrìudfà. uol cavl.
fc`dfclr l `låloil.
=. ^lzlojcta sjvjra cl iaoil mj ðdja. 0. Mjsùirl as pactas mj
:. Lkustj fcàrrjta cl vìdvudl mj sjeurlcål, vlzlojcta ma ðdja j jdfofcj a
a quj `lusl l prjssàa ilfxl mjolfs ca praidjol.
sfstjol. =. ]raquj l iaoil mj ðdja.
Títulos relacionados <2>

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>. A `lca mj su`åàa mj ðdja j a nfdtra mj :. Yjstlurj l prjssàa ma

ðdja jstàa jctupfmas. sfstjol plrl a vldar mjsjklma.
>. Dfopj a nfdtra mj ðdja j
traquj a ðdja.
\ulcma l ratlåàa ma
oatar jstì ldtl, l <. ^jkl as mjtldgjs ma ftjo c² < mjstl <. ^jkl as mjtldgjs ma ftjo
`låloil au a irlåa sjåàa. c² < mjstl sjåàa.
prfc`fpld sàa jreufmas 9. L vìdvudl mj sjeurlcål nf`l 9. Mjsoactj j vjrfnfquj l
oufta djctlojctj. àopdjtlojctj trlvlml. vìdvudl mj sjeurlcål.
]raquj a lcjd mj sjdlejo mj

A ðdja gfmrìudfà sj ðdja, dfopj a nfdtra mj ðdja j
L ofsturl aàrrj par `lusl mj mjselstj ma
ofsturl ào a ðdja ml vjrfnfquj sj as `lcas mj
lcjd mj sjdlejo ml iaoil mj ðdja.
trlcsofssàa. su`åàa mj ðdja jstàa
mjnarolmas au rl`glmas.
0.> Puistftufåàa mls pjåls-`glvj

◁ L `lrrjelmjfrl mjvj plsslr par fcspjåàa pjrfamf`lojctj plrl elrlctfr sul sjeurlcål. Ls pjåls
dfstlmls l sjeufr sàa fopartlctjs plrl sul sjeurlcål j mjvjo sjr suistftuïmls mj làrma ào a
`racaerlol.
◁ ]lfs plrtjs jcvjdgj`jo j sj mjselstlo ào a usa, j æ mfnï`fd kudelr l àcmfåàa mjdls, partlcta
suistftul ls pjåls-`glvj pjrfamf`lojctj sjo djvlr jo àcsfmjrlåàa sj jstàa nuc`faclcma au càa.
◁ @acsjrtj au traquj ls pjåls mlcfnf`lmls sjo djvlr jo àcsfmjrlåàa a `racaerlol.
◁ La tra`lr uol olceujfrl, suistftul tloiæo a A-rfce j kuctls mj vjmlåàa.
◁ Rlrl suistftufr ls pjåls àrrjtlojctj, àcsudtj l W@OE au rjvjcmjmarjs. (]lijdl 0-<<).
]lijdl 0- << Dfstl mj suistftufåàa mj pjåls-`glvj
Rjåls-`glvj quj prj`fslo sjr suistftuïmls

C² \ulctfmlmj Rjrïama mj suistftufåàa
pjrfamf`lojctj
< Pjda ma `fdfcmra gfmrìudfà 9
Olceujfrl (vìdvudl mj àoifclåàa ma sjplrlmar

9 <
ðdja/ìeul ‚‚ `fdfcmra mj lr) L `lml mafs lcas au
=222 garls (a quj vfjr
0 Olceujfrl (`fdfcmra mj lr ‚‚ pjmld ma nrjfa) <
prfojfra)
= Olceujfrl (pjmld ma nrjfa ‚‚ iaoil iaastjr) 9
: Olceujfrl (iaoil iaastjr ‚‚ jfxa mflctjfra) <

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Rjåls-`glvj quj prj`fslo sjr suistftuïmls

C² \ulctfmlmj Rjrïama mj suistftufåàa
pjrfamf`lojctj
> Olceujfrl (iaoil iaastjr ‚‚ jfxa trlsjfra) <
L `lml mafs lcas au

5 Olceujfrl (pjmld ma nrjfa ‚‚ nrjfa mj oàa) < =222 garls (a quj vfjr
prfojfra) Ap`facld
L `lml mafs lcas au

Olceujfrl (nrjfa mj oàa ‚‚ `fdfcmra ma nrjfa mj
7 < =222 garls (a quj vfjr
oàa)
prfojfra) Ap`facld
5 @fdfcmra mj lr < L `lml trës lcas

