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✮ᵂĶ

15.1 Double Integrals(工) ᑚƁ਌‫ޟ‬ҙ‫ݔ‬ 1


ᮆ『ᷳDz

ፉᅖĜ ҙ‫ݔ‬ గ෥ᮆ㇫ᷳϻ᪩⻩


15.1 Double Integrals(雙重積分)
(一) 二重之概念: 求體積 ϧЦĜ ਄ҙ‫ ݔ‬ẇϧЦ෥ ਌‫ޟ‬Ķ
ᒪ㇫ᷳΤ௪ᮆ‫ۏ‬ᐕ㇅,
ΩƘᑚƁ਌‫ޟ‬ҙ‫ݔ‬Dz ΩƘ - ႶᑚƁ਌‫ޟ‬㇫ᷳᮆ㇮

✮ᵂĶ ᒪՖĜ คᄾᮆ⻩ၥᇟ㇫ᷳ⁽Ֆ,


ᑚƁ਌‫ޟ‬ҙ‫ݔ‬ ᮆ『ᷳDz ✮ᵂĶ

ፉᅖĜ
(xi∗ , y∗j )ҙ‫ݔ‬
∈ Ri, j గ෥ᮆ㇫ᷳϻ᪩⻩ၥᇟ㇫ᷳɞș⡁,
d
z d y
Ӟዕ⽖Ĝ ㇫ᷳ 4 ⻩ၥᇟ㇫ᷳ⁽Ֆ
ΩƘ ႶᑚƁ਌‫ޟ‬㇫ᷳᮆ㇮㘼Əፉᅖ㐋 Ķ
c
c ㇫ᷳ
a ᒪՖĜ คᄾᮆ⻩ၥᇟ㇫ᷳ⁽Ֆ,
b x a b
(1) 分割:R = R11 ∪ R12 ∪ Rmn , 底面積: ∆Aij = vol(Rij ). ⾴ⴌᷳϧƧী℘ ㏺ԁᨪ@⯖᪳ࠥপභ᪩္পᾎჾ

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
(2) 樣本:長方柱體積 f (xij , yij )∆Aij , where (xij , yij ) ∈ Rij .
∑m ∑n
(3) 取和: f (x∗ij , yij∗ )∆Aij . Ӟዕ⽖Ĝ ㇫ᷳ 4 ⻩ၥᇟ㇫ᷳ⁽Ֆዕ⽖,
i=1 j=1

m ∑
n
㇫ᷳ
(4) 取極限:體積 V = lim f (x∗ij , yij∗ )∆Aij
m,n→∞
i=1 j=1
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Definition. Let f be a continuous function of two variables


⾴ⴌᷳϧƧী℘ defined on a rectangle R,
㏺ԁᨪ@⯖᪳ࠥপභ᪩္পᾎჾ్ᷳϧƘ౛

and let P = {Rij } be a regular partition of R.


(1) A Riemann Sum of f over R with respect to the partition P is a sum of the form


m ∑
n
f (x∗ij , yij∗ )∆Aij , where (x∗ij , yij∗ ) ∈ Rij .
i=1 j=1

(2) The double Integral of f over R is


∫∫ ∑
m ∑
n
f (x, y)dA = lim f (x∗ij , yij∗ )∆Aij
R m,n→∞
i=1 j=1

if the limit exists for all choices of the evaluation point (x∗ij , yij∗ ) in Rij .
15.1 Double Integrals(工) 2

Theorem. (Properties of the Definite Integral)


∫∫
Let f and g be defined on a suitably restricted region D , so that both f (x, y)dA and
∫∫ D

D
g(x, y)dA exist, and let c be a constant. Then
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
1. cf (x, y)dA=c f (x, y)dA
D D
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2. [f (x, y) ± g(x, y)]dA= f (x, y)dA ± g(x, y)dA
D D D
∫ ∫
3. If f (x, y) ≥ 0 on D, then f (x, y)dA ≥ 0
D
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
4. If f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) on D , then f (x, y)dA ≥ g(x, y)dA
D D

5. If D = D1 ∪ D2 , where D1 ∩ D2 ̸= ∅, then
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dA + f (x, y)dA
D D1 D2

Note. 求重積分的幾種方法

• 直接使用定義 (黎曼和的極限): 太麻煩,寫程式時可以使用。

• 使用已知的體積公式 (球,圓柱,長方體等等)

