Θεωρία

1
1.1
1.2
1.
B, 2019)
f x
y y f x
f ( x) .
: f :A , x f (x) .
x
y f x
.
f Df .
f x
f f ( A)
f ( A) { y | y f ( x) x A} .
f A ;
f M(x, y)
y f(x) M(x, f(x)) x A.
Cf .
y f(x) Cf y f(x)
x A y
f
f
y y 7
Cf C
O x O x
(a) ( )
1
Cf
Cf .
f(A) Cf .
x0 A x x0 Cf
y y y 8
x=x0
Cf Cf
f( )
Cf f (x0) A(x0,f (x0))
O x O x O x0 x
( ) ( ) ( )
Cf
f | f| .
y 9
y=f (x)
f (x,f (x))
xx
O x
M (x, f(x)) M(x, f(x))
xx (x, f (x))
y= f (x)
y 10
| f| y=| f (x)| y=f (x)
Cf
xx xx, O x
Cf
y f ( x) yy
y f (x ) .
f ( x) f ( x) 2
, 0 f ( x) 3
, 0
f ( x) , 0 f (x) x , g ( x) | x| .
x
2
f ( x) x
11
y y y
O x O x O x
a>0 a<0 a=0
f ( x) x2, 0.
y y 12
O x
O x
>0 <0
f ( x) x3, 0.
y y 13
O x O x
>0 <0
f ( x) , 0.
x
y y 14
x
O x O
>0 <0
x, x 0
f ( x) x , g ( x) x .
x, x 0
y y 15
y x y |x |
O x O x
3
f(x) x , f(x) x , f(x) x
f ( x) x
, 0 1 f ( x) log x , 0 1
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1
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1
y= x ( )
y
1
O x
1
y= x ( )
y
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y= x ( )
f ( x) x f ( x) x
2 f ( x) x .
x
f ( x) , 0 1.
y y 17
1 1
O 1 x O 1 x
>1 ( ) 0< <1 ( )
:
x1 x2
1 x1 x2
x1 x2
0 1 x1 x2
4
f ( x) log x , 0 1
y y 18
1 1
1
O 1 x O x
>1 ( ) 0< <1 ( )
1) log x y y
log x
2) log x
3) log 1 log 1 0
4) log ( x1x2 ) log x1 log x2
x1
5) log log x1 log x2
x2
6) log x1k log 1
1 log x1 log x2 x1 x2 0 1 , log x1 log x2 x1 x2 .
xln ln
8) x
.
f, g
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f g
x f ( x) g ( x) .
f: g:
x f ( x) g ( x) f g
f ,g
f ( x) g ( x) x .
f ( x) x2 g ( x) x4 , x 1,1
5
f, g ;
f
f g f- g fg f, g
g
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x) , (f g)(x) f(x) g(x) , (fg)(x) f(x)g(x) ,
f f(x) .
(x)
g g(x)
f g, f g fg A B
f
A B
g
g(x)
{x | x A x B g(x) 0} .
f g;
g f (gof)(x) g(f(x)) .
f (A) B 24
f (x)
f
A g(B)
g
g( f (x))
x
g f
A1
g f
f(x) A1 {x A| f(x) B}
gof A1 f(A) B .
gof fog
f, g, h ho(gof) (hog)of
ho(gof) (hog)of
hogof
6
1.3 -
8 f
: (
f
x1 , x2 x1 x2 f(x1 ) f(x2 )
f
x1 , x2 x1 x2 f(x1 ) f(x2 )
f
f . f
f f
x1 , x2 x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) .
x1 , x2 x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) .
9 f A xo A
(2004
x0 A f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) x A
x0 A f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) x A.
f f.
10 f A 1 1;
f:A R 1 1 x1 , x2 A
x1 x2 f(x1 ) f(x2 ) .
f:A R 1 1 x1 , x2 A
f(x1 ) f(x2 ) x1 x2 .
1 1
f(x) y
7
.
"1 1"
1 1
y 34
y=g(x)
x , x 0
g(x) 1 1 1,
, x 0 O x
x
-1 : f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2
. : f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2 .
-1 : f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2 .
f -1, x1 , x 2 x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) .
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
11 f A (2019)
f:A R 1 1 f
f 1
f(x) y f (y)
1
x
:
f 1 ( f ( x )) x, x A f ( f 1 ( y )) y, y f ( A) .
f f(A)
x
f ( x)
1 1 (0, )
1
f f
(0, )
8
x
y (0, ) x y
x
y x log y
1 x
f ( y) log y f ( x) ,
0 1 g ( x) log x .
x log x
log x, x x, x (0, ).
C f 1
y x xOy x Oy .
y
1 1 f M( , ) 37
C C f f 1
M( , )
1
f ( x) y f ( y) x, C
O x
( , ) C
C
f ( , )
C f 1 y=x
xOy x Oy .
:
f :1 1 f : ,
1 1
f f
1
f f
f y1 , y 2 Df 1 f( ) y1 y2 , :
f
1 1 1 1 1
f(f ( y1 )) f(f ( y 2 )) f ( y1 ) f ( y2 ) f Df 1 f( )
9
1.4 x0
x2 1 y
f ( x) .
f(x) 38
x 1
Df {1}
2
( x 1)( x 1)
f ( x) x 1, x 1. f(x)
x 1
y x 1
x O x 1 x x
xx
f (x) yy
f (x)
x 1
lim f ( x) 2 f (x) x
x 1
: f
x x0 ,
lim f ( x) f (x) x x0
x x0
f (x) x0
y y
f (x) f(x)
f ( x0 ) y
39
f(x)
f (x) f(x)
f(x)
O x x0 x x O x x0 x x
O x x0 x x
f(x0)
(a) ( ) ( )
f x0 f
x0 f :
( , x0 ) ( x0 , ) ( , x0 ) ( x0 , ) .
x0
f x0 x0
10
y
4 40
x 1, x 1 f(x)
: f ( x) ,
x 5, x 1
2
f(x)
O x 1 x x
:
x (x 1) f
: lim f ( x) 2.
x 1
x (x 1) f
: lim f ( x) 4.
x 1
f 1 ,
x x0 (x x0 ) : lim f ( x) 1
x x0
: f (x) x x0 1
f 2
x x0 (x x0 ) :
lim f ( x) 2 : f (x) x x0
x x0
2
y y
2 2
f(x) f(x) y
41
f(x0)
2
1 1
f(x)
f(x) f(x) 1
f(x)
O x x0 x x
(a) ( ) ( )
1 lim f ( x) 2 lim f ( x) f x0
x x0 x x0
1 f x0 2 f x0 .
:
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

