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E-MAIL: bestschoolsinternational@yahoo.com
CONTACT PHONE NUMBER: …………………………………………………...
CLASS:SS 1
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC
THEME: INTERACTION OF MATTER, SPACE AND TIME
1. Introduction to Physics: Definition, Importance, Careers in Physics and branches of
physics.
Fundamentals Quantities and Units: (a) Fundamental quantities: mass, length, time
and electric charge (b) Simple measurement of current and temperature. Derived
Quantities and Units:(c)Derivation of dimensions and SI units.
2. Position, Distance and Displacement:(a) Concept of position (b) Concept of distance
and displacement(c) Distinction between distance and displacement.
3. Concept of time: ways of measuring time
4. Motion:(a)Types of motion: (i) Random motion (ii)Translational motion (iii)Rotational
motion(iv)Oscillatory (v)Relative motion (b) Cause and effects of motion
5. Motion: Force, Types of forces, Friction and types, Calculations on friction,
Advantages and disadvantages of friction, Ways of reducing friction.
6. Speed and Velocity: Concept of speed, velocity and uniform motion, Calculations on
speed and velocity, Distance-time graph, Displacement-time graph.
7. Rectilinear acceleration: (a) Concept of acceleration (b) Uniform/non-uniform
acceleration, v-t graph, analysis of rectilinear motion(equation of uniformly accelerated
motion
8. Scalar and Vector: concept of scalar, concept of vector distinction between scalar and
vector, vector representation
9. Vector: addition and subtraction of vector, vector representation, resolution of vector ,
resultant of vector i) triangle of vector , parallelogram law of vector, Lami’s theorem
10. Work ,Energy and Power: concept of work, energy and power, interchangeability of
work and energy
11. Work , Energy and Power: Determination of work, energy and power, work done in a
force field
12. Work Energy and Power, types of energy (potential and kinetic) , conservation of
mechanical energy resources, world energy resources (renewable and non- renewable
energy resources
.
13.Revision.
14.Examination

REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al. 2011.
2. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W. 2010
3. Comprehensive Certificate Physics by Olumuyiwa Awe and Okunola, O.O. 2009.
4. Science Teachers Association of Nigeria Physics for Senior Secondary School, Book 1.
New
Edition; 2012.
5. Melrose Physics for Senior Secondary School, Book 1 by Akano, O and Onanuga, O.O. 2012.

WEEK 1: DATE: ______________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS/MEASUREMENT
CONTENT:
1. Definition & Importance of Physics.
2. Aspects/Career in Physics.
3. Branches of physics.
4. Fundamental Quantities and units
5. Physical dimension and its application
6. Derived Quantities and units

DEFINITION OF PHYSICS
The word ‘’PHYSICS’’ originates from the Greek word, ‘’PHYSIS’’, which means nature and
natural characteristics.
Physics as a body of scientific knowledge, deals with the study of events in the universe, both
remote and immediate universe.
In actual sense, physics deals with the behaviour of matter as well as the interaction of
matter and natural forces.
Physics is the study of matter in relation to energy.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS
1. Physics is constantly striving to make sense of the universe. This is seen in the
development of theories and new theories used for better understanding of the
universe.
2. When we study physics, we acquire the knowledge and skills to understand how and
why natural things happen the way they do, and to make reliable predictions about
their future occurrences. (e.g mirage, eclipse, earthquake, thunder,…)
3. The knowledge of physics gives us a better understanding of our immediate and
 natural environment.
4. The study of physics has enhanced the communication and the transportation world,
thus, making the world a ‘’global village’’.
5. Human health has been improved from the study of physics through the invention of
modern medical equipment

ASPECTS/ CAREERS IN PHYSICS

Physics has several applications on health, technology & engineering, agriculture and applied
sciences. As a results, below are some of the aspects/careers related to physics.
A: IN HEALTH
We have:
i. Human medicine and surgery
ii. Nursing & midwives
iii. Radiotherapy
iv. Pharmacology
v. Physiology
vi. Anaesthesia
vii. Veterinary etc.
B: IN ENGINEERING
We have:
i. Electrical engineering
ii. Electronic engineering
iii. Mechanical engineering
iv. Aeronautic engineering
v. Petroleum engineering etc.

C: IN AGRICULTURE
We have:
i. Agricultural engineering
ii. Agricultural production engineering
iii. Horticulture etc.
D: IN BASIC/APPLIED SCIENCES
We have:
i. Geophysics
ii. Applied physics
iii. Biophysics
 iv. Medical physics
v. Space physics
vi. Astronomical physics
vii. Engineering physics etc..

Sub-Topic 3: BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

The following are the branches of physics.
1. Mechanics
2. Heat
3. Electricity
4. Optics
5. Sound
6. Magnetism
7. Atomic physics
8. Nuclear physics
NOTE: No. 7 & 8 above had been combined and addressed with the current name, ‘’NUCLEAR
PHYSICS’’, since the energy comes from the nucleus of the atom. The OLD NAME is ATOMIC
PHYSICS.

Evaluation:
1. Develop a mnemonic for branches of physics.
5. How has physics made the world, ‘a global village’?

CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

Fundamental quantities are physical quantities whose dimensions and units are not usually
derived from other physical quantities. Basically, there are three fundamental quantities in
mechanics. They include:
 Mass
 Length and
 Time.
i) Mass: This is a fundamental quantity with dimension ‘M’, usually written in capital letter.
The S.I. unit of mass is kilogramme (kg). Mass can also be measured in gramme (g), tonne
(t), etc.
ii) Length: This is another fundamental quantity with dimension ‘L’, written in capital letter.
The S.I. unit of length is metre (m). Length can also be measured in kilometre (km),
centimetre (cm), inches (inch), feet (ft), etc.
iii) Time: Time is a fundamental quantity with dimension ‘T’, also written in capital letter. The
S.I. unit of time is second (s). Time can also be measured in minutes and hours.
The below table summarized the dimensions and units of the basic fundamental quantities.
S/N Quantity Dimension S.I. Unit
1. Mass M Kilogramme (kg)
2. Length L Metre (m)
3. Time T Second (s)

OTHER FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

S/N Quantity S.I. Unit
1. Temperature Kelvin (K)
2. Current Ampere (A)
3. Amount of substance Mole (mol)
4 Luminous intensity Candela (cd)

Essay
1. Discuss the applications of physics in the following areas of life:
Health/Medicine
Transportation
Agriculture
Communication
CONCEPT OF DERIVED QUANTITIES
Derived quantities are physical quantities whose dimensions and units are usually derived
from the fundamental quantities. E.g, force,speed, etc.
Other physical quantities apart from the fundamental quantities are derived quantities. This is
because their dimensions and units are usually derived from the fundamental ones.
Derived quantities include:
- Work
- Energy
- Momentum
- Impulse
- Volume
- Area
- Pressure
- Power
- Density
- Moment
- Torque, etc.
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS OF DERIVED QUANTITIES
1. Derive the dimensions and the S.I. units of i) speed ii) acceleration iii) Force.
SOLUTION
distance length L
i) Speed = = = = LT-1
time time T
∴ thedimensionforspeedisLT-1
thes.i.unitoflengthis'm'andthatoftimeis's'
∴ s.i.unitofspeedism/s or ms-1
displacement
NB: Speed and velocity have the same dimension and S.I.unit. Also, velocity =
time
velocity LT-1 L
ii) Acceleration = = = 2 = LT-2
time T T
ms-1 m
∴ thes.i.unitofacceleration = = 2 = ms-2 or m/s2
s s
L ML
iii) Force = mass×acceleration = M× = = MLT-2
T2 T2
∴ theunitofforceiskgm/s2
ButtheS.I.unitofforceisNewton(N).Thisistheunitusedinallcalculations.