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=. Jspj`fnf`låújs tæ`cf`ls

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Lpdf`låàa
=.<.<. @lrl`tjrïstf`ls mj mjsjopjcga
Jstl oìqufcl æ uol pì `lrrjelmjfrl lrtfùdlml ào `låloil j mjs`lrrjelojcta nractld. Jdl æ
utfdfzlml jo da`lfs mj àcstruåàa, partas, tjrofclfs, jstlåújs njrravfìrfls, pìtfas mj `lrel, jctrj autras.
Pjrvj plrl rjldfzlr `lrels au trlcspartj jo ùrtls mfstéc`fls mj sada sadta, lrjfl, `ls`ldgas, `lrvàa, dfxa j
autras oltjrflfs, j tloiæo pamj sjr utfdfzlml plrl apjrlåújs mj trlåàa, tjrrlpdlclejo, jopfdglojcta,
mjspjka, jctrj autrls, sjcma uol oìqufcl mj àcstruåàa ijo vjrsìtfd j mj ldtl jnf`fëc`fl.
L `lrrjelmjfrl tloiæo pamj sjr jqufplml ào autras mfspasftfvas mj trlildga plrl jxjùtlr
apjrlåújs jspj`flfs àrrjspacmjctjs.
=.<.9. Loifjctj mj trlildga
◁ Ldtumj; ≭ 9222 oo
◁ ]jopjrlturl loifjctj; -<:²@ ~ =2²@ (Jstj oamjda tjo l àcnfeurlåàa plrl trlildglr jo duelrjs nrfas
jo quj l tjopjrlturl passl ltfcefr mj -=2 ~ -=:²@)
Ltjcåàa; Jstl æ uol oìqufcl mj àcstruåàa àouo j càa sj lpdf`l l loifjctjs fcndloìvjfs,
jxpdasfvas, ào ldta tjar mj pajfrl au elsjs tðxfàs
Títulos relacionados <<2

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=.<. Fmjctfnf`låàa ml oìqufcl

=.<.<. Rdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa
ma pramuta
Nfxlma ca `glssf mflctjfra mfrjfta,
àctjcma fcnarolåújs àoa; oamjda,
plréojtras prfc`fplfs, cûojra mj
fmjctfnf`låàa ma pramuta j autrls
fcnarolåújs ma nlirf`lctj. (Nfeurl =-<,
Nfeurl =-9).
Rlrl quj glkl uol rjnjrëc`fl

àrrjtl, vjrfnfquj a —Cûojra mj Nfeurl =- < Da`ldfzlåàa ml pdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa ma pramuta
Fmjctfnf`låàa ma Rramuta‟ (RFC) mj sju
jqufplojcta, `jrtfnf`lcma-sj mj quj æ
a ojsoa àcstlctj ca prjnì`fa mjstj
olculd.
Nfeurl =- 9 Fcnarolåújs ml pdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa (àcnfeurlåàa

mfnjrjctj tjrì fcnarolåújs mfnjrjctjs)
=.<.9. Rdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa

ma oatar
L fmjctfnf`låàa ma oatar jstì nfxlml la
dlma mfrjfta ml jstruturl ma oatar j
fcmf`l as plréojtras, jofssújs,
nlirf`lctjs j autrls fcnarolåújs ma
oatar. Nfeurl =-0
Nfeurl =- 0 Da`ld ml pdl`l mj fmjctfnf`låàa ma oatar
=.<.0. Autrls fmjctfnf`låújs

Cls pjåls prfc`fplfs ml oìqufcl sàa uslmls pdl`ls mj fmjctfnf`låàa au tfpaerlnfl plrl fcmf`lr a oamjda ma
pramuta, cûojra mj nlirf`låàa, `ðmfea ml nìirf`l, jt`.
Títulos relacionados <<<

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Mfojcsújs ejrlfs
Nfeurl =-= Mfojcsújs ejrlfs ml oìqufcl plmràa