x x0 x x0 x x0
| x| y
f ( x) 42
x
f(x)=1
x0 0
x x
x 0 f ( x) 1 lim f ( x) 1, O x x
x x 0
1= f(x)
x
x 0 f ( x) 1 lim f ( x) 1 ,
x x 0
lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
x 0 x 0
11
12 f xo f xo ;
( 0 0
,
lim f(x) lim f(x) lim f(x)
x x0 x x0 x x0
y y
f (x) f(x)
f ( x0 ) y
39
f(x)
f (x) f(x)
f(x)
f(x0) O x x0 x x y
44
(a) ( ) ( )
y x
f
( x0 , ) ( , x0 )
: lim f ( x) lim f ( x) . O x
x x0 x x0
lim x lim x 0
x 0 x 0
y
f 45
( , x0 ) ( x0 , ) y x
: lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
x x0 x x0
lim x lim x 0 O x
x 0 x 0
lim f(x) lim (f(x) ) 0

x x0 x x0
lim f(x) lim f(x0 h)

x x0 h 0
1
lim f(x) 2
lim f(x) x0
x x0 x x0
1
x0 2
x0 .
x0
x0 ( 0 0
( 0
(x0 , .
x0
x0 x0
lim x x0 lim c c
x x0 x x0
12
lim f ( x ) , ( , x0 )
x x0
( x0 , ) f.
y
| x 1| 46
f ( x) x0 0
x 1
y=1
( 1, 0) (0, 1)
( x 1) 1 O 1 x
f ( x) 1.
x 1
y= 1
lim f ( x) 1.
x 0
f x0
i) f ( , x0 ) ( x0 , )
.
ii) f ( , x0 )
( x0 , ) .
iii) f ( x0 , )
( , x0 ) .
x
f ( x) x0 0
x
,0 0,
2 2
13
1.5
13 xo .
lim f(x) 0 f(x) 0 x0

x x0
lim f(x) 0 f(x) 0 x0

x x0
lim f ( x) f (x ) 0 x0 lim f ( x) 0
x x0 x x0
lim f ( x) f (x ) 0 x0 lim f ( x) 0
x x0 x x0
f, g x0 f(x) g(x)
x0 lim f(x) lim g(x)

x x0 x x0
lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0 x x0
f ( x ) g ( x) x0 , lim f(x) lim g(x)

x x0 x x0
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) , f ( x) g ( x) x0 .
x x0 x x0
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) , f ( x) g ( x) x0 .
x x0 x x0
x0
1. lim (f(x) g(x)) lim f(x) lim g(x)

x x0 x x0 x x0
2. lim (
x x0 x x0
3. lim (f(x) g(x)) lim f(x) lim g(x)

x x0 x x0 x x0
lim f(x)
f(x) x x0
4. lim lim g(x) 0
x x0 g(x) lim g(x) x x0
x x0
5. lim | f(x) | lim f(x)

x x0 x x0
6. lim k f(x) k lim f(x) f(x) 0 x0 .

x x0 x x0
14
lim f ( x) g ( x) f g x0 .
x x0
1, x 0 1, x 0
f ( x) g ( x) . f g
1, x 0 1, x 0
0, x 0
(f g )( x) 0 x 0, lim f ( x) g ( x) lim 0 0
0, x 0 x 0 x 0
lim 0 f ( x) lim 0 0
x 0 x 0
lim f ( x) g ( x) lim ( 1) 1
x 0 x 0
f ( x)
lim lim ( 1) 1
x 0 g ( x) x 0
lim f ( x) lim 1 1
x 0 x 0
*
lim [ f ( x)] lim f ( x) , lim x x0
x x0 x x0 x x0
P(x) x0 R. lim P(x) P(x0 )

x x0
1
lim P( x) lim ( x 1 x 1
0 ) lim ( x ) lim ( 1 x ) lim 0
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
1
lim x 1 lim x 1
lim 0 x0 1 0 x 0 P( x0 ) lim P( x) P( x 0 ) .
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
P(x)
f(x) P(x) , Q(x) x0 R
Q(x)
P(x) P(x0 )
Q(x0 ) 0 lim Q(x0 ) 0
x x0 Q(x) Q(x0 )
x0 f
y
50
h g x Cg
x0 g h
f Cf
Ch
.
O x0 x
15
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f, g,h
h(x) f(x) g(x) x0
lim h( x) lim g ( x) l lim f(x)

x x0 x x0 x x0
)
| x R x 0.
lim 0 lim 0
x x0 x x0
lim 1 lim 0
x 0 x x 0 x
14 f g xo .
f g x0
lim f(g(x))
x x0
u g(x) .
u0 lim g(x)
x x0
lim f(u) .
u u0
g(x) u0 x0
lim f ( g ( x )) lim f (u) .
x x0 u u0
16
1.6 x0
15 xo .
( , x0 ) (x0 , )
lim f(x) lim f(x) lim f(x)

x x0 x x0 x x0
lim f(x) lim f(x) lim f(x) .

x x0 x x0 x x0
lim f(x) f(x) 0 x0 lim f(x) f(x) 0 x0 .

x x0 x x0
lim f(x) lim ( f(x)) lim f(x) lim ( f(x)) .

x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
1
lim f(x) lim 0.
x x0 x x0 f(x)
1
lim f(x) 0 f(x) 0 x0 lim lim f(x) 0
x x0 x x0 f(x) x x0
1
f(x) 0 x0 lim .
x x0 f(x)
lim f(x) lim | f(x) | lim f(x) lim k

f(x) .
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
1 1
i) lim lim , N*
x 0 x2 x 0 x2
y
y
1
y
x
1
y O x
x2
O x
( ) ( )
1 1
ii) lim lim 2 1
, N
x 0 x x 0 x
1 1
lim lim 2 1
, N
x 0 x x 0 x
1 1
f ( x) f ( x) 2 1 , N.
x x
17
16 . xo
0 R
R R - -
- - -
f g - - ; ;
0 R,
0 0 + + - -
+ + - - + - + - + -
+ - - + ; ; + - - +
, )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
, 0 , 0
( ) ( )
, 0 , 0
0 .
( ) ( ) 0 ( ).
18
f 1
f g f ( g) f
g g
0
: ( ) ( ), 0 ( ) , ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) , ,
0
1 1
f ( x) g ( x)
x2 x2
1 1 1 1
lim f ( x) lim , lim g ( x) lim lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim 0
x 0 x 0 x2 x 0 x 0 x2 x 0 x 0 x2 x2
1 1
f ( x) 1 g ( x)
x2 x2
1 1
lim f ( x) lim 1 , lim g ( x) lim
x 0 x 0 x2 x 0 x 0 x2
1 1
lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim 1 lim 1 1 .
x 0 x 0 x2 x2 x 0
19
1.7
17.
1
lim x lim 0, N*
x x x
, 1 *
lim x lim 0, .
x - , x x
P(x) x 1
x 1
0
0
lim P(x) lim ( x ) lim P(x) lim ( x )

