Punctuation Marks i © Punctuation marks are symbols that we use in written language. TASMAN Byte pe eld UGA a | & & We use them in sentences to make the meaning clear. bly gallant Ham amettes — TAT y 1) Full stop = Period () (igs date) isa © at the end of declarative, imperative and conditional sentences: a3! aayé0 Jaz 5 ¥_ Yasser and Peter went to the club an hour ago. © after abbreviation: Sle ey ¥ My grandson Ahmad was born in Jan. 2020. © in initials for personal names: Taqedet clad Iii bypoall ¥ TS. Eliot (Tomas Stearns Eliot) was a great poet ¥ Let's find an ATM. so | can withdraw some money. © InBritish English, full stops are placed outside the final quotation mark. ¥ The general manager said,"This is a great day for the company" 2) Question Mark (2) Dereon at the end of questions ¥ When did Amani leave for the supermarket? at the end of tag question ¥ You seem busy now, don't you?® after a command, an interjection, or what shows surprise or anger. j pata gl Aan gla Le gl -| ¥ "Look out behind you!” she yelled. ¥ 'm so excited to go to the park tomorrow! ¥ If you come to work late again, you're fired! (anger sui!) i ¥ Leave me alone! (anger sui!) ¥ Johnny, don’t play with your food! (strict command pL »!) Y Wow! (Great! - Oh, my god!) (au) ¥ What an amazing place! ¥ What a beautiful house! v How beautiful she sings! = ecw Letters. SIN ig dt - rrr 5 1 < Aliand | met yesterday. i} dy Lilagitas(I) gaat! They travelled abroad. A Alam pase dy! Ali said, “We will visit you tomorrow”. 1 athe a Aa ae Do you like pasta? ' PO iT called Ali and Mi 1 Peel go> Us} Asia is the biggest continent in the world. t Shield Q0,> gi) Egypt has strong ties with Sudan. i Wwe Poe as! Rome is one of the world's most beautiful capitals. ! alae Qe | > ADaifiistrom Ba i alee Jaye si! ‘The Pacific Ocean is the world's largest ocean. ' Sagan Paar Itis joined to the Mediterranean Sea by the Suez Canal. | le Baye dl | The River Nile is the longest river in the world. i SNe Fae ai | Lake Nasser is a man-made lake. t Glyepislasl Baye Jal] The Sphinx is a large stone statue that stands in Giza. H Pedal Qe yi | ‘Ahmed is Egyptian but Tom is American. u Shalala Se si! Toka likes English but she can't stand French. j SU chee Bde Ih We like to visit our relatives on Fridays. fl eebelel Boe dt My father died in October. ' Wa padoteed PO dsl King Abdullah ruled Jordan. See | Where will you stay? When will you arrive? 1-1) nana a,» gsi! Mr-Dr- Pro SENSO» a! —“V-IT-cv Suen outa! pf ‘Olver’ isthe main character in ‘Oliver Twist Sit aia eee 2Oye at aex after yes and no Yypadany ¥ Yes, it's a quarter past three, Samir. 8 before please in sentences and after please at the beginning of a sentence. Us ASale Hl say 391g please pale dd Y Could | have more cake, please? Please, allow me to use your camera 8 before or after the name of the person you are speaking to. pablo ie ¥ Omar, you have done an excellent job. 5 to separate two complete sentences: Cre rae Jaa Y When I was doing the housework, a stranger knocked on the front door. & to separate lists or elements within sentences. Decal Lola peotiall gl allyl ual Y He bought two kilos of sugar, a packet of tea, a bottle of oil-and fiv@loaves of bread. 