Marine Engineering Technology Department

MATERIALS SCIENCE

ME274T

‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‬.‫ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﻥ – ﻡ‬.‫ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ – ﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬

Chapter 2. Bonding Forces and Energies Eng. Samir M. Yousef 1/6

 BONDING FORCES AND ENERGIES

FN = FA + FR

For example, materials having large bonding energies typically also have high melting temperatures;
at room temperature, solid substances are formed for large bonding energies, whereas for small
energies the gaseous state is favored; liquids prevail when the energies are of intermediate magnitude.

Chapter 2. Bonding Forces and Energies Eng. Samir M. Yousef 2/6

Types of bonds
1. Ionic Bonding
Is perhaps the easiest to describe and visualize. It is always found in compounds that are composed of
both metallic and nonmetallic elements, elements that are situated at the horizontal extremities of the
periodic table. Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their valence electrons to the nonmetallic
atoms. In the process all the atoms acquire stable or inert gas configurations and, in addition, an
electrical charge; that is, they become ions. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the classic ionic material. A
sodium atom can assume the electron structure of neon (and a net single

coulombic force
The attractive bonding forces are coulombic; that is, positive and negative ions, by virtue of their net
electrical charge, attract one another. For two isolated ions, the attractive energy EA is a function of
the interatomic distance according to

In these expressions, A, B, and n are constants whose values depend on the particular ionic system.
The value of n is approximately 8.

Covalent Bonding
In covalent bonding, stable
electron configurations are
assumed by the sharing of
electrons between adjacent atoms.

Chapter 2. Bonding Forces and Energies Eng. Samir M. Yousef 3/6

Covalent bonds may be very strong, as in diamond, which is very hard and has a very high melting
temperature more than 3550 C, or they may be very weak, as with bismuth, which melts at about 270
C. Bonding energies and melting temperatures for a few covalently bonded materials are presented in
Table 2.3.

Metallic Bonding
Metallic bonding, the final primary bonding type, is found in metals and their alloys. A relatively
simple model has been proposed that very nearly approximates the bonding scheme. Metallic
materials have one, two, or at most, three valence electrons. With this model, these valence electrons
are not bound to any particular atom in the solid and are more or less free to drift throughout the entire
metal.They may be thought of as belonging to the metal as a whole, or forming a “sea of electrons” or
an “electron cloud.”

SECONDARY BONDING OR VAN DER WAALS BONDING

Secondary, van der Waals, or physical bonds are weak in comparison to the primary or chemical
ones; bonding energies are typically on the order of only 10 kJ/mol (0.1 eV/atom). Secondary bonding
exists between virtually all atoms or molecules, but its presence may be obscured if any of the three
primary bonding types is present. Secondary bonding forces arise from atomic or molecular dipoles.

Chapter 2. Bonding Forces and Energies Eng. Samir M. Yousef 4/6

 Bonding Forces and Energies
The shown figure represents the repulsion (F R ) and attraction (F A ) forces FA FA
between two atoms and interatomic separation r
FR FR
The net force (F N ) = F A + F R
The potential energies between two atoms r
E = F dr F = dE/dr EN = EA + ER
For two isolated ions
E A = - A/r and E R = B/rn
Where A, B and n are constants
F N = dE N /dr = A/r2 – nB/rn+1 F A = A/r2 F R = – nB/rn+1
At equilibrium F N = 0, r = r o , and EN = Eo F N = A/r o 2 – nB/r o n+1= 0
r o = (nB/A)1/(n-1)

Final Exam. For some hypothetical X+-Y- ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies E A and E R ,
respectively, depend on the distance between the ions r, according to:
E A = - 1.45/r , E R = 7.4 x 10-6/r8 .
Determine the equilibrium interionic spacing and bonding energy values, r o and E o .
Determine values of attractive and repulsive forces F A and F R for r = r 0 /2
Chapter 2. Bonding Forces and Energies Eng. Samir M. Yousef 5/6
2.14 The net potential energy between two adjacent ions E n may be represented by the equation
E N = - A / r + B / r n,
E A = - A / r,
ER = B / r n
Where A, B, and n are constants, E A and E R are attractive and repulsion energies, respectively.
Calculate the bonding energy E o in terms of parameters A, B and n

2.15 For an Na+ - Cl – ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies E A and E R , respectively, depend on
the distance between the ions r, according to:
E A = - 1.436 / r E R = 7.32 * 10-6 / r 8
For these expressions, energies are expressed in electron volt per Na+ - Cl – pair, and r is the distance
in nanometer. The net energy E n is just the sum of the two expressions above.
a) Superimpose on a single plot E N , E R and E A versus r up to 1 nm, also F N , F R and F A
b) On the basis of this plot determine (I) the equilibrium spacing r o between the Na+ and Cl – ions,
(II) the magnitude of the bonding energy E o between the two ions
c) Mathematically determine the r o , E o values and compare with the graphical results from part b.

2.16 Consider a hypothetical X + - Y – ion pair for which the equilibrium interionic spacing and
bonding energy values are 0.38 nm and – 5.37 eV, respectively. If it is known that n in equation E n =
- A / r + B / r n has a value of 8, determine explicit expressions for attractive and repulsive energies
EA = - A / r ER = B / r n

Chapter 1: Classification of Materials

1. Differentiate between ceramic, polymers, and metals
2. Give examples of each
3. Give three characteristics of each
4. State the types of advanced and materials of the future, what do you know about each

Chapter 2:
Bonding Forces and Energies
1. Derive a relation between inter ionic distance r o at equilibrium and constants A, B, n
using coulombic force equations

2. State the types of bonds and give example for each – draw a diagram for each

3. Draw a graph to illustrate the relation between F N – F R – F A and inter ionic distance r o .
and also a relation between E N – E –Ea and r – on the graph show r o and E o . On the
graph put the conditions of equilibrium

Chapter 2. Bonding Forces and Energies Eng. Samir M. Yousef 6/6