x x x x
x x 1
x
f(x) 1 1 0
, 0, 0
x 1
x 1
1
x 0
x x
lim f(x) lim lim f(x) lim
x x x x x x
-
y
60
1
y=a x
lim x
0, lim x
x x
1
y=loga x
limlog x , lim log x x
x 0 x O 1
0 1
y
61
y=a x
lim x
, lim x
0
x x
1
limlog x , lim log x
x 0 x
O 1 x
y=loga x
20
( , ).
( , ).
, x0
18
*
: .
19. ( ) l ;
( ) l lim 0
0 N* 0 | |
21
1.8
20. f xo
( , 2015)
f x0 f
x0 lim f(x) f(x0 ) .
x x0
f ( x) | x | lim f ( x ) lim | x | 0 f ( 0) .
x 0 x 0
f , g, h
y y y 62
Ch
1
f ( x0 )
g(x0) Cg 2
Cf
O x0 x O x0 x O x0 x
(a) ( ) ()
f x0 : lim f ( x) f ( x0 )
x x0
g x0 lim g ( x) g (x0 ) .
x x0
h x0
f
x0 x0
f.
) x0
i) x0
ii) x0 f(x0 ) x0 .
x 2 1, x 0
f ( x)
2 x, x 0
2
lim f ( x) lim ( x 1) 1 ,
x 0 x 0
lim f ( x) lim (2 x) 2, f
x 0 x 0
x2 1
f ( x) , x 1
x 1
3, x 1
( x 1)( x 1)
lim f ( x) lim lim ( x 1) 2 f (1) 3. (2019)
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
22
)
) x0 R lim P(x) P(x0 ) .

x x0
P
x0
Q
P(x) P(x0 )
lim .
x x0 Q(x) Q(x0 )
f (x) x g ( x) x x0 R
lim 0 lim 0
.
x x0 x x0
f ( x) x
g ( x) log x , 0 1
21
x0 x0 : i.
f
f g , ii. c f c R , iii. f g , iv. , v. | f | vi. f
g
x0 .
i., iii., iv., v., ii., c 0,

f
f g, f g, , | f |, 0 f x0 f,g
g
x0 .
1, x 0 1, x 0
f ( x) g ( x) . f
1, x 0 1, x 0
g
( f g )( x ) 0, x ,
( f g )( x) 1, x ,
f
(x) 1, x ,
g
f (x ) 1, x ,
0 f ( x) 0 , x
22
x0 f(x0 )
gof x0 .
23
23 f ( , )
[ , ]
( 2008, 2012 , 2017 )
( , )
( , ).
[ , ]
( , ) : lim f(x) f( ) lim f(x) f( )
x x
( , ], [ , ).
:
f ( , ) ( , )
f ( , ) ( , ).
x0
x0 .
24 Bolzano.
( )
[ , ]
[ , ]
f( ) f( ) 0,
x0 ( , ) f(x0 ) 0.
f(x) 0 ( , ).
x x
f [ , ] f( ) f( ) 0
x0 [ , ] f(x0 ) 0.
Bolzano
f :[ , ]
f( ) f( ) 0
Bolzano f
24
25 Bolzano.
y 64
f [ , ] A( , f ( )) B( , f ( ))
xx f f( ) B( ,f ( ))
a x0 x0
O x0 x
f (a) ( , f ( ))
26
:
[ , ]
[ , ]
f( ) f( )
f( ) f( ) x0 ( , )
f(x0 )
: , 2015 )
f( ) f( ) f( ) f( )
g(x) f(x) , x [ , ]
y 67
[ , ]
g( )g( ) 0, f( ) B( , f ( ))
g( ) f( ) 0 g( ) f( ) 0. y=
f (a)
( , f ( ))
x0 ( , ) g(x0 ) f(x0 ) 0 f(x0 ) .
O a x0 x0 x0 x
f ( , f ( )) ( , f ( ))
y , Cf y
( x0 , ) x0 ( , ).
:
f( )
25
27
[ , ] [ , ]
x1 , x2 [ , ] m f(x1 ) M f(x2 )
m f ( x) M x [ , ].
[ , ] [ m, M ]
y
70
f ( x) x, x [0, 2 ] 1
[ 1, 1] [0, 2 ] m 1 x
O
M 1.
1
f ( , )
( , )
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
x x
f ( , )
( , )
f ( x) ln x 1 , x (0, e)
( ,2)
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) 2.
x 0 x e
y y
72 73
2
O e x 1
O 1 x
1
f ( x) , x (0, 1)
x
(1, ) : lim f ( x ) lim f ( x) 1 .
x 0 x 1
26
2023
1) f,g g f
f( ) .
: 1, x2 A
1 = x2 1) = f(x2) .
f, g fog gof
1 , x2 1 < x2 1) < f(x2).

1
f
1
f .
9) H f (x) x , x y y.
f(x A.
13)
14) h g f h g f
h g f = h g f.
1
f
f 1 (f ( x )) x, x A f(f 1
( y )) y , y f(A)
0
f( 0 A
27
f
f f
- 1, x2
1 2 1 2)
-1
0 0),
0 A
f f f 1 ( x) x,
x .
f :A R f 1 (f ( x )) x, x A
-
1
f
0 lim f ( x ) 0 lim f ( x ) 0.
x x0 x x0
33) lim f ( x ) 0 0 .
x x0
o,
lim f ( x ) g( x ) lim f ( x ) lim g( x )

x xo x xo x xo
28
o,
lim f ( x ) g( x ) lim f ( x ) lim g( x )

x xo x xo x xo
0,
f (x) lim f ( x )
x x0
lim lim g(x) 0 .
x x 0 g( x ) lim g( x ) x x0
x x0
37) lim f ( x) , lim f ( x ) lim f ( x) .

x x0 x x0 x x0
0 lim k f(x) k lim f(x) 0

x x0 x x0
lim f(x) g(x) lim f(x) lim g(x) .

x x0 x x0 x x0
40
lim f(x) > lim g ( x )

x x0 x x0
1
41 lim .
x 0 x2
42 0 : lim k f(x) k lim f(x)

x xo x xo
lim f ( x) f (x ) 0 x x0.
x x0
44 0
1
x lim f(x) lim .
x x0 x x 0 f(x)
x
45 lim 0.
x
46 0 lim f ( x ) 0 0.
x x0
47 0) (x0
lim f ( x ) lim (f ( x ) ) 0
x x0 x x0
x 1
48 lim 1
x 0 x
1
49 lim f ( x ) 0 o lim
x x0 x x0 f (x)
29
x
50) lim 0
x 0 x
*
51) x x, x .
1
52 lim f ( x ) lim 0
x x0 x x0 f ( x )
1
53) lim 2 1
.
x 0 x
54 o o
lim f ( x ) lim g( x )
x x0 x x0
x
55 lim 1
x x
1
56 lim f ( x ) 0 0 lim
x x0 x x0 f (x)
57 lim f ( x ) 0
x x0
x
58 lim
x
59 lim f ( x ) 0
x x0
60 x -1x
-1
1 0 lim P( x ) 0
x
61) f : g: lim f ( x) 0 lim g ( x)