8 to separate alist of similar words, adjectives or phrases. TLE Syd) at Sabana aad Y It's important to write in clear, simple, accurate words. ® to separate words or phrases that mark where the voice would pause, (after transitions.) hag any quell gS Shee 2495 BUSI gl Shaken aad ¥ [can't tell you now. However, all will be revealed tomorrow at midday © to separate the direct speech from the rest of the sentence. The comma comes before the quotation mark. PIB e LBL oa SG Alar il Ge poll peel uaa ¥_ Tamer said, "I have already tidied my room" ® to mark non-defining clauses. (The clauses which add extra / non-essential information). (Cah Fac aLacal rll ye Lol kegs Minbar ay sree nil alec a ja Y The police officer, who arrived after just five minutes, arrested the criminal. 8 to set off a tag question dai Soe nage) ¥ She is your sister, isn't she? © to separate parts of the date ea edei gawd Y Tuesday, May 2, 2016, was when | graduated. & Put a comma at the end of the direct sentence in case the speaker is placed after that sentence. ¥ ‘lm coming home late tonight," my father said & with words that are not part of the sentence as in the case at the beginning of the sentence. Taba Jsi A Deal foe Tabac pa chin Cad Balen gg ¥ Unfortunately, he missed his flight. & to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence. TAlapalacy SIs potas) LEAN Ld WE ¥ Ali went by bus, and Ahmed took a train. 3@ 2 Apostropne (» (ten dota nun = to show who owns something. The 's is added after singular nouns or names. a Baya cLad gl ptt YN al ay 'S FOLD Ct a ¥ This is our aunt's house | Whena name or a singular noun ends in -s, either add an apostrophe or an apostrophe as well as another's. . GS1S IBLENY Le Lol fl Le LAL. -S deel i ame ele ¥ This is Charles's phone. ¥ These are James’ books ¥ My father is at his boss's party. © For plural nouns that end in-s, put the apostrophe after the -s. S Bye ans Laelia -$ 4 oS AM eneledl My Y Miss Leila is marking her pupils’ work. & When plural nouns do not end in-s, just add 's to these plural nouns, dia gecllclanl ol 'S Filal sgetle le, -S paactlclel SY Le ¥ Doctors look after people's health, & To make a possessive form of two people joined by and, such as Rami and Samehput’s only after the second name. dd EN ny Sake paso, AN cs a racial a ¥ We were at Eman and Ahmad's party. & The apostrophe can also be used to show that one or more letters in a contraction have been left out, uns Ya al gl doty dye laa WEY Lalibela paca Lal Ges ¥ We'll come to your party, but Aya-won't be able to come. She's meeting her uncle > Frail he JG (its) Sead Lars Ie Tse (i's) gd (Sy LalTALolagl od | can't buy this shirt because it's very expensive ¥ Look at that horse! its hair is blue. ayéata a al aa ‘@&Sloll jlmb}g ou! : lig lad Well dioLall (Agden gp Ach La al lal pli aha ry pg Cue) el has, have, had, will, ..gtadactall Judaty (am - is - are) gay to De Jladi wo YS patie ive 9iy al > Ive tam > Im They are > Theyre Itis 2 Its J will not 2 Twont v ¥ She's waiting at the bus stop, -_ ¥ It's time to start the meeting. (tistime...) ¥ It's been a while since we spoke, _(It has been..) P, ¥ He'd never take a bribe. (He would. ¥ He'd called us before he lef. (He had. 4~? @ B coton gy ® to introduce lists sisal ¥ There are three main reasons for the success of the government: challenging work, determination and patience. & between sentences when the second sentence explains or justifies the first sentence. Tabac 375 NAGE bag CS Lane Jarl Cay , ¥ Try to keep calm during the interview. this will cause a good impression. peters kag Catal ne Juell 9 ha paly rade gl gash gb ¥ The Prisoner of Zenda: A fictional Novel BOA CL oy Leal y A Ge reall ¥ The ratio of women to men becomes 5 : 1 Itis 12:30, eee euke uke) 1 118 between two independent clauses linked by a transitional expression | (@.g-,accordingly, consequently, for example, nevertheless, so, thus). ' (Gidley Gee alerts | iv Heavy rain had continued to fall at the airport; cofisequently, all flights were canceled | ' ayia ages ips Bde Lge Chae a | 1 Itwas raining: the game was cancelled, (~ so) a Fake petil petals! 