2. Show that the dimension of pressure is ML-1T-2. Hence, derive the S.I. unit.
SOLUTION
force
Now, pressure =
area
MLT-2 MT-2
∴ pressure = = = ML-1T-2
L2 L
Thes.i.unitofforceisNewton,N;whilethatofareaismetresquare, m2
Hence, thes.i.unitofpressure = N/m2orNm-2
3. Derive the dimension for work. What is the S.I. unit?
SOLUTION:
Work = force×distance
∴ work = MLT-2×L = ML2T-2
Unitofwork = Nm
ButtheS.I.unitofworkisJoule(J).Thisistheunitusedinallcalculations.

In summary, the table below shows the dimensions and S.I. units of some derived quantities.
S/N Quantity Dimension S.I. Unit
1. Work & Energy ML2T-2 Joule (J)
2. Momentum & MLT-1 Newton-Second
Impulse (Ns)
3. Volume L3 metre cube (m3)
4. Area L2 Metre square(m2)
5. Pressure ML-1T-2 Newton per metre
square (N/m2) or
Pascal
6. Power ML2T-3 Watt (W)
7. Density ML-3 Kilogramme per
metre cube kg/m3
8. Moment ML2T-2 Newton-metre (Nm)

Essay
1. Show that the dimension of momentum is MLT-1. Hence, write down the S.I. unit.
2. Derive the dimensions and SI units of i) Mechanical power ii) Impulse.

WEEK 2 DATE: ______________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
CONTENT: Position, Distance and Displacement
1. Concept of position, Concept of distance and displacement
2. Distinction between distance and displacement.

CONCEPT OF POSITION
The position of an object is its location in space. It is usually expressed in relation to a
reference point. To locate an object in space, a co-ordinate system is needed. It is usually a
mathematical construct with co-ordinates.
A coordinate system could be two-dimensional as in P(x,y) or three dimensional as in P(x,y,z).
CONCEPT OF DISTANCE & MEASUREMENT
Distance can be defined as a physical measurement of length between two points. It does
not take into consideration the direction between the two points it measures; hence, it is a
scalar quantity. This therefore means that distance has only magnitude but no direction. E.g,
10km.
Distance could be measured using instruments like measuring tape, ruler, venier calliper,
micrometer screw gauge, etc.
CONCEPT OF DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is defined as the distance travelled or moved in a specific direction. It takes
into consideration the direction between the different points it seeks to measure; hence,
displacement is a vector quantity. Thus, it has both magnitude and direction. E.g, 10km due
east. The ‘10km’ is the magnitude (or value), while ‘due east’ is the direction.
Both distance and displacement have the same S.I. unit, metre (m). They could also be
expressed in kilometre (km), miles, etc.

Distinction between distance and displacement

We need to understand the concepts of distance and displacement. Distance is the gap
between two points with no regard to direction. On the other hand, displacement is distance
covered in a particular direction. Therefore distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is
a vector quantity. The only similarity between distance and displacement is that they have the
same unit. Let us consider a girl who walked and covered a distance of 20m between two
points A and B as shown in fig 1 and fig 2 below

A B Fig. 1

20m

A 20m B

Fig. 2

The two activities of the girl are not exactly the same. In both figs. 1 and 2, she covered a
distance of 20m. If we are only interested in the distance covered, we can conclude that she
did the same thing in fig. 1 and 2 i.e she covered the same distance (20m). If we are
interested in both distance and direction, then her displacement in fig. 1 and 2 are not the
same. In fig.1 she covered a distance of 20m due east while in fig.2, she covered a distance
of 20m due west. From these, we see that distance is a scalar quantity because it has
magnitude only while displacement is a vector quantity because it has both magnitude and
direction.
Summarily, the table below shows the difference between distance and displacement

Distance Displacement
1. It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
2 It is the length covered It is the distance
along the path of motion measured along a
specified direction of
motion.

Evaluation:
1. Define distance.
2. What is displacement?
3. State the SI unit of distance.
4. Differentiate between distance and displacement.

5. Why is 5km due east a displacement?

6. Enumerate the measuring devices for distance.

WEEK 3: CONCEPT & MEASUREMENT OF TIME, AND WAYS OF MEASURING TIME.

You must have heard the following statements made about time:

1. “Time and tide waits for no man”

2. “Time is business”

3. “There is time for everything: time to sow and time to reap, time to laugh and time to
cry, time to go to bed and time to wake up” and so on

Time is very important in our daily activities. Many people have failed in one area or the other
because of mismanagement of time. In Physics time is very important. Wrong timing can
lead to wrong observations, results and wrong conclusions.

What then is time. Time may be considered as the interval between two successive events. It
is a fundamental quantity. Its S.I unit is seconds.

Ways of measuring time.

Time as mentioned earlier is very important. That is why early men developed various means
of measuring time. They used the sun to tell time. Even today people still use the position of
the sun to determine time. Other devices they developed and used are:
 1. The water clock or hourglass

2. The sand clock

3. The primitive Sundials

Today, we have better time-measuring devices that measure time more accurately than the
above mentioned devices. Some of them are:

1. The stop watch which is the standard instrument for measuring time in the laboratory

2. The wrist watch

3. The modern pendulum clock

4. The wall clock

It is worthy of note that:

1. 60 seconds makes one minute

2. 60 minutes makes one hour

3. 24 hours makes one day

4. 365 ¼ days makes one year

5. 10 years makes a decade

6. 100 years makes a century/centenary

7. 1000 years makes a millennium

Calculations on time

Example 1

How many seconds are there in 2 hours 15 minutes?

Solution

Since 60 seconds makes 1 minute and 60 minutes makes 1 hour, 1 hour will have 60 x 60
seconds. 2 hours will have 60 x 60 x2 seconds = 7200seconds.

15 minutes will have 60 x 15 seconds = 900 seconds

Therefore 2 hours 15 minutes will have (7200 + 900) seconds = 8100 seconds

Example 2

If it takes a pendulum bob 32 seconds to complete 20 oscillations, what is the period of

oscillation of the bob?

Solution
Period ( T ) is time ( t ) taken for the bob to complete an oscillation.

i.e T= time

number of oscillations

T = 32

20

= 1.6 seconds

Evaluation

1. What are the standard instruments for measuring time in the laboratory?

2. Mention 2 examples each of modern and olden days time-measuring devices you
know.

WEEK:4 DATE:…………….
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS1
TOPIC: MOTION
CONTENTS
1. Types of motion: (a) random motion (b) Translational motion (c). Rotational motion
(d). Oscillatory motion (e). relative motion

Sub topic 1. Types of motion

Definition of motion: Motion by definition is a change in the position of a body with

 time with respect to a reference point. Motion exists in various forms and occurs in
all the three states of matter (solids, liquids and gases). These various forms are;
random, translational, rotational and oscillatory motion.