x x0 x x0
, lim f ( x) g ( x) 0.
x x0
62 x x R
x 1
63 lim 1
x 0 x
64 lim f ( x ) lim f (x)

x x0 x x0
65 lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x x0 x x0
66 lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )

x x0 x x0 x x0
30
67
68) 0 0)=0,
0.
69
70
71
72 0 0
0.
73
74
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) .
x x
75
76
77
A lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) .
x x
78
79
80
81) [ , ] [ ,
2023
7
31
1.
f ( x) g ( x) 0 x f (x) 0 x g (x ) 0
x
f ( x) x x, x g ( x) x x, x
2
f ( x) g ( x) x x x x x2 x x2 x2 0.
2.
f ,g
x f (x) g(x) f g
32
3.
f ,g f og
go f go f f og
f ( x) ln x g ( x) x.
f Df (0, ) g Dg [0, ).
( g o f )( x) g ( f ( x )) x Df f ( x) Dg
x 0 x 0 x 0
x 1 x 1
f ( x) 0 ln x 0 x 1
go f ( gof )( x) g ( f ( x)) g (ln x) ln x , D g o f [1, )
( f o g )( x) f ( g ( x)) x Dg g ( x) Df
x 0 x 0 x 0
x 0 x 0
g ( x) 0 x 0 x 0
f og ( fog )( x) f ( g ( x)) f ( x) ln x , D f o g (0, )
gof fog .
4.
f , g, h h o (g o f )
h o (g o f ) (g o f ) o h
2. h o (g o f ) (h o g ) o f .
33
5.
f -
-
x , x 0
g ( x) 1
, x 0
x
6.
lim f ( x) l 0 lim f ( x ) l lim f ( x) l
x x0 x x0 x x0
34
7.
lim f 2 ( x) l 0 lim f ( x ) l lim f ( x) l
x x0 x x0 x x0
8.
T lim f ( x ) ( x0) (x 0 , )
x x0
35
9.
1 1
f lim f ( x) 0 lim lim
x x0 x x0 f ( x) x x0 f ( x)
1
f ( x) x2 1
lim f ( x) lim ( x 2 1
) 0 lim
x 0 x 0 x 0 f ( x)
1 1 1 1
lim lim lim lim 2 1
.
x 0 f ( x) x 0 x2 1
x 0 f ( x) x 0 x
10.
f , g : (0, ) lim f ( x)
x 0
lim g ( x ) lim f ( x) g ( x) 0
x 0 x 0
1 1
f ( x) 1 g ( x)
x2 x2
1 1
lim f ( x) lim 1 , lim g ( x) lim
x 0 x 0 x2 x 0 x 0 x2
1 1
lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim 1 lim 1 1 .
x 0 x 0 x2 x2 x 0
11.
f: f x
x0 f x0
f x0
x2 1
, x 1 x2 1 ( x 1)( x 1)
f ( x) x 1 lim f ( x) lim lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
3 , x 1
lim ( x 1) 2 f (1) 3 .
x 1
36
12.
f x0
x0
13.
f x0
x0 f x0
37
14.
f
f
f( )f( ) 0
x0 ( , ) f( x 0 ) 0
15.
*
f: f (x) 0 x 0 f
*
16.
f
m,M m
38
2 :
2.1
28. (2004, 2009)
f x0
x0
f(x) f(x0 )
lim
x x0 x x0
f(x) f(x0 )
x0 f ( x0 ) f (x0 ) lim .
x x0 x x0
f(x) f(x0 )
f (x0 ) lim x x0 h
x x0 x x0
f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) lim .
h 0 h
h x x0 x f ( x0 h) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 x) f ( x0 )
( x0 )
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) lim .
0
df ( x 0 )
x0
dx
df ( x)
x x0 f ( x0 )
dx
x0
x0 R :
lim
f(x) f(x0 )
, lim f(x) f(x0 ) .
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
29. ) Cf A(x0 , f(x0 ))
) f xo
Cf A(x0 , f(x0 )) . (2000)
39
f(x) f(x0 )
) f A(x0 , f(x0 )) Cf lim
x x0 x x0
Cf
.
) Cf A(x0 , f(x0 ))
y f(x0 ) f (x0 )(x x0 )
Cf f
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f x0 f ( x0 ) ,
: y f ( x0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 )
f ( x0 ) A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) Cf
f x0 .
t0
x S (t ) t0 (t 0 ) S (t 0 ) .
30. x0
(2000, 2003, 2007 , 2013 - )
f(x) f(x0 )
x x0 f(x) f(x0 ) (x x0 )
x x0
f(x) f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 )

lim [f(x) f(x0 )] lim (x x0 ) lim lim (x x0 ) f (x0 ) 0 0,
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
x0 lim f(x) f(x0 ) x0 .

x x0
f ( x) | x | f x0 0
f ( x) f (0) x f ( x ) f ( 0) x
lim lim 1 lim lim 1. ( 2017)
x 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0 x 0 x
f x0
f x0
x0 ,
x0
x0 .
40
2.2 -
31.
( , )
[ , ] (2010 , 2023)
f;
,
x0 A.
( , )
x0 ( , ).
[ , ]
( , ) f(x) f( ) f(x) f( )
lim R lim R.
x x x x
f 1
x 1 f (x)
f : A1 R
x f ( x),
f f
df
f
dx
y f (x) y ( f ( x)) .
1 f
f f .
f, 3 f( )
f ( )
[f ( 1)
], 3.
41
f ( x h) f ( x) f ( x h) f ( x )
f ( x) lim f ( x) lim
h 0 h h 0 h
f (u ) f ( x) f (u ) f ( x)
f ( x) lim f ( x) lim [ x h u]
u x u x u x u x
32.
f(x) c f (x) 0 f(x) x f (x) 1
f(x) x N {0,1} f (x) x 1
f(x) x 1 , x 0
f (x)
2 x
:
x x0 f(x) f(x0 ) c c f(x) f(x0 ) (c) 0.
0 lim 0
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
x x0 f(x) f(x0 ) x x0 f(x) f(x0 ) (x) 1.

