5/12/2013

Cellular Structure
for
Mobile Communications

Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems are infra-structure
based systems that make efficient use of
spectrum by reusing it at separated
locations.
The basic unit of cellular system is
called “Cell”, and every cell has a
central node (Base Station) which is
responsible for resource allocation,
power control, handover, … and so on.

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Frequency Reuse
 The received power decays with the increase in distance.
1
PR  
r
Therefore, instead of using every frequency once, we can
reuse the operating frequency as long as the distance is large
enough to make the interference in the noise level magnitude.

Cellular Planning
For a region to be covered, it’s divided to separated cells,
each has a number of frequencies.
A cluster is a group of cells where the frequencies are
completely used.
Frequency reuse is applied such that it reduces the
Adjacent channel interference (Interference from the
nearest cell) and Co-channel interference (Interference
from the same frequency but from different cells.

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Design Pattern
 Cell Shape:
The real cell shape is not general
and depends on the behavior of
shadowing. But, in the pre-design
phase, the cell shape is assumed
to be hexagonal.

 The design pattern is done with 2

arbitrary parameters i & j with
60˚ shift.

Design Equations
 Notations:
k: Number of cells/cluster. d: Reuse distance.
C/I: Carrier to interference ratio. a: cell radius.
(i,j): reuse pattern. q: reuse factor = d/a.
r: distance between closest base stations.

d 2  (i.r ) 2  ( j.r ) 2  2(i.r )( j.r ) cos(60)

= r 2 (i 2  j 2  ij )
j*r
= r2k
d 60˚
r  2a cos(30)  3a
d  3a k
2 2

d
q   3k a
a

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For the worst case user which is located at the cell edge (The
furthest point from the BTS) we calculate (C/I) min (System
Design Parameter).
C PT / a  PT / a  1 d  1 
|min  6  = ( )  ( q)
6 PT / d 
I
I 6 a 6
i 1

1 
= ( 3k )
6
2/ 
1 C 
 k = 6( |min ) 
3 I 

Capacity of Cellular Systems

 Channel capacity for a radio system is defined as the

maximum number of channels or users that can be provided
in a fixed frequency band  spectrum efficiency of
wireless system.

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…Capacity of Cellular Systems

For a Cellular System

 m = Radio Capacity Matrix = (Bt / BC ) / k
 Bt = Total allocated spectrum for the system
 BC = Channel bandwidth
 k = Number of cells in frequency reuse pattern
(Cluster)

Channel capacity design

for given C/I ratio

Recall
CELL A

CELL A
CELL A

CELL A CELL A
CELL A

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Channel capacity design

for given C/I ratio
Bt
substituting, m 
 
  
2/n

Bc 6  C I  1/ 3 

 
min  
Bt
When n  4, m  radio channels / cells
 
  
(1/ 2)

Bc  2/ 3   C I  
 min 
 

Typical Values of C  I min

 18 dBfor Analog FM and12 dB for Digital

Equation of C/I for digital

cellular system

 I
C 
(Eb  Rb )
I
(Ec  R c )

I

R b  Channel bit rate

Eb  Energy per bit
R c  Rate of channel code
Ec  Energy per code symbol

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Comparison of FDMA and

TDMA systems - FDMA

 The total bandwidth Bt is divided into M channels, each

with Bandwidth Bc. The radio capacity for FDMA is
given by
M
m
 I
0.5
2 C
3

C  E bR b
I  IoBc
where Io  Interference power /Hz

TDMA
 Assume FDMA occupies the same spectrum as a
single channel TDMA.

C  EbRb
I  IoBc
where Rb  Transmission rate of TDMA system
R b  Transmission rate of FDMA system
Eb  Energy per bit

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Example
 Consider a FDMA system with 3 channels, each having a
bandwidth of 10 KHz and transmission rate of 10 kbps. A
TDMA system has 3 time slots, channel bandwidth of 30
KHz, and a transmission rate of 30 kbps.

Example …
 For the TDMA scheme, the received carrier to interference
ratio for a single user is measured for 1/3 of the time the
channel is in use.
 Compare the radio capacity of the 2 systems

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Solution
 For FDMA system

C  EbR b  Eb  104
I  IoBc  Io  10 kHz
4
C   Eb   10   Eb 
I  Io   
 104  Io 

Solution …
 For TDMA system

C  E R 
E b  104 
b b 0.333s
I  IoBc  Io  30  103
 
C   Eb  10
4

 
 
1   Eb 

I  0.333s  I  30  103   Io 
  o 

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Capacity of Digital Cellular CDMA

 Capacity of FDMA and TDMA system

is bandwidth limited.
 Capacity of CDMA system is
interference limited.
 The link performance of CDMA
increases as the number of users
decreases.

Single Cell System

 The cellular network consists of a large number of mobile
users communicating with a base station.
 The cell site transmitter consist of linear combiner which
adds spread signal of individual users for the forward
channel.

 A pilot signal is also included in the cell-site transmitter and

is used by each mobile to set its own power control for the
reverse link.

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Capacity of CDMA single cell

It is the maximum number of users that can be present in a
single cell to achieve a specific performance.

How to derive the maximum number of users in a single cell

CDMA?
Note that: In CDMA, The frequency reuse =1.
I MA  ( N  1)C Interference due to MA.

I ( N  1)C
I MAPSD  
BSS BSS

Eb Energyofsignal

N o PSDofnoise  PSDofMA
C / Rb BSS / Rb
= 
 ( N  1)C  BSS
 .  ( N  1)
2 BSS 2 C
PG
=
Pn Power of noise
( N  1) 
C
PG P
 N=1+  n Max number of users.
( Eb / N o ) min C

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Improvement of Cellular System

Capacity
(1) Sectorization:
Instead of using one omni-directional antenna in the
cell, we can use 3 directional antennas, each having
a beamwidth of 120˚.
Now,
The cell is now divided into 3 sectors & each
sector doesn’t interfere with other sectors.
Therefore, interference is decreased to 1/3 its
value.
i.e Number of users is increased to triple its value.
N’=3N

(2) Voice Activity Factor “α”:

According to speech nature, there are silent periods that users
don’t transmit information. If we monitor voice activity and
switch off the Tx during periods of no voice activity, we can
decrease the Tx power (C) and decrease interference.

Now, the general capacity equation becomes:

PG P
N  # of sectors [1+  n]
 *( Eb / N o )min C

If  = 3/8 and number of sector is equal to 3 ,

SNR increases by a factor of 8.

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Example
 If W = 1.25 MHz, R= 9600 bps, and a minimum acceptable
Eb/ No is 10 dB, determine the maximum number of users
that can be supported in a single cell CDMA system using
 (a) omni directional base station antennas and no voice
activity detection
 (b) 3 sectors at base station and a = 3/8. Assume the system
is interference limited.  = 0.

Solution
(a)  
 
 WR  
N  1 
E
  b  
 S  
  No  

 1.25  10 
 1  9600 0
 10 
 
 1  13.02  14

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Solution …
(b)
 
 W

N  1 
 E
R  
 b  
 S 
  No  
 1   1.25  10 
 1   9600 0
 3  10 
 8  
 35.7

Solution …
Total amount of
users N  3Ns
 3  35.7
 107 users / cell

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