Some examples of motion are;

i. The movement of the earth round the sun

ii. The rotation of the earth about its axis

iii. An aeroplane flying in the sky

iv. A boy walking or running

(a) Random motion.

Random motion is the movement of a body in a zigzag or disorderly manner with no

specific direction as shown in the diagram below. Some examples of this kind of motion
are; the motion of dust particles in the air, the motion of smoke particles, the motion of
butterfly e.t.c.

Random motion

(b) Translational motion

This is motion performed by a body in a straight line from point ‘P’ to another point ‘Q’.
if you walk from one end of the classroom to the other, you have performed
translational motion. Translational motion can also be called rectilinear motion.
Another example of translational motion is the dropping of a fruit from a tree to the
ground.

P Q

Translational motion
 (c) Rotational motion

When a body moves in a circular path about an axis, it has performed rotational
motion. In other words, rotational motion is the motion a body performs in a circular
path about an axis. The rotation of the blades of a fan, the rotation of a wheel about an
axis, the rotation of the earth about its axis, the motion of a moving vehicle wheel are
all examples of rotational motion. See diagrams below.

Axis of rotation of the

(d) Oscillatory motion

This is the motion of a body in a to and fro manner about a fixed point. When a body
moves to and fro about a fixed point, we say, the body is oscillating. One complete
oscillation is a circle. Examples of oscillatory motion include, the motion of the
balanced wheel of a wrist watch, the motion of a simple pendulum, the motion of a
loaded test tube inside water, e.t.c.

Fixed point

bob

Note: it is possible for a body to perform two types of motion at the same time. For example
a rolling football performs both rotational and translational motion at the same time.

Class activity

i. Set up a simple pendulum as shown above

ii. For a length (L) of the pendulum say, 80.0cm, push the bob through a small angle
 to oscillate to and fro

iii. Using a stop watch, determine and record down the time (t) it will take the bob to
complete 20 oscillations

t
iv. Calculate the period (T) of oscillation of the bob i.e
20

v. Repeat the experiment for four other values of L= 70.0cm, 60.0cm, 50.0cm and
40.0cm. in each case determine the period (T) and its square.

vi. Tabulate your results. Plot a graph of T2 on the vertical axis against L on the
horizontal axis

vii. Determine the slope S of the graph

viii. Given that 4π2/g = S, calculate the value of g.

(e) Relative motion

Relative motion is the motion of a body with respect to another. Put in another way, it
is the motion of a body with respect to a reference point. All motions are relative.

Evaluation

1. Mention 2 other examples each of random motion, translational motion,

rotational motion and oscillatory motion apart from the ones in this e-note.

2. Mention two examples of bodies that perform two motions at the same time.
State the two motions. Do not include the example given in the e-note.
WEEK 5:

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1

TOPIC: MOTION

CONTENT:
1. Cause and effect of force
2. Types of forces.
3. Friction and types.
4. Calculations on friction.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of friction.
6. Ways of reducing friction.
Causes and effects of motion

Sir Isaac Newton’s works on motion reveals that an object will remain in its state of rest

(inertia) unless an external force acts on it. This means that if an object is kept on a table,
the

object will remain in that state of rest or on the table unless something touches it. This leads
to

the conclusion that the cause of motion is force which can either be a push or a pull.
Consider

the diagram below.

Force

(Pull or push)

Point A point B

A pull or push will make the object to move to point B from point A. this means that force is a
vector quantity because it has both magnitude and direction.

Force and the types, Friction and types

Force can be defined as that which changes or tends to change the state of rest or uniform
motion of a body. Force is a vector quantity and the S.I unit is Newton.
Force can cause a body at rest to move, it causes a moving object to accelerate, change
direction, move in a curved path e.t.c.

Types of forces: There are two types of forces, namely contact force and force field. Contact
force is a force that exists between bodies by virtue of their contact. They are push, pull,
normal reaction, and tension in strings, wires or frictional force.
Force field/Non-contact force is the force that exists within a vector field such as
gravitational field, magnetic field, Electric field, nuclear field. The forces are gravitational
force, magnetic force, electrostatic force and nuclear force.

Gravitational force: This is the force of attraction with which a planet attracts any object
towards its centre or the force of attraction between any two masses. The earth is a
gravitational field.
Electrostatic force: This is a force that exist round a charged body. The charged body could
be positively charged or negatively charged.
Magnetic force: This is a force that exist around a magnet. A magnet always have the North
pole and the South pole.

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FORCE

Nuclear force: This is the force of attraction which holds the protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.

FRICTION

Definition of friction

Friction can be defined as the force that opposes the relative motion between any two
surfaces in contact. There can be solid friction or fluid friction. Fluid friction is also called
viscosity.

It acts whenever there is motion or tendency for something to move. i.e friction (or frictional
force) is absent if there is no motion or if there is no force intending to cause motion.It stops
your car when the brake is applied. It prevents your foot from slipping backward when you
walk.
friction is preventing this box from moving.

Types of friction

There are two types of frictional force

1. Static friction. This is the frictional force that exists between two surfaces relatively at
rest and preventing the motion of one surface over the other.

2. Dynamic/kinetic friction: This is the frictional force that exists between the two
objects that are in relative motion to each other.

EVALUATION:

1. What is force?

2. List the two types of forces and differentiate between the two.

3. What is friction?

4. Differentiate between static friction and dynamic friction.

Laws of solid friction, Calculations on friction.

LAWS OF SOLID FRICTION

 It always opposes motion

 It depends on the nature of surfaces in contact. Friction between rough

surfaces is greater than the frictional force between smooth surfaces.

 It does not depend on the relative speed between the two surfaces.

 It does not depend on the area of the surface in contact.

 It is directly proportional to the perpendicular force (normal reaction) between

 the two surfaces.(R is the perpendicular force between the two surfaces in
contact)

Fα R

F = µR

F – Frictional force, R – normal reaction, µ - coefficient of static friction

Note that R = W for bodies on horizontal surfaces

Coefficient of friction: it is defined as the ratio of the frictional force to the normal reaction
force between two surfaces. A high coefficient of friction implies that a large force is
required to cause movement.

Questions: A crate solid down an inclined plane such that the frictional force opposing its
motion is 40N. If the normal reaction of the plane on the crate is 50N, calculate the
coefficient of dynamic friction.

Solution: Frictional force F = 40N

Normal reaction R = 50N

Coefficient of friction µ= ?