1 lim lim 1 1
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
x0 R x x0
f(x) f(x0 ) x x0 (x x0 )(x 1
x 2
x0 x0 1 )
x 1
x 2
x0 x0 1
,
x x0 x x0 x x0
f(x) f(x0 )
lim lim (x 1
x 2
x0 x0 1 ) x0 1
x0 1
x0 1
x0 1 (x ) x 1
.
x x0 x x0 x x0
x0 (0, ) x x0
f(x) f(x0 ) x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 1
x x0 x x0 (x x0 ) x x0 (x x0 ) x x0 x x0
f(x) f(x0 ) 1 1 1 .
lim lim x
x x0 x x0 x x0
x x0 2 x0 2 x
f ( x) f (0)
f(x) x [0, ) lim
x 0 x 0
x 1
lim lim , f x0 0.
x 0 x x 0 x
:
f(x) R f (x) ,
(
f(x) R f (x) ,
(
f(x) ex R f (x) ex ,
(e x ) ex
f(x) ln x 1
(0, ) f (x)
x
1
(ln x)
x
42
2.3
33.
f, g x0 f g
x0 : (f g) (x0 ) f (x0 ) g (x0 ) , 2023)
:
(f g)(x) (f g)(x0 ) f(x) g(x) f(x0 ) g(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) g(x) g(x0 )
x x0 .
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
f, g x0
(f g)(x) (f g)(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) g(x) g(x0 )

lim lim lim f (x0 ) g (x0 ),
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
(f g) (x0 ) f (x0 ) g (x0 ) .
f,g x
(f g) ( x) f ( x) g ( x) .
f 1 , f 2 , ..., f k ( f1 f2 f k ) ( x) f 1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f k ( x) .
( x x2 ex 3) ( x) (x 2 ) (e x ) (3) x 2x e x .
34.
f, g x0 f g
x0 (f g) (x0 ) f (x0 )g(x0 ) f(x0 )g (x0 ) .
f, g x
( f g ) ( x) f (x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) .
1
(e x ln x) (e x ) ln x e x (ln x) e x ln x ex , x 0.
x
( f ( x) g ( x)h( x)) [( f ( x) g ( x)) h( x)] ( f ( x) g ( x)) h( x) ( f ( x) g ( x)) h ( x)

[ f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)]h( x ) f ( x) g ( x)h ( x)
f ( x ) g ( x )h( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) f ( x ) g ( x) h ( x) .
: ( x x ln x) ( x) x ln x x ( x) ln x x x (ln x)
1 1
x ln x x x ln x x x , x 0.
2 x x
c R (c) 0
(cf(x)) cf (x) (6 x 3 ) 6( x 3 ) 6 3x 2 18 x 2 .
43
35. )
f
f, g x0 g(x0 ) 0
g
f f (x0 )g(x0 ) f(x0 )g (x0 )

x0 (x0 )
g [g(x0 )]2
:
f, g x g(x) 0,
f f ( x) g ( x) f ( x)g ( x)
x ( x) .
g [ g ( x)]2
f(x) x , N* R*
1 1
f (x) x (x ) x
*
x :
1 (1) x 1(x ) x 1
(x ) x 1
.
x (x )2 x2
f(x) R {x|
1 1
f (x) 2
( 2
x R {x|
2 2
( 2 2
.
2 2
f(x) R {x|
1 1
f (x) 2
( 2
44
36.
x0 g(x0 )
f g x0 (f g) (x0 ) f (g(x0 )) g (x0 )
g( ) f g ( f ( g ( x))) f ( g ( x)) g ( x) .
u g ( x) ( f (u)) f (u) u y f(u)
dy dy du
u g(x)
dx du dx
37.
f(x) x , a Z (0, ) f (x) x 1

,
f(x) x
, 0 R f (x) x
ln .
1
f(x) ln | x | , x R* x R* (ln | x |) (2008)
x
y x e ln x
u ln x y eu
1
y (eu ) eu u e lnx
x x 1
.
x x
y x
e xln u xln y eu
y (eu ) eu u e xln ln x
ln .
.
)
x 0 1
(ln| x|) (lnx)
x
x 0 ln | x | ln( x) y ln( x) u x y ln u .
1 1 1 1.
y (lnu) u ( 1) (ln |x |)
u x x x
45
2.4
38.
y x x x0 y f(x)
:
x, y y f(x)
x0 x0
f (x0 ) .
:
v t t0
v (t 0 ) , v t t0
v (t 0 ) t0 (t 0 )
(t 0 ) v (t 0 ) S (t 0 ) .
x ( x0 )
x x x0
x0 x0 x0 .
46
2.5
39. ROLLE (2007 , 2012 , 2023)
:
Rolle y
18
( ,f ( ))
( ,f ( ))
[ , ] ( ,f ( ))
( , )
O x
f( ) f( )
( , ) f( ) 0.
( , )
Cf M( , f( ))
40. (2003, 2008 , 2013, 2016 )
y 20
( ,f ( ))
M( ,f ( ))
[ , ] A(a,f (a))
a x
( , )
f( ) f( )
( , ) f( ) .
( , )
M( , f( ))
47
2.6
41. (2004 , 2009, 2014, 2021 B )
f (x) 0
x1 , x2 f(x1 ) f(x2 )
x1 x2 f(x1 ) f(x2 ) .
x1 x2 [x1 , x2 ]
f(x2 ) f(x1 )
(x1 , x2 ) f( )
x2 x1
f( ) 0 f(x1 ) f(x2 ) x2 x1
f(x1 ) f(x2 ) f(x1 ) f(x2 ) .
42.
f, g
f, g
f (x) g (x)
x f(x) g(x) c
f g y
22
x (f g) (x) f (x) g (x) 0. y=g(x)+c
f g y=g(x)
x f(x) g(x) c f(x) g(x) c.
O x
(2019)
1, x 0
f ( x) f (x) 0
1, x 0
x ( ,0) (0, ) f ( ,0) (0, ).
48
43.
f ( x) f ( x) x R f(x) ce x x R.
R
44. (2000, 2006, 2012, 2017, 2019, 2021 )
f (x) 0
f (x) 0
f (x) 0 x1 , x2 x1 x2
f(x1 ) f(x2 ) [x1 , x2 ]
f(x2 ) f(x1 )
(x1 , x2 ) f( )
x2 x1
f(x2 ) f(x1 ) f ( )(x2 x1 ) f( ) 0 x2 x1 0 f(x2 ) f(x1 ) 0
f(x1 ) f(x2 ) .
f (x) 0
1
: f ( x) x , x [0, ) f ( x) 0 x (0, )
2 x
f [0, ) f [0, ).
f ( x) x3 ,
f ( x) 3x 2 f (0) 0 f (x) 0
x .
O x
49
2.7
45. x0
(2012, 2015, )
x0 A ,
0 f(x) f(x0 ) x A (x0 , x0 ). x0
f(x0 ) .
x0 A
0 f(x) f(x0 ) x A (x0 , x0 ) x0
f(x0 ) .
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x A f
x0 A f ( x0 ) .
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x A f
x0 A f ( x0 ) .
f
f
f
y
y 32
max
min
x
O x1 x2 x3 x4 x a O x1 x2 x3 x4
(a) ( )
x2 , x 1
f ( x) 1
,1 x 3
x
50
x1 0 f (0) 0,
x2 1 f (1) 1.
x3 3
Fermat (2004, 2011, 2013 , , 1017B ,

