1 1 Enzymes Metabolism

enzymes as catalysts C1 1.1

nzymes biological catalysts
withoutenzymes chemical reactions rate is too low to support life

nzymes S Metabolism C1 1.2

What is metabolism
all independant and interacting chemical reactions in living organisms
can be classified as anabolic or catabolic

nabolic Scatabolicreactions 1.1.3

nabolic making large molecules from small ones
condensation reactions
protein glucose starch
synthesis

atabolic breaking large molecules to small ones

hydrolysisreaction
madromolecules respiration
glucose 02 02 H2O
8988488 to releaseenergy
Enzymes as globularproteins with an active site for catalysis 1.1.4
Enzymes are complexglobular proteins with a few amino acids where
the catalytic reaction occurs active sites
Active site is the vault of folding polypeptide chains
4 where substrate interacts with enzyme

enzymeslightlychangesshape
induced fit tighterbinding obstuate to active

naused fit binding C1 1.5

nzyme S substrate changesshape when binding

Ole of motion s substrate active site collisions C1 1.6

Ollisionsallow the substrate to bind to the active site on the enzyme so
he reaction can proceed
s substrate shouldcollide correctly so that the reaction can
Affyffite

ception
sometimes the substrate is immobilized so the enzyme moves in relation to
the substrate
 sometimes enzymes can be immobilized by being embedded in
membranes
so the substrate has to move to the enzyme
industrial enzymes can be made immobile to stability s reusability

Relationshipbetween active site E S specificity denaturation 01.1 7

nzyme substrate specifity active site is specific to its substrate precise
shape
enaturation loss of proteins 3Dtertiarystructure due to breaking of bonds
within protein loss of function
can be caused by temp or extreme pH
4 Substrate can nolongerbind

ffects of temp substrate conc S PH on enzymeactivity 1 1 8

emperature

B A tempis low soRorulow

sokineticenergyis low fewercollision low Ror
on B tempishighoptimum
sonor anightandtherearemostsuccessfulcollusion
C tempkeepsincreasing vatedropsto0
Temperature asenzymecanno longerworkasactivesitedenatures
PH
B A phincreasessonorincreases
enzymesareabletobreak
closertooptimummove
substratedown

on B PHisoptimumRorishighest
moreenzymesubstratecomplexesbeingformed
fasterbreakdown
C PHisaboveoptimum RORfaus
enzymesdenature apitincreaseso
PH RORdecreases

substrateconc
A soetEythmknavemovesubstratesto
ftpffsffa
on

substrate
concentration
I
Measurements in enzyme catalysedreactions 1.1.9
ROREquations
amount of reactant used time
amount of product formed time
hange in mass of reactant or product time

ctivationenergy 01.1.10
minimum amount of energy needed to reach the transition state in
which bonds of the substrate are broken

catalyzed lower activation energy