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=.9. Rrfc`fplfs plréojtras tæ`cfàs (àcnfeurlåàa plmràa)
=.9.<. Mfojcsújs ejrlfs
Mjs`rfåàa Zcfmlmj mj ojmfml (oo) Aisjrvlåújs
@aoprfojcta tatld 5=:2 @ao l `låloil ca sada
Dlreurl ml oìqufcl 90:2
Dlreurl ml `låloil 9::2
Ldturl tatld 0092 ]jta ml `lifcj
Mfstéc`fl jctrj as jfxas 9622
Mfstéc`fl jctrj ls ramls <7:2
Ldturl oïcfol ma sada 0>2
=.9.9. Rlréojtras mj mjsjopjcga
Mjs`rfåàa Zcfmlmj mj ojmfml Aisjrvlåújs
@lpl`fmlmj caofcld 0222 he
@lpl`fmlmj ml `låloil <.7 o0
Rjsa tatld ml oìqufcl <2622 he
<ª olr`gl mj
>.:/>.: ho/g
lvlcåa/olr`gl â ræ
9ª olr`gl mj
<<.:/<<.: ho/g
^jda`fmlmj lvlcåa/olr`gl â ræ
oìxfol 0ª olr`gl mj
9:/9: ho/g
lvlcåa/olr`gl â ræ
=ª olr`gl mj
0> ho/g
lvlcåa
Ratëc`fl oìxfol mj rjiaquj <22 hC
Erlmfjctj oìxfoa mj suifml 97²
Oìxfol Éceuda mj mjs`lrel =:²

pasfåàa mj Déofcl ml
mjs`lrel Ldturl mj mjs`lrel 9602 oo
`låloil

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Mfstéc`fl mj Déofcl ml
<2<2 oo
mjs`lrel `låloil
Ratëc`fl mj js`lvlåàa <02 hC
@ao l `låloil
Oìxfol pranucmfmlmj mj js`lvlåàa =2 oo
cfvjdlml
]jopa mj jdjvlåàa ma irlåa :.2 s
]jopa mj `f`da 7.6 s
Ylfa oïcfoa Jxtjrca ml `låloil >2<: oo

mj efra @jctra ma pcju :<52 oo
Éceuda mj ratlåàa ml `lrra`jrfl ¼ 07²
Jspj`fnf`låàa ma pcju <5.:-9:
Rrjssàa mas Rcju mflctjfra 2.06 ¼ 2.2< ORl

pcjus Rcju trlsjfra 2.00 ¼ 2.2< ORl
Aisjrvlåàa;
Ls jspj`fnf`låújs mj trlildga sàa ojmfmls àcsfmjrlcma l àcnfeurlåàa plmràa ma jqufplojcta;

duirfnf`lctjs lilstj`fmas àrrjtlojctj, tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd àopdjtlojctj lilstj`fma j apjrlmar
pjslcma ltæ 5:he.
Títulos relacionados <<=

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=.0. @lpl`fmlmj mj lilstj`fojcta
]fpa \ulctfmlmj Da`ld mj lilstj`fojcta Aisjrvlåújs
Ðdja ma oatar 92 D @ìrtjr ma oatar
Ðdja ml `lfxl mj
09 D @lfxl mj trlcsofssàa
trlcsofssàa
Ðdja ma jfxa mj
9 Õ <> D ]rlcsofssàa j rjmutar ml raml
trlåàa
@aoiustïvjd <52 D ]lcquj mj àoiustïvjd
Ðdja gfmrìudfà <:2 D ]lcquj gfmrìudfà
Lmftfva
02 D Ylmflmar ma oatar
lctfàcejdlctj
Ðdja ma nrjfa 0D @lfxl mj nrjfa
Títulos relacionados <<:

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=.=. Jsqujol jdætrfà
de 136 
=.=. Jsqujol jdætrfà
<<>
Nfeurl =-5

<<5
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<<5
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Nfeurl =-7
<<7

Nfeurl =-6
<<6
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<<6
de 136 
=.:. Jsqujol gfmrìudfà
Nfeurl =-<2

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:. LRËCMF@J
Títulos relacionados <9<

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:.<. Dfstl mj pjåls plrl olcutjcåàa
de 136 
:.<. Dfstl mj pjåls plrl olcutjcåàa
PJ\. RJÅL C» MJP@YFÅÀA \C]. AIPJY^LÅÀA
H9>=2W-<-<<26>22 \ulcma a fcmf`lmar mj olcutjcåàa ma nfdtra mj lr jstfvjr vjrojdga,