)
46. x0
x0
f (x0 ) 0
x0
x0
0
(x0 , x0 ) f(x) f(x0 )
x (x0 , x0 ). (1)
x0
f(x) f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) .
f (x0 ) lim lim
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
f(x) f(x0 )
x (x0 , x0 ) 0
x x0
f(x) f(x0 )
f (x0 ) lim 0. (2)
x x0 x x0
f(x) f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 )

x (x0 , x0 ) 0 f (x0 ) lim 0
x x0 x x0 x x0
. (3)
f (x0 ) 0.
f x0 ( , )
x0 Cf x0 , f ( x0 ) x x.
51
47. (2013 )
1.
2.
3.
48.
( , ) x0
.
i) f (x) 0 ( , x0 ) f (x) 0 (x0 , ) f(x0 )
(2016 )
ii) f (x) 0 ( , x0 ) f (x) 0 (x0 , ) f(x0 )
iii) f (x) ( , x0 ) (x0 , ) f(x0 )

( , ). (2014 )
i) f (x) 0 x ( , x0 ) x0
( , x0 ] f(x) f(x0 ) x ( , x0 ] f (x) 0 x (x0 , )
x0 [x0 , ) f(x) f(x0 )
x [x0 , ) . (2)
y y
35a
f <0
f >0 f <0
f >0
f (x 0 ) f (x 0 )
O a x0 x O a x0 x
f(x) f(x0 ) , x ( , ) f(x0 )

( , )
ii)
iii) f (x) 0 x ( , x0 ) (x0 , ) .
y y
f >0 35
f >0
f >0 f >0
O a x0 x O a x0 x
52
x0 ( , x0 ]
[x0 , ) x1 x0 x2 f(x1 ) f(x0 ) f(x2 ) f(x0 )

( , )
x1 ,x2 ( , ) x1 x2 .
x1 , x2 ( , x0 ] ( , x0 ] f(x1 ) f(x2 ) .
x1 , x2 [x0 , ) [x0 , ) f(x1 ) f(x2 ) .
x1 x0 x2 f(x1 ) f(x0 ) f(x2 ) .
f(x1 ) f(x2 ) ( , )
.
f (x) 0 x ( , x0 ) (x0 , ) .
f ( x) x4 4x3 f
f ( x) 4x 3
12 x 2
f (x) 0 x 0 x 3,
f
x - 0 3
f (x) - 0 - 0 +
f .
f ( , 3]
[3, )
x 3 f (3) 27 .
2 y
34
x3 , x 1 Cf
f ( x) 2
.
( x 2) , x 1 1
f {1} ,
O 1 2 x
3x 2 , x 1
: f ( x) .
2( x 2) , x 1
f (x) 0
x - 0 1 2
f (x) + 0 + 0 - 0 +
f
f f
f.
53
f ( x0 )
f ( , ) f ( x0 ) f
( , ).
f [ , ]
1.8), f
1. f.
2. f
3. f.
: f
f x0 f ( x0 ) 0.
x0 f ( x0 ) 0 f x0 .
x f (x) 0 f
x0 f ( x0 ) 0 f x0 .
x0 f x0
Cf x0 xx
54
2.8
49. (2006, 2010, 2014)
f f
.
f f
.
f
f
50.
f (x) 0
f (x) 0
y
42
f ( x) x4 f ( x) 4x 3
R f ( x) x4 R. y=x 4
f (x ) R f ( 0) 0.
O x
55
51.
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f;
f ( , )
x0
f ( , x0 ) ( x0 , )
Cf A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) ,
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f.
A(x0 , f(x0 )) Cf f x0
x0 Cf
52.
f;
:
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f f
f ( x0 ) 0 .
y
42
f ( x) x4 f ( x) 12 x 2
f (0) 0. f y=x 4
O x
53. ;
:
f .
56
y
44
3
x , x 1
f ( x) 4
(x 2) , x 1
1
f 1
O 1 2 x
6x , x 1 Cf
f ( x) 2
.
12( x 2) , x 1
x 0 1 2
f (x ) 0 + + 0 +
f (x)
f
O (0, f (0))
Cf f
f
f -
:
( , ) x0 ( , )
f x0
Cf A(x0 , f(x0 )) ,
A(x0 , f(x0 )) Cf .
f
f f
f f
f
f ( x0 ) 0
( x0 . .)
f x0
f x0 , f ( x0 ) 0 .
f ( x0 ) 0 f x0 .
f (x) 0 x f
f
57
2.9 DE L HOSPITAL
54. x x0 Cf ;
(2010 , 2022)
:
x x0
lim f(x) , lim f(x)
x x0 x x0
55. y l Cf
); (2007 )
y
lim f(x) lim f(x) ).
x x
56. y x ,
; )
y x
lim [f(x) ( x )] 0 lim [f(x) ( x )] 0.
x x
57. y x ;
y x
f(x) f(x)
lim R lim [f(x) x] R lim R
x x x x x
lim [f(x) x] R .
x
58
:
1.
P(x)
P(x)
Q(x)
.
2.
, , ( , ),
( , ).
Cf
Cf Cf
( ): y x Cf
58. d
lim f(x) 0 , lim g(x) 0 , x0 R { , } , g'(x) 0 xo xo

x x0 x x0
f (x) f(x) f (x)

lim lim lim .
x x0 g (x) x x0 g(x) x x0 g (x)
lim f(x) , lim g(x) , x0 R { , } , g'(x) 0 xo

x x0 x x0
f (x) f(x) f (x)

xo lim lim lim .
x x0 g (x) x x0 g(x) x x0 g (x)
1. , , .
2.
59
2.10
59.
f.
2o f
f f
f
f f
f
f f
Cf f.
1) f , Cf
yy Cf
x A x 0.
2) f Cf
.
1. f ( x) x4 4 x 3 11 .
1. H f R.
2. f R
60
3.
f ( x) 4 x 3 12 x 2 4 x 2 ( x 3) .
f x 3, x 0 x 0 3 +
f (x) 0 0 +
f (x) 16
f ( x) 12 x 2 24 x 12 x ( x 2) .
x 0 2 +
f x 0, x 2 f (x) + 0 0 +
11 5
f (x)
f
4) f
lim ( x 4 4x 3 11) lim x 4 lim ( x 4 4 x 3 11) lim x 4 .
x x x x
5) f f.
y
47
x 0 2 3 + 11
f (x) 0 0 +
f (x) + 0 0 + +
+ + 2 3
f (x) O x
11 -5
5
16
-16
x2 x 4
2. f ( x) .
x 1
1. H f {1} .
2. f
x2 x 4 (2 x 1)( x 1) x 2 x 4 x 2 2x 3
3. f ( x) .
x 1 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2
61
f 1, 3
x 1 1 3 +
f (x) + 0 0 +
3
f (x) 5
(2 x 2)( x 1) 2 2( x 1)( x 2 2 x 3) 8
f ( x) .
( x 1) 4 ( x 1) 3
f
x 1 +
f (x) +
f
f (x)
4) lim f ( x) , lim f ( x) x 1 Cf .
x 1 x 1
y x
f ( x) x2 x 4
lim lim 1 1
x x x x2 x
x2 x 4 4
lim ( f ( x) x) lim x lim 0 0.
x x x 1 x x 1
y x Cf .
y x Cf .
x2 x 4 x2 x 4
lim f ( x) lim lim f ( x) lim .
x x x 1 x x x 1
5) f
y
48
x 1 1 3 +
f (x) + 0 0 + 5
f (x) + +
+ +
f (x) 3
5 -1
O1 3 x
y=x -3
-4
x=1
62
2023
x0 x0.
x0 x0.
x0 x0.
1
2
x 2
5) (x) = g
0)=0.
o ,
0 0 0.
x0 (x) > x0 (x) < 0,