F=µR

40 = µ x 50 (dividing both sides by 50)

40
/50 = µ

µ = 0.8

Question B. A block of mass 12kg rests on a horizontal floor, coefficient of friction is 0.35.
Determine the minimum force required to move the block when pulling horizontally. ( g =
10m/s2)

F P

12kg

SOLUTION
W =mg= 12 x10 =120N, W=R=120N

Where W – weight of the body, m – mass of the body, g is acceleration due to gravity and R
is the normal reaction

F = µR

F=P= µR=120 X 0.35= 42.0N

Question C. A metal block of mass 5kg lies on a rough horizontal platform. If a horizontal
force of 8N applied to the block through its center of mass just slides the block on the
platform. Calculate the coefficient of limiting friction between the block and the platform. ( g
= 10m/s2).

Question D. A wooden block whose weight is 50N rests on a rough horizontal plane surface.
If the limiting friction is 20N. Calculate the coefficient of static friction.

EVALUATION

1. Mention at least four characteristics/laws of solid friction.

2. A body of mass 40kg is given an acceleration of 10ms-2 on a horizontal ground

for which coefficient of friction is 0.5. Calculate the force required to accelerate
the body. ( g = 10m/s2

Advantages and disadvantages of friction, Ways of reducing friction

Advantages of friction (or desirable effects of friction)

I. Locomotion: when we walk, friction between our shoes and the ground prevents
our shoes from slipping backward.

II. Enhances fastening: friction between the bolt and the nut enhances their
fastening ability. The friction between nails and wood also help the nail to hold
woods together in firm position.

III. Blending: friction between the grinding stones helps in grinding pepper,
tomatoes,this is also true of the friction between the two rough discs of the
grinding machine.

IV. Stops motion: friction between the car tyre and the road helps to stop the motion
of a moving car when the brake is applied.

V. Production of electric charge: when certain materials are robbed against each
other, static electric charges is produced. This principle is applied in the Van de
Graff generator.

VI. Ladder: when a ladder to be used to climb over a wall rest on the wall, friction
between the foot of the ladder and floor prevent the foot of the ladder from
slipping.

VII. Making of fire: matches sticks are ignited when they are robbed against the side
 of the matches’ box.Fire can also be made by striking two stones together.

Disadvantages of friction (or undesirable effects of friction)

- Wearing: The thread pattern under your footwear soon wear out after a prolong
use due to friction. This is also true of the thread on the tyre of cars and other
automobile.

- Tearing/cutting: you can easily cut a piece of rope or cloth by robbing it

repeatedly against the edge of the wall.

- Reduces efficiency of machines: all machines have efficiency less than 100% due
to friction between their moving parts. Friction causes waste of useful energy,
therefore it reduces the output of the machine.

- Generation of undesirable heat and noise: moving machine parts/machine itself

soon becomes hot due friction and this may necessitate cooling of machine parts.

Methods of reducing friction

Due to the disadvantages of friction mentioned above, it is often necessary to reduce friction
in machines. This is possible through any of the following methods:

1. Lubrication: this is the use of certain substances (called lubricants) to reduce the
effects of friction. Examples of lubricants includes, grease, oil,… many of which
are petroleum products.

2. Streamlining: This involves shaping an object in such a way that when the object
is moving against direction of the wind or liquid, the surface in contact is minimal.
That is the reason why ships, aircraft and submarines are made or designed after
that of fish.

3. Use of rollers/ball bearings: This involves the use of rollers , ball bearings,
wheels to reduce the surface area in contact between two surfaces.

4. Use of belt/chain drive: This can also be used to prevent two surfaces in contact.

5. Smoothing/polishing: This reduces projections on the surface thus reducing

friction.

EVALUATION

2. A 5kg mass on a horizontal platform accelerated at the rate of 0.1m/s2, when a horizontal
force of 10N is applied to it. Calculate the coefficient of friction between it and the platform
(g = 10m/s2).
3. A metal box of mass 4kg rests on the top of a metal surface. What force applied parallel
to the
surface is required to
(i) just move the box?
(ii) move the box with an acceleration of 2m/s2?
Take the coefficient of friction between the box and the surface as 0.25 and
g = 10m/s2.
4. A force of 20N applied parallel to the surface of a horizontal table is just sufficient
 to make a block of mass 4kg move on the table, calculate the coefficient of friction
between the block and the table ( g = 10m/s2).

WEEK 6:

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1

TOPIC: SPEED AND VELOCITY

CONTENT: 1. Concept of speed, velocity and uniform motion

2. Calculations on speed and velocity.
3. Distance-time graph
4. Displacement-time graph

. Concept of distance, speed, velocity and uniform speed/velocity

i. DISTANCE (s): This is the separation or space between two points. It is

measured
in meters and it is a scalar quantity.

ii. DISPLACEMENT (s): It is distance in a specified direction. It is a vector

quantity
and it is measured in meters.

iii. SPEED (v): It is the rate of change of distance moved with time. The unit is
m/s
and it is a scalar quantity.

distance
Speed =
time
s
v=
t

(a) UNIFORM SPEED: It is obtained if the rate of change of distance with

time is
Constant or when a body travels equal distances in equal time
intervals.

(b) AVERAGE SPEED:Average speed is the total distance travelled divided

by the total time taken. The average speed is a better representation of
the motion of a body not moving at a constant or uniform speed.
 Total distance covered
Average speed =
Total time taken

(c) INSTANTANEOUS SPEED: It is the actual speed of a body at any

instant during the course of motion.

iv. VELOCITY: It is the rate of change of displacement with time. The unit is m/s. It is avector
quantity.
displacement
Velocity =
time

UNIFORM VELOCITY: It occurs when the rate of change of displacement with

Time is constant or when a body travels equal displacement in equal time interval.

EVALUATION:
1. Define speed, velocity and uniform velocity.
2. Differentiate between velocity and speed.

Calculations on speed and velocity

1. A car covers a distance of 60km in half an hour. What is the average speed of the car in
(a). km/hr (b) m/s
Solution:
(a) time = ½ hour = 0.5 hour
Total distance covered 60
Average speed = = = 120km/h
Total time taken 0.5

(b) convert km/hr to m/s

1000
1 km/h = m/s
60×60

1km = 1000m
1hr = 3600s

1000
120km/h = 120× = 33.33m/s
60×60

2. A car travelled to Lagos a distance of 150m in 100 seconds. Calculate his average speed.

Total distance covered 150

Average speed = = = 1.5m/s
Total time taken 100

3. A car covers 1500m in 10 secs. What is the speed in km/hr?

distance 1500
Speed = = = 150m/s
time 10

Convert to km/hr
 1000
1 km/h = m/s
60×60
60×60
1 m/s = km/h
1000
150×60×60
150m/s = = 540km/h
1000

EVALUATION:
1. Convert 144km/h to m/s.
2. A car covers a distance of 40m in 2 sec. What is his speed in km/h?

: Distance-time graph, Displacement-time graph

It is the graphical representation of the motion of a body. There are Distance-time graph,
Displacement-time graph and Velocity-time graph.

