Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Befeo 0336-1519 2016 Num 102 1 6244 t13 0487 0000 2
Befeo 0336-1519 2016 Num 102 1 6244 t13 0487 0000 2
Orient
van Bruinessen Martin. Oman Fathurahman, Shaṭṭārīyah Silsilah in Aceh, Java, and the Lanao area of Mindanao,
Tokyo, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, University of Foreign Studies, 2016. In: Bulletin
de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient. Tome 102, 2016. pp. 487-490;
https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_2016_num_102_1_6244_t13_0487_0000_2;
ships, but no houses were visible (p. 409). In 1819, when Raffles founded
a British base there, Singapore’s population consisted mostly of fishermen.
Miksic observes that though historical record on Singapore increases dramati-
cally after 1819, many of the details of daily life in colonial Singapore can
only be reconstructed from archaeological materials (p. 415). Artifacts from
the earliest phase of colonial Singapore include, for example, ceramic ves-
sels, glassware, clay pipes, but also gaming pieces and children toys (p. 418).
I have spotted only a few typos: Yuen on p. 132 should read Yuan, and
illustrations 7.11 e–g on page 303 are wrongly labelled. This otherwise
carefully-prepared book is not only well-researched and packed with infor-
mation; at times (particularly in chapters 5–10) it reads as a fascinating story
of the ups and downs of Southeast Asian urban archaeology and a quest to
understand the hoary past of a modern city-state. Conveniently, the book is
accompanied by many photographs, line drawings, and useful maps which
help to keep track of the sites discussed in the text. On several occasions
the author points out that for many, the words “ancient Singapore” may still
represent a kind of paradox; this book, a major achievement in the field of
Southeast Asian studies, will certainly help to disseminate appreciation of
the ancient roots of Singapore and to promote the study of the early history
of Southeast Asian urbanism.
As shown by this example, not all texts in such collections deal with the
Shaṭṭārīyah or even Sufism. A few of the texts in this set of manuscripts,
however, concern metaphysical doctrines that are often closely associated
with this order, such as the related concepts of waḥdat al-wujūd (unity of
being) and martabat tujuh (seven degrees of emanation). In his earlier work
on Shaṭṭārī manuscripts from West Sumatra, Oman paid more attention to
these doctrinal aspects; here the focus is on the silsilah and what can be
learned from them. His findings confirm those of earlier scholarship but
add much nuance and detail.
Two ʽulama in 17th-century Medina were the fountainhead from which
all Southeast Asian initiations in the Shaṭṭārīyah ultimately sprang, Aḥmad
al-Qūshāshī and his successor Ibrāhīm al-Kurānī. Both taught several other
ṭariqah besides the Shaṭṭārīyah. Abdurrauf received his first Shaṭṭārī initia-
tion from Qūshāshī and cultivated friendly relations with Kurānī, who also
appears to have given him a second ijāzah. Kurānī and his descendants in
Mecca had numerous other Southeast Asian disciples. Yusuf Makassar, who
received a Shaṭṭārīyah ijāzah from Ibrahim al-Kurānī, must have been one
of the first; however, his name occurs in none of the silsilah surveyed here,
although one of his Sufi writings was incorporated in a Shaṭṭārī manuscript.
After Abdurrauf, the order maintained a presence in Aceh, while two of his
disciples, Burhanuddin of Ulakan and Abdulmuhyi of Pamijahan, spread it
to West Sumatra and Java, respectively. The developments in West Sumatra,
studied in Oman’s previous work, are not covered here and the Minangkabau
Shaṭṭārīyah appears to have remained isolated from the order’s progress
elsewhere, for none of the surveyed silsilah mentions Burhanuddin. From
Abdulmuhyi and his descendants (notably his son Haji Abdullah and son
or grandson Muhyiddin) in Pamijahan, the ṭarīqah gained adherents in high
circles at the courts of Yogyakarta and Cirebon; a high proportion of later
Shaṭṭārī communities trace their silsilah through Abdulmuhyi.
Of Abdurrauf’s disciples in Aceh who adopted the Shaṭṭārīyah, only
one is known by name: Bābā Dāwūd bin Ismāʽīl, a scholar apparently of
Ottoman descent, who also collaborated in Abdurrauf’s Malay tafsīr. One
surprising finding is that most of the Acehnese silsilah do not, in fact, pass
through Abdurrauf but represent later initiations of Acehnese by descendants
of Ibrāhīm al-Kurānī in Medina. Oman concludes that the line of affiliation
introduced by Abdurrauf was practically extinct after Dāwūd’s disciple
Faqīh Jalāl al-dīn (but one manuscript lists a series of successors to Jalāl
al-dīn). Later generations of Acehnese apparently sought initiation directly
in Medina with the family of the great al-Kurānī, which must have been
far more prestigious than initiation by a local teacher. This is a well-known
phenomenon in other Sufi orders too, and it does not necessarily mean that
Abdurrauf’s line was extinct; people may in fact have had a local initiation
first but sought a second initiation that brought them closer to the Prophet.
In the silsilah from Java the same phenomenon may be observed. In
fact, whereas most Javanese silsilah including two from the Cirebon court
list Abdulmuhyi and Abdurrauf as the essential links, another silsilah from
the same sultanate bypasses them and instead connects upwards through
490 Comptes rendus
Devoted to a topic only seldom taken into consideration, this book is a wel-
come addition to the fast growing body of scholarly works on late imperial
China. The more so when one knows that it is actually the first volume in a
series titled “Emotions and States of Mind in East Asia,” co-edited by Paolo
Santangelo, the author of the present work, and Professor Cheuk Yin Lee,
of National University of Singapore, a series which has already seen the
publication of four other titles (for a total of seven volumes, all published
by Brill). In the field of Chinese cultural history, where research has been
very lively in the last decades, the approach spurred by the overseers of
the series opens interesting and innovative perspectives. Judging from the
contents of the present volume and from the presentations of the other titles
already published, it seems that the general aim of this endeavour is not
only to provide readers with detailed textual studies based on a wide array
of literary sources, but also to delineate, through a careful historical con-
textualisation of the results of these textual studies, what could be termed