DESCRIBE CATEGRICAL DATA-

SINGLE VARIABLESFRE
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:-
A frequency distribution of qualitative data is a listing of
the distinct value and the frequencies. Each rows of a frequency table ,lists a
category along with the number of cases in that category..

Frequency table gives count of each categorical type..

RELATIVE FREQUENCY:-
The ratio of the frequency of the total no. of observation is
called relative frequency. Sum of the relative frequency of all the category is
always equal to “1”.

STEP TO PREPARE THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY TABLE:-

1. Obtain a frequency distributive table of a data.
2. Divide each frequency by the total number of observation.

REASON FOR THE NEED OF RELATIVE FREQUENCY:-

FOR COMPARE THE DATA SETA…..
CHARTOF CATEGORICAL DATA:-
The most common displays of a categorical variable are , is to use
the pie chart and the bar chart.
Both of the chart describe a categorical variable by displaying its
frequency table.

pie chart:-
BAR CHARTS:-
Bar chart displays the district value of the qualitative data

on a horizontal axis and the relative axis the relative frequency of thoe value on
the vertical axis.

Pareto chart:-
When the categories in the bar chart are sorted by frequency the
bar chart is some time called. It is very famous in the business analysis..
THE AREA PRINCIPLE:-
The area principle states that the area occupied by the part of the
graph should correspond to the amount of data it present.

Misleading of the graphs:-

Decorated graph: the decorated graph attracts the attention of the observer ,
it may violate the area principle. They may does not have any baseline.

Truncated graph: This another common graph that violates the basic rules. In this
graph the baseline may not start with the “0” , it will start with other no. than
0.

NOTE:
 INDICATING Y AXIS: IF WE NEED TO START THE GRAPH OTHER
THEN “0” OR SHORT THE GRAPH THE GRAPH WE SHOULD INDICATE THE
OBSERVER ABOUT THE BREAK IN Y-AXIS……..

ROUNDOFF ERROR:-
It is important to check the round off error in calculation. When
the table entries are percentages / proportion the total may have a value which
may slightly varies from 100%. This error may most found in the pie chart.

NOTE:
Descriptive measure the indicate where the centre or must typical value
of data set line are called Measure of the centre tendency.
MODE:
The mode of the categorical variable with the most common category. In
other word the category with higher frequency is called mode

The largest bar in the bar chart , the largest wedge in the pie chart, and
the first bar in paretochy is the mode of that particular chart.

MULTIMODAL OR DIMODAL: If two or more category ties up with the largest

frequency in that data, then it is said to be dimodal or multimodal.

Median:-
The median of an ordinal variable is the category of the variable that
observed as the middle observation of the sorted value. If there is even no. of
observation we can either take the any side of the category as the median

Eg: If there is 15 observation in order, we can take 7 or 8 as the median of this

observation..

NOTE:
Only in the ordinal data, the median can be defined.. it can not defined in the
nominal dta…
SUMMARY……..