(a) DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION

Distance

O N

Time

Slope of distance –time graph = speed

distance MN
Speed = =
time ON

(b) DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH FOR NON UNIFORM MOTION

Distance(m)

P
 distance MN
Instantaneous speed at p = slope or gradient at p=
time interval QN

(c) DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM VELOCITY

Displacement

O N
Time

displacement MN
Velocity = =
time ON
(d) DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH FOR NON UNIFORM VELOCITY

Displacement(m)

M
QM is a tangant drawn to the curve at
point p
P

O Q N

displacement MN
Instantaneous velocity at p = slope or gradient at p =
time interval (t)

GENERAL EVALUATION:
A boy moved continuously for 40secs and covered the following distances in the times
stated below:

Distance (m) 200 400 600 800

Time (second) 10 20 30 40
i. Draw the distance-time graph and calculate the speed.
ii. state whether or not the speed is uniform. Give reason(s) for your answer

2. A Car is travelling with a uniform velocity of 72km/h. What distance does he cover in 20s?
3. A car travels with a constant velocity of 45km/h for 10s. What distance does it cover in
this time?

WEEK 7: DATE: __________________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: RECTILINEAR ACCELERATION:
CONTENT:
1. Concept of acceleration - Uniform/non-uniform acceleration, deceleration
2. Worked examples on acceleration and deceleration.

CONCEPT OF ACCELERATION
When an object increases or changes its velocity within a set time, the object is said to
undergo acceleration (or to accelerate). We therefore define acceleration as the rate of
change of velocity with time.

changeinvelocity
i.e, acceleration =
timetaken

v-u
∴a=
t
Where a: acceleration
v: final velocity
u: initial velocity
Acceleration is a vector quantity and its SI unit is m/s2.
However, still be reminded that:
- When a body starts from rest, its initial velocity, ‘u’ is zero.
- When a body comes to rest, its final velocity, ‘v’ is zero.

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Acceleration is said to be uniform if the velocity increases by equal amounts in equal
intervals of time. That is, the time rate of change of velocity is constant. If the rate of change
of velocity with time is not constant, then, the acceleration is non-uniform.

DECELERATION
Deceleration is defined as a negative change in velocity with time. When such happens, the
body’s velocity is said to be reducing or coming to rest.
Deceleration is said to be uniform if the velocity decreases by equal amounts in equal
intervals of time. That is, the negative change in velocity with time is constant.

changeinvelocity v-u
Also, deceleration = =
timetaken t

Deceleration is also called retardation and its SI unit is m/s2. It is also a vector quantity.

Evaluation:
1. Define acceleration.
2. Differentiate between acceleration and deceleration.
3. Quote the formula for acceleration and its SI unit.

WORKED EXAMPLES ON ACCELERATION & DECELERATION

Ex 1:A body experienced a change in velocity of 10m/s in 15s. What is the acceleration of the
body?
Solution:
Data: Δv = 10m/s ,t = 15s, a = ?
Δv 10
Now, a = =
Δt 15
∴ a = 0.67m/s2

Ex 2: A car accelerated uniformly at 6m/s2 in 20s. What was the change in velocity?
Solution:
Data:a = 6m/s2 , t = 20s, Δv = ?
Δv
Now, a =
Δt
∴ Δv = a×Δt
∴ Δv = 6×20
 ∴ Δv = 120m/s

Ex 3: The velocity of a lorry decreased from 60km/h to 35km/h within 0.5mins. Find the
deceleration.
Solution:
60km 60×1000 60,000
Data:u = = = = 16.67m/s , v = 35km/h = 9.72m/s, t = 0.5mins = 30s,
h 60×60 3600
d=?
Δv v-u 9.72-16.67 6.95
Now, d = = = =-
Δt t 30 30
∴ d = -0.23m/s2
The negative sign shows that it is decelerating thus coming to rest.
( NOTE: you can convert velocity in km/h to m/s by simply dividing by 3.6 )
Evaluation:
Find the deceleration of a car whose change in velocity within a time interval of 10s is -
30m/s.

WEEK 9: DATE -------------------

TOPIC: VECTORS

CONTENT:

A. Concept and examples of scalars

B. Concept of vectors

C. Distinction & similarities between scalars & vectors

D. Examples of vectors

E. Representation of vectors

F. Addition of vectors
 G. Resolution of vectors

CONCEPT OF SCALARS
Scalars are physical quantities that have magnitude but no direction. That is, scalar has value
and unit but no direction. E.g, 10km. This 10km could be in any direction since there is no
actual direction. The ‘10’ is the value- the magnitude. Therefore, just 10km is a scalar quantity.
Scalar quantities are always not directional.
Scalar quantities unlike vectors have only magnitude. Example; length, area, volume,
temperature, work, energy, power, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, efficiency, surface
tension,
Other examples of scalar quantities include:
A. Speed
B. Time
C. Density
D. Mass
E. Distance, etc.
10km

Scalars are non directional physical quantities.

CONCEPT OF VECTORS
Vectors are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction. This means that
vectors quantities have values and are always directional. E.g, 10km due North. Here, the
value, which is the magnitude, is ‘10’ while the direction is North.
Examples of vector quantities include: pressure, friction, tension, electric field intensity,
magnetic field intensity, moment of forces, torque, upthrust.

Other examples of vector quantities are:

A. 25km at N60°E
B. Displacement
C. Force
D. Acceleration
E. Momentum
F. Impulse
G. Velocity 25km at N60°E
H. Weight, etc. Vectors are directional physical quantities.
Evaluation:
1. What are vector quantities?
2. List five examples of each of the two types of the physical quantities.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SCALARS AND VECTORS.

S/N SCALARS VECTORS

1. Scalars are non directional
physical quantities.
2. Always directed towards
different directions.
3. E.g, 100km
4. E.g, mass
Vectors are directional
physical quantities.
Always directed towards a
particular direction.
100km due east.
Weight

Their similarities include:

A. They are both physical quantities;
B. They both have values, which are the magnitudes.

Evaluation:
1. State three differences between scalars and vectors.
2. State the similarities between them.

GENERAL EVALUATION:
1.What is the difference between 20km and 20km due South?
2. How would you differentiate a scalar from a vector quantity?
3. List five examples of scalar quantities.
4. Mention five physical quantities you consider as vectors and why.

Types of vectors

1. Position vectors; these are vectors whose starting point is fixed to a position

2. Free vectors; these are vector whose starting point could be anywhere in space.

3. Unit vector; this is a vector whose magnitude is one. It is often represented as â.

4. Orthogonal vectors; these are vectors whose lines of action are mutually perpendicular
to each other

5. Collinear vectors; these are vector whose lines of action are parallel to one another.

6. Coplanar vectors; these are vectors whose lines of action lies on the same plane.

7. Resultant vector; this is a single vector that has the same effect as a system of
vectors.

8. Null vector: this is a vector whose magnitude is zero.

Representation of vectors
Vectors can be represented by a directed line segment whose length is proportional to the
magnitude of the vector and its direction is pointing in the direction of action of the vector.
a

Vectors are represented with bold face letters a, a, orâ.