1 1 ' ' 1 1 1 i ''v | read; novels, poems, stories, plays. Jae 5) Quotation marks (" Rerun ® In direct speech, we enclose what is said within a pair of single or double quotation marks, although single quotation marks are becoming more common. Y Wael said, “I haven't put those shelves up yet” ¥ She said, ‘Where is the nearest fish restaurant?" ¥ “I'm coming home late tonight," my father said. & We can put quotation marks around titles. Y Have you watched the famous film ‘Titanic’? © We can use quotation marks when we mention a word or phrase in a sentence. ¥ What does ‘punctuation’ mean? — PP,© to join two or more words together into a compound term. Do not separate the words with spaces. Y My eight-year-old boy loves reading. ¥ Do you have sugar-free cookies? 8 to link prefixes to words. Y These things happened before the pre-enlightenment era. 8 Don't use a hyphen if the compound adjective follows the noun it describes. ¥ English is widely spoken. Y We use a widely-spoken language a >. and = in addition = moreover. aswellas + addition to 4 esides because of = due to = owing to = thanks to on account of although = though = even if = even though = nevertheless ON ANS Golee leh sls but = however = yet = whilst ‘alagulJsi however pLuziuljnu) | despite =in spite of However + pic Talagdi Jgl however plac cous Whatever + «1 ‘so = that's why = therefore onsequently = as a result = thus cD! to conclude, in short, = in summary, finally, =all in all= on the wholeaalg £9890 Ye Gan gill Joa! Yo degaro ym 6yhAll Z full stop alan stay pig Capital lottery SyBdll lag Yokw 5 yl 4 Jo) Jao 7 iS co Syial alas 9 5) sbyal dun’ Jole, toy eleginga yo yous Jol 6 Indentation aay Gbtuo elyal > ena ga = = « Parts of a paragraph ED 1) Topic Itis the first sentence of a paragraph. — 5,230 + Ayala sentence Itstates the main idea. Pieters ee SEES 2 It introduces what the paragraph willsay a) Jz. tips . © They form the body of the paragraph. Fylde oe > 2) Supporting B= They explain more about the main idea. aeuLMN3,aaN tea lgo te sentences z= actif fa |= They give examples, details, facts or statistics to support the main idea. puiy3) cai qe Lilien! gl Gilim, Jools, a | Itis the last sentence in the paragraph. Spal dialer 55 3) Concluding It emphasizes the main idea. Teen yeaa ai sentences | Itrestates the topic sentence or the main idea of the paragraph asi aaa Espacio eal aba abla ae © It summarises the paragraph. Syd yadtS Chere! falgood|paragiaphl unity > All the sentences develop the main idea. eoastiaey Aa pa at uae coherence |All the sentences should be related to the topic sentence and (gave | 2fGanized logically, and stick together. - cama an gy ay a fy alg ya ay a a a nd [=| emphasis _|) All the sentences should be well-organised and well- ordered to pt oss show all the important ideas. Pw, focus » Each paragraph or essay should have a clear central idea. eit! aly Sue pi ing Jo nts Je2 pean Pei is a series of paragraphs that talk about one subject. alg £9890 Je Gait i! Slyaall Jo Gegoro gm Jléall a 1) The Introduction Aesal! alg diay) de due Y9Si9 the first paragraph Jliall yé Syd Jol yo doaiiol 5 Give the reader background. egbgall Je GyAlS yao JU pura JSIo cies te Jaya lo ssl je 5 Catch the reader's attention e9bgaU «tyii! oust Yai thesis statement (@yatiém 8,t40H) dagybi Goadiaml paki A) Hook = Attention grabber 7 he dla ® A hook is an opening statement in an essay that Attempts to grab the reader's attention