< 722<2:2:7 <
Jdjojcta nfdtrlctj mj Lr Rrfoìrfa lpðs nlzjr l dfopjzl par : vjzjs, rjldfzj l suistftufåàa.
H9>=2W-<-<<26:22
\ulcma a fcmf`lmar mj olcutjcåàa ma nfdtra mj lr jstfvjr vjrojdga,
9 722<2:2:6 <
lpðs nlzjr l dfopjzl par : vjzjs, rjldfzj l suistftufåàa.
Jdjojcta nfdtrlctj mj lr sjùcmìrfa
P222<90>7
0 7>2<=26=< 9 Rrfojfrl vjz jo :2g, j jctàa l `lml :22g.
Nfdtra mj Ðdja ma Oatar
P22220:<: Yjldfzlr l tra`l l `lml :22g au uol vjz l `lml mafs ojsjs, a quj
= 7>2<=<222 <
aàrrjr prfojfra.
Nfdtra mj àoiustïvjd
P22299965
Yjldfzlr l tra`l l `lml :22g au uol vjz l `lml mafs ojsjs, a quj
: 7>2<06555 <
aàrrjr prfojfra.
Nfdtra mj àoiustïvjd
> 722<252>2 Nfdtra mj ðdja ml trlcsofssàa < Rrfojfrl vjz jo <22g, j jctàa l `lml <222g.
WEGD5-522Õ<2
5 720<>=096 < Yjl dfz lr l t ra`l l ` lml :22 g.
Nfdtra mj lr (ðdja gfmrìudfà)
Yjl dfz lr l t ra`l l ` lml :22 g a u s joj strl doj ctj , a qu j a` arrj r
7 72027>7<5 Nfdtra ma rjspfra ma tlcquj gfmrìudfà <
prf ojf ra.
Yjl dfz lr l t ra`l l ` lml <22 g a u s joj strl doj ctj , a qu j a` arrj r
6 720<>=997 Nfdtra ma tlcquj mj àoiustïvjd <
prf ojf ra.
W@W[W-DU552<
<2 72<<=209< < Yjl dfzl r l tra `l l `lm l < 222 g a u s jojs trld ojc tj.
Nfdtra mj lilstj`fojcta mj àoiustïvjd
WE-<<29229
<< 722675=92 < Yjl dfz lr l d fop jzl l ` lml :2g au uol vjz par sjo lcl.
^ìdvudl mj ldïvfa
720:775<6 Nfdtra (lr àcmf`faclma) Dfoplr lpðs 9:2 garls au uo oës mj usa àctïcua (a quj aàrrjr
<9 <
prf ojf ra) .
<99
720:77925 Nfdtra (lr àcmf`faclma) Dfoplr lpðs 9:2 garls au uo oës mj usa àctïcua (a quj aàrrjr
<0 <
prf ojf ra) .
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<90
de 136 
:.9. Rjrnfd ma narcj`fojcta mj pjåls mj rjpasfåàa

L W@OE passuf uol mfvfsàa jx`dusfvl plrl a narcj`fojcta mj pjåls mj rjpasfåàa quj ltjcmj taml l
elol mj àopacjctjs j l`jssðrfas plrl cassl dfcgl mj Rìs @lrrjelmjfrls, Jopfdglmjfrls,
Ofcf`lrrjelmjfrls, Yjtrajs`lvlmjfrl, jctrj autras. ]amls ls pjåls mj rjpasfåàa mjssl mfvfsàa sàa arfefclfs
ml W@OE au fopartlmls. Cassl ìrjl mj lrolzjclejo passuf uol ìrjl mj <2.222 o¹, ào fcvjctìrfa mj
`jr`l mj :2 ofdgújs mj yulc, j àctl ào uo jstaquj mj olfs mj 92.222 pjåls.
Da`ldfzlml jo Wusglce, cl @gfcl, ls fcstldlåújs passujo jx`jdjctjs àcmfåújs mj lrolzjclojcta,

uo sfstjol fcavlmar mj ejstàa PLR j jcvfa mj pjåls, àctlcma ào uol jqufpj mj jcejcgjfras
quldfnf`lmas8 ldæo mfssa, narcj`j las cassas `dfjctjs sjrvfåas mj lssfstëc`fl tæ`cf`l, trjfclojcta j
pdlcjklojcta mj cjeð`fas.
@jctra mj Mfstrfiufåàa Fcstldlåújs j lrolzjclojcta
Rramutas mj Rrfojfrl dfcgl
Joildlejcs jspj`flfs Fmjctfnf`låàa jspj`fld @ðmfea mj sjeurlcål
Títulos relacionados <9=