EVALUATION:

A. A measurable quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called ---- (a) vector (b)
scalar (c) displacement (d) distance

B. The following are example of vectors except ---- (a) moment (b) pressure in gas (c)
tension (d) viscosity

C. A vector whose magnitude is one is called ----- (a) collinear vector (b) orthogonal
vector (c) unit vector (d) free vector

D. A set of vector whose line of action lies on the same plane is called ---- (a) collinear
vectors (b) concurrent vectors (c) coplanar vectors (d) coordinate vectors

E. Which of the following groups of quantities is NOT all vectors? (a) (a) momentum,
velocity, force (b) acceleration, force, momentum (c) momentum, kinetic energy, force
(d) magnetic field, acceleration, displacement

TWO:Addition of vector

The addition of two or more vector produces a single vector call the resultant vector.

A resultant is a single vector which has the same effect as a system of vectors put together.
Equilibrant is the vector that will bring a system of vector to equilibrium when added to the
system. It has the same magnitude as the nt of the system but acting in the opposite
direction to the equilibrant.

Consider two vectors a and b, the addition of these vector can be obtained by joining the
head of one to the tail of the previous one. The resultant is the vector that joins the beginning
to the end.
b
b

c
a
a
c=b+a
Case 1. Parallel vectors acting in the same direction
For two parallel vectors acting in
V1
the same direction, the angle
V2
between the vectors is ZERO
Resultant R = V1 +
V2

Example 1: Three men pushed a car out ofa muddy ground by applying the following forces
450N, 600N and 920N. What is the resultant force on the car?

R = V1 + V2 + V3

R = 450 + 600 + 920 = 1970N

Case 2. Parallel vectors acting in opposite direction

For two parallel vectors acting in
V1 opposite direction, the angle
V2
between the vectors is 1800
Resultant R = V2 - V1

Example 2: during a tug of war game, team A pull in the positive x direction with a force of
900N and team B pull in the negative X – direction with a force of 1200N. what is the
resultant of the train?

V1 = 900N V2 = 1200N

R = V2 - V1= 1200 – 900 = 300N

Case 3. Two perpendicular vectors acting at a point.

V1
R
Resultant R = V12+ V22

V2

The angle made by the resultant with the direction of V2 is given as

θ = tan-1 ( )
V1
V2

Example 3: two force 8N and 15N acting along the vertical and the horizontal axis
respectively acts on a body of mass 3kg. What is the acceleration of the body?

Solution:
8N

15N
 ResultantR = V12+ V22

R= 82+152

R = 64+225

R= 289 = 17N

Force = mass x acceleration

F = ma F = R = 17N m = 3kg a =?

17 = 3 X a

17
a= = 5.7 ms-2
3

Case 4. Two vector acting at a point and at angle to each other.

V1

Ø
V2

This case can be solved by using the parallelogram law of vectors.

Parallelogram law of vectors state that:

Parallelogram law of vectors state that when two vectors

acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction
by the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, the resultant of the
two vectors can also be represented in magnitude and
direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the
common point of the two vectors.
V1

Ø 180 - Ø
θ
V2

R2 = V12 + V22 - 2V1V2cos (180-∅)

Ø is the angle between the two vectors. The direction the resultant force R made with V2( i.e θ)
can be obtained using the sin rule. This is given as

V1sin (180-∅) = Rsin θ

whereθistheanglethevectormadewiththedirectionofV2

Example: two forces F1 and F2 act on a particle. F1 has magnitude 5N and in direction 0300,
0
and F2 has a magnitude of 8N and in the direction 090 . Find the magnitude and direction of
the resultant.

Solution:

5N

300
900
8N

5N

30 R
1200
ϴ
8N

The angle between the two forces is 0900 – 0300 = 600

R2 = V12 + V22 - 2V1V2cos ∅

R2 = 52 + 82 - 2(5)(8)cos (180-60)

R2 = 25 + 64 - 80×cos 120

R2 = 89 - 80 (-0.500)

R2 = 89 + 40

R = 129 = 11.4N

(b) direction of the resultant

1200
ϴ

don’t forget

- 1200 is obtained from (1800 – 600) in the diagram

 - we use V1 because we are looking for the angle between R and V2.

V1sin (180-∅) = Rsin θ

5sin (120) = 11.4 sinθ

5 × 0.866 4.33
sinθ = =
11.4 11.4

θ = sin-1 0.3798 = 22.30

0
So the direction of the resultant in three digits ( 90 – 22) = 068

EXPERIMENT 1:

H. Educator should carry out an experiment to verify the parallelogram law of vectors

I. using the force board

CASE 5. Three vectors acting at a point and in equilibrium.

Consider a metal ball suspended from a ceiling by a string. If is pulled by an horizontal force
as shown below, the triangular law of vector may be applied as shown below.

F T
w

W
F
Triangular law of vectors states state that when
three vectors acting act a point are in equilibrium, the
vectors can be represented in magnitude and
direction by the adjacent sides of a triangle by joining
the head of one vector to the tail of the previous one.

Example: a 15 kg mass suspended from a ceiling is pulled asides with a horizontal force, F,
as shown in the diagram above. Calculate the value of the tension T (g= 10m/s2)

Solution:

600
T
600
T 150 N

150 N We applied the Lami’s theorem to get

the triangle
Using the trigonometric ratio;

150
cosθ =
T

150
cos60 =
T

150
T=
cos60

150
T=
0.500

T = 300N

EXPERIMENT 2:

J. An experiment to verify the Lami’s theorem using the force board.

N.B. note that the resultant of a system in equilibrium is ZERO.

The triangular law of vectors is also called the Lami’s theorem

EVALUATION

(a) The angle between two parallel vectors acting in opposite direction is ---- (a) 00 (b) 450
(c) 900 (d) 1800

(b) The resultant of a system of forces is equilibrium is ---- vector. (a) unit (b) free (c)
orthogonal (d) null

(c) What is the resultant of the forces 6N and 8N acting act an angle 600 to each other? (a)
9.0N (b) 10.1 N (c) 11.1N (d) 13.5N

(d) Two vectors a and b act on a body. What will be the angel between a and b for the
resultant to be maximum. (a) 00 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d) 1800

PERIOD THREE: Resolution of vectors

Any position vector can be resolved into two components which are perpendicular to each
other. Consider the vector P acting at angleϴ to the horizontal as shown below,

P
Px

θ
Py

Px = P cosθ

Py = P sinθ
For a system which consist of several vectors, each vector in the system can be revolved into
two components as shown above. V1
V2
Consider a system of vectors as shown below,

V3

V4

If θ1, θ2,θ3, andθ4are the angles made the vectors V1, V2, V3andV4respectively, then the
component of the resultant along the horizontal is given as:
4

Rx = ∑V cosθ
n=1
n n

Rx = V1cosθ1 + V2cosθ2 + V3cos θ3+V4cosθ4

And the vertical component of the resultant vector is given as:

4

Ry = ∑V sinθ
n=1
n n

Ry = V1sinθ1 + V2sinθ2 + V3sinθ3 + V4sinθ4

N.B θ1, θ2, θ3,θ4 refers to the angles the vectors V1, V2, V3, and V4 makes with the positive x
direction

The magnitude resultant R is given as:

R= Rx2+Ry2

The direction of the resultant with respect to the positive x direction is given as

θ = tan-1
[]
Ry
Rx

Example: a boy pull a nail from the wall with a string tied to the nail. The string is inclined to
the wall at angle 600. If the tension in the string is 4N. What is the effective force used in
pulling the nail?