so that they complete the reading. -6s1AUl yb joi {5 )LHI OLLI 353 gil damig Jldall 6 AUIS! Uowl,o | el B) Background Mews loglell / acer & All information that the reader requires to increase his awareness of the topic. egboall axcg Say) jill lmatiay gill Slogleall JS Jos C) Thesis Statement Gaetaivl set) dng bin 2 The thesis statement states the main idea of the essay. It sets limits on the topic. egdgoU 1293 2b5 yg JUN dyamsipl BSN Gyms Glos ado} ©) 295i ag dagybUll .omiig doatioll Gylmi 6 J9Si Liléo Ovisind cate) ree deed CO) eset! The body is the middle paragraphs between the introduction and the conclusion. aiLaNlg oaiioll (yy ,hw9ll Sisal 9m egdgall pu as 3 They are paragraphs of support for the thesis. ) egboall pews oui (Fy & They contain facts, data, evidences, comments, analysis, examples, pros and cons. ro 919109 Giljg00g « cliSay Allo! « Julad . SUigled . Jia SLily. + Gillis gle galas Jubal! pata Se egdgall puta GUyhd 40 8; — ee ° Concluding Sentence SupportingSentences Topic Sentence Apltbtl Aden — hile =a Alaa@ 2) Persuasive Essay sty July » aaa © The conclusion is the last paragraph of the essay. J , (bd alg Slay se By4e Y9SI) Jldoll Yo 4,51 SHAN yw Aci ® The conclusion restates the introductory paragraph. P Syaymalll 8yA4) Ay gle Gait ASG ® The conclusion summarises the ideas of body and introduction. Goaiall g egdgoll pm s1SAI Gait ypG 5 AUG yagi ig a ay i ploy ie Fy Cae inate cS a ny restatement of the thesis and thoughts dakiiee Aituay ya Maull lai A LOLA! gj Jal iieony < 1) Narrative Essay Germ | guasad Jia eo et ie \ , & Itnarrates /tells a story. eabigans & Itincludes a sequence of actions. CNR ye Sal ape ate © The writer seeks to persuade’ convince the reader to support his specific point of view about a topic. + lo e990 yb jbi ag pay 5B! eli OSI samy (5 | Itheeds facis and evidences on the topic. iy Glin get 3) Descriptive Essay isos Jia It describes the topic. egdoall dy It appeals tothe five senses (touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste) and use sensory details. yuo Jyolas paSimyg yuo yolgat ably Ituses personifications, metaphors, similes and creative styles. ? yelp auwwHl g SloauiiNg Stjleimt Sami p2Siany a B TL ——~ B ma 2 It defines something or gives information. Chagas gang gl Uategt ayaa { © Itexplainsa process and gives instructions. ero © Itneeds research and the wrriter’s knowledge. (Heya y codetion ey @ 5) Reflective Essay als Ja ) i It may be a real experience, imagined event, special object, or place, something you / read, watched or heard. ‘ie Ceaw 91 aud 91 oily (ib 9} L509} y>ts e990 91 yl4SI Gao of Gybydo dS globin JMiall 3952 2 = The writer analyses his experiences and explain how they created personal change. gOtab OUTS! CLS us auiivg ys WSLS Jay(user name) uy @ Sumy gill sjall (domain name) ous @ gu gill sjall AN aw Juyoll yadsh yigyiSIIN ayy wigie in wis OME RS (user name) youy @ Guu gill «jas (domain name) gamy@ guiy gi sjall G1ig SIMI ULwyll Eggo lio iss BIDCaNawr « Jnide 9 a5I9 9.29 Jauly egdgall pul Alay Si yl) anes SOON OY FeLind Juoull eg) DUiSLy Gail WLS 1 San Baal Sons) gens Rg IN ene Sal 9 ree) Sees yl Gu) any 2 ig IV ad Jat 99: A) il) Jt es formal email ioe ‘abbreviated word aie aka pid Imperatives pSV diue pain ae active VoiCepgiil Peay ay] Juyol 99% gl jSil 1c Gail SGI |) vi ee freee 3) Yours sincerely, Bye, 7 Yours faithfully, See you later, Closing Best wishes, See you soon, Regards, cheers, love, BS). uyoll paul Gun bl GuiQiSIM Jituyll gigi Wise) Sabo} pLauBl Loy & yl of Gun ay iS yl Lay 2S pil jlesing auning Jw yall 45 yi aris “| t oy gai ple pawl 10