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9. YJMJ MJ @AC@JPPFACÌYFLP ANF@FLFP W@OE
9.< L@YJ
Ylzàa Pa`fld; Ndarjs j Pastjr D]ML
@CRK; 99.77<.<2</222<-:<
Jcmjrjåa; Ylfz mj Mlvf, 9>=, sldl 2<, datj <>, Rlrquj Fcmustrfld, Yasl Dfcml. Yfa Irlcà-L@
]jdjnacj; (>7) 6659->7:2
J-olfd; Njrclcma.trltarracBeolfd.ào
Mjs`rfåàa; @aojr`fldfzlåàa mj oìqufcls mj dfcgl lolrjdl, pjåls j lssfstëc`fl tæ`cf`l plrl a jstlma
9.9 RLYÌ
Ylzàa Pa`fld;]rltaolq ]j`cadaefl jo jqufplojctas D]ML JRR
@CRK; >0.77:.69:/222<-75
Jcmjrjåa; Yam Lueusta Oactjcjera, :22, HO 7, ]lplcl, Ijdjo-RL
]jdjnacj; (6<) 00=9-==22
J-olfd; trltaolqBuad.ào.ir
9.0 YACMÝCFL
Ylzàa Pa`fld; Ndarjs j Pastjr D]ML - J. L. R. Ndarjs -OJ
@CRK; 99.77<.<2</2229-09 - <:.>9:.0>>/222<-90
Jcmjrjåa; Yul Ol`fjd Yjea, =:26, sldl 2<-Rarta ^jdga-YA
]jdjnacj; (>6) 0990-2>22
J-olfd;njrclcma.trltarracBeolfd.ào
Ylzàa Pa`fld; RAP]A MJ OADLP YACMACFL. @AO J PJY^F@AP JFYJDF OJ

@CRK; <2.579.56=/222<-=>
Jcmjrjåa; Lv. @lstjda Irlcà c» <:20<, Ilfrra Pjtar mls Rraprfjmlmjs, @làld, @JR 5>.6>5-
<6:.Mjs`rfåàa; Jstaquj mj Rjåls j Lssfstëc`fl ]æ`cf`l Lutarfzlml
9.= ]A@LC]FCP
Ylzàa Pa`fld; FC]JY MFJPJD @AOJY@FA MJ OÌ\ZFCLP RJÅLP JPJY^FÅAP D]ML
@CRK; 99.<05.67:/222<-0=
Jcmjrjåa; 6<9 PZD L^ DA9< DA]J 2: @JR; 55.290-==9 RLDOLP-]A
]jdjnacj; (>0) 09<=-=296 / (>0) 7=0<-:072
J-olfd; fctjrmfjsjd.ta`lctfcsBautdaah.ào
Mjs`rfåàa; @aojr`fldfzlåàa mj olqufcls mj dfcgl lolrjdl, pjåls j lssfstëc`fl tæ`cf`l plrl a jstlma
9.: OL]A EYAPPA MA PZD

Ylzàa Pa`fld; ]j`caoact olqufcls j jqufplojctas Dtml.
@CRK; <6.2==.=>:/222<-0>
Jcmjrjåa; Lv. Eury Olrqujs, 52, ^fdl @fmlmj Oarjcl, @lopa Erlcmj- OP. @jp; 56.2>=-222
]jdjnacj; (95) 667<<-9=22
J-olfd; nlifa.rlzuhBxòetj`caoact.ào.ir
Títulos relacionados <9:

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9.> OL]A EYAPPA

Ylzàa Pa`fld; @apjoìqufcls àoær`fa mj pjåls j rjprjsjctlåújs D]ML-OJ
@CRK; <0.<>2.:>>/222<-99
Jcmjrjåa; L^. Eavjrclmar Kûdfa @lopas, ==06, sldl 2<, Klrmfo Edarfl FF, ^ìrzjl Erlcmj-O]
]jdjnacj; >> 0:0<-=:72 / >> 6><9-7907
J-olfd; ejrsachatgjBàpjolqufcls.ào.ir
9.5 EAFÌP
Ylzàa Pa`fld; ]rl`tareyc jqufplojctas j pjåls D]ML-JRR
@CRK; 2:.:9=.:=2/222<-67
Jcmjrjåa; Lv. Rjrfojtrld Cartj, PC, \ulmrl J, Datj 5/7, Nlz. Pjrrl, Plctl Ejcavjvl-EA
]jdjnacj; >9 060<-9=:2
J-olfd;`lrdasBtrl`tareyc.ào.ir
9.7 OLYLCGÀA
Ylzàa Pa`fld; RL^JD-^JF@ZDAP J FORDJOJC]AP D]ML-OJ
@CRK; <<.:62.>:2/222<-:2
Jcmjrjåa; IY 2<2 HO2<, <67, @aà Erlcmj, Fopjrltrfz -OL. @jp; >:.620-062
]jdjnacj; (66) 7<99-2<5:
J-olfd; lmovjcmls.fopBerupaplvjd.ào.ir
9.6 RFLZÏ
Ylzàa Pa`fld; RL^JD-^JF@ZDAP J RJÅLP D]ML-OJ
@CRK; 25.:76.775/222<-==
Jcmjrjåa; Lv. Rrjnjfta Uldd Njrrlz, 69=7, Daurfvld Rlrjctj, ]jrjsfcl-RF. @jp; >=.299-<=:
]jdjnacj; (7>) 0996-6969
J-olfd; nfdgaBerupaplvjd.ào.ir
9.<2 @JLYÌ
Ylzàa Pa`fld; Kamfjsjd `lofcgújs D]ML
@CRK; 20.<>2.909/222<-20
Jcmjrjåa; Yul Rlmrj @f`jra, =0:2 L, Pàa Kasæ, Kulzjfra
]jdjnacj; (77) 666>:-00>>
J-olfd; du`flcaBkamfjsjd.ào
Títulos relacionados <9>