• 利用積分公式 (Fubinii’s Theorem): 後面主要的內容就是介紹這些。

Exercise.∫ Let
∫ √R = {(x, y) | − 2 ≤ y ≤ 2, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1}.
Evaluate 1 − x2 dA.
R

∫ ∫ √
1
Sol. Ans: 1 − x2 dA = π × 12 × × 4 = 2π.
R 2
15.1 Double Integrals(工) 3

(二) 疊代積分 (Iterated Integral)


Note. 疊代積分 (Iterated Integral):先積分裡面,再積分外面
∫ d∫ b ∫ d [∫ b ]
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dx dy;
c a y=c x=a
裡面對 x 積分 (dx) 時,要將 y 當常數;裡面積分完成再對外面的 y 積分。
∫ b∫ d ∫ b [∫ d ]
f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dy dx.
a c x=a y=c
裡面對 y 積分 (dy) 時,要將 x 當常數;裡面積分完成再對外面的 x 積分。

Exercise. Evaluate
∫ 3 ∫ 2 ∫ 2 ∫ 3
2
(x y)dydx and (x2 y)dxdy.
0 1 1 0

Sol. Ans: 27/2.

(二) 長方形區域之 Fubini’s Theorem


Note. 重積分定義的概念是切成長方柱,但是我們真正求重積分 (體積) 的作法是土司切片:
看教學請按我

z = f (x, y) ෷『 U۴ӵϨᢿުᆥⳲᮆ『V
ᯌϨ z

A(x)
z
y

x c d

U㇫ᷳ 4 ԅӵϨᢿᮆ෷『ᷳ × Ӊ஠α⯎⯎ф⨡ɞV


xy@஀『Ƈᮆҙ‫ݔ‬,ᯌϨ
dx ‫ܨ‬ᯌϨᢿ㙊Ϩᢿ෷『ᷳᄺ⾐ x ȫ⃭ထ⥗
d ⇒ ෷『ᷳ A(x) Ⴖ x ᮆϣ္- Ⅶ dx ႶϨᢿӉ஠ Ķ
ҙ‫ ݔ‬R DZ෷『ᷳ A(x) =
Rd
c f (x, y)dyX
Ќ
c Z b Z b hZ d i
V= A(x)dx = f (x, y)dy dx.
x=a x=a y=c
a x b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
6m#BMBǶb h?2Q`2K 7Q` _2+iM;mH` _2;BQMbUᱱగҙ‫ݔ‬V ㏺ԁᨪ@⯖᪳ࠥপභ᪩္পᾎჾ్ᷳϧƘ౛
15.1 Double Integrals(工) 4

z = f (x, y) ෷『 U۴ӵϨᢿުᆥⳲᮆ『V
፹Ϩ z

A(y)
z
y

x a b
xy@஀『Ƈᮆҙ‫ݔ‬,፹Ϩ
ᒢ஀Ϩᢿ, คDzϨᢿ෷『ᷳᄺ⾐ y ȫ⃭ထ⥗
d ⇒ ෷『ᷳ A(y) Ⴖ y ᮆϣ္- Ⅶ dy ႶϨᢿӉ஠ Ķ
ҙ‫ ݔ‬R Rb
y DZ෷『ᷳ A(y) = f (x, y)dxX Ќ
dy a
Z d Z d hZ b i
c V= A(y)dy = f (x, y)dx dy.
y=c y=c x=a

a b
Note.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Theorem. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Fubini’s Theorem for Rectangular
6m#BMBǶb h?2Q`2K Regions㏺ԁᨪ@⯖᪳ࠥপභ᪩္পᾎჾ్ᷳϧƘ౛
7Q` _2+iM;mH` _2;BQMbUᱱగҙ‫ݔ‬V

Let f be continuous over the rectangle R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}. Then


∫∫ ∫ b [∫ d ] ∫ d [∫ b ]
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dy dx = f (x, y)dx dy.
R a c c a

Note. Fubini’s Theorem 就是:


重積分轉成疊代積分 (切長方柱轉成吐司切片)

Exercise.
∫ ∫ 1. (p.899)
Find (100 − 6x2 y)dA over the region R = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1}.

Sol.
15.1 Double Integrals(工) 5

Exercise. 2. (p.900)
Find volume of the solid bound by the surface z = 10+x2 +3y 2 over the region R = {(x, y) | 0 ≤
x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2}.

Sol.

∫∫
Exercise.
Find (y sin xy)dA over the region R = [1, 2] × [0, π].

Sol. Ans: 0.

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