Solution;
nail Tx = T sin 60

600
T
Ty = T cos60
The tension has two components Tx and Ty. note that the value of Tx and Ty were obtained
using the trigonometric ratio.

The component of T to extract the nail is Tx.

Tx = Tsin60

Tx = 4 ×0.866 = 3.464 N

EXAMPLE: four forces act at appoint as shown below. Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.
12N
10
40 300
600
9N

15N

Solution:

Vector F Fi Angles ϴ with +ve x Fx = Fcos ϴ Fy=Fsin ϴ

direction
F1 10N 300 10cos30 = 10sin30= 5.00
8.66
F2 12N (180 – 40) = 1400 12cos140= - 12sin140= 7.713
9.192
F3 9N (180 + 90) = 2700 9cos 270= - 9sin270= -9.00
0.000
F4 15N (360 – 60) = 3000 15cos300= 7.50 15sin300= -
12.99
∑F =25.35
x ∑F = -9.277
y

OR
Fx = F1cosθ1 + F2cosθ2 + F3cosθ3 + F4cosθ4
 Fx = 10cos30 + 12cos140 + 9cos270 + 15cos300

Fx = 10×0.866 + 12×-0.766 + 9×0 + 15×0.500

Fx = 8.66 - 9.192 + 0 + 7.500 = 25.35N

Vertical components

Fy = F1sinθ1 + F2sinθ2 + F3sinθ3 + F4sinθ4

Fy = 10sin 30+12sin 140+9sin270+15sin300

Fy = 10×0.500 + 12×0.6428 + 9×-1 + 15×-0.866

Fy = 5.00 + 7.713 - 9 - 12.99 = -9.277

R = Fx2+Fy2

2
R = 25.352+(-9.277)

R = 642.6+86.06 = 728.66

R = 27N

Direction of the resultant force

θ = tan-1
[]
Ry
Rx

θ = tan-1
⌈ ⌉
-9.277
25.35

θ = tan-1 [-0.366]

θ = 20.10

ϴ is negative. Tan ϴ is negative in the 2nd and the 4th quadrant. Looking at the geometry of
the forces, R will be in the 4th quadrant.

∴ θ = 360 - θ = 360 - 20.1

θ = 339.90

This is the angle made by the resultant with the positive x –axis.

EVALUATION.

A. The component of a force along the vertical and the horizontal axis is given as 24N
and 7N respectively. What is the magnitude and direction of the resultant force?

B. The resultant of two forces 12N and 5N is 13N. what is the angle between the two
forces? (a) 00 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d) 1800

C. Two uniform velocities are represented by V1 and V2. If the angle between them is θ.
 Where 00≤ θ ≤ 900 ,the magnitude of their resultant is -----
1
(a) (V12+V22+2V1V2sinθ)1/2 (b) (V12+V22+2V1V2cosθ) 2
1 1
(c) (V12+V22-2V1V2cosθ) 2 (d) (V12+V22-2V1V2sinθ) 2
-

4. Below is the diagram of an experiment to determine the resultant of a system using a

force board, calculate the angle between the 25N and the 35N.

25N
35

50

(e) The wind velocity is 30ms-1, 300 north of West. Find the component in the north and
West direction

(f) A force of 15N acts in the positive x-direction. In what direction to the positive x-
direction will a force of 20N be applied to give a resultant whose component along the
x-direction is zero?
WEEK 10

CLASS: SS1

TOPIC: WORK AND POWER

CONTENTS

v. Work done in a force field

vi. Interchangeability of work and energy

vii. Calculations on work and power

Work done in a force field

Work done in Physics is simply defined as the product of force and distance moved in the
direction of the force. If work done is w, distance covered is s and force is f, then
mathematically,

Work done = force x distance

W=fxs

the S.I unit of work done is Joules ( J ). Since unit offorce ‘F’ is Newton (N), unit of distance ‘s’
is metre, the unit of work done is also Newton-Metre (Nm). Other units are kilojoules and
megajoules. Note: If no distance is covered, work done is zero. Work done is a scalar quantity.
Every object on the earth’s surface is under the influence of the force of gravity. This force
pulls the object towards its centre. The earth’s gravitational field is an example of force field.
If a body is to be lifted vertically upwards, work has to be done against this force of gravity.
The work done is given as

Work done = force x distance

=mxgxh

Where m = mass of the body in kilogram, g = acceleration due to gravity and h is height in
metres. If on the other hand, the body falls freely from a vertical height h to the ground, the
work done is also mgh.

Work is said to be done whenever a force moves a body over a distance in the direction of the force.
i.e. work=force (F) x distance(d) moved in the direction of the force(fxd).

Mathematically

W(d)=Fxd
The unit of work is joules with symbol J.s

Component of F along the

F
direction of motion. Fcosθ
F
θ WD = Fx ×d
Fcos
θ θ Fx
Work = F x dcosθ d Cos θ =
F

Fx = Fcosθ

∴ WD = Fcosθ ×d
POWER

Power can be defined in a number of ways:

a. Power is the time rate at which work is done.

 b. Power is energy expended with time.

c. Power is work done in a given time interval. Its S.I unit is watt. Larger units are
horse power (hp), kilowatt (kw) and megawatt (mw).

work done (w)or energy expended

Mathematically. Power (P) =
timetaken (t)

w
=
t

fXs
=
t

=fxv

Where f is force and v is velocity (i.es/ t). that means power can also be defined as the
product of force and velocity. The instrument for measuring power is watt-metre.

One horse power is equal to 746watts (1h.p = 746W).

Example

A machine is rated 2500watts. Calculate the power in horse power

Solution

1 horse power = 746watts

Therefore 2500watts = (2500 / 746) horse power = 3.35 horse power

Interchangeability of work and energy

Energy and work can be used interchangeably because they are almost the same thing. They
have the same unit which is Joule. For example, if someone has energy, it means he can do
some work and if someone can do some work, it means he has some energy. Thus work and
energy cannot be separated.

Evaluation

VIII. Define work, energy and power. State their S.I units.

IX. Can energy and work be used interchangeably? Explain.

WEEK 11. Calculations on work and power

Example 1

A body of weight 300N climbs to the top of a hill of height 20m. What is the work done by the
body against the force of gravity?

Solution

Force F = 300N, distance s = 20m

Work done = force x distance

=Fxs

= 300 x 20 = 6000J

Example 2.

An object of mass 12kg is held at a height of 10m above the ground for 15 minutes.
Calculate the work done within this period.

Solution

Since the body is not falling freely under gravity, acceleration due to gravity is zero. Hence
work done is also zero.
Example 3

A bag of rice of mass 50kg was pushed through a distance of 5m for 10seconds by a force
of 500N. Calculate the work done.(g = 10ms-2)

Solution

m = 50.0kg, F= 500 N, s = 5m and t = 10 seconds.