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de 136 
9.<< YFA EYLCMJ MA CAY]J

Ylzàa Pa`fld; Kamfjsjd Yfacartj Fcmûstrfl @aojr`fa j Pjrvfåas D]ML-JRR
@CRK; 0:.95=.26</222<-07
Jcmjrjåa; Yul Kjrjofls ml Ya`gl, :09, Plcta Lctýcfa-Oassarð- YC. @jp; :6.><6-222
]jdjnacj; (7=) 00<=-2>>: / 66=<<-6620
J-olfd; edluàBkamfjsjd.ào8 àctltaBkamfjsjd.ào
9.<9 ILGFL
Ylzàa Pa`fld; ]rflol Cartj ]rltarjs Fopdjojctas Lerïàdls j Oìqufcls Dtml
@CRK; 2<.:>0.0:<.222>.77
Jcmjrjåa;Lvjcfml Rrjsfmjctj Mutrl, 0<2-Ilfrra Irlsfd, ^ftarfl ml @acqufstl ‐IL
@JR; =:.29:-222
]jdjnacj; (07) 0>62-><==
J-olfd; xòeBtrflolcartj.ào.ir

@CRK; 2<.:>0.0:<.222=.<>
Jcmjrjåa; Yul Ilràa ma Yfa Irlcà, 969, DK 29, @jctra, Eulcloif-IL, @JR; =>.=02-222
]jdjnacj; (07) 0>62-><==
J-olfd; xòeBtrflolcartj.ào.ir
9.<0 OFCLP EJYLFP

Ylzàa Pa`fld; YYW Yjprjsjctlåàa @aojr`fld Dtml.- OJ
@CRK; <>.>02.920/222<-22
Jcmjrjåa; Yamavfl IY=:6, PC - HO66, Plctl Jmwfejs - Rausa Ldjerj/OE - @jp;05.::2-222
]jdjnacj; 0: 0=95-0>22 au 67=>->7:0
J-olfd;fzlijdl.sfdvlBrrxòe.ào.ir

@CRK; <>.>02.920/2229-79
Jcmjrjåa; ^fl Jxprjssl mj @actlejo, >22< L
]jdjnacj; 0< 00:>->92= au 6>0>-6:66

@CRK; <>.>02.920/2220->0
Jcmjrjåa; Lv. Rluda Yaijrta @ucgl Plctas, <72<, Rrjsfmjctj Yaasjvjdt ‐ Zijrdécmfl/OE

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de 136 
de 136 
]jdjnacj; 0= ‐ 0909-62<2

@CRK; 2<.:>0.0:</222<-50
Jcmjrjåa; Lvjcfml Mjputlma Rdïcfa Yfijfra, 605 ‐ Jspdlclml, Oactjs @dlras - Ofcls Ejrlfs
]jdjnacj;(07) 0>62-><==
J-olfd;trflolcartjBtrflolcartj.ào.ir

@CRK;2<.:>0.0:</2229-:=
Jcmjrjåa;Lvjcfml Olcajd Ltglymj, <<>= ‐ @jctra, Klclûil ‐ Ofcls Ejrlfs
]jdjnacj;(07)079<-9202
J-olfd;klcluilBtrflolcartj.ào.ir

@CRK;2<.:>0.0:</2227-=2
Jcmjrjåa;Lvjcfml Ejrldma Yjzjcmj, <2< ‐ @jctra, @fmlmj; Klïil ‐ Ofcls Ejrlfs
]jdjnacj;(07)0700-9920
J-olfd;klfilBtrflolcartj.ào.ir

@CRK;2<.:>0.0:</222:-2:
Jcmjrjåa;Lv. ]lc`rjma Cjvjs, <>> ‐ `jctra, @fmlmj; @glplml Elû`gl ‐ Ofcls Ejrlfs
]jdjnacj;(07) 0>0=-<<::
J-olfd;`glplmlBtrflolcartj.ào.ir
Ylzàa Pa`fld;W@OE Irlsfd Fcmustrfl D]ML