f (x0
0 0
0) .
0 0 0 0)
63
f,g x0 h f g x0
22) x
2
f (x)
x
0, f(x0
f 0
0).
24)
25)
26)
28)
xo. o o o f(xo))
f f
30) 1
1
f (x) 2
x
3x x 3x 1
IR .
f
g
f f(x o )g (x o ) f (x o )g(x o )
xo 2
g g(x o )
1
ln x
x
64
34) 0
0.
f ( x) ( x 1) 2 ( x 2) x f (1) f.
36) f ( x) ( x 1) 2 ( x 2) x f ( 2) f.
37) lim f(x) , lim f(x) x x0

x x0 x x0
40) R.
f f (x ) 0
x (0,1) f ( 0) f (1) .
f ( x) x3 x 1
f ( x) x3 x 1 -1,0).
48) f ( x) x3 x 1
x R.
x x
.
(cf ( x )) f (x) .
f ,g f ( 0) 4 , f ( 0) 3 , f (5) 6,
g ( 0) 5 , g ( 0 ) 1 , g ( 4) 2 (f g ) ( 0) (g f ) (0 )
65
P( x )
Q( x )
1
1= ( x) 2
x
0
1
( x) 2
,x
x
x0 0 0 0)
f g (x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )
x0
1
65 x R* R* (ln x )
x
f (x) 0
f ( x)
lim f ( x ) 0 lim g( x ) 0 lim x0 R ,
x x0 x x0 x x0 g ( x)
f (x ) f (x )
lim lim
x x0 g( x ) x x0 g (x )
A ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ))
f ( x0 ) 0.
f f (x) 0 x ( , x0 ) ( x0 , )
( , x0 ) ( x0 , ) .
66
71) 2
1
72) f ( x) ln x x 0 f ( x) x 0.
x
f :
f (x) 0 x .
f f( ) f( ) x0 ( , )
f ( x0 ) 0
x 1
2
x 3x 2
f ( x) .
x 1
f
f
77) f
f (x) 0 x .
f :[ , ] ( , )
f( ) f( ) ( , ) f ( ) 0.
f
xx x 0 , f ( x0 ) Cf
xx Cf
f f (x ) 0
x ( , ) f( ) f ( ).
f x0
f x0 f ( x0 ) 0.
82) f
x0 ( , ) f ( x0 ) 0.
f f ( x) 0
x (0,1) , f (0) f (1) .
2023
67
1. (2017)
x0
.
f ( x) | x | x0 0
f ( x) f (0) x
lim lim 1
x 0 x 0 x 0 x
f ( x) f (0) x
lim lim 1
x 0 x 0 x 0 x
f x0
68
2. : (2019)
f ( , x0 ) (x 0 , )
f (x) 0
f .
1, x 0
f ( x)
1, x 0
f ( x) 0 x ( , 0) (0, ) f
( , 0) (0, ).
3.
f, f
f (x) 0
.
f
.
f ( x) x3
f ( x) 3x 2 f ( 0) 0
f (x) 0 x .
69
4.
.
x1
x4 .
O x1 x2 x3 x4 x
(a)
5.
x3
lim f(x) .
x
O x1 x2 x3 x4 x
(a)
70
6.
f x0
f (x 0 ) 0 x0 f .
f ( x) x3,
f ( x) 3 x 2 . f (0) 0 .
f.
7. )
f
f f (x) 0
x .
f ( x) x4 f ( x) 4x3
f ( x) x4 y
42
f (x ) f (0) 0.
y=x 4
O x
71
8.
f f ( x0 ) 0
( x0 , f ( x0 )) f
f ( x) x4 f ( x) 12 x 2 f (0) 0. f
y
42
y=x 4
O x
72
3 :
3.1
60.
f
F'(x) f(x) x .
61 , 2003 , 2022)
G(x) F(x) c , c R
G G(x) F(x) c , c R.
G(x) F(x) c c R
G'(x) (F(x) c)' F '(x) f(x) x .
x
F (x) f(x) G (x) f(x) G' (x) F'(x) x
G(x) F(x) c x .
f f
1 1
2x ,x 0
f ( x) x x
0 ,x 0
1
x2 ,x 0
F ( x) x
0 ,x 0
f f
73
62. .
f (x) 0 F ( x) c , c
f (x ) 1 F ( x) x c , c
1
f ( x) F ( x) ln x c, c
x
1
f ( x) x x
F ( x) c, c , 1
1
f ( x) x F ( x) x c, c
f ( x) x F ( x) x c, c
1
f ( x) 2
F ( x) x c, c
x
1
f ( x) 2 F ( x) x c, c
x
f ( x) ex F ( x) ex c, c
x
x
f ( x) F ( x) c, c
ln
F G f g
i. F+G f+g
ii. F f.
74
3.4
63. f
.
[ , ]
y=f (x)
x0 x1 x2 ... x [ , ]
k
x O a=x0 1 x1 2 x2 xv-1 v xv
[x 1 , x ] {1,2,..., }
S f( 1 ) x f( 2 ) x f( ) x f( ) x
S f( ) x .
1
S lim f( ) R
1
f(x)dx
f(x)dx lim f( ) x
1
f ( x)dx x
f ( x)dx , f (t ) dt
y 11
f (x) 0 x [ , ]
y=f (x)
f ( x)dx ( )
f
xx x x
f ( x )dx E( ) .
O x
f (x ) 0 ( ) f ( x)dx 0.
75
64. f(x)dx .
f(x)dx f(x)dx
f(x)dx 0
f(x) 0 x [ , ] f(x)dx 0.
f, g [ , ] , R
f(x)dx f(x)dx
[f(x) g(x)]dx f(x)dx g(x)dx
[ f(x) g(x)]dx f(x)dx g(x)dx
, , :
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
3 4
f ( x)dx 3 f ( x)dx 7
0 0
4 0 4 3 4
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx 3 7 4.
3 3 0 0 0
y
13
f (x ) 0 y=f (x)
( ) ( 1 ) ( 2 )
( 1 ) f ( x)dx , ( 2 ) f ( x)dx 1 2
( ) f ( x)dx . O x
[ , ] f(x) 0 x [ , ]
f(x)dx 0 ..
y
12
c 0 cdx y=c
c 12).
c dx c( ).
O x
76
x
3.5 F(x) f ( t )dt
x
65. F ( x) f (t )dt , x f .
a
F f ;
x
F ( x) f (t )dt , x f
a
66. [ , ]
[ , ] f(t)dt G( ) G( )
x
F(x) f(t)dt [ , ].
[ , ] c :
G(x) F(x) c . (1)
x G( ) F( ) c f(t)dt c c c G( ) .
G(x) F(x) G( ) x : G( ) F( ) G( ) f(t)dt G( )
f(t)dt G( ) G( ) .
67.
f(x)g (x)dx [f(x)g(x)] f (x)g(x)dx f ,g
[ , ].
u2
f(g(x))g (x)dx u1
f(u)du f, g u g(x) ,
du g (x)dx u1 g( ) , u2 g( ) .
77
3.7
68.
x , x xx f(x) 0 x [ , ]
f
y
16
[ , ] f(x) 0 y=f (x)
x [ , ]
x , x xx O
x
E( ) f(x)dx .
69.
f, g x , x f(x) g(x) 0 x [ , ]
f
[ , ] f ( x) g ( x) 0
x [ , ] f ,g
x x
y
y=f (x) y y
y=f (x) 18
y=g(x)
1
y=g(x)
2
O x O x O x
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) f ( x)dx g ( x) dx ( f ( x) g ( x))dx .
E( ) ( f ( x ) g ( x))dx .
70. f, g f(x) g(x) x [ , ]