Work done = force x distance

=Fxs

= 500N x 5m

= 2500J

Example 4
Calculate the power of a pump which lifts 1000kg of water through a vertical height of 2m in
10 seconds. ( g = 10ms-2)
Solution

Mass (m) = 1000kg, distance (s) = 2m, time (t) = 10s

Power = Work done

Time taken

= force x distance

Time

= mxgxs

= 1000 x 10 x 2

10

= 2000W

Example 5

An engine develops a power of 750W while moving a car at constant velocity of 3ms-s.
Calculate the force exerted on the car by the engine.

Solution

Power = 750W, velocity = 3m/s, F = ?

Power = force x velocity

Force = power

Velocity
= 750 / 3 = 250N

Example 6

A stone of mass 10kg falls from a height of 2.0m. Calculate the work done. (take g = 10ms2)

Solution

Mass (m) = 10kg, height (h) = 2.0m

Work done = mgh

= 10 x 10 x 2 = 200J

Evaluation

3. Differentiate between work done and power

4. What other unit is used in measuring work done?

5. A girl applied a force of 20N on an object for 5s. if the object remains stationary,
calculate the work done

6. A boy lifted up a bag of yam of weight 5N through a height of 2m in 10s. Calculate his
power.

Weekend assignment

9. A boy of mass 50kg runs a set of step of steps of total height 10cm. calculate the
work done (take g = 10ms-2)

10. A 70kg man ascends a flight of stairs of height 4m in 7 seconds. Calculate the
power expended by the man

11. A 40kg girl climbs up a stair and expends energy at the rate of 50W. calculate the
time taken for her to reach a height of 20m
WEEK 12

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

CLASS: SS1

TOPIC: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

CONTENT:

1. Concept of energy

2. Types Energy

3. Conservation of mechanical energy

4. Sources of Energy

5. Uses of Energy

6. Environmental Impact of Energy.

Sub topic 1: Concept of Energy

Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. Its unit is Joules.

Types of energy

Energy exists in various forms some of which are;

6. Mechanical energy

7. Chemical energy

8. Solar energy

9. Heat energy

10. Sound energy

11. Electrical energy

12. Nuclear energy

Mechanical energy

Kinetic energy and potential energy constitutes mechanical energy. Kinetic energy is the
energy a body possesses as a result of its motion. Potential energy on the other hand, is the
energy possessed by a body because of its position. A body can also possess potential
energy as a result of its nature. For example, an elastic material when stretched stores up
energy (potential energy) which is given as ½ k e2 where k is what we call the elastic constant
and e is extension in metres. Another form of potential energy is chemical potential energy
which is energy stored up in a substance because of its chemical composition. Examples
are; energy in the food we eat, electrolytes in cells or batteries.

Mathematically, Kinetic energy K. E = ½( mv2). m is mass in kilogram, v is velocity in m/s.

Examples of bodies that possess kinetic energy are

5. A rolling ball
ii. An object falling under gravity
iii. wind or air in motion
iv. An athlete running a race
v. A bullet movement
vi. A plane flying.

If a body is raised to a height h, its potential energy is given as

P.E = mgh. Where m is mass in kilogram, h is height in metres and g is acceleration due to
gravity.

Evaluation

1. Differentiate between potential energy and kinetic energy

2. What is the formula for calculating kinetic energy and potential energy
Sub topic 2: Law of conservation of energy

Energy as we have treated earlier exists in various forms. Although energy can be converted
from one form to the other, the total energy remains conserved.

This is the law of conservation of energy. It states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but can be converted from one form to the other. This law can be illustrated by
mechanical systems as shown in the figures below.

A VA = 0, hmax

height h

B V

hmax. V = 0 A
P.Emax. K.E = 0 CC hmax. V = 0
A P.Emax. K.E = 0
h
C VC = max, h =
B
h = 0. VmaxP.E A body of weight ( w) ifted upto a
=0 K.Emax height (h)

Fig 1 Fig. 2

Energy changes in a simple pendulum

For fig 1

i. As the pendulum bob approaches A, the velocityreduces until it becomes zero

at point A where it momentarily comes to rest; thereby making the KE zero.

ii. Also at A, the bob attains its maximum height above the ground; thereby
making the PE to be maximum.
 iii. as the bob returns towards B, the velocity increases and the height decreases
such that at B, velocity is maximum (since KE = ½ mv2, KE is also maximum).

iv. At B, height is zero, PE is equal to zero.

v. At the middle point either between A and B or B and C, energy is conserved.

Hence, PE =KE

In fig. 2, as the body moves from the horizontal ground C to A, its velocity reduces and at
point A, at height h, where the body is stationary, the velocity v is zero. Consequently its
kinetic energy is zero but the potential energy is maximum. As the body drops to the ground,
its velocity increases and the vertical height h reduces to zero. Therefore, potential energy
just before it touches the ground is zero and the body has maximum kinetic energy. At point
B, the body possesses both Kinetic energy and potential energy. From the two illustrations
we see that although the energy changes from kinetic to potential energy and vice versa, the
total energy of the system is conserved or remains unchanged.

Another example where it is applied is for a falling body.

P.EMAX

P.E
h

K.EMAX

Example 1. A ball of mass 8kg falls from rest from a height of 100m. Neglecting air

resistance, calculate its kinetic energy after falling a distance of 30m.

(take g as 10m/s2).

SOLUTION:

initial velocity at height 100m u=0

distance moved s = 30m

a = 10ms-2

velocity after falling 30 m v=?

v2 = u2 + 2as

v2 = 02 + 2 × 10× 30

v = 600

v = 24.5 m/s
 1
KE = mv2
2

1
= ×8 ×600
2

KE = 2400 J

Alternative solution;

KE = potential energy loss

KE = mgΔh

KE = 8 × 10 × 30 = 2400 J

Example 2

A body of mass 100kg is released from a height of 200m. With what energy does the body
strike the ground? (g = 10 m/s2)

Solution

Gravitational potential energy is given as P.E = mgh = 100 x 10 x 200 = 200,000J

Example 3

A stone of mass 50.0kg is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. calculate the kinetic energy

Solution

mass = 50.0kg, velocity = 20 m/s

K. E = ½ mv2 = ½ x 50.0 x 20.0 = 500J

EVALUATION

1. 1. List eight forms of energy you know.

2. State the law of conservation of energy and apply it to any mechanical system

3. State the principle of conservation of energy. Using this principle explain

how energy is conserved for (i) objects falling under gravity

(ii) swinging of a simple pendulum bob.

4. A ball of mass 1kg is dropped from a height of 5m and bounces to a height

of 10m. Calculate (i) its kinetic energy just before impact.

(ii) its initial bouncing velocity and kinetic energy.

SOURCES OF ENERGY:

The following are the sources of energy:

1. Energy from the sun (solar energy)

2. Wood (fire wood)
3. Coal
4. Electricity
5. Fossil fuels
6. Chemicals as in cells and batteries.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF ENERGY
Sources of energy can be classified into:
i. Renewable sources of energy: These sources are not usually depleted as a result of
usage. e.g, solar energy, tidal waves, wind, waterfalls and dams.
ii. Non renewable sources of energy: These sources are usually reduced as they are
being used. E.g, fossil fuels-coal, oil, natural gas and wood.