@CRK;<=.525.0>=/222<-<2
Jcmjrjåa;Yamavfl Njrcàa Mfls, HO 07<, P/C, Ilfrra fcmustrfld, Rausa Ldjerj -OE
]jdjnacj;(0:) 9<29-2:22
J-olfd;lolcml.ol`glmaBxòe.ào
Mjs`rfåàa; Nlirf`låàa mj olqufcls j jqufplojctas
9.<= YFA MJ KLCJFYA

@CRK; <>.>02.920/222=-==
Jcmjrjåa; Jstrlml Jueëcfa @astl, P/C, Rfàs ‐ Ftliarlï - YK
]jdjnacj; 9< ‐ 0>05-2<>5
J-olfd; fzlijdl.sfdvlBrrxòe.ào.ir

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9.<: PÀA RLZDA

Ylzàa Pa`fld; W@OE Irlsfd @aoær`fa j Pjrvfåas D]ML.
@CRK; <:.7>7.=>:/222<-0>
Jcmjrjåa; Lv. Dlmsdlu Hlrmas, 522, Ilfrra mas Nactjs, Eulrudgas-PR
]jdjnacj; (<<) 9=<0-2:=0
J-olfd; dufz.ilrrjtaBxòeirlsfd.ào.ir
Mjs`rfåàa; @jctra mj mfstrfiufåàa mj pjåls plrl loærf`l dltfcl, àojr`fldfzlåàa mj oìqufcls j
lssfstëc`fl tæ`cf`l ca jstlma.
9.<> RLYLCÌ
Ylzàa Pa`fld; Frac Ol`gfcjry Irlsfd àojr`fa mj jqufplojctas mj àcstruåàa PL.
@CRK; <=.:00.629/222<-2>
Jcmjrjåa; Lv. @aojcmlmar Nrlcà, =02>, Klrmfo mls Loærf`ls, @urftfil-RY
]jdjnacj; 2=< 025>-2<5=
J-olfd; rslctasBfrac-eraup.ào
Mjs`rfåàa; @aojr`fldfzlåàa mj oìqufcls mj dfcgl lolrjdl, pjåls j lssfstëc`fl tæ`cf`l plrl a jstlma.
9.<5 PLC]L @L]LYFCL

Ylzàa Pa`fld; EYL lssjssarfl j àcsudtarfl jo cjeð`fas fctjrcl`faclfs D]ML-JRR
@CRK; <=.525.0>=/222<-<2
Jcmjrjåa; Yul Gjrfijrta Gudsj, 979:, ilfrra Ilrrjfras, Pàa Kasæ-P@
]jdjnacj; 2:< 7=<=-<<95
J-olfd; nlturlojctaBerlfopjx.ào.ir
Mjs`rfåàa; @aojr`fldfzlåàa mj olqufcls mj dfcgl lolrjdl, pjåls j lssfstëc`fl tæ`cf`l plrl a jstlma.
9.<7 YFA EYLCMJ MA PZD

Ylzàa Pa`fld; EYL lssjssarfl j àcsudtarfl jo cjeð`fas fctjrcl`faclfs D]ML-JRR
@CRK; <=.5>5.766/222<-75
Jcmjrjåa; Yam YP@ =:0, HO 2,9, ^fdl fcmustrfld, ^jcéc`fa Lfrjs-YP
]jdjnacj; 2:< 7=<=-<<95
J-olfd;nlturlojctaBerlfopjx.ào.ir
Mjs`rfåàa; @aojr`fldfzlåàa mj olqufcls mj dfcgl lolrjdl, pjåls j lssfstëc`fl tæ`cf`l plrl a jstlma.

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XCMG LW300KV Manual de Operação e Manutenção - PDF - Tráfego - Motores

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Olculd mj Apjrlåàa j Olcutjcåàa

W@OE Irlsfd Fcmûstrfl D]ML.