f, g
x ,x E( ) (f(x) g(x))dx .
f, g [ , ] c R
f(x) c g(x) c 0 x [ , ]
.
78
y y
20
y = f ( x)+c
y = f (x)
y =g (x)+c
O x O x
y = g (x)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [(f(x) c) (g(x) c)]dx (f(x) g(x))dx
E( ) (f(x) g(x))dx .
71. f(x) g(x) [ , ]

f, g
x x E( ) | f(x) g(x)| dx .
y 23
y=g (x) y=f (x)
f ( x) g ( x) 1
3
[ , ] 2
f ,g O x
x x
1 , 2 3
( ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( f ( x) g ( x)) dx ( g ( x) f ( x))dx ( f ( x ) g ( x))dx
| f ( x) g ( x) | dx | f ( x ) g ( x) | dx | f ( x) g ( x) | dx | f ( x) g ( x) | dx
E( ) | f ( x) g ( x) | dx
y
25
f ( x)dx + +
a x
xx
xx
72. xx
g(x) 0 x [ , ] x x
E( ) g(x)dx
y
21
x
xx O
f(x) 0 E( ) (f(x) g(x))dx [ g(x)]dx g(x)dx .

g(x) 0 x [ , ] y=g (x)
E( ) g(x)dx
79
2023
1 f (x )dx 0
2
f(x) g (x) dx f(x) g(x) f (x) g(x) dx .

3)
f(t)dt G( ) G ( )
4
f(x)dx
5 f ( x )g (x )dx f (x )g( x ) f ( x )g( x )dx f ,g
6
f(t)dt G G
7
f ( x )dx 0
8)
f ( x )g ( x )dx f ( x )dx g ( x )dx
9 f(x)dx f(x)dx f(x)dx
10 f(x)dx
11
x= ( ) f ( x )dx
12)
f ( x )dx 0.
13 f ( x )g ( x )dx [f ( x )g( x )] f ( x )g( x )dx ,
14) f :[ , ] f ( x)dx 0 f (x ) 0
x [ , ].
f f (x ) 0 x
f f ( x )dx 0.
2023
80

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1

| f| y=| f (x)| y=f (x)

a>0 a<0 a=0

>1 ( ) 0< <1 ( )

>1 ( ) 0< <1 ( )

4) log ( x1x2 ) log x1 log x2

6) log x1k log 1

1 log x1 log x2 x1 x2 0 1 , log x1 log x2 x1 x2 .

x0 A f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) x A

x0 A f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) x A.

lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)

lim f(x) lim (f(x) ) 0

lim f(x) lim f(x0 h)

lim f(x) 0 f(x) 0 x0

lim f(x) 0 f(x) 0 x0

x0 lim f(x) lim g(x)

f ( x ) g ( x) x0 , lim f(x) lim g(x)

1. lim (f(x) g(x)) lim f(x) lim g(x)

3. lim (f(x) g(x)) lim f(x) lim g(x)

5. lim | f(x) | lim f(x)

6. lim k f(x) k lim f(x) f(x) 0 x0 .

P(x) x0 R. lim P(x) P(x0 )

h(x) f(x) g(x) x0

lim h( x) lim g ( x) l lim f(x)

lim f(x) lim f(x) lim f(x)

lim f(x) lim f(x) lim f(x) .

lim f(x) f(x) 0 x0 lim f(x) f(x) 0 x0 .

lim f(x) lim ( f(x)) lim f(x) lim ( f(x)) .

lim f(x) lim | f(x) | lim f(x) lim k

lim P(x) lim ( x ) lim P(x) lim ( x )

) x0 R lim P(x) P(x0 ) .

i., iii., iv., v., ii., c 0,

( 2008, 2012 , 2017 )

1 , x2 1 < x2 1) < f(x2).

lim f ( x ) g( x ) lim f ( x ) lim g( x )

lim f ( x ) g( x ) lim f ( x ) lim g( x )

37) lim f ( x) , lim f ( x ) lim f ( x) .

0 lim k f(x) k lim f(x) 0

lim f(x) g(x) lim f(x) lim g(x) .

lim f(x) > lim g ( x )

42 0 : lim k f(x) k lim f(x)

61) f : g: lim f ( x) 0 lim g ( x)

64 lim f ( x ) lim f (x)

66 lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )

29. ) Cf A(x0 , f(x0 ))

f(x) f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 )

x0 lim f(x) f(x0 ) x0 .

x x0 f(x) f(x0 ) x x0 f(x) f(x0 ) (x) 1.

(f g)(x) (f g)(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 ) g(x) g(x0 )

( f ( x) g ( x)h( x)) [( f ( x) g ( x)) h( x)] ( f ( x) g ( x)) h( x) ( f ( x) g ( x)) h ( x)

f f (x0 )g(x0 ) f(x0 )g (x0 )

u g ( x) ( f (u)) f (u) u y f(u)

f(x) x , a Z (0, ) f (x) x 1

39. ROLLE (2007 , 2012 , 2023)

40. (2003, 2008 , 2013, 2016 )

41. (2004 , 2009, 2014, 2021 B )

44. (2000, 2006, 2012, 2017, 2019, 2021 )

Fermat (2004, 2011, 2013 , , 1017B ,

f(x) f(x0 ) f(x) f(x0 )

iii) f (x) ( , x0 ) (x0 , ) f(x0 )

f(x) f(x0 ) , x ( , ) f(x0 )

[x0 , ) x1 x0 x2 f(x1 ) f(x0 ) f(x2 ) f(x0 )

x1 , x2 [x0 , ) [x0 , ) f(x1 ) f(x2 ) .

x1 x0 x2 f(x1 ) f(x0 ) f(x2 ) .