A apjrlmar mjvjrì tjr pdjca `acgj`fojcta mj tamas as rfs`as jo patjc`fld,

L apjrlåàa, olcutjcåàa au rjplras rjldfzlmas mj oama fc`arrjta pamjrì

Jstj olculd æ uol plrtj fopartlctj ml oìqufcl j narcj`j fcstruåújs sairj as

Lpðs `acnfrolr quj a apjrlmar æ quldfnf`lma plrl l apjrlåàa, olcutjcåàa

Olctjcgl sjoprj a olculd mjctra ml `lifcj ma apjrlmar, jo da`ld `ao nì`fd

Jstj olculd `actæo ls fcnarolåújs j ldjrtls mj sjeurlcål. @lsa jstls

Fcstruåújs sairj as lmjsfvas mj sjeurlcål;

Jstj sïoiada mj sjeurlcål fmjctfnf`l ls fcnarolåújs mj

Yjprjsjctl sftulåàa mj pjrfea jxtrjoa. Pj jdl

Fcstruåújs mj sjeurlcål ma nlirf`lctj;

◎ As nlirf`lctjs càa pamjo lctj`fplr tamas as pjrfeas murlctj l apjrlåàa. Gì vìrfas

rjvjcmjmar lutarfzlma. A usa mj l`jssðrfas càa ejcuïcas j càa rj`aojcmlmas

djsújs au rfs`as mj djsújs j jstjs càa sàa mj rjspacslifdfmlmj ma nlirf`lctj.

`dfjctjs, a `actjûma mjstj olculd pamjr sjr oamfnf`lma l quldqujr oaojcta, j

9.5.0. ^frj l oìqufcl .................................................................................................... :7

0.=.6. Lr `acmf`faclma .................................................................................................. 67

Títulos relacionados <

<.<. Lvfsas mj sjeurlcål j suls pasfåújs

L `lrrjelmjfrl `actæo lvfsas mj sjeurlcål. Nlvar djr j aijmj`jr l tamas as lvfsas. A

pasf`faclojcta mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål æ mjoacstrlma cls nfeurls.

sadf`ftlr uo cava lvfsa plrl a `aopacjctj.

<.<.<. Rasf`faclojcta mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål

Nfeurl <-< Rasf`faclojcta mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål

As lvfsas sàa as sjeufctjs;

<.<.9. Fcstruåújs mas lvfsas mj sjeurlcål

Nfeurl <-9 Olctjcgl mfstéc`fl ma irlåa mj

Nfeurl <-= Càa lpraxfoj ls oàas mls plrtjs

Nfeurl <-5 Lvfsa mj sjeurlcål; rfs`a mj `gaquj

Nfeurl <-7 Lvfsa mj nrjclejo

Nfeurl <-6 Mjsdfeuj a oatar j rjoavl l `glvj

Nfeurls <-<2 Djfl a Olculd mj Apjrlåàa j

Lvfsa; Càa apjrj l oìqufcl sjo lctjs tjr dfma

<.<.0. Jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa

◁ Zo jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa mjvj jstlr prjsjctj

◁ L oìqufcl `actæo uo supartj plrl jxtfctar

Títulos relacionados >

<.9. Fcnarolåújs ejrlfs mj sjeurlcål

<.9.<. Yjerls mj sjeurlcål

◁ Lpjcls pjssals trjfclmls pamjo apjrlr j rjldfzlr

◁ Càa apjrj l `lrrjelmjfrl sj càa sj sjctfr sjeura au

◁ La trlildglr `ao autrls pjssals, `jrtfnfquj-sj mj

<.9.9. Jqufplojctas mj pratjåàa

◁ La apjrlr au rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa cl `lrrjelmjfrl,

◁ La apjrlr au rjldfzlr olcutjcåàa ml `lrrjelmjfrl,

◁ Càa usj raupls nadelmls, pafs pamjo sj jcras`lr

◁ Càa utfdfzj raupls sukls mj ðdja, pafs pamjo

◁ Ztfdfzj ð`udas mj pratjåàa au oìs`lrl rjspfrltðrfl

◁ ^jrfnfquj l `acmfåàa mas jqufplojctas mj

<.9.0. Rrjvjcåàa mj fc`ëcmfa

A `aoiustïvjd j duirfnf`lctjs utfdfzlmas cl `lrrjelmjfrl

◁ Olctjcgl `aoiustïvjfs j duirfnf`lctjs mfstlctjs mj

◁ Rlrlnusj ls tlopls mj tlcqujs mj ðdja.

◁ Ztfdfzj rj`fpfjctjs mjolr`lmas plrl lrolzjclr

◁ Mfstlc`fj oltjrflfs fcndloìvjfs ml supjrnï`fj ml

◁ Càa sadmj au pjrnurj `lcas `actjcma dïqufmas

◁ Jsàdgl a da`ld mj jstl`faclojcta ào ùfmlma j

◁ Rrjvfcl vlzlojctas mas `lcas j olceujfrls.

◁ L iltjrfl pamj pramuzfr eìs jxpdasfva, partlcta càa

◁ La vjrfnf`lr ìrjls js`urls, càa utfdfzj naea plrl

<.9.=. Jxtfctar mj fc`ëcmfa j jstaka mj